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SEMINAR ON “STUDY OFBITUMEN EMULSION AS A SOIL
STABILISER”
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Geotechnical Aspect of Pavement
• Important role in road planning de!igning "on!tr#"ting
and maintaining $or a d#ra%le and "o!t e$$e"ti&e pa&ement
• Ma'or tran!it mode
•Di$$erent !oil! in India• laterite %la"( "otton mo#ntain red !oil all#&ial !oil de!ert !oil
!aline al(aline !oil and peat !oil depo!it!
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Geotechnical Aspect of Pavement (cont.)
• Soil propertie! dominate t)e de!ign• !ti$$ne!! and*or !trengt) o$ t)e #n%o#nd material! +i,e, t)e
"o)e!ion and $ri"tion angle $rom tria-ial te!t!. are not needed $or
de!ign
• Strengt) indi"e! li(e t)e /ali$ornia Bearing Ratio +/BR.• Re"entl0 dire"t !ti$$ne!! te!ting &ia t)e re!ilient mod#l#! +MR.
• !trengt) and !ti$$ne!! are #!#all0 "lo!el0 "orrelated in mo!t
geomaterial!
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Geotechnical Aspect of Pavement (cont.)
• Soil propertie! dominate t)e $ail#re o$ per$orman"e• moi!t#re*drainage $ree1e*t)a2 and "ontamination +material $rom
one la0er intermi-ing 2it) anot)er.
• /ompre!!i%ilit0
• t)ermal "ra"(ing lo2 !(id re!i!tan"e and ot)er! T)e in$l#en"e$a"tor! on t)e!e ot)er di!tre!!e! i! generall0 3#ite !mall
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4eote")ni"al 5ropertie! &! Fail#re! o$ pa&ement
Insuff. Base
Stiffness /
Strenth
Insuff.
Su!ra"e
Stiffness /
Strenth
#oisture /
$rainae
Pro!lems
%ree&e / 'ha Sellin ontamination *rosion Spatial
+aria!ilit,
%atiue
rac-in
6 6 6 6 6
uttin 6 6 6 6 6
orruations 6
Bumps 6 6 6
$epressions 6 6 6 6 6
Potholes 6 6 6
ouhness 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
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Sensitivit, of Pavement $esin to Geotechnical
%actors
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Sensitivit, of Pavement $esin to Geotechnical
%actors (cont.)
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Appro-imate pa&ement "o!t $or &ar0ing !#%grade !#pport
"ondition! +B,7andre.
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Soil Improvement
• Di$$erent lo"ation! re3#ire di$$erent treatment a""ording to
t)e intended geote")ni"al propertie!,
• Impro&ed propertie! !a&e lot! o$ e$$ort! in "on!tr#"tion
"o!t o$ "on!tr#"tion and maintenan"e o$ pa&ement,
• !in"e t)e era o$ Romanian rep#%li"
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!5ectives of Soil Sta!ili&ation
• A! a "on!tr#"tion plat$orm to dr0 &er0 2et !oil! and
$a"ilitate "ompa"tion o$ t)e #pper la0er!8$or t)i! "a!e t)e
!ta%ili1ed !oil i! #!#all0 not "on!idered a! a !tr#"t#ral
la0er in t)e pa&ement de!ign pro"e!!,
• To !trengt)en a 2ea( !oil and re!tri"t t)e &ol#me ")ange
potential o$ a )ig)l0 pla!ti" or "ompre!!i%le !oil8$or t)i!
"a!e t)e modi$ied !oil i! #!#all0 gi&en !ome !tr#"t#ral
&al#e or "redit in t)e pa&ement de!ign pro"e!!,
• To red#"e moi!t#re !#!"epti%ilit0 o$ $ine grain !oil!,
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Sta%ili!ation Met)od! $or pa&ement! +$rom Rolling! and Rolling!
9::;.#etho" Soil *ffect emar-s
Blen"in Moderatel0 pla!ti" None Too di$$i"#lt to mi-
Ot)er! Impro&e gradation
Red#"e pla!ti"it0
Red#"e %rea(age
7ime 5la!ti" Dr0ing Rapid
Immediate !trengt) gain Rapid
Red#"e pla!ti"it0 Rapid
/oar!en te-t#re Rapid
Long8term po11olani" "ementing Slo2
/oar!e 2it) $ine! Same a! 2it) pla!ti" !oil! Dependent on 3#antit0 o$ pla!ti" $ine!
Nonpla!ti" None
ement 5la!ti" Similar to lime Le!! prono#n"ed
/ementing o$ grain!
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haracteristics of Sta!ili&e" Soils
• Impro&ed !trengt) and !ti$$ne!!
• Red#"ed "ompre!!i%ilit0 and !2elling potential
• Re!i!tan"e to entering o$ 2ater or )0drop)o%i" propertie!
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4#ide $or !ele"tion o$ admi-t#re !ta%ili1ation
met)od+!. +A#!troad! 9::>.
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Bitumen sta!ili&ation
• a!p)alt8!ta%ili1ed !oil! are #!ed $or %a!e and !#%%a!e
"on!tr#"tion• !and8%it#men 2)i") prod#"e! !trengt) in "o)e!ionle!! !oil! !#")
a! "lean !and! or a"t! a! a %inder or "ementing agent
• !oil8%it#men 2)i") !ta%ili1e! t)e moi!t#re "ontent o$ "o)e!i&e $ine8grained !oil!
• !and8gra&el %it#men 2)i") pro&ide! "o)e!i&e !trengt) and
2aterproo$! pit8r#n gra&ell0 !oil! 2it) in)erent $ri"tional !trengt)
• Note?8 Treatment o$ !oil! "ontaining $ine! in e-"e!! o$ @ i! not
re"ommended
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C)at i! di$$erent in %it#men !ta%ili!ation
• 2aterproo$ing and ad)e!ion
• 7ol#me &! 2ater "ontent 8 !oil agglomerate! are "oated
2it) a!p)alt t)at pre&ent! or !lo2!
• Strengt) &! 2ater "ontent 8 in"rea!e! !)ear !trengt) %0
in"rea!ing "o)e!ion
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t)ree %a!i" t0pe! o$ %it#mino#!8!ta%ili1ed !oil!
• Sand bitumen
• Gravel or crushed aggregate bitumen
• Bitumen lime
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t0pe! o$ %it#mino#! material! &! t)e !oil
gradation• Open8graded aggregate,
• Rapid8 and medi#m8"#ring li3#id a!p)alt! R/8@ R/8> and M/8,
• Medi#m8!etting a!p)alt em#l!ion MS8@ and /MS8@,
• Cell8graded aggregate 2it) little or no material pa!!ing t)e ,G
mm +No, @. !ie&e,• Rapid and medi#m8"#ring li3#id a!p)alt! R/8@ R/8> M/8@ and
M/8>,
• Slo28"#ring li3#id a!p)alt! S/8@ and S/8>,
• Medi#m8!etting and !lo28!etting a!p)alt em#l!ion! MS8@ /MS8@ SS89
and /SS89,
• Aggregate 2it) a "on!idera%le per"entage o$ $ine aggregate! and
material pa!!ing t)e ,G mm +No, @. !ie&e,• Medi#m8"#ring li3#id a!p)alt M/8@ and M/8>,
• Slo28"#ring li3#id a!p)alt! S/8@ and S/8>
• Slo28!etting a!p)alt em#l!ion! SS89 SS89) /SS89 and /SS8l),
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Re"ommended gradation! $or %it#mino#!8!ta%ili1ed
!#%grade material! +Hoint Department! o$ t)e Arm0
and Air For"e 9::.,
Sieve Si&e Percent Passin
8mm (38in.) 9
4.8mm (94) 89
0668:m (936) >89
8:m (9266) @8
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Sta!ili&ation ith 7ime8ement an" 7ime8
Bitumen
• /om%ination
• "la0 area! or )ig) pla!ti" !oil!
• Lime to !ta%ili1e pla!ti"it0 and %it#men a! a primar0
!ta%ili1er
• Al!o a! anti !triping agent
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Bitumen *mulsion
• C)at i! em#l!ion
• lo2 &i!"o!it0
• good penetration and !preading "apa"it0
• anioni" or "ationi"• rapid !etting +RS. medi#m !etting +MS. and !lo2 !etting
+SS.
• En&ironmental parameter! o&er "#t %a"(
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A"mi;ture $esinDe!ign o$ admi-t#re! ta(e! on a !imilar pro"e!! regardle!! o$ t)e admi-t#re
t0pe,
Step 1. /la!!i$0 !oil to %e !ta%ili1ed,• + J ,G mm 8 No, @ !ie&e J ,@ mm 8 No, Sie&e 5I et",.
• Step 2. 5repare trial mi-e! 2it) &ar0ing "ontent,• Lime? Sele"t lo2e!t 2it) p< K 9@, in 9 )o#r
• /ement? U!e ta%le to e!timate "ement "ontent re3#irement!
• A!p)alt? U!e e3#ation ta%le in Appendi- F to e!timate t)e 3#antit0 o$ "#t%a"( a!p)alt
• Step 3. De&elop moi!t#re8den!it0 relation!)ip $or initial de!ign,• Step 4. 5repare tripli"ate !ample! and "#re !pe"imen! at target den!it0,
• U!e optim#m 2ater "ontent and initial admi-t#re @ and
• Step . Determine inde- !trengt),• Lime and /ement? Determine #n"on$ined "ompre!!i&e !trengt) +ASTM D 9@.
• A!p)alt? Determine Mar!)all !ta%ilit0
• Step 0. Determine re!ilient mod#l#! $or optim#m per"ent admi-t#re,• 5er$orm te!t or e!timate #!ing "orrelation! +See /)apter .
• Step . /ond#"t $ree1e8t)a2 te!t! +Regional a! re3#ired.,• +For /ement /FA L8/8FA.
• Step . Sele"t to a")ie&e minim#m de!ign !trengt) and F8T d#ra%ilit0,
•Step . Add , 8 9 to "ompen!ate $or non8#ni$orm mi-ing,
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#etho"s of mi;in
• In !it#• /omparati&el0 e"onomi"al t)an o$$ !it#
• O$$ !it#• Additional Tran!port "o!t
• 5roper mi-ing
• Uni$orm "oating
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Ad&an"ed Mi-ing 5ro"e!! +in8!it#.
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/on&entional appli"ation o$ %it#men !ta%ili!er
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/a!e St#d0
/a!e A?
Normal a&aila%le te!ted !oil i! #!ed $orte!ting
/a!e
B ?
Normal a&aila%le !oil te!ted 2it) MS
em#l!ion added/a!e/?
Normal a&aila%le !oil te!ted 2it) MSem#l!ion and @ "ement added
/a!eD ? Normal a&aila%le !oil! te!ted mi-ing 2it) o$ em#l!ion and @ o$ "ement added and2ait )o#r %e$ore te!ting
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Modi$ied pro"tor te!t "ompari!on grap)
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Determination o$ optim#m %it#men "ontent
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/BR &al#e! /ompari!on /)art
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Summar, of the case Stu",
• From t)i! !t#d0 it i! "lear t)at t)ere i! a "on!idera%le
impro&ement in /ali$ornia Bearing Ratio +/BR. o$ !#%8grade
d#e to #!e o$ MS %it#men em#l!ion i$ proper mi-ing i! done,
• It i! !een t)at it %e!t re!#lt! are o%tained i$ t)e !oil em#l!ion
mi- i! le$t $or a%o#t $i&e and )al$ )o#r! a$ter mi-ing,• In ea") !tate o$ "ondition it 2a! $o#nd t)at /BR &al#e )a!
in"rea!ed "on!e"#ti&el0 $rom /a!e A to /a!e D,
• In t)i! parti"#lar e-perimental !t#d0 /BR &al#e )a!
in"rea!ed #p to $i$t0 per"ent o$ t)e #nmodi$ied !oil /BR,• O%!er&ing it! e"onomi" "o!t and 3#alit0 o$ !ta%ili1ation
impro&ement it i! "lear t)at t)i! t0pe o$ !ta%ili1ation ma0 %e
appli"a%le in gra&el !oil road or in !)o#lder portion o$
)ig)2a0!,
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Summar, of the eport
• Drainage propertie! 2eat)er "ondition! "ompre!!i%ilit0 !2elling and
!)rin(age potential are !#") parameter! to %e "on!idered a! a part o$
d#ra%ilit0 and per$orman"e o$ t)e pa&ement !tr#"t#re,
• Bit#men pre&ent! 2ater $rom entering into "ompa"ted la0er and pro&ide! 2it)
an impermea%le la0er o$ "ompa"ted !oil to t)e %a!e "o#r!e o$ t)e pa&ement,
• Bit#men a"t a! a %inder impro&ing !ta%ilit0 and !trengt) o$ !oil gi&ing )ig)er/BR &al#e 2)i") )a&e little !en!iti&it0 to t)e moi!t#re atta"(,
• Bit#men li(e lime and "ement i! not !#!"epti%le $or t)e lea")ing a"tion and
remain! in t)e !oil $or longer period gi&ing d#ra%ilit0 to t)e pa&ement
!tr#"t#re,
• Bit#men em#l!ion i! to %e pre$erred o&er "#t%a"( $rom en&ironmental point o$
&ie2,
• Ot)er additi&e! are ")eaper in India t)an %it#men, From "o!t "on!ideration
#!e o$ %it#men i! not at all e"onomi"al #!ed a! a la!t re!o#r"e o$
!ta%ili!ation i$ ot)er! 2a0! o$ t)e !oil !ta%ili!ation $ail!,
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