Bitter Gourd and Antidiabetics: Phytochemical diversity and variation among germplasm, commercial lines and as affected by planting season, ripening stage and storage length R.-Y. Yang 1 , Y.-L. Tien 1 , P. Hanson 1 , N. Dhillon 1 and D. Ledesma 1 , C.-Y. Hung 2 , Y.-M. Chung 2 and M.-L. Cheng 2 , M.-S. Shiao 2 , M. Pathak 3 , W. Easdown 4 , and T. Omvir Singh 4 1 AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Tainan, Taiwan 2 Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan 3 Department of Vegetable Crops, Punjab Agricultural University, India 4 AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center, Hyderabad, India Bitter Gourd Conference Hyderabad, India 20-21 March 2014
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Bitter Gourd and Antidiabetics:
Phytochemical diversity and variation among germplasm, commercial lines and as affected by
planting season, ripening stage and storage length
R.-Y. Yang1, Y.-L. Tien1, P. Hanson1, N. Dhillon1 and D. Ledesma1, C.-Y. Hung2, Y.-M. Chung2 and M.-L. Cheng2, M.-S. Shiao2,
M. Pathak3, W. Easdown4, and T. Omvir Singh4
1AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Tainan, Taiwan
2Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan 3Department of Vegetable Crops, Punjab Agricultural University, India
4AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center, Hyderabad, India
Bitter Gourd Conference Hyderabad, India
20-21 March 2014
Outline
• Bitter gourd- a vegetable and medicinal plant
• Primary and secondary antidiabetic effects
• Antidiabetic compounds
• Phytochemical diversity and variation: – In selected germplasm accessions
– In selected commercial varieties
– As affected by ripening stage
– As affected by storage length
– As affected by planting season
Bitter gourd • A vegetable
– Popular in India, China, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Japan
– Consumed worldwide, particularly in Chinese and India communities
• A medicinal plant
– Anti-hyperglycemia
– Anti-hyperlipidemia
– Anti-oxidation
– Anti-inflammation
– Anti-microbial pathogens
Source of photos: AVRDC
4
Primary effect of anti-diabetics
• Plasma glucose homeostasis
– Decrease carbohydrate digestion & absorption
– Increase insulin secretion
– Increase hepatic glucose utilization
– Increase insulin sensitivity in liver & muscle cells
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Secondary effects of anti-diabetics
• Reduce inflammation
• Anti-oxidation and reduce/delay oxidative stress
• Increase fatty acid utilization
• Lower blood lipids
• Reduce pre-fat cell proliferation
• Broad-spectrum anti-microbial activity
2014/3/21 6
Anti-hyperglycemic substances in bitter gourd
Saponin fraction
Lipid fraction
Water fraction
Steroid and triterpenoid saponins
•Momordicine I, II, III •Momordicosides Q, R, S, T •Momordicosides A, D, E, F2, I, K, L •Kuguacin A,…, S •Charantin •Cucurbitan B, K… •……
– Improved income and quality of life of diabetics in developing countries
• Objectives
– Optimize production of anti-diabetic compounds in bitter gourd through varietal selection, postharvest practices, and preparation methods
– Develop evidence-based dietary strategies using bitter gourd to reduce hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) in type 2 diabetic populations in Asia and Africa
2014/3/21 12
Commercial variety Field and location Harvest/ maturity Postharvest Food preparation Animal Human
Co
nte
nt, stab
ility and
effect o
f p
hyto
nu
trien
ts in b
itter go
urd
Germplasm
Evidence-based agricultural and dietary strategies for the production and use of bitter gourd for anti-hyperglycemic control
Project approach
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Project partners and study sites
AVRDC-HQ
AVRDC-ESEA
AVRDC-RCSA
KCMC AVRDC-RCA
PAU
NTU
JLU
AUW
Project planning workshop, 3-6 May 2011, AVRDC
PAU: Punjab Agricultural Univ. AUW: Avinashilingam Univ. for Women KCMC: Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center JLU: Justus-Liebig Giessen University NTU: National Taiwan University
Fig. Base peak chromatogram of of M. charantia (NO 76, spring)
The 30 most affected metabolites were identified: -Amino acids -Alkaloids -Fatty acids -Lysophosphatidylcholines -Lysophosphatidylethanols -Triterpenoids
Conclusions
• Varietal differences were found for all three compound groups (fatty acids, triterpenoids, alkaloids).
• Among germplasm, variation within fatty acids, triterpenoids, and alkaloid were 4-fold, 10-70-fold, 3-fold, respectively.
• Magnitudes of variation within fatty acids, triterpenoids, and alkaloid were similar for commercial varieties.
• Opportunities exist to improve all three compound groups, especially triterpenoids.
Conclusions
• Longer storage led to decreased fatty acids and vitamin C contents, and increased carotenoids and antioxidant activities, but not triterpenoids and alkaloids
• Metabolite types and amounts in bitter gourd fruits were affected by seasons. The 30 most affected metabolites were identified and belonged to the groups of amino acids, alkaloids, fatty acids, lysophosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylethanols, and triterpenoids