BISNIK CAVE: A RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SITE'S ...

Eurasian Prehistory. 1 (1): 5- 29.

BISNIK CAVE: A RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SITE'S OCCUPATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENTAL

CHANGES

Krzysztof Cyrek

lnstitllle of Archaeology and Ethnology of Nicholas Copernicus Uni,•ersity: ul. S::osa Bydgoska 40144. 87-/00 Tormi; [email protected]

Abstract

Bisnik Cave lends itself remarkably well to interdisciplinary research. and sedimentological and paleozoological studies in particular. This is due mainly to its spectacular stratigraphy. which consists of Pliocene and Middle and Upper Pleistocene formations and contains large amounts ofwell-presened animal bones.

INTRODUCTION

The investigation of Bisnik Cave commenced in 199 1, after being commissioned by the manag­ers of the Jurassic Landscape Parks (Zarzqd Ze­spolu Jurajskich Parkim• Krajobrazowych, Dtt­browa G6rnicza), who also financed the project until 1996. From 1997 to 1999, the research proj­ect then entitled 'Bisnik Cave: Its occupational phases in the context of environmenta l changes' (PB 846/ HO l/97/13), was linanced by the Scien­tific Research Committee (Komitet Badwi Nau­kOli)'Ch). As a member of the lnstirute of Archae­o logy and Ethnology of Nicholas Copernicus University (Torun), I d irected the project with the co-operation ofT. Madeyska (Institute of Geolo­g ical Sciences of Polish Academy of Sciences. Warsaw; sedimentology), and T. Wiszniowska (Institute of Zoology of the University of Wro­claw; palcozoology). Geomorphological research was conducted by T. Madeyska and J. Miroslaw­Grabowska, while K. Stefaniak and P. Socha were in charge of zoological investigations (Cyrek, 1994, 1997a, 1997b, 1998, 1999,2002;Madeyska and M iroslaw-Grabowska, 200 l ).

Bisnik is a solitaty limestone rock (Fig. 1) situated 405 m above sea level at the bottom of the

now dry Dolina Wod<tca. located in the region of iegowonicko-Smolenskie Hills, in the southem

part of the Cz~stochowska Uplands (Fig. 2). The archaeological site includes the interior of a tri­partite cave as well as the area outside its en­trance, which is sutTounded by rocky walls !Tom three sides and shaded by a massive rock projec­tion from the top. The site entrance, which faces northwest, is situated about 7 m above the valley floor.

Although the total site area measured about I 00 m2 before the investigation, by the ninth re­search season the site area increased to about 200 m2

, primarily because the main cave area ex­panded as the excavation trench became deeper (Fig. 3 ). So far, an area of 154 m2 has been exam­ined, with the depth of the explored sediments rang ing from I 50 to 750 em. Trenches were dug in d iffe rent parts of the rocky formation: in the main cave, under the projecting rock in front of the cave entrance, and in the so-called side shelter -a passage connecting the main cave with a sec­ond cave. The Bisnik cave site features a complex and diverse stratigraphy, with natural layers yield­ing archaeological objects. Fifteen out of 18 sedi­mentary units identified at the site contained pol-

6 K. Cyrek

Fig. I. The view ofBisnik Rock from the west

Fig. 2. Niegowonicko-Smoleriskie Range (ace. to J. Miroslaw-Grabowska, 1998). B - the Bisnik Cave, G- geo­logical crossection line

Bisnik Cave 7

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Fig. 3. The Bisnik Cave. The cave and shelters ' maps w ith excavations from particular research seasons (ace. o A. Polonius, 199 1 ). s - the sondaging trench. Thicker lines show the profiles (from a to h) presented on other figures

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Fig. 4. The Bisnik Cave. The S profile ofV II/m section. I 5 (profile a from Fig. 3). (ace. toT. Madeyska's draw­ing). I a- sandy llolocene humic soil. I b- loess mixed with sand, 2 - fown unstructuralloess. 3 medium grained sand. 4 - loess with sand united by iron compound. 5 - laminated sand with precipitations oflimestonc carbonate, 6 - unstructural sand, 7 laminated sand. 8 - sand with dusty clay, 9 - grey and brown sandy clay. 10 - yellow and brown sandy clay with rubble. I I - grey and brown sandy clay with rubble, II a - grey and bro'' n sandy clay. 12 -grey and green sandy clay, 13 light brown dusty clay with rubble, 14- grey and yellow dusty clay with rubble. 15 - yellow and brown dusty clay with rubble. 16 - light gTcy dusty clay with rubble. 17 - light grey dusty clay w ith sand and rubble, 18 green and brown and grey and brown dusty clay with rubble, 19 - green and grey dusty clay w ith rubble, 20 - ginger residual clay

Bisnik Cave 9

tery and flint or bone artifacts. The identification of cultural assemblages was based not only on stratigraphy, but also on other criteria, such as a log ical planigraph ic connection between the finds, the finds' technological. typological, and stylistic un ifonnity, and the preservation of the ar­tifacts. The trench located under the projecting rock has revealed three major sedimentary series (M iroslaw-Grabowska, 1998), which were re­corded in the southern profile of the stratigraphi­cal base (Fig . 4).

UPPER LITHOSTRATIG RAPHIC UNITS

The topmost sedimentary series, no. Ill (lay­ers 1-4), is composed of medium-grained sands, clayey sands, dusty and sandy clays, Visntlian loess and angular limestone rubble. The lower part of this series (layers 2-4) was formed in the cool climate of the Plenivistulian II. The upper part (layers la- lb) which consists of Holocene humic soil, revealed a medieval rubbish pit. The same strat igraph ic leve l yielded fragments of Przeworsk culture pottery dating to the late Ro­man period (assemblage 1). The bottom of layer I a and the top of layer I b produced Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age finds, which were classi­fied jointly as assemblage H. The clayey sand layer (layer 4) inside the cave, as well as the in­side of the side and upper shelters, contained a few scattered Upper Paleolithic nint artifacts. The chronostratigraphic location of these finds allows us to associate them tentatively with the Jerzma­nowician or Szcletian cultures. In the same layer, a paleozoological investigation revealed traces of periglacial fauna, which is characteristic of Pleis­tocene tundra.

LOWER LITHOSTRATIG RAPHIC UNITS

The lower sedimentary series. no. II, encom­passes three sandy layers (5 to 7), which arc com­posed of layered, fine-grained sands (clayey in places), and containing no rubble. These aquatic sands were accumulated in the cool and moist c li­mate of the early Vistul ian.

The top of sedimentary series II (Fig. 5) yielded an interesting feature in the southeast part of' the area under the projecting rock. An irregular semicircle of rubble surrounded a gray filling of

loess and sand, which contained large amounts of bone and flint artifacts. A number of vital c lues suggest that this feature represents the remains of a habitation structure, which could have been ei­ther a roofless wind-screen or a kind of shelter joi­ned to the cave entrance and functioning as a cave extension (Fig. 6). The nint art ifacts recovered from the feature itself and from its immediate vi­cinity were labelled as assemblage F I. Assem­blage F I displays close fonnal affinities with as­semblages of the so-called 'Ciemna' type (Ko­zlowski and Kozlowski, 1977:70-74), mainly be­cause of the presence of 'Pr<~.dnik ' knives and the so-calledprqdniczaki (Krukowski, 1939- 1948) or paraprqdniki (Kowalski, 1969); an absence of handaxes; the concurrence of the predominant Le­valloisian technique with the discoidal nucleus technique; and a high percentage of bifacial forms. Moreover, the assemblage conforms to the typological spectrum of the Micoquian-Prqdnik culture according to W. Chmielewski ( 1975: 64-9l)(Figs7 9).

A stratigraphically earlier, though cu lturally similar assemblage (classified as F2) was discov­ered on the border of the aforementioned layered sands (layer 7) and the underlying cave clays (lay­ers 8 and 9). The artifacts were deposited in an in­teresting planigraphic arrangement, which fea­tured a hearth and several artifact concentrations (Fig. I 0). Among the most unique finds were the upper part of a giant deer skull as well as three worked fragments of deer antler (Fig. I I) that had been fashioned into axes. The smal lest axe, made of red deer antler Cervus elaphus), bore macro­scopic usage marks characteristic of a bat and hatchet (Fig. 12).

A niche situated inside the cave yielded 155 bone and antler fragments, a ll concentrated within an area of about 5 m2

. Such a concentration of bones, wh ich suggests purposeful human activity, may be interpreted in the entire context of the cul­tural level F2 as a storage site for animal car­casses. An absence of well-developed 'Prqdnik' knives in this assemblage may be due to the fact that F2 represents an older culntral phase than F I and predates assemblages of the 'Ciemna' type. Thus, Bisnik Cave seems to be an example of a stratigraphically distinguishable section of a de­velopment sequence of the Micoquian-Prqdnik tradition, with two phases divided by a hiatus.

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Fig. 5. The Bisnik Cave. The construction relicts in front of the cave entrance (sectors IV - VII I metres 2- 5)­the roofless wind - screen ? (assemblage F I)

LOWERMOST LITHOSTRATIGRAHIC UNITS

On proceeding deeper into the Bisnik Cave stratigraphic sequence, one reaches the oldest sedimentary series (1), which encompasses layers 8 to 20. The thickest series, measuring from two to five meters, comprises a complex of variously colored dusty clays with different types of rubble. Sedimentological analyses, correlated with paleo­zoological and archaeological findings, indicate that the layers had accumulated inside the cave, where oscillations in temperature and humidity were limited. Layer 20, which consists of residual loam, is of Tertiary origin. The remaining layers must have accumulated during the Oder and War­the glaciations, and in the earlier part of the Vis­tulian glaciation. Those cold phases were divided by the warmer period of the Ecmian interglacial, which corresponds to layers 12 and 13.

Layers 8, 9, I 0 and II have yielded flint arti­facts which share typological and technical char­acteristics and display a similar state of preserva­tion, i.e., smooth edges and dorsal surfaces. The

floor oflayer 9 has revealed a hearth (Fig. 13) and flint-working site.

Assemblage D is noteworthy because of the concurrence of the Levalloisian and discoidal nu­cleus techniques, the presence of a Mousterian point, varied sidescrapers, denticulates, atypical awls, and above all because of the predominance of microlithic forms with abrupt retouch all around the edges, and often with inverse and den­ticulated retouch. On the whole, assemblage D represents Middle Paleolithic industry and dis­plays close affinities with the so-called 'Taub­achien' (after Valoch, 1988:76- 79). Assemblages of this type belong to the final phase of the Eemian interglacial and the beginning of the Vis­tulian (Brorup). 1t should be noted that both side­scrapers and backed knives comprise a high per­centage ofbifacial forms.

Assemblages retrieved from layers 12 and 13 (assemblages A I and A2) seem to display similar typological characteristics, and their cultural unity is further indicated by their stratigraphic lo­cation. Therefore, these assemblages arc likely to represent two phases of habitation by groups be-

Bisnik Cave II

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III IV v VI VII Vlll Fig. 6. The Bisnik Cave. Planigraphy ofF I assemblage object (rootless wind-screen). I - flint artefacts (semi­product), 2- flint core, 3- bone and deer antlers fragments, 4 - bones, 5 - burnt bone fragments, I- VI - the places of collecting samples for chemical analysis

longing to the same cultural tradition. It is worth noting that the Levalloisian and Clactonian tech­niques are both represented here. The handaxes may well point to remote links with the late phase of the Acheulian culture (Fig. 14).

Artifacts found in layers 14 and 15 are also similar as regards their typology and style. The general features of these assemblages are the pre-

dominance of the Levalloisian technique and the concurrence ofClactonian flakes. The presence of occasional microlithic handaxes, single pebble tools, Levalloisian points, blades with retouched edges (including backed blades), Blattspitzen with sub-parallel retouch (after Sosinski, 1967, pl. VID, microlithic retouched forms (denticulates and encoches, ·Salver' type) and sidescrapers

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Fig. 7. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage Fl. 1-4 - asymmetric backed knives

Bisnik Cave 13

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Fig. 8. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage F I. 1- 3 - asymmetric backed knives

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Fig. 9. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage F2. Asymmetric backed knife made of chocolate flim

Bisnik Cave

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Fig. I 0. The Bisnik Cave. Planigraphy of F2 assemblage. I - the line o f rock wall route on a level of assemblage F2 occurance, 2 - bones, 3 - flint retouched tools, 4 - cores, 5 - chips, 6- flakes, 7 - blades, 8 - hom artefacts

15

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Fig. 11. The Bisnik Cave. The find of a skull and axes made of a giant deer antlers (assemblage F2)

Fig. 12. The Bisnik Cave. The hatchet - the hammer from a red deer antlers with traces of in tense usage (assem­blage F2)

Bisnik Cave 17

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Fig. 13. The Bisnik Cave. The fragment of the profile on the cave entrance (profile Em. 51 p. VI-VIII), (profile h from Fig. 3). Numerals indicate numbers of cultural layers (see Fig. 4), letters indicate particular cultural assem­blages (B, D, F). In the D assemblage hearth visible

made of thick and thin flakes, as well as backed knives, enables us to classify this assemblage as belonging to the late Acheulian cultural tradition with Levalloisian and Clactonian elements (Col­lins, 1969). As regards the Bisnik assemblage A3, it can be dated stratigraphically to the Warthe gla­ciation (Figs 15, 16).

An even olders assemblages of artifacts (as­semblages AS and A6), was discovered inside the cave in the layer of dusty clay with rubble (layer 18). The noteworthy feature of this assemblage is the presence of the Levalloisian technique and the predominance of blade implements. Stratigraphi­cally datable to the Oder glaciation, the assem­blage seems to display typological and technical affinities with Piekary-type material (Morawski, 1992: 170; Kozlowski and Kozlowski, 1977: 151-152). Animal bone and tooth samples, taken from layer 18, were dated by the fission-track method to ca. 260,000 B.C. (Hercman and Gorka, 2000) (Figs 17- 24).

The results of sedimentological, geomorpho­logical, paleozoological, and archaeological in­vestigations provided the basis for the reconstruc­tion of the habitation history in Bisnik Cave.

It must be emphasized that throughout almost all of its 250,000 years of occupation, the cave was surrounded by a strongly diversified natural environment, with stretches of steppe, tundra, for­est, marshy grounds, and aquatic areas. Geologi­cal and hydrological research (Miroslaw-Gra­bowska, 1998, and Tyc, 2001 respectively) indi­cates that for long periods the cave entrance was adjacent to a riverbank or a lakeshore. This fact, coupled with its proximity to varied ecological niches, rendered the cave a particularly attractive habitation site. As a result, the cave boasts anum­ber of habitation phases: ten in the Middle Paleo­lithic, one in the Upper Paleolithic and at least five in the period from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages. As far as the multi-phased Middle Paleo­lithic habitation is concerned, Bisnik Cave re-

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Fig. 14. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage A I; I - a core form, 2 - microlithic handax, 3 - natural backed knife. As­semblage A2; 4 - clactonian flake inversely retouched, 5 - natural backed blade knife

minds one of such ' Neanderthal' sites as Arcy­sur-Cure and Combe Grenal (Leroi-Gourhan, 1988), but it is most reminiscent of the Moravian Kulna Cave (Valoch, 1988). All these sites seem to demonstrate that successive generations of Ne­anderthals were strongly attached to places that were especially suitable for habitation.

The investigations of Bisnik Cave have yet to be completed. lt is necessary to continue both the excavation of sediments, especially in the side cave, as well as contnct a specialist to analyze any tools or imported raw materials found in these sediments. lt must be stressed that Bisnik is the oldest cave site in Poland, and the th ird oldest Pol-

Bisnik Cave 19

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8

Fig. 15. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage A3: I - discoidal core, 2 retouched blade flake. 3 - flake discoidal core, 4, 8 - denticulated inversely retouched forms. 5 - a transverse protruberant sidescraper from levallois flake, 6, 7 -levallois retouched flakes

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1 5cm

3 2

4 5

Fig. 16. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage A3; I -a knife-like form, 2-a notched inversely retouched tool, 3 - leval­lois inversely retouched flake, 4 - bifacial knife with a back, 5 - a form with the clactonian encoches

Bisnik Cave 21

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3

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Fig.l7. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage A5; I - a knife-like form with a preparation back, 2 - the levallois point with retouched edges, 3- 5 - retouched blades, shortened at the top, 4, 6, 7- retouched flakes

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0 5cm

1

2

Fig. 18. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage A5; I - a blade denticulated and inversely retouched, with a pseudo­scraper on the top, 2 - limestone blade

Bisnik Cave 23

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3 4

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Fig. 19. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage A6; I - a levallois point, inversely and denticulately retouched, 2 - a lcval­lois flake. inversely and denticulately retouched, 3 - truncated, protrubcrant piece from bifacially shortened blade, retouched on edges. 4 - bifacial broken flake inversely retouched, 5 - levallois flake round, inversely and dcnticu­latcly retouched

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1

2

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3 4

5 6

7 8

Fig. 20. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage A6; 1 - microlithic pseudo-endscraper, 2 - levallois point, 3 - bifacially broken flake, 4- 6 - resharpening spalls, 7, 8 - levallois notched flakes

Bisnik Cave 25

0 5cm

1

2

3 4

6

8

10

Fig. 21. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage A6; 1 - a nakc broken off from a top of a bi facial tool, 2 - convergent, pro­truberant sidescraper, 3- oblique truncated piece with retouchc on edges, 4-7- the notched-denticulated forms, in­versely retouched, 8- micro-perforator, 9 - a chip, I 0- bone artefact

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Fig. 22. The Bisnik Cave. Assemblage A6; a wedge tool from a piece of a long bone

Bisnik Cave 27

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Fig. 23. The Oisnik Cave. Assemblage A6; the fragment of deer antlers with a drilled hole

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Fig. 24. The Bisnik Cave. The fragment of a giant deer antlers with a dril led hole (assemb lage AS)

ish archaeological site in general, predated only by the Lower Paleolithic sites at Trzebnica and Rusko (Burdukiewicz, 1992, 1994). The impor­tance ofBisnik Cave derives from the presence on the site of one of the oldest habitation structures ever discovered in Poland, the unique discovery of the traces of Middle Paleolithic deer antler in­dustry, the discovery in the stratigraph ic sequence of sixteen cultural levels, and the opportunity to correlate sedimentological, paleozoological (Cy­rek, 2002), and archaeological find ings. All this is extremely significant for the paleography of the Middle and Upper Pleistocene in central Europe.

Translated by Dorota Pomorska

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Bisnik Cave 29

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