Birds of Eastern and Southern Asia - Wikimedia Commons

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BIRDS OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASM.

BIRDS of the South and East of Asia.

Murgli Hind.Avis JjAT.

Burling Malay.Manuk „Paksi „P&ksi

Parinda Fees.

Patchi Tam.KurviPitta Tel.Pitti „

irgli Arab.

ir »Qet... • BuBM.

uri DuK,

seau Fr.

ni^ Gr.

niaes (Plur.) „M Ger.

iîpor Heb.

jriah Hind.

Tlie birds of India are scarcely less beautiful

m numerous. Perhaps the clioicest of them

are those of the Himalayan pheasant tribe,

ds distinguished for their very grace-

and rich plumage and the beautiful para-

. sue birds of the Eastern Archipelago. The

i.malayan bustard is remarkable for its form

d varied colour. Peacocks, eagles, falcons,

Utures, kites, cranes, wild geese, wild fowl,

lipes, bustard, parrots, and parroquets, the

ter in every conceivable variety, abound in

dia at various seasons.—In England, on

,ie return of spring,

" Kvery copse

Deep tangled, tree irregular, and bush

Bending with dewy moisture o'er the heads

Of the coy quiristers that lodge within.

Are prodigal of harmony,

lilt, in the tropics generally, there are few

oropeans who will dare the sun to search for

'te beauties of Nature ; as a rule, the natives

E- and S. of Asia do not pay any attention

natural phenomena, and comparatively little

known of the songs of birds. Few can say

ilith the rustic poet Clare,

" I've often tried when tending sheep or cow,

With bits of grass and peels of oaten straw,

To whistle like the birds. The thrush would start

To hear her song of praise and fly away

;

The blackbird never cared, but sang again;

The nightingale's pure song I would not try.

And when the thrush would mock her song, she paused

And sang another song no bird could do.

She sang when all were dune, and beat them all,"

The Birds of Eastern aud Southern Asia

ive been described by many naturalists. In

331 a Catalogue of birds collected by Majorranklin, on the banks of the Ganges and the

indhian range of mountains was published

I the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of

oondon. This comprised 156 species, of which

iGore than 20 were described for the first time,

any of them very comn;on birds, as Otis

bengalensis, Timalia, Chatarrhoea, Alauda gui-

gula, Mirafra phsenicura, &c., &c. Notwith-

standing the difference of latitude in which

these were collected, there are only 6 or 7

which Dr. Jerdoa has not since met with in

Southern India, which shows the very great

similarity of the ornithology of India through-

out. But this similarity continues to the birds

of the Indo-Malay region, viz., the Western

part of the Archipelago, which also have a close

resemblance to those of India, There is not a

single family group peculiar to Indo-Malaya

and there are only fifteen peculiar genera, but,

as might be expected, a very large portion of

the species are quite distinct. There is more

similarity between the Burmese, Siamese and

Malayan countries and Indo-Malaya. than

between India and the Archipelago. Of such

well known families as the woodpeckers,

parrots, trogons, barbets, king fishers, pigeons

and pheasants, some identical species spread all

over India, and as far as Java and Borneo

and a very large proportion are common to

Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. In the

Eastern Islands of the Archipelago, which

Mr. Wallace designates the Austro-Malayan

Group, in which he includes New Guinea

1,400 miles long and 400 broad, and its adja-

cent islands, its land birds belong to 108 gene-

ra, of which 29 are exclusively characteristic of

it ; 35 belong to New Guinea, the Moluccas

and N. Australia. About one half of the NewGuinea genera are found also in Australia, and

about one-third in India and the Indo-Malay

Islands. In the birds of New Guinea are twospecies of Eupetes, a Malayan genus ; two of

Alcippe, an Indian and Malay wren like form;

an Arachnothera, quite resembling the spider

catching honey suckers of Malacc.n, two species

of Gracula, the Mainahs of India, and a lit'.le

black Prionochilus allied to the Malayan form.

—

{Wallace, Vols. I. & II., pp. 143, 263, 264.)

In 1832 a catalogue of birds, collected byColonel Sykes in the Bombay presidency, wasalso published in the Proceedings of the Zoolo-

gical Society of London. In this are enumerated

226 species, of which above 40 are described for

the first time, many of them common and abund-

ant birds. This"^jijaliJia'tlifh yf^^'-^-'-^

most valuable enifceîpfijgf -thft'LuiOfcof'^Tcdf

published, and coAtains(j^g^^g|iQto{'Jviifh mai^highly interesting observations on th^gJiabitl

PRES

BIKDS OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASIA.

food and structure of many of the species. Ofthose enumerated by Colonel Sykes there areabout 9 or 10 which Dr. Jerdon, when writingm 1839, iiad not observed, most of which are

probably peculiar to the more northern por-tion of the rano;e of gliauts and neighbour-ing table-land. In that year, Dr. Jerdon pub-lished a catalogue of the Birds of the Penin-sula of India, arranged according to the modernsystem of classification ; with brief notes ontheir habits and geographical distribution, anddescriptions of new, doubtful, and imperfectly

described species. The total number of this

catalogue was nearly 390 : which, however,included 10 of Colonel Sykes' and nearly as

many more observed by Mr. (now Sir) WalterElliot, of the Madras Civil Service, who placed

valuable notes on birds procured by him at Mr.Jerdon's disposal

; by which, in addition to the

new species added, this naturalist was enabled

to elucidate several doubtful points, to add someinteresting information on various birds, and to

give the correct native names of most of the

species. Subsequent to this. Dr. Jerdon pub-lished a series of supplements to his catalogue

of Birds, correcting some points and adding

others ; and those were followed by a paperfrom the pen of Lord Arthur Hay, Mr. B,Hodgson of Nepaul, furnished a large amountof valuable information on the ornithology of the

Himalaya, General Hardwick's labours were of

great value, Captain Tickell of the Bengal Armyhas also contributed largely to our stock of

knowledge regarding the ornithology of Central

India and the other names who may be added

to this list of naturalists are Captain J. D,Herbert who collected in the Himalaya, Dr. N.Wallich, who collected in Nepaul, Dr. McClel-

land who added birds from Assam and Burmah,Dr. W. Griffith whose collections of birds were

made in Afghanistan, Dr. Hugh Falconer in N.India, and Captain (now Colonel) Richard Stta-

chey in Kamaoii and Ladakh. The birds of the

Tenasserim provinces have been largely described

by the Keverend Dr. Mason, and those of Ceylon

by Dr. Kelaart. These were followed by a con-

tinued series of valuable articles from Mr. Blyth,

who was constant in his pursuit of science.

Dr. Horsfield and Mr.Moore's catalogue of Birds

in the India House Museum appeared in 1856and 1858, and Jerdon's Birds of India printed in

1862 and 1864 have done much to complete our

knowledge of this class of the animal kingdom.

The forthcoming comprehensive work of Mr.

Allan Hume, c.b., will embrace all that previous

writers on the birds of British India have de-

scribed. Eastwards, from the Malay Peninsula

into the Eastern Archipelago, the labours of

Dr. T. Horstield, in Sumatra, Sir T- Stamford

Raffles in Java, Mr. G. Finlayson, Dr. Heifers

Dr, Theodore Cantor, Professor Bikmore and

Mr. Alfred Russel Wallace have given to Europea very full knowledge of the birds of that ex-tensive region.

The Israelites classed birds as cl>ian and un-clean, and in common life this arrangementmay be said to be still followed. A scientific

classification of birds, has been given underthe title Aves. Amongst authors they are gene-rally arranged into six orders, viz.

:

I, Eaptores, Birds of prey.

II. Insessores, perching birds.

III. Gemitores, pigeons,IV. Kasores, game birds.

V, Grallatores, wading birds.

VI, Natatores, swimming birds.

The latest scientific writer on the birds o\India, is Dr. Jerdon. He describes birds aavertebrate animals, warm blooded, oviparous,!

with lungs, a heart with two ventricles and\two auricles ; their anterior limbs in the foria\

of wings; their body clad with feathers ; their'

bill covered with a liorny substance, and manyof their bones hollow. He tells us that mostbirds moult or change their plumage, once ayear only, after the season of pairing or incuba-tion, but certain families or tribes of birds

have two moults one of them immediately be-

fore pairing and the plumage then becomesshowy and gay, with tufts or plumes. Somebirds in spring actually change tlieir colour, or

portions of their feathers are changed as in the

ear tufts of the lesser florikan or Otis aurita.

The male of birds is the more highly coloured,

except in birds of prey, the painted snipe

(Rh\nchea) and some species of Ortygis the

little bustard quail. A few of the gallinaceous

birds are polygamous, and their males are very

pugnaceous. The nests of birds greatly vary.

Those of the weaver bird, tailor-bird, honey-

sucker and oriol are made wjth much art. Theedible nest of the colocasia swallow is formedin caverns, of inspissated saliva : swallows,

swifts, bee eaters and weaver birds build in com-panies : certain ducks breed on cliffs or trees,

and they must carry their young to the water,

though this has not been observed. TheMegapodidas, gallinaceous birds (says Mr. Wal-lace, Vol. I. p. 156}, fouud in Australia, its

surrounding islands, and as far west as the

Phillippines and the N. W. of Borneo, bury their

eggs in sand, earth or rubbish, and leave themto be hatched by the sun or by fermentation.

They have large feet and long curved claws,

and most of them rnke together rubbish, dead

leaves, sticks and stones, earth and rotten wood,

until they form a mound often six feet high

and 12 feet across, in the middle of which they

bury their eggs. The eggs are as large as

those of a swan, and of a brick red colour, and

are considered a great delicacy. The natives

BIRDS OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASIA.

are able to say whether eggs be in the moundand they rob them eagerly. It is said that a

number of these birds unite to make a moundand lay their eggs in it, and 40 or 50 eggs are

found in one heap. The mounds are found in

dense thickets. The species of the Megapodidse

in Lombok is as large as a hen, and entirely of

a dark hue with brown tints. It eats fallen

fruits, earth-worms, snails, and centipedes, but

the flesh is white and well flavoured when pro-

perly cooked.

—

(Wallace, p. 15<o.)

In winter, many Indian birds assemble in large

flocks. Amongst these are crows, starlings,

finches, larks, parrots, a few thrushes, pigeons,

rock pigeons, cranes, ducks, flamingoes and

pelicans. Birds are chiefly guided by instinct.

The migratory birds of India are mostly

residents of the colder northern countries ; they

come to India in September and October and

leave it again, in March, April and May.Among the grallatores or waders, some cranes

and storks, four-fifths of the ducks, and the great

majority of the scolopacidge breed in the north

and come to India in the cold season. Theperegrine falcon, the true hobby, the kestrel,

the British sparrov<f hawk, all the Indian har-

riers and the short-eared owl are true mi-

gratory birds. Amongst the insessores, the

wagtails, some of the pipits and larks, stone-

chats, several warblers, and thrushes, buntings

and the shrike, hoopoe and two starlings are

the chief groups amongst which migratory birds

occur. In Lower Bengal, kites quit Calcutta

and neighbourhood during the rains and return

in the cold weather, it is supposed that they

go the N. East. The kestrel, baza and Indian

hobby are most frequent in Bengal during the

rains, and in the rains, the Adjutant visits Cal-

cutta and leaves in the cold v/eather. TheEuropean quail is the only real migratory bird of

the gallinacese, but some other quails, bustard-

quails and rock partridges, Pteroclidse, wander

about to different localities, and the Otis aurita,

Ardea bubulcus, some rails, terns and gulls

also wander. These birds travel with wonder-

ful instinct direct to their homes, returning year

after year to the same spot, often to the samenest. The song of birds is chiefly observed

amongst the Merulidse, Saxicolinge, Sylviadas,

larks and some finches. In India there are

few songsters in the groves, but some of the

larks are kept in cages. Quails, bulbuls andcocks are trained to fight, falcons and hawksto himt on the wing and pelicans and cormo-rants to fish.

In the 55th No. of the Calcutta Eeview, it is

remarked that " few persoMS, other than pro-

fessed zoologists, have an idea of the extent

to which the feathered inhabitants of the

British islands are found in Southern Asia,

identically the same in species. In general, so

limited are the opportunities which an ordinary

Indian life allows for field observation, that the

only familiar reminiscence of home which a Eu-ropean sojourner in the plains of India will re-

call to mind, among the feathered tribes of this

country, is aff'orded by the pretty, little, clean-

looking, sprightly Water Wagtail, usually the

first and most welcome harbinger of the comingcold weather, and remaining with us so abund-

antly whilst the cold season lasts. This bird,

and the harsh chattering of a very common kind

of shrike (Lanius superciliosus) in Indian gar-

dens, are regularly the earliest intimations that

most of us receive of the coming change of sea-

son ; but a snipe (Gallinago stenuya) precedes

them which, (though few sportsmendiscriminate

it from the common British snipe, makes its

appearance somewhat later,) is nevertheless a

different bird, at once distinguished by having

a set of curious pin feathers on each side of its

tail, whereas the British snipe, (which is equally

abundant with us) has a broad fan-shaped tail,

as unlike that of the other as can well be. Thepin-tailed is the common snipe of the Malaycountries and is unknown in Europe, except-

ing as an exceedingly rare straggler from its

proper habitat the East. But the snipe is un-

observed save by the many who delight in ex-

ercising their skill in shooting it, or who won-der to see it so soon in the provision-bazar ;

and our little piebald friend the water wagtail,

in its season, and the common sparrow, at all

seasons, so abundant as to be overlooked and

forgotten, are probably all that the Europeanreader, unversed in the study of ornithology,

will be able to recall to mind, as yielding asso-

ciations of home ; unless, perchance, he may also

recollect the common small Kingfisher of India,

which differs from the British bird only in its

more diminutive size. A writer has describe

ed the feelings of delight expressed by one

who had been many years in India, at seeing,

upon his return to his native land, the Sky Larkrise from the sod at his feet, and mount higher,

and still higher, till reduced to a mere speck in

the heavens, or utterly lost to view, all the while

making the air ring with its music. Had heventured forth into the fields of any part of

India, he would have seen and heard the very

same ; although the species (Alauda malabarica)

is difl'erent, and may be somewhat inferior to

the European sky lark in song, so far at least

as regards variety in the notes ; but there is

really so very little difference, that the twobirds could assuredly not be distinguished

by the voice alone, nor by the mode of flight.

If examined, the common Indian lark may be

described as resembling the European WoodLark in size and shape, with the plumage of the

Sky Lark. It may, indeed, be remarked that

even the pied wagtails of India (Motacilla


luzoniensis and M. dukhunensis) are specifical- '

ly dilfeient from those of Europe (M. alba and

M. Yarrellii), however similar in appearance

and habits ; but the Grey Wagtail of Britain

(Calobates sulphurea) is identically the same in

India and Java, and a specimen has been seen

in a collection from Australia. This delicate

little bird, so clean and bright in its appearance,

is of very general diffusion over Southern Asia

during the cold season, being indeed muchcommoner than in Britain. The most abund-ant lark, however, on the plains of UpperIndia and table land of the Peninsula, is the

Chandul or Crested Lark, (Galerida cristata),

which is also a European species, though of

rare occurrence in Britain ; and the song of

this bird, also its mode of delivery of it in the

air, are not very unlike that of the Sky Lark,

although it does not soar to so lofty an altitude

The community of species among the birds in-

habiting or visiting India and the British is

lands is most remarkable among the diurnal

birds of prey, and, as might be expected, amongthe wading and swimming tribes ; but as these

are mostly rare in Britain, and do not fall

much under common observation, their presence

in India fails to convey any sort of rerainis

cence of home. The relentless persecution bygamekeepers has now very nearly extirpated, as

a permanent inhabitant of Britain, that fine

bandsome bird, the common European kite

(Milvus regalis) ; though, were it as numerousin England now as in the days of the Tudorsthe Scavenger Kites of India (M. Govinda)might help to remind the British exile in thi

country of his distant home in the west. Butwhatever may be the amount of British species

of birds actually obtained, in Lower Bengal for

instance, there is nought in the ensemble of the

various birds under daily observation in Eastern and Southern Asia, to remind us of tl

present familiar ornithology of Great Britain.

In Bengal, the newly-arrived observer from

that region will particularly be struck with the

number of birds of large size which he sees

everywhere, even in the most densely populated

neighbourhoods ; flocks of vultures, huiie

* Adjutants' in their season, swarms of kites in

their season too, for they disappear during the

rains,—and all three soaring and circling high

in air as commonly as at rest,—Brahmini kites,

various other birds of prey, among which four

kinds of fishing eagle, including the British

Osprey, are not uncommon,—water-fowl in

profusion in all suitable localities, Herons es-

pecially of various kinds very abundant,

—

several sorts of Kingfisher, mostly of bright hues,

the common Indian Holler, also a bird of great

beauty, and the little bright green Bee-eater

(Merops viridis) conspicuous everywhere,—the

eommoa crow of India, of unwonted fami-

liarity, impudence, and matchless audacity,

—

the different Mainas remarkable for their tame-

ness, the Drongo or ' King Crow,' the Sat-

bhais (or ' seven brothers') with tlieir discor-

dant chattering, two sorts of melodiously chir-

uping Bulbuls, the bright yellow ' Mango-

bird' or Black-headed Oriole, the pretty

pied Dhyali, the only tolerably common syl-

van songster worthy of notice, the brilliant

tiny Honey-suckers— also with musical voices,

the lively and loud Golden-backed Wood-pecker, and two monotonously toned species of

Barbet,the pleasingly coloured Rufous Tree-mag-

pie {Dendrocitta rufa)^ the noisy koel, remark-

able for the dissimdarity of the sexes, and for pa-

rasitically laying in the nests of the Crow ;' the

Crested Cucoo (Oxi/lophus) during the rainy

season (parasitical upon the Sat-bhais), with

other cucuUne birds, especially the Coucol or

'Crow- Pheasant,' another noisy and conspicuous

bird wherever there is a little jungle ; and last,

but not least characteristic, in Lower Bengal,

is the harmonious cooing of two or more kinds

of Dove, soothing to repose and quiet, and

the loud screaming of flocks of swift-flying

green Parakeets, with sundry other types all

strange to the new-comer. While he misses

the familiar types of home, the various

Thrushes, Finches, Titmice, &c., wbich are

feebly or not at all represented in the ordi-

nary observed ornithology of the Bengal part

of India : the bright little lora may perhaps

seem to represent the Titmice, and the tiny

' Tailorbird' the wren ; while the northern

forms of Finches are replaced by the Bai/a

or ' Weaverbirds,' with their curious pensile

nests and the dirainuiive thick-billed Munia :

but a stranger will be struck with the prevailing

silence of the jungle, and the paucity of small

birds even in the cold season, so different from

the woods and gardens and hedge rows of

Britain, teeming with small feathered inhabit-

ants, among which are so many pleasing

songsters of all degrees of merit : of the swal-

lows, occasionally and somewhat loctdly, a

few of the Hhûndo rustica, may be seen

chiefly over water, and young birds of the

past season ; and alot)g the river-banks, where

hiifh enough, the small Indian Bank Martin

(H. Sinensis) will occur abundantly ; but tlie

swallows are replaced by two non-migratory

swifts, the common House S^-ift (Cijpselus

afinis) and the little Palm ^wih{C.bal'asiensis).

the Roller and the ' King Crow' habitually

perch on the telegraph wire to watch for their

insect prey : the firmer displaying his gaily

painted wings to advantage, as he whisks and

flutters about, regardless of the fiercest sun.

Ttie small white Vidturine bird, Heopliron per-

cnopterus, the ' Rachamah' or ' Pharaoh's

chicken,' is abuudaut and has been ialroduced

BIRDS OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASIA,

as British, because a single pair has been knownto stray so far beyond its ordinary haunts. Of

the smaller British land-birds only few occur,

and these are mostly rarities in the west ; but

the Wryneck is not uncommon, though little ob-

served, and the European Cuckoo will now and

then turn up, more frequently in the barred

plumage of immaturity ; the Hoopoe, too, is

common, but is much too rare in England to

awaken a reminiscence, and so with others-

Of course we allude to the cold season, and to

birds in their winter quarters, Among the

hawks, the Kestrel will occasionally be observ-

ed in extraordinary abundance ; and Harriers

( Circus) are often seen beating over the open

ground ; but the small waders are particularly

common in all suitable places, including most

of those found in Britain, in greater or le=s

abundance. It would be tiresome to particular-

rize further. But wonderful is the number of

fishers, and vast indeed must be the consumption

of their finny prey. Otters (Lutra nair)

among the mammalia, but no Seals ; and

of birds, sundry fishing Eagles, and a great

bare-legged fishing Owl, with various King-

fishers in abundance, numerous kinds of

Heron in surprising numbers, Pelicans, Darters

(Plotus), Pygmy Cormorants, and Grebes or

' Dabchicks besides Gulls, Terns, and rarely

Skimmers {Rhynchops). Gulls, however, are less

numerous thsn in Britain ; but three species,

the common British Larus ridibundus and a

nearly affined species, with the fine L.

icihyaetus are seen chiefly towards the mouths

of the Gangetic rivers. Over the salt water

lake near Calcutta, has been seen a very uni-

formly scattered flight of the great White

Egret, so prized at home. The Gull-billed

Tern is there one of the common birds, and

the Whiskered Tern {Hydrochelidon leuco-

pariea), replacing the Black Tern of the

Kentish marshes ; and the Peregrine Falcon

may not unfrequently be seen, well meritinsr

the name of ' duck Hawk' bestowed on it in

North America : also great flocks of Longshanks(Himantopus) wading and seeking their sub-

sistence in the expanse of shallow water. Along

the reed-fringed nullahs or water-courses, the

muddy banks are honeycombed with the foot-

steps of wild Pigs of all sizes, and various

Ballidce ave swarming around, as tlie numbersof themcaptured in trap-cagesabundantly testify.

Passing from the delta of Lower Bengal, no

matter in what direction, a consideral)le re-

placement of species may be observed, charac-

teristic of the fauna of Behar and of the plains

of Upper India to the west and north, and of

the Burmese countries eastward: in the sub-

Himalayas, the forms of Europe and of W.and N. Asia prevail more and more towards

the N- W. Malayaa forms eastward, and Chinese

types, and particular sub-Himalayan genera

and species, the range of which extends east-

ward to (;hina. Again, on the highlands of

the Peninsula of India, and still again in those

of Ceylon distinct species of the northern types

occur, but no different genera. Thus the

jungle-fowl of N. India is replaced by a difl'er-

ent species (Gallus Sonneratii) in the Penin-

sula, and by a third yG. Stanleiji) in Ceylon,

and not a few similar instances might be

adduced. Dr. G. Buist has mentioned that in

Bombay on the approach of the monsoon,

nearly all the Kites, Hawks, Vultures, and

other carrion birds disappear from the sea coast,

while tlie Crows begin to build their nests and

hatch their young just at the season that seems

most unsuitable for incubation, for the eggs are

often shaken out, or the nests themselves are

destroyed by the storms and the poor birds are

exposed, in the performance of their parental

duties, to all the violence and inclemency of

rain and tempest. At the instigation of a sure

and unerring instinct, the carnivorous birds,

as the rains approach, withdraw themselves

from a climate unsuitable to the habits of

tiieir yonng, betaking themselves to the com-

paratively dry air of the Dfkhan, where they

nestle and bring forth in comfort, and find

food and shelter for their little ones. The

scenes connected with this, which follow the

conclusion of the rains, are curious enough.

W^hile the mahomedans bury, and the himius

burn their dead, the Parsees expose their dead

in lari<e cylindrical roofless structures, called

Towers of" Silence, where birds of prey at all

times finii an abundant repast- Their family

cares and anxieties over for the season the car-

rion-birds, which had left in May for the Dek-

han, return in October to Bombay, and make

at once for the usual scenes of their fesiivities>

now stored with a three months' supply of un-

tasted food. As they appear in clouds ap-

proaching from the mainland, the Crows, un-

willing that their dominions should be invaded,

hasten in flocks to meet them, and a battle en-

sues in the air, loud, fierce and noisy ; the

flattering of the wings, the screaming and caw-

ing of the combaiants, resounding over the

island, till the larger birds succeed, and having

iiained the victory are suBered henceforth to

live in peace. In Bengal, the Kites and Bra-

mini Kites breed chiefly in January and Pe-

bruary, and disappear during the rains. Theadult ' Adjutants' make their appearance as

soon as the rains set in, and becoming in fine

plumage towards the close of the rains, depart

at that time to breed in the eastern portion of

the Sunderbuns upon lofty trees, and along the

eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal upon trees

and rocks. Vultures are permanently resi-

dent ; and the Crows propagate chiefly in


March and April, their nests being not unfre-

quently exposed to the fury of the nor-westers

and destroyed by them altogether. A very

large proportion of the feathered inhabitants of

the British islands are equally natives of, or

seasonal or irregular visitants to, Southern

Asia. Not a few migratory species are com-mon to the polar circle and to Lower Bengal,

and even further towards the equator, accord-

ing to season : but the individual birds maynot migrate so far north and south. The Cal-

Hope camschatkensis, a delicate little bird

much like a nightingale, but with a brilliant

ruby-throat, which is not rare in the vicinity of

Calcutta during the cold season, arrives " early

in April, with the snowfleck, in the LowerKolyma district" iu Northern Siberia, as we are

told by Von Wrangell ; that is to say, before

the last of them have left Bengal : but it is re-

markable that this bird has never been seen in

the very numerous collections from the Hima-laya examined hitherto

;though another and

non-migratory species of the same genus

( 0. pectoralis,) peculiar, so far as known, to

the Himalaya, is of common occurrence in such

collections. It is, however, enumerated in Mr.

Hodgson's list of ihe birds of Nepal : still it

seems to follow that the C. camtscliatkensis does

not breed extensively on this side of the snow

;

although the Bengal birds may not have to find

their way quite so far as to Northern Siberia to

pass the summer. The Hoopoe (Upupa epops,)

another species common in Southern Asia du-

ring the cold season, and on the table lands at

all seasons, is, to all appearance, a bird of flut-

tering and feeble flight ; but has repeatedly

been observed, during the seasons of migration,

at altitudes considerably above the limits of

vegetation. " On the western side of the La-nak pass, about 16,500 feet, I saw a Hoopoe,"writes Major Cunningham, and at Momay(14.000 to 15,000 fe.^t elevation), under the

lofty Doiikia Pass in Northern Sikhim, Dr. J.

D. Hooker observed, in the month of Septem-

ber, that " birds flock to the grass about Mo-may ; Larks, Finches, Warblers, abundance of

sparrovvs (feeding on the Yak droppings), with

occasionally the Hoopoe : waders, Cormorants,

and wild Ducks, were sometimes seen in the

streams, but most of these were migrating

south." Dr. J. D. Hooker's sketch of the

grand but most desolate panorama beheld by

him from the summit of the Donkia Pass

(18,466 feet elevMtion) ought to be familiar to

all readers ; and he elsewhere remarks tiiat "novillage or house is seen throughout the exten-

sive area over which the eve roams from

Bt-.omtso, and the' general character of the

desolate landscape was simiUr to that which

he had as seen from the Donkia Pass. TheKiang grazing with its foal on the sloping

downs, the Hare bounding over the stony soil,

the Antelope, the Tchiru and also the Goa,

Frocaprapicticaudata of Hodgson, scouring the

sandy flats, and the Fox stealing along to his

burrow, all are desert and Tartarian types of

the animal creation. The shrill whistle of the

Marmot alone breaks the silence of the scene,

recalling the snows of Lapland to the mind;while the Kite and Kaven wheel through the

air, with as steady a pinion as if that eleva-

tion possessed the same power of resistance

that it does at the level of the sea. Still higher

in the heavens, long black V-shaped trains of

wild Geese cleave the air, shooting over the

glacier crowned top of Kinchinjhow, and wing-

ing their flight in one day, perhaps, from the

Yarn to the Ganges, over 500 miles of space,

and through 22,000 feet of elevation-, one

plant alone, a yellow lichen (Borrera) is found

at this height, and that only as a visitor for,.

Tartar-like, it migrates over the lofty slopes

and ridges, blown about by the violent winds.

I found he says, a small beetle at the very top,

probably blown up also ; for it was a flower-

feeder, and seemed benumbed with cold."

" An enormous quantity of water-fowl," re-

marks the same scientific traveller, Dr- Hooker," breed in Tibet, including many Indian spe-

cies that migrate no further north. The natives

collect their eggs for the markets of Jigatzi,

Giantchi, and Llassa, along the banks of the

Yaru river, Ramchoo, and Yarbru and Dachealakes. Amongst other birds, the Saras, or

fiiant Crane of India (see Turner's Tibet,

p, 212) repairs to these enormous elevations to

breed. The fact of birds characteristic of the

tropics dwellin'i for months in such climates is

a very instructive one, and should be borne iu

mind in our speculations on the climate sup-

posed to be indicated by the imbedded bones of

iDirds." it may however be remarked that

Saras {Grus antigone) also breeds south of

the Himalaya ; and th«t specimens too young

to fly are occasionally brought for sale even to

Calcutta. Turner, describing the lake " Ramt-

choo," remarks,—"that it is frequented by great

abundance of water-fowl, wild geese, ducks, teal,

and storks, which, on the approach of winter,

take their flight to milder regions. Prodigious

numbers of sauraases, the largest species of the

crane kind, are seen here at certain seasons

of the year, anil they say, that any quantity of

eggs may there be collected, they are found

deposited near the banks. " I had, " he says"

several of them given to me when I was at

Tassisudon, during tlxe rains;they were as

large as a turkey's egg, and I remember being

told that they came from this place ; but whe-

ther or not they were those of the Sauras, I

cannot venture to pronounce." Instances

have been knowu of the Saras breeding in cap-

t)


iivity, when a pair was allowed the range of a

large walled garde:i (protected from Jackals)

containing shallow inuiiiiated enclosures for the

growtli of lice: in these the nest was commencedunder water, and raised for s( me inches above

the snifiice ; the eggs were tno in number,

about 3| inclii-s long by 2J inches broad, of a

bliiisli-white, with a few disiantly placed rufous

specks and blotches. The nest of the European

Crane {Grus cinerea), also a common Indian

bird, is thus described by Major Lloyd, as ob-

.

served by himself in Scandinavia. " It usually

breeds in extended morasses, far away from the

haunts of men. It makes its nest, consisting

of .stalks of plants and the like, on a tussock,

and often amongst willow and other bushes.

The female lavs two eggs," &c. Again, Major

Cunningham, in his ' Ladnk,' &c., remarks that

" the water- fowl swarm on the lakes and on the

still waters of the Upper Indus, I have, he says

shot the wild Goose on the Thogji, Chanmo and

Chomoiiri lake at 15,000 feet; and Col. Bates

and I shot three Teal on the Suraj Dal, a small

lake at the head of the Bhaga river, at an eleva-

tion of upwards of 16,000 feet :" but the time

of the year is not mentioned by this anihor.

Those birds which are common to India and the

polar circle appertain for the most part, as might

be supposed, to the wading and web-footed or-

ders ; and a few of them are of very general dis-

tribution over the world, as, especially, the com-

mon Turnstone (Strejjsilas mterpres\ which

seems to be found on every sea-coast. TheJjohipes liyperhoreus is a little arciic bird, of

rare occurrence even in the north of Scotland,

Orkney and Shetland : but a specimen was not

long ago procured near Madras, which is nowin the Calcutta museum ; and there also maybe seen an example of the nearly related T'hala-

ropus fulicarius, obtained in the Calcutta provi-

sion-bazar so late in the year as May 11, 1846.

The well-known naturalist of the Madras Presi-

dency, Dr. T. C. Jerdon, obtained in Southern

India a single example of a little Australian

Plover, Eiaticula nigrifrons, which figures in

his catalogue as a supposed new species by the

synonyme II russata- The Tibetan Haven is

considered as a peculiar species by Mr. Hodg-son, an opinion to which the Prince of Canino

seems to incline : it may be presumed to inha-

bit the lofty mountains of Butan to the north,

but the smaller crow of Southern Asia is the

C. splendens ; while the common black crow of

all India, C. culminatus, would seem to stand

here alike for the ' Raven,' the ' Carrion Crow,'

and the * Eook !' The true Eook {Gorvus

frugiletjiis) however, is known to inhabit or

visit the Peshawur valley, Afghanistan, andKashmir. The Rook of China and Japan is

considered a distinct species, C. pastinator of

Gould ; and the Jackdaw (C. monedula) accom-

7

panics it in those countries, while the true nor-

thern Raven Corvus corax is met with not

only there, but also over a great portion of the

Punjab. In other parts of India the compara-

tively small C culminatus is popularly knownto Europeans as " the Raven but the northern

Raven would make a meal of one and not feel

mucli the worse for it. Dr. Francis Buchanan

Hamilton, remarking upon the hawking or fal-

conry observed by him in the Shahabad dis-

. trict, mentions that " the only pursuit worth

notice that he saw in several days' hawk-

ing was from a large bird of prey named Ji-

mach, which attacked a very strong Falcon as

it was hovering over a bush into which it had

driven a Panridge. The moment the Falcon

spied the Jimach it gave a scream, and flew off

with the utmost velocity, while the Jimach

equally pursued. They were instantly followed

by the whole party, foot, horse, and elephants,

perhaps 200 persons, shouting and firing with

all their might , and the Falcon was saved, but

not without severe wounds, the Jimach having

struck her to the ground ; but a horsemau

came up in time to prevent her from being de-

voured." The WoMiah or TJhab, as it is also

termed, is a small Eagle, very abundant in the

plains of Upper India, the Dukhun, &c., bear-

irig many systematic names, the earliest of

which is Aquilafulvescens ; for it is a different

bird, not quite so large and robust, as the Aq.

ncevioides of Africa, with which it has been

supposed identical. The Hon'ble Walter Elliot,

of the Madras C. S., remarks that—" the Woh-hah is very troublesome in hawking, after the

sun becomes hot, mistaking the jesses for some

kind of prey, and pouncing on the Falcon to

seize it. He had once or twice nearly lost

' Shahins' {Falco peregrinator) in consequence,

they flying to great distances for fear of the

" Wohhah," i. e. the Jimach. The principal

species employed in Indian falconry are iden-

tical with those of Europejnamely, the Bauri

of India, which is the Peregrine Falcon of the

West ; and the Baz of India, which is the Gos-

shawk or ' Gentil Falcon' of Britain. In a

curious Fersian treatise on the subject, by the

head falconer of the Mogul emperor Akbar,

the various species used are enumerated, and

may be recognised with precision : among them

is the Shangar, which is clearly the Jer Falcon

of the north; represented as extremely rare

and valuable, taken perhaps once or twice only

in a century, and then generally in the Punjab.

The Shahin {Falco peregrinator), another fa-

vorite Indian Falcon, does not inhabit Europe,

but is clearly the Falco ruber indicus of Aldro-

vand, rather than the small hobby-like Indian

species {F. sevens), on which Teniminck be-

stowed the name F. Jldrovandi. With five

or six exceptions only, the whole of the Euro-


pean diurnal birds of prey are met with in In-

dia, many of them being much commoner in

this country ; and they are associated with nu-

merous other species unknown in Europe. Thesport of falconry is widely diffused over Asia,

even to the Miilayas ; but whether extending to

China and Japan, wê are unfiware. It mayfuriher be noticed that the " quarry" hawkedby Dr. L^yard's Bedouia companions on the

great plain of Mesopotamia, ami rightly enough

denominated by him a " Bustard," is no other

than the Houbara [Souhara Macqiieenii) of

Si idh and Afghanistan;being a different spe-

cies from that of Spain and North Africa {H.

undulata ;) and it appears that the former has

most unexpectedly turned up, of late years, in

Enijland and Belgium, i( not also in Denmark.The great spiny-tailed Swift of the Himalaya

{Acanthylis nudipes of Hodgson) was obtained,

a few seasons back, in England. Mr. Gould

identities this British-killed bird with iiis Ac.

caudactita of Ausiralia, but it appears identical

with the Himalayan species;upon comparing

Hi(nala,yan specimens wiih Mr. Gould's plate,

no difference can be detected. The great Al-

pine Swift, (^Cypselus melba) is common to

the Himalaya, thti Nilgiris, and high mountains

of Ceylon, but the livtat A carahi/lis of tlie

Himalaya has never been observed in S. India,

and is replaced in the Nilgiris, Ceylon, and also

across the Bay of Bentjal, (in Penang, &c.) by

a distinct species, the Ac gigantea. Gold and

Silver Pheasants are inhabitants of China ; but

the Golden Pheasant, according to M, Tem-minck, inhabits not only China and Japan, but

the northern parts of Greece, as also Georgia

and the Caucasus ; and it. has been met with

even in the province of Orenbourg. M. Deg-

land informs us, that M. Gamba, French Con-

sul at T:flis, met with this gorueous bird in

numerous flocks on the spurs of the Caucasus,

which extend towards the Caspian sea ; and

that now it has gone wild and multiplied in

some of the forests of Germany. In Southern

Asia, the birds familiarly known as ' Bulhuls'

must not be confounded with the Persian Bul-

bul, which is a species of true Nightingale

(Litscmm), a ijenns very closely related to some

of the small Thrushes of America. We have

no true Nightingale wild in India ; but the

' Shama' Cercotrichas macrourus, undonhteA\y

the finest song-bird of this part, of the world, is

not nnfrequently desii^nated the Indian Night-

ingale, a misnomer which only leads to confu-

sion. It is common to India and the Malay

countries ; and there is a second species (C.

luzoniensis) in the Philippines, and a third (C.

eryihropterus) iti Africa. We may remark t.hat

the Orocetes cinclochynclia is also termed Sha-

ma in the Madras Presidency. Our esteemed

Indian songster is le Merle tricolor de loiigue

8

queue of Levaillant (Oiseaux d' Afrique pl^

114;). The Bhimraj {EdoUus paradiseus) is

popularly denominated " the Mocking-bird" byEuropeans. Several eminent naturalists per-

sist in ignoring the very great differences be-

tween ' Siorks' and ' Cranes,' in their appear-ance, habits, anatomy, modes of breeding,

and everything, except that both happen to

be long-lcirged birds. They do so by designat-

ing the Hurgila or * Adjutant' {Leptoptilus

argala) « the gigantic Crane." The three or-

dinary Indian Cranes {Grus antigone, Gr. ci-

nerea, and Gr. virgo : the Gr. leucogeranos,

occur rarely in the North West Provinces. Nowthe words Crane and Grus, and the Hindustaninames of the three common Indian species, Sa-ras, Karranch, andKaJcarra, all have reference

to the loud trumpeting of these birds, whichhave a curious internal conformation resem-

bling that of the Tru.nnpeter Swans : whereas

the Storks are voiceless birds, having actually

no vocal muscles, and can make no sound, butl)y clattering their mandibles togetlier, whichthey do pretty loudly. Ymix indica appearsto be met with in Afghanistan and Tibet. Mr.Gould describes a kind of Nuthatch to inhabit

the Himalayan mountains towards Kashmir, but

the bird in question is unknown in (Jentral

India properly so designated. I'he Acroceplia'

lus arundinaceus {Sylvia turdoides of Tem-minck), and the Acr. salicarius (S. arundinacea

of Temminck), and also the three common Bri-

tish species of Pliylloscopus, have been noted

by different authors as occurring in India; but

the three Indian species are different. In India,

various instances occur of closely affined Indian

and European birds, which every ornithologist

would at once pronounce to be distinct : e. g.

Oriolns galhula and 0. Jcimdoo ; Lanius excu-

hitor and L. lalitora ; Troylodytes europoeus

and Tr. sui-himalayanus; Certhia familiaris

and G. himalayana, 8fC. : and not nnfrequently

the exact European species inhabits India

in addition to another which would other-

wise be regarded as its counterpart or repre-

sentative, or according to the views of somenaturalists a mere local or climatal variety of

the same species : thus Circus^ Sivainsonii (the

palUdtis of Sykes) is regarded by Prof. Sciile-

gel as a local variety of C. cineraceus ; had he

said so of C. cyaneus it would be more intelligi-

ble, as the affinity is much closer with cyaneus

;

nevertheless, both Sivai7isonii and cineraceus

appear to be common throufihout Africa, as

both likewise are in India, inhabiting the same

districts, and each remaining ever true to its

distinctive characters ; while cyaneus also inha-

bits the vicinity of the Himalaya, together with

both the others. There are precisely the same

grounds for regarding the European Pliyllosco-

pus frochihis & Ph. rufns as being ' climatal' or


'local' varieties of one species;only these birds

happen to be better knovvn, much as they re-

semble Ciich other. Aijain, we have t lie true Fal-

co peregrimis common inliidia, together with F.

peregrinator, which would otherwise be regard-

ed as its Indian couniei'part: BypotrlorcMs siiJj-

huteo found together with H. severus ; ULrun-

do sinensis (the ordinary Indian Sand Martin.)

tosi;etlier with H. riparia; Cticulus canorus (the

European Cuckoo,) as also several affined spe-

cies ; and so on. In some cases, a European

species may have two or more ' representatives

in India, or vice versa. Thus Nucifraga cary-

ocatactes of the pine forests of Europe and Si-

beria is replaced by N. hemispila in those of the

Himalaya generally, and by H- multiniaculata

about Kashmir ; Parws major by P. monticolus

and /*. ciiiereus, if cot also P. nuclmlis (in ad-

dition to cinereus) in S. India ;Pious major by

|

P. himalayanus and P. darjellensis ; Accentor

alpimis by A. nipalensis and J. variegatus :

wfiile, on the other hand, Lanius lalitora in

India is represented both by L. excuhitor and

L. meridionalis in Europe ; Sitta cinnamoven-

tris by S. europoea and S. cassia, ^c. Some or-

nithologists regard the Passer doniesticîs, P.

italioe (vel cisalpinus), and P. salicarius (vel

hispaniolensis,) of Europe, as being local varie-

ties merely of the same : yet they hold true to

distinctive diflerences of coloring, wheresoever

found ; and examples of the last-named race

from Afghanistan and the extreme N. W. of

India differ in no anpreciable respect from Al-

gerian specimens with which they have been com-

pared moreover, this race is of far more grega-

rious habils even than Passer domesticns ; a

fact noticed of it alike in N. Africa and in

Kohat. For the Pauri or Peregrine Falcon of

India, Mr. Gould adopts Latham's name F.

calidtis, thereby implying a distinction from true

peregrimis. It may be doubted exceedingly if

any one difference could be detected. It is

true, that many highly approximate races (con-

sidered, therefore, as species) do maintain their

distinctness, even in the same region and vici-

nity ; as Falco peregrinus and F. pereyrinator,

Uypotriorcliis suhhuteo and H. severus, Circus

cyaneas and C. Swainsonii in India. Coracias

htngalensis of all India meets, in the Punjal),

&c., the European C. garrula ; but in Assam,

Sylhet, Tippera, and, more rarely, Lower Bengal,

it co-exists with the G. affinis, specimens of

which from the Burmese countries are ever

true to their proper coloration, as those of C.

berujalensis are from Upper and S. India ; but

there is seen every conceivable gradation or

transition from one type of colouring to the

other, in examples from the territories where

the two races meet : so also with the Treron

phanicoplerus of Upper India and the Tr. chlo-

rigaskr of S. India and Ceylon, which blend

in Lower Bengal ; and Gallopliasis allocristatns

of the W. Himalaya and G. melanosis of Sikhim,

which produce an intermediate race in Nepal;

and G. Guvieri of Assam and Sylhet, and G.

lineatiis of Burmah, which interbreed in Arakan,

SoC, so that every possible transition from one

to the other can be traced, as demonstrated by

a fine series of preserved specimens in the

museum of the Asiatic Society in Calcutta. If

inhabiting widely separated regions, the (assum-

ed) distinctness of such races, would be at once

granted ; as with Phasianus colchicvs and the

Chinese Ph. torquatus, which readily intermix

and blen'i, wherever the latter has been intro-

duced in Europe. Such races as the Crossbills,

the Bauri and Shahin Falcons of India, the

British Phylloscopus trochilus and Ph. rufus,

and the different European Sparrows, maintain

themselves persistently distinct ; and this while

the common Sparrow of India would probably

blend with tl>e British Sparrow (though conside-

red distinct by some), if an opportunity should

occur of its doing so.

The following birds are given in the Calcutta

Review (March 1857), as common to England

and Southern Asia.

Chj'ps Fulvus. {Vultur fulvus ;' Griffon Vul-

ture.') Inhabits the high mountains of Europe

and Asia, inclusive of the Himalaya and its

vicinity : common in Dalmatia, Greece, and the

islands of the Mediterranean ; less so on the

Alps, and exceerlingly rare and accidental in

tlie British islands wnd northern provinces of

France. Replaced in the Pyrenees, Sardinia,

and Barbary, by the nearly affined G. occiden-

talis : in E Alrica by G. lluppellii : and in S.

Africa by G. Kolbii ; also generally over India

and the Malay countries by G. Indicus, a muchsmaller bird. All are remarkable for posses-

sing fourteen tail-feathers, whereas other birds

ot prey have twelve only ; even their congener,

G. bengalensis, which is the commonest Indian

vulture about and near towns, and is also metwith in E. Africa. As Îr. Yarrell does not

appear to discriminate the G. occidentalis, it is

just possible that the bird which he notices

appertains to that particular race, rather than to

the genuine G. fulvus of the Himalaya.

The G. fulvus is the ' great white Vulture'

of the Himalaya ; and the ' great black Vulture*

of the Himalaya, Vultur monachus, may yet be

found to stray so far west as Britain ; since it

has several times been shot in Schleswig and

Holstein, also in Provence, Languedoc, Dauph-

ine, SiC. It is not rare in the Pyrenees, Sar-

dinia, Sicily, and mountainous regions of tie

S. E. of Europe.

The great African V. auricularis has been ob-

served in Greece, and has once been killed in

France (in Province) ; this resembles V, ponti-

cerianus, the so-call«d\king vulture' common

\

"

2

BIKDS OF EASTERN AKD SOUTHERN ASIA.

over the plains of India, but is m\\c\i larger,

(.quallini; V- iiionachiis in size ; while the latter

has also an analagous diminutive in Africa, in

the V. occipitalis.

Neopthron Fercnopterus (' Etryptian Vul-

ture) of the Appendix to Hruce's travels

Rachmnah ; PluMuoh'fi chickeyis, dx. Inhabits

Europe, Asia, and Africa, abounding' in most

warm regifins;

very common on the plains

of Upper Hindustan, and the table-land of pen-

insular India ; but not observed in Lower Ben-

gal below the tideway of the Ganaetic rivers

:

nommon in the southern parts of Europe ; but

very rnre and accidental in the British islands,

and also in Scandinavia, This bird is evidently

the ' Kite' of Major A. Cunningham's ' Ladak'

(p. 205). He writes—" the Eayle {rha-nak, or

the 'black bird') and the kite {cka-kor, or the

white bird) are Common eiiout;h, and so is the

Jarije raven." A second snecies of this genus,

tlie N. pileatus, inhabits Africa only.

Gypaetos. The Lammergeyer (Gypaetos) in-

habits the high mountains of Europe, Asia and

Africa ; from the Altai even to the Cape colony.

Authorities differ with respect to the value to be

attached to certain differences observed in speci-

mens from diffei-ent regions. The Prince ol

Canino identities the Himalayan with G. bar-

batus of Gebler from the Altai, and G. nudipes

of Brehm {meridionalis of Keyser and Blasiu?)

from S. Africa. M. Malherbe remarks that

specimens from the Pyrenees and Sardinia are of

inferior size to those from the Swiss Alps ; and

this smaller race is the G. barbatus occidentalis

of Schlegel. Even the Himalayan is said to

differ from that of eastern Europe by having a

pictoral dark band not observed in the other,

and is the G. hemaehaknus of Captain Hutton.

The constancy of the alleged distinctions seems

to need contirmation, preparatory to an estima-

tion of their value. The Himalayan bird is

commonly mis-called ' Golden Eagle' by English

residents.

Aquila chrysaetos (' Golden Eagle.') Inhabits

the mountainous regions of Europe, Asia, and

N. America (being the only true Aquila in the

New World) ; rare in N. Africa : and in India

confined to the Himalaya. M. Degland in-

clines to the opinion that a larger and smaller

race exist, the former iniiabiting a colder reîiou ;

but this much needs confirmation. No diffe-

rence can be perceived between British and

Himalayan examples.

Jquila mogilnik or ' Imperial Eagle' of Tera-

minck {Aq. keliaca, Savigny) inhabits generally

a warmer climate than Aq. chryssetos, and is

extensively diffused over the mountainous re-

gions of S. E. Europe, Asia, and N. Africa, in-

cluding those of India (being the chrysaetos of

Dr. Jerdon's Catalogue of Birds of S. India).

In Europe it has been observed so far north

as in Jutland ; but never in the British

islands.

Aquila noevia- (' Spotted Eagle.') Inhabits

Europe, Asia, and Africa;

being common in

the hilly parts of India, and even in the Bengal

Sundarbans. Very rare in N. Europe : but

has been shot near the town of Schirswig, andhas even been known to breed in Ireland.

There are two affined species in Indin, Aq.

hastata, nearly as large but less robust, and Aq.fulvescens, distinct from Aq. nsevioides of Afrii-a

the ' Wokhab' noticed in Cyc. of India, whichis smaller and more robust,—a miniature of Aq.

mogilnik. Neither of them has been observed

in Europe.

Eutolmuietos fasciutus. (Falco Bonellii, deVa.

Marmora.) Inhabits the southern parts of

Europe, with Asia, and N. Africa;being re-

placed in S. Africa by Eu. bellicosus : in India

and Ceylon confined to the hilly parts, where far

from rare.

Hieraettis pennatxis. Inhabits E. Europe,

Asia, Africa, India generally, and Ceylon : dif-

fering very little (if at all) fi om H. morphnoides

of Australia : a rare species in Europe. Prof.

Schlegel doubts the proper habitat of this

bird : it is not uncommon in India, preying

much on domestic pigeons.

Fandion halicetus . (' Osprey.') Of universal

distribution ; the Australian only differing but

slightly. Common in India ; and migratory in

the far north.

Falco candicans. {Falco gyrfaJxo ;' Gyr

Falcon.'' An Arctic species, very rare in tem-

perate regions : the Shangar of Indian falconry

seems to denote it, as a bird of excessively rare

occurrence in the Punjab. Some writers sepa-

rate from it ah Icelandic race, either as a dis-

tinct species or variety, respecting which there

is much difference of opinion.

Falco sacer. Schlegel (F. lamrius apudTemminck and Gould), a very rare species

in East Europe, seems to belong properly to

Middle Asia, and occurs rarely in the Hima-laya.

Falco layiorbis. Schlegel, an inhabitant of the

South East of Europe, differs very slightly from

the Indian F. juggur. Gray,

Falco peregrinits. (' Peregrine Falcon.') In-

habits Europe, Asia, North Africa, if not also

North and South America : the South African

race smaller ; and Australian F. macropua[melanogenys of Gould) very nearly affined.

Common in India ; also a nearly affined species,

F. peregrinator, which resorts more to the

hills, and is the F. ruber indicus of Aldrovand,

Although the Indian and also the north

American races are considered different from

the European by some, is doubted, the exist-

10


ences of any permanent distinction whatso-

ever.

Ilypotriorchis suhhuteo {Falco subhuteo ;

the ' Hobby.') All Europe, Asia and Africa ;

migratory : common in the Himalaya ; rarer in

S. India ; a cold weather visitant in LowerBengal, toe;etlier with an affiued species, H.severus. Both are somewhat crepuscular in

habit.

ErytJiropm vespertinus. {Falco rujipes ; the

' Red-footed Falcon.') Europe, Asia, and N.Africa : rare in Britain : not uncommon in India,

in larse flocks, which visit Lower Bengal during

the rainy seasou.

Erythroims cenchris. {Falco tinnunculoides

of Yieiilot.) Resembles E. vespfertiuus in

structure and habits and both appear to be ex-

clusively insectivorous, siezing their prey on the

ground, and not habitually on the wing (like

the ' Hobby'). Geographical range also si-

milar, or nearly so ; but this has not been

known to stray into Britain. Both are migra-

tory.

Tinnunculus alaiidarius . {Falco tinnunculus

the ' Kestrel.') All Europe, Asia, Africa,

with the great Asiatic archipelago. Very com-mon in India, sometimes in large flocks. Thecommonest bird of prey ia England and

France.

Astur palumbarius. (' Goshawk ') Europe,Asia, and N, Africa : rare in Britain

; muchcommouer in Scandinavia, and generally overEurope, where migratory : common in the

Himalaya.

Accipder nisus. (' Sparrow-hawk,') Europe,Asia, and N. Africa: common in the hilly parts

of India ; rare in the plains, where abundantlyreplaced by Micronisus badius. Migrates par-

tially in northtrn regions. There is a nearly

afiined raCH in the Malay countries, Acc. nisoides,

distinguished by having a white throat withthree distinct dark stripes, and no rufous

on the ui»der-parts of the adult male. In other

respects, quite similar to Aco- nisus; and by no

means to be confounded with Acc. virgatus,

which likewise has the throat-stripes.

Buteo vulgaris. (' Common Buzzard. ')

Europe, N. Africa, Asia Minor : iii^her moun-tains of India ; beina common in the W. Hima-laya, rare in the Nilgiris, and replaced on the

plains by B. canescens. Bare, and to the north

ward and far west only, iu America : mostly

migratory in Scandinavia.

Fernis apivora. / Honey Buzzard.') Europe,Asia, N. Africa : migratory. In India common(if identically the same), in addition to P. cris-

tata. In the crestless or subcrested Indian

specimens (adults), there is a marked tendency

to the development of three dark stripes on a

white throat, and in the Astur trivirgaius

and sua.lry other Indian species. Can such

be of a hybrid race between P. apivora and

P. cristata ?

Circus oeruginosus. (' Marsh Harrier.') Eu-rope, Asia, N. Africa : very common iu Inula.

Miijraies iu Scandinavia.

Circus cyaneus (' Hen Harrier.') Europe

Asia, Africa : the American C Uliginosus bare,

ly if at all, separable. In India common iu the

Sub Himalaya region and its vicinity : being

replaced southward by C. Swainsonii {jyallidus

of Sykes.)

Circus clneraceus. (C Montagui ; Montagu's

Harrier.') Europe, S. Asia, Africa : very com-mon in Iiulia.

Circaetus gallicus is a bird of South Europe,

Asia, and Africa, which is common iu India, andhas been killed in Denmark ; but never in the

British Islands.

Bubo maxlmus. (' Eagle Owl.') Europe,

Siberia, China, Asia Minor, Babylonia, Barbary;

Himalaya ? If so, very rare.

Scops Aldrovandi. (' Scops eared Owl.')

Europe, Asia Minor, N. Africa : migratory. T"

India replaced by affined species ; more especi-

ally So. bekkaraoena [the Scops suniu et penna-

ta of Hodiison) which seems to be generally

diffused over the country. Sc. Aldrovandi is

admitted in the Catalogue of species from Nepalanfi 'I'ibet presented to the Britisli Museum by

Mr. Hodgson ; but referring doubtless to a grey

specimen of the bakkamoena. Gradations from

the grey to the chesnut-coloured varieties of

Sc. bakkamoena may be seen in the museum of

the Asiatio Society, Calcutta.

Asio oius. iOtus vulgaris; ' Longeared

Owl') Europe, N. Africa, Asia Minor, N. Asia,

N. America : in India, confined to the Hima-laya, where not uncommon.

Asiobrachyotus. {Otus brachyotus ; 'Short-

eared Owl.') Europe, Asia, Africa N. and S.

America : migratory. Common in ludia.

Syrnium aluco. (S. stridulum ;' Tawny

Owl') Europe, N. Africa, Asia Minor, N. Asia

to Japan (Temminck). S. nivicolum, commonin the W. Himalaya, rarer eastward, is barely

separable.

Athene psilodactyla. {Noctua passerina ;

'Little Owl.') Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia,

Afghanistan, N. W. Himalaya. A much lar-

ger species than the true Ath. passerina

[Strix acadwa of Temminck) of N. Europe,

which has not been observed in the British

Islands.

Turdus vi,scivorn&. I* Missel Thrush.')

Europe, W. Asia: its representative in the W.Himalaya appears to be constantly a little

larger and has more of the whitish hne upon the

outermost tail-featht-rs;

upon which slight

differences, M. Homeyer distingimshes it by the

name T. Hodgsoui.

II

T3IRDS OF EASTERN

Oreocvicl ii Wldtei, (Tnrdns TVhUei ;

'White's Tiirush.') A Siberian species, accord-

ing to the Prince of Canino, with 14 tail-fea-

thers ! Distinct from the very similar O. daumaof India (from the Hindustani word Dama,equivalent to ' Thrush'), with which it has

been supposed identical.

Tardus pilaris. ('Fieldfare.') Europe, W.Asia ; migratory. One specimen has been lulled

at Sabarunpur. In the Himalaya generally,

replaced by T. atrogularis, a common bird of

N. Asia, which occasionally strays into Europeand has been obtained so far west as in

Denmark ; in India it occurs sparingly in

Lower Bengal during the cold season. T. fus-

catus of Pallas {Naumanni of Temmiuck),another species inhabiting Siberia and Japan,

and straying rarely into Europe, has been once

obtHined in Nepal.

Turdus iliacus. (' Redwing') Europe, AY.

Asia, Barbary ; has been observed in large

flocks in Kohat. Migratory : breeding in the

extreme north.

Turdus merula. {' Blackbird.) Europe,

W. Asia, N. Africa, Madeira ; Afghanistan ?

Kashmir ? flhina ? Females have been seen

from Afghanistan and Chusan, which could not

be distinguished from the common EuropeanBlackbird ; and it is said to be—common in the

mountains surrounding Kashmir, at from

10,000 to 13,000 feet elevation. The Prince

of Canino has recently distinguished a nearly

affined " Merula dactyloptera" from Syria.

TurdfUS {or Merula) simillima. Of the moun-tainous parts of 6. India and M. Kinnisii of

those of Ceylon, though nearly affined, are suffi-

ciently well distiriiTuished from the Blackbird

of Europe, lii the Himalaya generally, the

latter is replaced by M. boulboul (pceciloptera

of Vigors), which is not unfrequently brought

in cages to Calcutta, where known as the

« Kastura.'

Cifanecula wolfi. (Phceniciira suecica.

;

' niue-throated Warbler.') Europe, W. Asia,

.Tapan (Temminck), N. Africa ; rare in Britain :

migratory : abundantly replaced in India by C.

suecica, and in middle Asia, Afghanistan, &c.,

by S. csDrulecula {ci/ane of Eversmann) ; the

first known by its pure white pectoral spot,

which spot is always deep ferruginous in the

Indian bird, and is wanting in that from

middle Asia.

Huticilla phcenicurus. {Phcenicura ruticilla

' Redstart.') Europe, W. Asia, Siberia (Schlegel)

Japan, (Temminck,) N. Africa ; migratory.

Keplaced in Sindh and Afghanistan by II.

jihoenicuroides, which is probably the phcenicu-

rm noted from Nepal- There are numerous Hi-

malayan species ; and one, R. rufivenlris, is

jjenerally dilfused over India,

1

AND SOUTHERN ASIA.

Pratiricola ruhicola. {Saxicola ruhicola ;' Stone-chat.') Europe, N. Africa, Japaa(Temminck.) In India replaced by the nearly

affined Pr. iudica, and in Sindh also by Pr.

leucura, as in S. Africa by Pr. pastor.

Pratincola ruhetra. {Saxicola ruhetra' Whinc.luit.') Europe, N. Afiica, Arabia (.Scb-

legei) : migratory. Erioueousiy assigned to

India.

Saxicola cenanthe {' Wheatear-') Europe,

W. Asia, plains of Upper India, N. Africa,

Artie regions, Greenland ! Migratory.

There are several other Indian Wheatears,

all of whicli are different from those of Europeexcepting S. leucomela ; but S. stapazina is

repliiced in India by S- atrogularis, and S,

leucura by 8. leucuroides (opistholeuca, of

Strickland) which occurs liktwise iu N. E.

Africa.

Locustella rayi. {Salicaria locustella ;

' Grasshopper Warbler.') Europe, Asia, N.Africa : migratory. Has once been obtained

in Central India, ;ind once in Lower Bengal;

where an afGn<'d species. L. Kubescens, is not

uncommon. Both specimens are in the Cal-

cutta museum.Acrocepihaliis arundinaccus . (Sulicoria tur-

doides ; 'Thrushlike Warbler.') Eur< pe N.Africa, Arabia (Schlegel), Japan (Ti-mminck);

rare in Briiaiu: migratory. Keplaced in India

by Acr. brunnescens.

Si/lvia atricapiUa. {Curruca atricapilla;

'Blackcap 'Warbler.') Europe, W, Asia,

Arabia, [Schlegel^, Japan (Temminck), all

Afrii'a. One killed in .lava (Temminck.)

Sylvia cinerea. {Gurrvca rinerea : ' CommonWhite-throat.') Europe, Asia Minor, Arabia

(Schlegel), N- Africa : migratoiy.

Sylvia currvca. {Curruca sylviella : ' Lesser

White-throat.') Europe, Asia, Africa : migra-

torv. Common in India ; and a nenrly affined

but larger species in f). India.S. atiiuis {Curruca

cinerea apud Jerdon.)

Sylvia orphea [Curruca orphea ; ' Orpheus

Wurbler.') Europe, N. Africa, Arabia, (Schle-

gel) rare in Britain : rainratory. The Indian

race seems to differ only in havina; a some-

what lonsrer bill -. inhabiting both Upper Hindu-

stan and S. India.

PhyUo.'^copus trocJilhis. {Sylvia, frochilvs ;

' Wdlow Warbler.') Europe, Asia Minor, N.

Africa ; W. India (apud (iould, but needs

conhrniai.ion) : migratory. Has been knownto stray to N. America.

liegulus cristatus. (' Golden-crested Regu-

lus.') Europe, N. Asia, Japan, W Asia,

Barbary : partially mii;ratoiy. Replaced iu the

\V. Himalaya by R. himalayensis.

Reguloides pi'oregulus. (Pequlus inodestus ;

' Dalmatian Kegulus.') .\sia ; very rare in

Europe : one specimen obtained in Dalmatia

BIRDS OF EASTEllN- AND SOUTHERN ASIA.

and another in England. Comreioii in India

with several affiued species.

Parus major. (< Great Tit.') Europe N.

Asia, Japan, N. Africa. Replaced in India,

Ceylon, and Java, by P. cinereus, and in the

Himalaya also by P. monticolus.

Parus ccerideus. (' Blue Tit-') Europe,

I^. Asia, Japiii), China Formosa.

Parvs ater. (' Cole Tit.') Europe, Siberia,

Japan, Foimosa. Replaced in Nepal by P.

ceraodius.

Orites caudatus. {Parus caudatus ' Long-

tailed Tit.') Europe, N. Asid, Japan.

Calohates sulphurea. {Motacilla boarula ;

• Grey Wagtail.') Europe, Asia, Africa, Malay

countries, Australia ? Migratory within the

British islands : common in India.

Pipastes trivialis. {Antlms arhoreus ; ' Tree

Pipit.') Europe, N. Asia, Japan, W. Asia, N.Africa

;Himalaya (but much confounded with

the common P. agilis of India) : migratory.

Aiithus pratensis. ' Meadow Pipit.' Eampe,IM. Asia, Japan, Asia Minor, W. India, (Liould),

Nepal (Hodgson, Gray) ; one specimen receiv-

ed from Pegti.

Anthus ohscurus. [A. petrosus ; ' iiock Pi-

pit.') Europe, Siberia, Japan. Keplaced in

the Himalayan region by A. Cervinus, which

is likewise found in Europe.

C'orydalla Ricliardi. {Antlms Ricardi ; ' Ri-

chard's Pipit.' J Europe, Asia, N. Africa ; com-mon in India J very rare in Britain.

C'onjdalla campestris. A common European

bird which even abounds in the soutliern parts

of Sweden, but has not hitherto been observed

in Britain, is also common in parts of India.

Galerida cristata. {Alauda cristata ;' Crest-

ed Lark.') Europe, Asia, N. Africa ; rare in

Britain ; common in India, where kno.vn as

the Chaiidul or Charyidol.

Calendrella lyrachydactyla. {Alauda hrachy-

dactyra ;' Short-toed Lark.') S. Europe, N.

Africa ; rare in Britain;extiemely common in

India, where currently known to Europeans as

the ' Ortolan.'

Certhilauda desertorum of Spain and N.

Africa iidiabits Sindh.

Aviviomaiies Lnsitonia occurs in the deserts

of N. W. India, being replaced further south

by A. phoenicura.

Emheriza miliaria. (' Common Bunting.')

Europe, W.Asia, Arabia (Schlegel) Barbary.

Emheriza citrinella. ('Yellow Bunting;.') Eu-

rope, to beyond the polar circle : replaced in

the W. Himalaya by E. pithyornis, an in-

habitant also of Siberia, which occurs rare,

ly in W. Europe.

Emheriza Gia of S. Europe is common in

the \V. Himalaya ; and E. Pusilla, which

seems to be plentiful in Slkhim, has occasion-

ally been observed in Europe, even so far west

as L'-yden. E. fuscata of N. Asia, Japan, an(3

common in the VV, Himalaya, occurs sometimes

in considerable numliers in Lower Bengal. E.

raelanocepliala of S. Europe is common in

parts of India.

Friru/illa, montifringilla. ('Mountain Finch.')

Europe, N. Asia, Japan, Atia Minor, A'gliau-

istan, Kashmir, W. Plimalaya; a winter visi.

tani in liiitaiu. The European Montifringilla

nivalis lias been obtained at Kandahar.

Passer moutartus. (' Tree Sparrow.') Eu-rope, Asia (commoner to the eastward) Siberia,

Tibet, Slkhim, Aiakan,Malayan peninsula, Java,

China, Japan.

Passer domesticus. (' House Sparrow.') Eu-rope, Asia, N. Africa

; the Indian race {P. in',

dicus of Jardine and Selby) differing slightly

from the European in the paleness of tlie fe-

males and youngj tlie muoh more albescent hue

of the lowei-paris, and bright rufous colouring

on ilie back of the adult male.

Passer salicarius. (vel hispaninlensis'] of

Barbary and tlie southern parts of Europe,

Asi:- Minor, Bokhara, and Afghanistan, visits

the Peshawur valley and Kohai in large flocks,

lieing everywhere more highly gregarious than

P. Domesticus. P. Petronia (or Petronia stul-

ta), also of S. Europe and N. Africa to Madeira ;

is common in Afghanistan.

Coccothraustes vulgaris. (' Hawfinch.') Eu-

rope, Siberia, China, Japan (qu. C. Japonicus,

Schlegel ?)

Chrysoviifris sj)ivvs. (Card.uelis spinus ;

' Siskin.') Eiiiop?, Siberia, Japan : a winter

visitant chiefly iu Britain, breeding in the far

north.

Liiiota carMahiiia. (' Common Linnet.') Eu-

rope, Siberia, Japan, Asia Minor, Barbary.

Linota canescetis. (' Mealy Redpole.) Nor-

thern regions cliiefly, Greenland, Japan : an

irresular winter visitant in Britain.

Ziinota montium. (' Mountain Linnet.') Eu-

rope? N. Asia, Japan : N. or S. Britain ac-

cording to season : replaced in Afghanistan by

L. Brevirostris-

Carpodacns erythrinus, which is rare in the

N'. E. of Europe, is a common winter visitant

over the greater part of India.

Loxia curvirostra. ('Common Crossbill.') Cir-

cuit of northern regions : all Europe ; Afghan-

istan : an irregular visitant in Britain : in Ame-rica it has been obtained so far south as in the

Bermudas. A much smnller species inhabits

the Himalaya, the L. Ilimalayana.

Loxia bifasciata. (' European White-winged

Crossbill.') N. Europe and Asia, Himalaya

(.Gould).' rare in Britain.

Sturnus vulgaris. (' Common Starling.') Eu-rope, Asia, Africa, Azores : common in the Hi-

malaya and N. India, Kashmir, Afghanistan,

&c., as iu Britain. N. B.—An Afghan speci-

13

13IRDS OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASIA.

men, assignccl to St. utiicolor, appertains to

the present species, being an old male with the

pale specks obsolete: the true St. unicolor of

Sardinia, Barbary, &c.» is very distiact and

much less bright in its glosses.

Pastor roseus. (' Rose-coloured Pastor.') Eu-rope, Asia, and Africa : common in India ; rare

in Britain.

Fr-egilus graciihis. (' Chough.') High moun-tains and sea-clilfs of Europe, Asia, and Africa ;

common in high Central Asia, the Himalayas,

Afglianistan, &c. ; as is also the P^rrliocorax

alpinus of the Swiss Alps and Pyrenees,

Corvus corax. (' Baven.') Circuit of northern

regions ; rare in N. Africa, Punjab, Kashmir,

Alghanistan ; the Tibetan species considered

distinct, but probably on insufiicient evidence.

Corvus coro/ie, ( Carrion Crow.') Europe,

Afghanistan, (Pushut), Japan apud. Tem-minclc.)—Replaced in India by C. Culminatus.

Corvus comix. (' Hooded Crow.') Europe,

Asia Minor, Afghanistan, Japan (Temminck),

Barbnry.

Corvus frugiUgus. (' Rook.') Europe, N.and VV. Asia, Afghanistan, Peshawur valley,

Kashmir : replaced in China and Japan bv C.

Past ina tor.

Corvus monedula. ('Jackdaw.') Europe, Si-

beria, Barbary, W. Asia, Peshawur valley,

Kashmir.

Pica candata. ( Magpie.') Europe, W. Asia,

Siberia, E. N. America, China ? Japan ? Re-placed in Afghanistan and W. Tibet by P. hac-

triana, in E. Tibet by P. bottanensis, in (Juiua

and Japan (?) by P. media and Barbary by P.

raauritanica.

Yunx torquilla. (' Wryneck ') Europe, Asia,

N. Africa, China, Japan, Kamschatka ; com-mon in India, as in Britain : migratory,

Upupa epops. (' Hoopoe ') Europe, A'ia,

Africa ; a common wiuter-visitant in LowerBengal) but generally replaced by a nearly affin-

ed race in Upper Hindustan and S. India.

Sitta syriaca, or ' Rock Nuthatch' of S. E.

Europe, and Asia Minor, or a species of simi-

lar habits (most probably the same), inhabits

Afghanistan :

Trichodromus muraria or Wall Creeper of S.

Europe, is very common in the iluualaya, Af-

ghanistan, &c.

Cuculus canorus. (' Common Cuckoo.')

Europe, Asia. Africa, Malay countries : com-

mon in the Himalaya, visiting the plains du-

ring the cold season.

Coracias garrula. (' Roller.') Europe, Africa.

W. Asia, Aft;haiiistan, Kashmir, Sindii, Pun-

jab ? mittratory in Europe ; and rare in Britain.

Merops apiaster. ('Bee-eater') Europe,

Africa, W. Asia, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Sindii

Punjal) ? migratory in Europe, and rare in

Britain,

Hirundo rustica. (' Swallow.') Europe, Am'h,

Africa;migratory ; common in the plains of

India during the cold season.

Hirundo urbica (' Martin.') Europe, Africa,

Asia, (Siberia ;) somewhat rare (or local?) in

India : migratory.

Hirundo riparia. (' Sand Martin.') Europe,Asia, Africa, N. America

;migratory : in In-

dia local, and mostly replaced by H- sinensis.

Hirundo rupestris of S Europe is commonin the high mountains of India ; and there is

a diminutive of it also in the H. concolor of

Sykes.

Cypselus Apus. (' Common Swift.') Europe,

N. Africa, VV- Asia, Afghanistan ; migratory.

Cypselus melba. (0. alpinus; 'Alpine Swift.')

High mountains (chief!}) of Europe, .\sia, and

Africa ; tolerably common in the Himalaya,

Central India, Nilgiris, and Ceylon : rare in

Britain.

Acanthylis caudacufa, or larsê Spiny-t»iled

Swift of the Himalaya, has once been shot in

England, accordint; to Mr. Gould.

Caprimulgus Europaus. ('Night-jar.') Eu-

rope, N. Alrica, W. Asia ; Siberia and Kam-schatka (Pennant .•) migratory. Several species

inhabit India.

Goluniba livia. (' Rock Dove.') Europe, N.

Asia to Japan, N. Africa;abundantly replaced

in India by the barely senarable C. intermedia.

S'tarna cinerea. (^Perdix cinerea ; ' CommonPartridge.') Europe, S. Siberia, Asia Minor :

Mesopotamia ? Persia ? Egypt ? a near conge-

ner lately discovered in 'libet.

Coturnix vidgaris. ('Common Quail.') Eu-

rope, Asia, Africa .• chiefly migratory. Abund-

ant iu India, though M. Gould considers the

race of this country to be distinct.

Tetrax campestris. {Otis tetrax ; ' little Bus-

t.ird.') Europe, N. Africa, Asia Minor, Meso-potamia, extreme N. W. of India (Peshawar

valley.

Houbara Macqjieenii, ( Otis Macqueenii ;

' Maqueen's Bustard.') N. AV. of India, Afghan-

isian, &c. Very rare in Europe.

(Edicnemus crepitans. (' Great Plover.')

Europe, Asia, Africa : common in India.

Charadrius Maticula. (' Ringed Plover,')

Europe, N. Asia, Japan, Greenland.

Ch'iradrius cantiunus. (' Kentish Plover.')

Europe, Asia : not uncomnmn in India.

Charadrius 2i1M>ppimis. (Ck. minor ;' Little

Ringed Plover.') Europe, Asia, N. America :

rare in Britain ;exceedingly common in India.

Chirradius pyrrhotliorax, a very common In-

dian species, is known in Europe as a straggler.

Calidris arenaria. (' Sanderling.') Circuit of

nortliern retiions, and S. Africa, N.Guinea :

rare in India (so far as oliserved hitherto ; but

probably not so aloiig the sea-coast.

14


Squatarola helvetica [Sq. cinerea ;' Grey

Plover.') Circuit of northern regions, Japan,

Java, N. Guinea, Australia : tolerably commonin Iiulia.

Vanellus cristatus. ('Lapwing.') Europe, N.and middle Asia, N. Africa : common iti N.India, SinHh, &e., but not seen in Lower Bengal.

Strepsilvs interpres. (' Turnstone-') Inhabits

all sea-coasts, from the, equator to the polts :

common along those of India.

Hoematopus ostralegus. (' Oyster-catcher.')

Circuit of northern regions, to the eqtiator, if

not fun her soutli : not rare along the shores

of the Bay of Bengal, &C.

Grm cinerea. (' Common Crane.') Europe,

A'ia, N- Africii : ujigratoiy ; now rare in Bri-

tain : common in India during the cold season.

Ardea cinerea. (' Common Herou.') Europe,

Asia, N. anri S. Africa : common in India.

Ardea purpurea. (' Common Heron.') Eu-rope, Asia, Africa : common in India.

Herodias alba : Ardea alba ; (' Great White

HeroTi,') Europe, Asia, N. Africa : very rare

in Britain : very common in India, though the.

race is considered different by some.

Herodias gnrzetta. Ardea garzetla ;' Little

Egret ') Europe, Asia, N. Africa : exceedingly

rare in Britain : very common in India.

Herodias huhulcus- {Ardea russuta ; ' Buff-

backed Heron.') Europe, Asia, N. Africa,

exceedingly rare in Britain : very common in

India.

Ardetta minuta. {Botaurus minntHs ; 'Little

Bittern.') Europe, all Africa, W. Asia, Hima-laya, Kashmir ; replaced in Lower Bengal by

A. sinensis, and more abundantly by A. cin-

namnmea, which is common throughout India.

Botaurus stellaris. (' Common Bittern.')

Europe, Asia, all Africa: common in India.

Nycticorax Gardeni. (' Night Heron.') Eu-rope, Asia

;Africa, N. America ? (Species at

least barely separable) : very common in India.

Ciconia alba. (' White Stork.') Europe, Asia,

N. Africa, migratory : common in India during

the cold season in immense flocks in LowerBengal.

Ciconia nigra. (' Black Stork.') Europe,

Asia, N. Africa: not uncommon in India.

Platalea leucorodia. (' White Spoon-bill ')

Europe, Asia, all Africa : common in India.

Falcinellws igneus. (' Ibis falcinellus ;' Glos-

sy Ibis'.) Europe, Asia, Africa, N. and S.

America, Australia: very common in India,

Numenius arquata. (' Common Curlew.')

Europe, N. Africa, Asia (to Japan), Malasia:very common in India.

Numenius fhaopus. (' Whimbrel,') Europe,Asia, N. Africa : common in India, along sea-

coast and estuaries.

Tetanus fuscits. (' Spotted! Eed-sbank.')

Europe, Asia ; common la India.

Totanus calidris. ('Common Eed-shauk.')

Europe, Asia : very common in India.

Actilis ochropus. {Totonus or.JimpHS ' GreenSandpiper.') Euiope, Asia, N. Africa

;very

common in India.

Actitis glareola. {Totaniis glareola ; ' WoodSandpiper.') Eumpe, Asia, Africa ; from Lr.p-

iand to the Cape of G. Hope : Java, &c. : ex-

ceedingly common in India.

Actitis hypolnicos- {Tulanus hypoleuccs ;

' Common Sandpiper.') Europe, Asia : exceed-

ingly common in India.

Tetanus glottis. (' Green-shank.') Europe,Asia, Africa, Australia; stragglers obtained in

N. America : very etimmon in India.

Recurvirostra avocetta. (' Avocet.') Europe,Asia, all Africa : not rare in India.

Himantoims candidus. {H. melanopterus •

' Bhuk-winged btilt.') - Europe, Asia, all Afri-

ca : common in India.

Liw.osa cegecephala. {L. melanura ;' Black-

tailed Godwit.') Europe, Asia, N. Africa, Aus-tralia : very common in India.

Limosa rufa. (' Bar-tailed Godwit.') Europe,

N- Africa, W.Asia: Nejial (Hodgson, Grey),

Java and Timor (Temminck).

Philomachus pugnax.( Machetes pugnax ;

'Rnff. ') Europe, Asia, N. Africa: commonin India.

Scolopax rmlicola. (' Woodcock.') Europe,

Asia, N. Africa : very common in Himalaya,

not rare in the Nilgiri?, more so in the high-lands

of Ceylon ; a specimen occasionally shot in

Lower Bengal.

Gallinago scolopacinus. (Scolopax gallinago ;' Common Snipe.') Europe, Asia, N. Africa;

very common in India.

Gallijiago gallinula ; Scolopax gallinula ;

'Jack Snipe,') Europe, Asia, Barbary : com-mon in India.

Triticja Subarquata. (' Curlew Sandpiper.')

Circuit of northern regions, to beyond the

equator ; Australia ; very common in India.

Tringa canutus, (' Knot.') Circuit of north-

ern regions : rare in India.

Tringa platyrhyncha. (' Broad-billed Sand-

piper ') Europe, Asia ; Sumatra, Borneo,

Timor (Temminck) : not uncommon in India:

rare in the U.S. of America.

Tringa minuta. (' Little Stint.') Europe,-

Asia : very common in India.

Tringa Temminckii. (' Temminck's Stint.')

Europe, Asia, N. Africa : common in India.

Tringa Alpina. {Tringa variabilis ;' Dun-

lin.') Arctic regions ; circuit of northern re-

gions;Japan ; Timor (Temminck) ; Guina

:

not rare in India.

Phalaropvs fidicarius. (' Grey Phalarope.')

Circuit of northern regions : one specimen ob-

tained uear Calcutta.

15

BIRDS OF EASTERN AND S<WTHEIIN ASIA.

Lohipes hijperhoreiis. {Phalarop/ts hi/per-

bore.'is ; Tlcd-necked Phnlarope.') Circuit of

northern regions : one specimen obtained near

Madras, another m Nicaragua, and a pair in

tlie BermudasCrex pratensis. ('Landrail,') Europe, Asia,

N. Africa : common in Afghanistan, rare in the

N. W, of India : specimen obtained in the

Bermudas.

Porzana Marnetta, Crex porzana ; {' Spotted

Crake.') Europe, Asia, N. Africa : commonin India.

Porzana pusilla [Crex pusilla ;' Little

Crake.') Europe, N. Africa, VV. Asia, Japan :

Nepal (Hodgson.^

Porzana Baillonii {Crex Baillonii: 'Baillon's

Crake.') Europe, Asia to Japan, all Africa :

exceedingly common in India.

Gallimila chloropus. ('Moor-hen.') Europe,

Asia, all Africa : common in India.

Fulica, atra. ('Coiumou Coot.') Europe, Asia,

N. Africa, w'nere found additional to F. cris-

tata) : Ameiica and Javanese species distinct :

common in India.

Aiiser cinereiis (Jnser ferv!^;

'Crey-leg

Goose.') Europe, and Asia : common in India.

Anser brachyrhynchus. (' Piuk-footed Goose.')

Europe, N- Asia : Punjab (rare) ?

Bernicla ruficolUs. {Anser ruficollis ;' Red-

breasted Goose.*) N. Asia, chiefly : rare in

N. India.

Cygnus musious. {Cygnus ferns ;' Hooper

Swan.') N. Europe and Aîa ; N. Africa ; mi-

gratory : one specimen (btained in the valley of

Nepal.

Gasarca rutila. {Tadorna rvtila ; 'RuddyShieldrake ') Europe and Asia, N. Africa u'e-

placed in S- Africa by C. UauaJ : very com-

mon in India.

Tadornn vulpanser. {' Common Shieldrake.')

Europe, Asia, N. Africa : common in the Pun-

jab ; not rare in Lower Bengal.

Spatula clypeata. {Anas ck/peata ;' Siio-

veller.') Circuit of northern regions, N. Africa :

tolerably common in India.

Anas stepera. C Gadwall.') Circuit of nor-

thern regions;

Barbary : tolerably common in

India.

Anas acuta. {' Pintail Duck.') Circuit of

northern regions, Barbary : very common in

India.

Anas hoschas. ('Wild Duck') Circuit of

northern regions, Barbary : in India confined to

Sindh, Punjab, and the Himalaya and its vi-

cinity ;replaced southward by A. Piieeilor-

hyncha.

Anas querquerdula (' Gargany.') Europe,

Asia, N. Africa : very common in India.

Anas crecca, ('Teal.') Europe, Asia, Bar-

bary ; commou in India.

Anas penelope. ('Wigeon.) Europe, Asia,

N. Mrica : common in India.

Fnligiila ferina. {' Pochard.') Circuit ofnorthern regions, Barbary : common in India.

Fuligula nyroca. (' Ferruginous Duck.') Eu-rope, Asia, N.Africa: common in India.

Fuligula marlla. (' Scaup Duck.') Circuit of

northern reirions : Punjab, Sindh, Nepal.Fuligula cristata. ('Tufted Duck.') Europe,

Asia, B irbary : common in India-

Clangula Glaucion. {Fuligula clangnla ;

' Golden Eye.') Circuit of Northern regions N.Africa : Sindh, Punjab.

Mergellus alhellus. {Mergus alhellus ;' Smew') Circuit of Northern regions ; W. Asia,

Sindh, Punjab, Oudh ; apparently not rare

aloni; the Punja,b rivers.

Mergus merganser. (' Goosander.') Circuit

of northern regions : not rare in the Hima-laya ; rare in Central India {M. orientalis of

Gould.)

Fodiceps cristatus (' Great-crested Grebe.')

Europe, Asia, all Africa, America ; the Aus-tralian barely separable : Himalaya, BengalSnnderbans. Perhaps commoner than gene-rally supposed in India, from its secluded

habits and the great difficulty of procuring

specimens.

Podi-eps Phllippensis. (P. minor ;' Little

Grebe,') Europe, Asia and its islands, N. Afri-

I

ca : very common in India.

I Phalacrocoraa- carbo. (' Common Cormo-rant.') Circuit of northern regions, Barbary :

I

common in the Himalaya; rare iu Central

I

India.

Sylochelidon, casnia. {Sterna caspia : 'Cas-

pian I'ern.') Warmer regions of the old Worldgenerally, Australia {^. strenuas, Gould) : not

rare in parts of India ; but doubtful as occurring

iu Lower Bengal.

Sterna pa.radisea. {Sterna Bougalli ; 'Ro-seate Tern.') Europe, A-ia, Africa, America,

Australia : coasts of Iiulia.

Sterna hirundo. ( Common Tern.') EuropeAsia, Africa : S. India, Ceylon

HydroclLelidon indira. (' Sterna leucoparira-

' Whiskered Tern.' Europe, Asia, Africa, Malaycountries

;very common in India.

Gdoc/ieHdon angelica. {Sterna angelica

;

' Gull-billed Tern.') Warmer regions of the old

World, extending also to America ; Java : com-

mon in India.

Stenmla mhnita. {Sterna minnia ; 'Lesser

Tern.') Northern hemisphere ; reulaced iu S.

America and Australia by nearly afliued species :

common on the west-coast, and iu parts of S.

India.

Anous stolida. {Sterna stolida ; 'NoddyTern.) Of general distribution, over the war-

mer parts of the ocean •• common iu the Indian

seas.

IG

BIRDS OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASl£

Ont/choprton fuliglnosus. (Sterna fuliginosa ;

' Sooty Trrn.') Very generally distributed, like

the last Bay of Be'igal.

Xema ridihunda. Larus ridihjindus; (' Black-

headed Gull ') Europe, Asia, N. Africa : Dot

rare in India, but less common than the nearly

affined X. Brunneocephnlns.

Larus fuscus. (' Lesser Black-backed Gull.')

Atlantic, Mediterranean, Red Sea, Indian Ocean,

Cape of G. Hope, N. Zealand, Kabul (Burnes),

Bay of Bengal,

Procellaria hoesitata. ('Capped Petrel.') Indian

and southern oceans : a rare straggler in Bri-

tain, that has been obtained once only.

Puffinus obscurus. {' Dusky Petrel.') Tropi-

cal and S. Seas;Australia; rare northward.

—

(Oal. : Rev. : No. IV. March 1857.)

The migrations of birds has been the theme

of poets and naturalists in all ages. Mrs.

Hemans, asks of the swallows,

Birds, joyous birds of the wandering wing,

Whence is it ye come with the flowers of spring ?

" We come from the shore of the green old Nile,

From the land where the roses of Sliaron smile,

From the palms that wave through the Indian sky,

From the myrrh-tree of glowing Araby.

We have swept o'er the cities, in song renown'd,

Silent they lie, with the deserts round !

We have crossed proud rivers, whose tide hath roU'd,

All dark with the warrior blood of old;

And each worn wing hath regained its liome,

"Under the peasant's roof-tree, or monarch's dome."

And what have ye found in the monarch's dome.

Since tast ye traversed the blue sea's foatBl ?" We have found a change, we have found a pall.

And a gloom o'ershadowing the banquet's hall,

And a mark on the floor, as of life-d-rops spilt,

Nought looks the same, save the nest we built!"

Sad is yonr tale of the beautiful earth.

Birds that o'ersweep it in power and mirth !

Yet, through the wastes of the trackless air.

Ye have a guide, and 'shall we despair ?

Ye over desert and deep have passed.

So shall we reach our bright home at last !

Another poet thus alludes to the migration

of swallows :

" As fables tell, an Indian sage,

The Hindoostani woods among,

Could, in his desert hermitage,

As if 't were marked in written page,

Translate the wild bird's song." I wish I did his power possess.

That [ might learn, fleet bird, from thee,

What our vain systems only guess.

And know to what wide wilderness,

You go across the sea,"

The great migration of birds to and from

Southern India Asia " says Mr. Hodgson,

seems to take place across the mountains of Ne-

paul. The wading and natatorial birds, general-

ly, make a mere stage of the valley, on their wayto and from the vast plains of India and Tibet,

the valley being too small, diy, open, and

populous for their taste—especially that of the

larger ones. Some, however, stay for a longer

or shorter time, in their vernal and autumnal

migrations : and some, again, remain through-

out that large portion of the year in which the

climate is congenial to their habits. Of all of

them, the seasons of arrival, both from the

north and from the south, are marked with

precision ; and Mr. Hodgson was led to con.elude from what he observed there, that the massof the grallatores and swimmers are found in

the plains of India, only during the cold months

:

for they all arrive in the valley of Nqjal, fromthe north, towards and at the close of the raius

;

and all as regularly re-appear from the south,

upon, or soon after the cessation of the hotweather. In his enumeration of them, there-

fore, he divides the migratory birds into the

three classes, below indicated.

1st.— Of such as usually pass over the valley,

seldom alighting, and only for a few hours.

2nd.— Of such as alight and stay for a fewdavs or, at most, weeks,

3rd.—Of such as seem to seek the valley,

not as a caravansary merely, or house of call,

for momentary or temporary sojourn, on their

way to some remote abode—but, as their per-

manent dwelling place for the entire season.

A 4th class will be constituted of such as donot appear to migrate at all

;notwithstanding

that all their nearest kindred (so to speak) doso regularly.

Class I. embraces,

Order Natatoees. Family Amtida ; the

Genera Cygnus and Anser ; Family Colymbidce,

none;Family Alcada, none. Family Pele-

canidee ; the Genera Phalacrocorax and Peleca-

nus, Family Laridce ; the Genera Sterna,

Viralva, and Larus.

Order Gkallatores. Family Gruida; ; the

Genus Grus. Family Ardeidoe ; the GeneraArdea, Phenicopterus, Platalea, Ciconia, Myc-teria, Anastomus, Tantalus. Family Scolopa-

cidce, none. Family Rallidm, the GenusGlareola. Family Charadriadce, the GeneraHimantopus and ffidicnemus.

Class II. embraces,

Order Natatoees. Family Anatida ; the

following Genera, Tadoura, Anas, Hynchaspis,

Dafila, Mareca, Querquedula, Merganser, Truli-

gula. Family Colymhidoe, none. Family Alcadrs,

none. Family Pelecanidce ; the Genera Pha-lacrocorax and Pelecanus.

Order Gballatokes. Family Gruidce ; theGenus Anthropoides. Family Ardeidoe, the

Genus Ibis. Family ScolopacidcB ; the GeneraNumeuius, Limicula, Eecurvirostra, Limosa,Ehynchsea, Pelinda, Phgeopus. Family Eailidce;

the Genera Eallus, Parra, Gallinula, "Porphyrio,

Fulica, Family Charadriadee ; the GeneraFrolia, Squatarola, Vanellus, Charadrias-

Class III. embraces,

Order Natatoees. Family Anatidce ; the

Genera Mareca and Querquedula, (where pro-

tected^ as in some sacred tanks). Family Colyni'

17 3


hida, none. Family Alcadce, none. Family

Felecanidce, none.

Order Gkallatoues. Family Qruidce, none.

Family Ardeidoe, the Genera Botaurus, Ardsea,

Ciconia. Family Sculopacidce, the Genera Gal-

linago aud Scolopax. Family RaUidce ; the

Genera Parra, Rallus, and Fulica (where pro-

tected in holy tanks). Family CJiaradriadce

;

the Genus Charadrius, (one small species of.)

Class IV. embrace?,

Order Natatorbs, none.

Order Grallatoees. Family Gruidce, none.

Family Ardeidce ; the Genera Ardea, (small

species, or Baklas, only) and Nycticorax. Fa-

mily Scolopacidcs ; the Genera Totanus ? and

Gallinago ? Family RaUidce ; the Genus Ral-

lus. Family Charadridce the Genus Vanellus,

one species—the Tithir.

The Grallatorial and Natatorial birds begin

to arrive in Nepal, from the North, towards

the close of August, and continue arriving till

the middle of September. The first to appear

are the common snipe, and jack snipe, and

Ehynchcea; next, the Scolopaceous waders

(except the wood-cock ;) next, the great birds

of the heron and stork, and crane families ;

then, the Natatores ; and lastly, the woodcocks,

which do not reach Nepaul till November- Thetime of the re-appearance of these birds, from

the South is the beginning of March ; and

they go on arriving, till the middle of May.The first which thus return to Nepaul are the,

snipes ; then come the teal and ducks ; then

the large Natatores; and lastly, the great cranes

and storks. The Grallatores which visit Ne-paul, or pass over it, are much more numerous

than the Natatores. The wild swan was never

seen there but once, in the mid winter of 1828,

when the apparition suggested a new version

of the well known hexameter.

—

' Eara avis injterris, alboque simillima cygno.'

None of the Natatores stay in Nepaul be-

yond a week or two, in autumn, (when the rice

fields tempt them) or beyond a few days, in

spring, except the teal, the widgeon, and the

coot, which remain for the whole season, upon

some few tanks whose sanctity precludes all

molestation of them. There are cormorants

throughout the season upon the larger rivers

within the mountains ; but none ever halt in

the valley, beyond a day or two : for so long,

however, both they and pelicans may be seen,

occasionally, on the banks just mentioned.

The Larus and Sterna are birds which usual-

ly affect the high seas,—but Mr. Hodgson,

bad killed both the red-legged Gull, and a

genuine pelagic Tern, in the valley of Nepaul.

But so had he fishing Eagles ; and in truth, he

adds, who, shall limit the wanderings of these

long-winge^ birds in the etherial expanse ?

Larks are often domesticated in S. E. Asia.

In China it is the Acridotheres cristellatua

the Shantnng lark. It has great facility in

learning sounf's and will bark, mew, crow,

cough and sneeze, sometimes talk, and a single

bird will fttch £6. The Acridotheres will imi-

tate the human voice aceniattly. In China, a

starling is often domesticated : it is lively goodnatured and easily tamed. They also tame the

fork-tailed Parus (Leiothrix luteus of Scopoli).

It is in form and habit like the robin of Britain,

is pretty, olive green, black forked-tail, with

wing piimaries, bright yellow and red. It turns

summersaults on its perch. They have a short

loud song. Canaries are sold in many shops of

Japan. The grackle, Gracula religiosa called the

Mina is largely domesticated. The partridge,

the bulbul shrike are also largely domesticated.

The Hoopoe is to be seen occasionally.

The names, synonyms and localities of mosôf the Birds of Eastern and Southern Asia, are

given in Mr. Blyth's catalogue, and are as fol-

lows :

—

Class AVES, Order I. SCANSOEES. Fam.PSITTACIDJ]. Subfam. CACATUINJ].(Cockatoos).

Genus CALYPTORHYNCHUS, Vigors andHorsfield.

C. galeatum (Gould's JB. A., Vol. V. pi. 14.)

Syn. Psittacu s galeatiis, Latham.Callocephalon australe, Lesson.

Inhabits S. Australia ; Islands ia Bass's

Straits ; V. D. Land.

Genus CACATUA, Brisson.

C. moluccensis (Lear's Fsittacidce, pi. 2.)

Syn. Psittasus moluccensis. Gmelin.Ps. rosiceus, Latham.Caciitua rubroenstata, Brissoa.

C. erythroloplius, Lesson.

Inhabits the Moluccas.

C. cridata (Daubenton's PI. Enl 263.)

SxN. Psittaens cristatus, L.

Cacatua leueolophos. Lesson,

Inhabits the Philippines.

C. galerita (Lear's Psittacidoe, pi. 3 ; Gould's

JB. A. Vol. V, pi. 1.)

Syn. Psittacus saleritus Latham.Cacatua chrysolophus, Lesson.

Inhabits (with local variation) N. Guinea,

Australia, and V. D. Land.

C. sulplmrea (Lear's Fsittacida', pi. 4).

Syn. Psittacus sulphureus, Gmelin.

Cacatua luteocristata, Brisson.

Inhabits Timor, &c.

Subfam. PSITTACIN^ (Parrots).

18


Genus CORACOPSIS, Wagler.

C. nigra (Edwards, pL 5.)

Syn. Psittacus niger, L.

Inhabits Madagascar.

Genus TANYGNATHUS, Wagler.

T. macrorhynckoi (Daubenton's PI. Enl.,

713).

Syw. Psittacus macroTliynchos, Gmelin (the male).

Ps. sumatrauas, Raffles (the female).

Ps. pileatus Seopoli t ^ ^^^^ P

Ts. marginatus, Gmelm \°

Kiki, Sumatra ^Raffles).

Inhabits Sumatra ? Celebes ; N. Guinea.

T. malaccemis (Swainson's 111. Orn., 1st

series, pi. 254).

SYN. Psittacus malaccensis, Latham (nec Gmelin).

Tana, Malayan.

Inhabits Malayan peninsula • Sumatra.

Genus PALÔKNIS, Vigors.

P. Alexandri (Edwards, pi. 292 ; Nat. Lihr.,

Psitlacidce, pi. 2.)

Syw, Psittacus Alexaudri, L,

Ps eupatria. L. _ I.j-fae female.

Psittaca gmginiaiia, tinsson. yPsittacus guiuneeiisis, Seopoli (nec gaineensis,

Gmelin).

Pb. somieratii, Gmelin.

Palaeornis nipalensis, ilodgson. As. Bes, XIX,177.

PJiandana (sandal-wood coloured, alluding

tb the yellowish tinge of the under-parts and

upper portion of the backl, Beng. : KarGHs^ga and Kararia of Nepal (Hodgson) ; Raee

Totah (Royal Parrakeet), Hind. (Jerdon)

:

Kyai Phoungkha ? Arracan. Inhabits the Hil-

ly refjioiis of ail India Proper, from the sub-

Himalayas to Ceylon inclusive Assam; Sylhet

;

Arracan ; Tenasserim.

P. torquattcs (Daubenton's PI. Enl. 551).

Syn. Psittaca torquata, Brisson.

Psittacus Alexandri, var. B., Latham.

Ps. cubiculiiris, Hasselquist.

P5. docilis, Vieillnt.

Var. Sulphur Parrakeet, Shaw.

Tya, or Teeah (imitative of voice), Hind. :

Tent'hia suga, Nepal (Hodgson) : Lybar Totah,

S. India (.Jerdon) Kyaigyot, Arracan. Inha-

bits the Plains of India : Arracan, Tenasserim,

and Malayan peninsula to the latitude of Pen-

ang. W. Africa (apud Swainson) : smaller

variety.

P. bitorquatus (?

)

SIN, Psittacus bitorquatus (?), Knh!.Ps. torquatus, var. B. (?). Latham (2nd, edif.)

Psittaca borbonica torquata (?), Brisson.

' Ring Parrakeet' of the Mauritius. Inhabits

Mauritius. According to Latham P. Bitorquatus

(i. e. his Ps. torquatus, var, B.,) " inhabits the

Isle of JBourboD, aad other parts of the same

1

[ Th

1. J

e female.

latitude both in Africa and Asia." The last

named habitat is extremely doubtful.

P. columhoidcs, Vigors, (Jerdon's III. Ind.

Zool. pi. 18 ; and figured also in Madr. Journ.

XI, 209.)

Syn, Psittacus melanorhynchus. sykes, P. Z. s. 1833,

p. 86, (The female.)

Muddun Gowr Totah, Hind. (Jerdon). In-

habits Nilgiris ; Malabar.

P. schisticeps, Hodgson, As. Pes. XIX, 178.

Syn. Conorus himalayauus (?), Lesson, in Belanger'sVoyage

.

Madhana suga, Nepal, Hodgson. The samename, sliL'htly modified, which is applied to

P. barbatus, and in S. India to P. colom-boides.

Inhabits the Sub-llimalayan region, exclu-

sively.

P. cyanocephalus (Edwards, pi. 233 ; Daub-enton's Pl. Enl. 264).

Syn, Psittacus cyanocephalus, L.

Ps. flavitorquis Shaw,Ps annulatus, Kubl.Palaeornis flavicollaris, Franklin.,

Psittaca bengalenîs, Brisbon.

Psittacus erythrocephalus, Umelin.Ps. ginginianus, Latham,Ps. rhodocephaius, Shaw.Var. Ps. narcissus, Latham ("with coloured figure)

Faridi, and Fariadi (Plaintive), Bengal.TuLsuga (the first or specific name imitative of

cry), Nepal (Hodgson). Tooeeah Totah, S.

India (Jerdon). Totd hangdli, Punjab. Kyai-ta-ma, Arracan, Inhabits the Hilly regions of

all India Proper, Assam, Sylhet, Arracan Tenas-serim, It occurs also in open jun>dle, in the

Bengal Sundarbans. To the westward leaving

the alluvial soil, it seems entirely to take the

place of P. torquatus, which abounds through-out the Ganges delta.

P. Malaccensis (Daubenton's PI. Enl. 887;

Levaillant, pl. 72 ; Nat. Lihr. Psittacida, pl. 3 )

Syn. Psittacus malaccensis, Gmelin, (nec Latham).Ps. erubescens, Shaw.Ps. ginginianus, var. C., Latham.Ps. barbatulatus, Bechsteiu.

Barong Bayan, Sumatra (Raffles).

Inhabits Malacca; Sumatra.

P. erythrogenys, Blyth.

Inhabits the JJi-cobar Islands.

P. caniceps, Blyth.

Inhabits the Nicobar islands;Malayan Pen-

insula (latitude of Penang).

P. barbatus, (Swainson's III. Orn., 2ndseries, pl. 16 ; Daubenton's Pl. Enl. 517.

Syn. Psittacus barbatus, Ps. pondicerianus, et Ps,

borneus, Gmelin.Ps, bimacnlatus, Sparrraan.

Ps, javanicus, Osbeck,

Ps. Osbeckii, Latham.Palaeornis nigrirostris, Hogdson (the female).

Ps, modestus, Eraser, P, Z, 6, 1845, p, 16(young lemale).


Madrid (charming, pleasing), the red-billed

bird : Kajld (as having the black pigment,

hdjal, applied to the eyebrows;alluding to the

black loral line),—the black-billed : Hind.

Imiit Bhela Nepal (Hodgson). Bettet Java-

nese. Inhabits the hiily parts of Bengal, Ne-pal, Assam, Sylhet, Arracan, Tenasserim, Ma-layan peninsula (to latitude of Penang), Sumat-

ra, Java, and Borneo. It is extremely doubt-

ful as an inhabitant of the Pondicherry coast,

or any other part of peninsular India.

Subfam. PLATYCERCINiE (Ground-Parra-

keets).

Genus APROSMICTUS, Gould.

A. erythroj^tcnis, (Gould's B. A. Vol. Y.

pi. 18.)

SVN. Psittacus erythropterus, Gmelin.

Ps. inelanotus, Shaw

Inhabits E. and S. Australia ;Timor ; N.

Guinea.

Genus PLATYCERCUS, Vigors.

Pi. flaviventris, (Gould's B. A. Vol. V. pi.

24.)

Syn. Psittacus fluviventris, Temmiack.

Ts. Brownii, KuM.Ps. caledonicus ? Latham.

Inhabits V. D. Land ;Islands in Bass's

Straits.

Sub-fam. LORIINiE (Lories).

Section 1. (With the tongue not filamented).

Genus ECLECTUS, Wagler.

JS. pohjchloros, (Edwards, pi. 231 ; Dauben-

ton's PI. Enl. 514).

Syn. Psittacus polychloros, Scopoli.

Ps. magnus et Ps. siuensis, Gmelin.

Ps. viridis, Latham.

Ts. lateralis, Shavr.

Muscarinus prasiaus, Lesson.

Bira-mohan (' prized favorite'), Hind.


i?, grandis (Brown, III. Zool. pi. 6 ; Dau-

bentou's PI. Enl. 683).

SYN. Psittacus ceylonensis, Bodilaert.

Ps. grandis et Ps. janthinus, Gmelin.

Ps. guebiensis, var., Latham.

Lal-mohan (' red fnvoiite'), Hind. Inhabits

the Moluccas.

Genus LORICULUS, Blyth.

L. pumilus (Edwards, pi. 293, f. 2).

SvN. Psittacus pumili';, Scopoli.

Ps. galgulus, thaw.

Se7'en dale, SinJada, Malayan : Serlndit,

Sum. Intiabits the Malayan peninsula, where

very wmmon : also Sumatra,

Z. vernaUs (Swainsou's Zool. III., 2nd series,

pi. I ; and figured as identical with the preced-

ing species, apud Wagler, in Nat, Zibr., Psit-

tacidce, pi. 24).

Syn. Psittacus vernalis, Sparrman.

Lathan, (' pendent'), Hind. Kyai-tha-da,Arracan ; SUindid, and Silinditum, Jav. In-habits the Hilly parts of India, from the sub-Himalayan region to S. India, also Assam, Syl-het, Arracan, Tenasserim, Java :in the Malayanpeninsula it appears to be completely replaced

by L. pumilus; and in the Philippines and also

in Cejlon, by the next species.

L. philippensis ? ( Edwards, pi. 6 ; Lear'sPsittacidce, pi. 41 ?)

Syn. Psittacus philippensis ? Brisson.

Ps. asiaticus, Latham.Ps. indicus, Gmelin.

Psittacula rubrifrons ? Vigors. P. Z. 6. 1831, p. 97

Inhabits Philippines (?) : Ceylon.

Section II. (With filamented tongue.)

Genus LOBIUS, Brisson.

L. philippensis, Brisson (Edwards, pi. 170 •

PI. Enl. 168).

Stn. Psittacus lory, L.

L. tricolor, Stephens.

Inhabits the Moluccas;Philippines ?

L. domicella (Edwards, pi. 171 ; PL Enh168

;Nat, Lihr., Psittacidce, pi. 18).

Syn. Psittacus domicella, L.

Ps. raja^ Shaw.Ps. rex, Becbstein.

Ps. radhea, Vieillot.


L. garrulus (Edwards, pi. 172 ; PI. Enl.

216; Swainson's Zuol. III. 2nd series, I

pi. 12).

SYN. Psittacus sarrulus, et Ps. aurora, L.

Ps. mcluccensis, Brisson.

Inhabits the Moluocas.

Subgenus EOS, Wagler.

E. rubra (Edwards, pi. 173).

Syn. Psittacus ruber, Gmelin,Ps. borneus, Latham.Ps. cseruleatus, Sliaw.

Ps. cyanonolus, Vieillot.

Inhabits Borneo, Celebes, &c.

E. cyanostriata, G. R. Gray {JR. Genera ofBirds, pi. 103.

SYN. Lorius bornens, Lesson.

Blue-ucckfil Lory, Latham.

Inhabits Borneo, Celebes, &c.

E. ornata (Edwards, pi. 174 ; Tl. Enl,

522.)

Slfî fjittacus oniatus, Gmelin,

20


Bangnu^ and Bandhnu, Hind, (names refer-

ring to a mode of dyeing silk, whence handhanahandkerchiefs, &c.) Inhabits Eastern Archipela-

go (Malayan peninsula apud Kaffles, but this

very doubtful).

E. novae guinew.

Sin. Psil tacus novae euinese, Latham. 7 ti.

Ps. Hter Scopoli. |The young.

Ps. batavensis, Latham,— the adult.

Inhabits N. Guinea.

Genus TRICIIOGLOSSUS;

Vigors and

Horsfield.

Tr. kcematodes (J. and S., III. Oni., 1st

series, pi. Ill ; Pi. Enl. 61).

Cyn. Psitfaeus haematodes, L.

Psittaca amboineusis varia, Brisson.

Inhabits the Moluccas;Amboyna. There

have been seen several individuals devoid of the

dusky marginings to the pectoral feathers, des-

cribed as characieristic of this species.

Order II. EAPTORES. Tribe DIURNiE.Pam. FALCONIDiE. Sub-Fam, EALCON-

Genus EALCO, Lin.

F. gyrfalco, L. {Pi. Enl. 210 : Gould's B.

:b. pi.)

Sin. F. islandicus, Brunnich.F. candicans, Omelin.J?, groenlandicus, liancock,

Shanger, Hind. Inhnbits northern regions.

F- juggur, Gray, (Hardw. III. Ind. Zool.)

Syn. t'. luggur, Jerdon,

Juggur Falcon, and probably also Justin

Falcon, Latham. Jhaggar, male ; Laggar^ fe-

male ; Uind : Luggadoo (Jerdon), Telegu. In-habits India generally. Common along the

banks of the Ganges above the tideway ; rare

and accidental in Lower Bengal within the

rench of the tides.

F. peregrinus, L. (PI. Enl 421, 430, 469,470;.

Syn. F. barbarus, L.

F, communis, Brisson.

F. hornoticus and F. ater, Gmelin.F. lunulatus, Uandin.F. abietinus, Bechbtein.

F. calidus, Latham.F. anatnni, Bouap,

Ba,uri, H. (female) : Bauri BatcJm (male),

H. : Uaja W'ali, Malay ; Sika2} Lang, Sum. •

Lagi Angin of the Passummahs. Inhabits theNorthern hemisphere chiefly : common in India,many adults remaining in Lower Bengal dur-ing the cold season, and especially frequentingthe vicinity of jheels, to prey on the water-fowlwhich resort to them ; hence they are tolerably

numerous in the Suuderbaus.

F. peregrinator, Sundevall (Jerdon's III.

Ind. Zool. pi. 12, 28.)

SYN. F. shahin, Jerdon.

F. sultaneus, Hodgson.F. rubei ludicus, Aldrovand.

Shahin ('royal') female \Koela{'' charcoal'),

male: H. Inhabits India êner;dly ; cliiefly the

hilly parts : much more rare in Lower Bengal

than i'. peregrinus.

F. cMcqiiera, Shaw (Lev. Ois d'Afr., t. 30 i

Gould's Century, pi. 2).

BYN. F. ruficollis, Swainson.

F. cirrhatus, var., andFasfi:ited falcon, Latham.Probably F. biarraicus apiid Vignf , P. Z. S. 1841

p. 6.

Tarmati, ( Turumtee, Jerdon,

Toomtra, Burnes), female ; Chetwa or Chetoya;

male : H- Inhabits Asia and Atrica ; very rare

in the S. of Europe : common in India.

Sub-genus HYPOTEIORCHIS, Boie.

H. severus (PI. Col. US.

J

SyN" Faico severus, Horsfleld.

F. Aldrovandi. Iteinwardt.

F. guttatus, G. R. Gray.

F. rufipedoides, Hodgson.

Jhuter quseie (Jdta, ' there goes ?'), H. :

Allap Allap Gingeng, Jav. Inhabits Hima-laya, Java, Philippines : visiting the plains of

Lower Bengal in the cold season, where some-

what rare-

H- subhiiteo.

Syn. FhIco snbbuten, \j.

F. barletta, Dnndin.

F. pinetarius, Shaw ?

Karjanna, H.: Surhhpushtak (' rufons-vent'),

of Kabul (Burnes). Inlmbits Europe, Asia, and

Africa : visits Lower Bengal in the cold season

where far from common.

Subgenus TINNUNCULUS, Vieillot.

T- alaiidarius.

Syn. Falco alaudnrius, Brisson.

F. tinnunculu^, Linnaeus.

F. intt-rstinotus, McClelland.

F, fasciatup, Betzius.

F. brunnens, Bechstein.

Khurmutia, Kurroivtia, Karontea, and Nav'zi-Narzanak (' tete a tete'), H. : Nardunah,Sinde ; (Burnes); Gyo-thin, Arracan

;Allap

Allap Sapi, Jav. (Horsf.) Inhabits Europe andAsia : very common in Lower Bengal, where

frequently seen in parties of '20 or 30 individ-

uals, beating over the cultivated lands.

T. cenchris (Gould's B. E. pi.)

Syn. Falco cenchris, Naumann.F. tinnuncnloides and F. xanthonyx, Natterer,

F. tinnuncularius, Vieillot.

F. Naumanuii, Fischer.

Inhabits the warmer parts of Europe and

Asia ; and found near Calcutta ;al30 N. Africa.

21


T. vespertiiius (Fl. Enl. 431 : Gould's B.

i/.pl. ).

Syi*. Falco vespertinus, L.

F. ruftpes, Jieseke.

F, subbuteo, var, Latham.

Inhabits Europe and Asia.

T. ossalon (PI. Enl. 447, 468 : Gould's B.E. pi. ).

Syn. Falco sesalon and F. lithofalco, Gmelia.

F. reîilus, Pallas.

F. csesius, Meyer.F. iatermistus, Daudin.

Inhabits Europe and Northern Asia, N, VV.

Himalaya ?

T.punctatus (PI. Col. 45.

J

Sin. Falco punctatus, Cuvier.

Inhabits Madagascar ; Mauritius.

Genus HIE RAX, Vigors.

H. melanoleucos, Blyth (J. A. S. XII, 179— bis). Inhabits Assam.

H. evtolmos, Hodgson.

Syn. H. bengalensis, apud Blyth, J. A. S. XII, 180(bis) Bengal Falcon, var, A., Latham.

Doung-oo-nhoulc, Arracan. Inhabits Nepal;

S}lhet ; Arracan.

H fringillarius, (Did. Class. d'Rist. Nat.,

pi. 21 : P^. Col. 97).

Syn. Falco fringillarius, Drapiez.

Hierax malayensis, Strickland.

Malayau F. cserulescens, auctorum,

See.ap Belang Penang : Allap, or Allap Allap,

Java. Inhabits Western Malasia : replaced by

other species in the more Eastern Islands.

Subfam. PERNINiE.

Genus BAZA, Hodgson.

B. lophotes (PL Col. \0.)

Syn. Falco lophotes, 'I'emmiBck.

li. syama, Hodgson.Falco et Lepidofj;enys Lathami, Gray.Lophotes indicus, Lesson.

Syama, (' block'J, Nepal. Inhabits India

ênercdiy ; riirer to the South ; not uncommonduring ihe rainy season in Lower Bengal.

B. Jerdoni.

Syn. Lophastur Jerdoni, Blyth, J. A. S. XI, 464-.

Probably Falco Reinwardtii, Muller. Inha-

bits Malayan peninsula.

Genus PERN IS, Cuvier.

P. cristdta, Cuvier (PI. Col. 44^.

bYN, Falco ptilorhynchus, Temminck,V. Elliotti, Jameson.P. maculosa, and probably P. torquatus, rufi'

coUis, and atrogularis. Lesson.

Madliava, (from Madhu, ' honey'), Nepal(Hodgson) ; Shahutela, (from Shahut, ' ho-

ney'), H, (.Terdon). Inhabits India generally.

Not rare in Lower Bengal.

Subfam. ELANIN^.Genus ELANUS, Savigny.

E. melanopterus (Lev., Oisd'Afr. t. 36.)

Syn. Falco melanopterus, Daudin.F. sonninensis et vociferus, Latham.F. clamosus, Shaw.E. caesius, Savign3^Petite Buse Criarde, Sonnerat.Kotta Falcon, and (the young) Indian Falcon,Latham.

Kapasi, ('cottony'), H. : Angkal Angkal,Java. Inhabits S. Asia

;Malayan Archipe-

lago;and all Africa, if not also the extreme S.

of Europe occasionally;common in Lower

Bengal, and generally over India.

Subfam. CIRCAETIN^.

GewwsCIRCAETUS, Vieillot.

C. gallicus (PI. Enl6yn. Falco gallicus, Gmelin.

P. brachydactylus, Temminck.F. leucopsis, Bechstein.F. longipes, Wilson.Aquila leucamphomnia, Borkh.A. pygargus, Brisson.

Sap'marilo, (' snake-killer'), Beng. : Samp-mar (ditto), H. : Midpntu, Can. Inhabits Eu-rope, Asia, and Africa. Common on the plainsof India, preferring an open country. It preyschiefly on snakes.

Oenus HiEMATORNIS, Vigors.

H. cheela (Gould's Century, pi. 1.)

Syn Falco cheela, Latham.H. undulatus, Vigors.C'ircaelns nipalensis, Hodgson,H. et Buteo l)aoha, apud Franklin and Sykes.F. albidus, Cuv.. and Buteo melanotis, jerdon,

the young,

Tilai-haj {' spotted Hawk'), Beng. : Sabchur('full-crested'), young. Goomc/in-moo>yala,Mahr. : Domig-tsivon, Arracan. Inhabits In-

dia generally : extremely common in LowerBengal

;preterrintr a jungle country, with shal-

low jlieels and tanks, where it preys much oafrogs which it clutches in the mud.

H. bido.

Syn. Falco bido, Horsfield, Lev. Ois d'Afr. t. 15.F. bacha , Daudin.F. cheela, var.

?

Bido, Javan. Inhabits Malay countries,

Africa ?

Subfam. CIRCIN^.

Genus CIRCUS, Lacepede.

C. ceruginosus (Gould's B. E. pi. 32).

Syn. Falco ceruginosus, L,

F. rufus, Gmelin.F. arundinaceus, Bechstein,Accipiter circus, Pallas.

Circus palustris, Brisson.

C. variegatus, Sykcs.C. rufus var, indicus, and C. Sykesi, Lesson.Konta Falcon, Muskooroo FalcOD, and Rufous'

eared Falcon, Latham,

22

BIRDS OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASIA.'.

Ch'oa or Mat Chil (' Meadow Kite'), Bens;.

(?eneric) : Kutar, aud Kulehsir (capped), Hind

S/iJid Sira (' vvhite-headecl'), and Tih:i Bav.ri

(Hawk with the tika frontal mark), (B Ham).Inhabits Europe, Asia, and Africa.

C.cyaneus {GouU's B. E.?>2,y

Syn. Falco cyaneus, Linn.F. bohemicus, albicans, griaeus, et montanus,

Gmelin, &c. &c.

F. uliginosus, (?), Gmelin.

Tupoos, or Moosh-Jchor (rat-eater), of Kabul

(Burnes). Inhnbits Europe and middle Asia :

replaced on the plains of India by the next

species.

C. Swainsonii, A. Smith (Gould's B. E. pi.

34.)

6Yif. C. pallidns, Sykes.C. dalmatious, Ruppell,O. albescens, Lesson.

Falco herbsecola, Tickell ?)

F. cyaneus, var, A. Latham.

Dast-mal (' hand-soiler'), Hind. : Teea

(Buines, from the voice), Derajat : Pandouvi

(B. Ham.) ; Inhabits India and Africa;

very

rare in Europe. Less Common in Lower Ben-

gal than C. cinerascens.

C. cinerascens (Gould's B. E. pi. 35).

Stn. Falco cinerascens, Montagu.C. Montagui, Vieillot.

Inhabits Europe, Asia, and Africa : all In-

dia;Ceylon.

C. melanoleucos.

Syw. Falco melanoleucos, Pennant.

Pahatai, H : Ahlah Petaha {' Pied Har-

rier'?;Petaha, Ssc, probably from the voice),

Nepal, (H.) Thin-hya, Arracan. Inhabits India

generally inclusive of Ceylon.

Genus POLIORNIS, Kaup.

P. teesa. (Eardw. III. Ind. Zool.)

Btm. Circus teesa, Franklin.

Astur hyder, Sykes.

Znggun Falcon, Latham.

Tisa, or Teesa, (from the voice), Hind. Inha-

bits plains of India, where very abundant :

never met with on the mud-soil of Lower Ben-gal, though appearing immediately this is quitted

in a westerly direction : Tenasserim provinces;

Malacca ?

Subfam. ACCIPITKINJ;,

Genuf ACCIPITEK, Ray.

Acc. nisus{Pl. Enl. 467, 412\

BIN. Falco nisus, L.

F. nisosimilis, Tickell, J. A. S. II, 571.

A. fiingillarius, Ray.A. Dussumieri apud Jerdon, Madr. Jours. X, 84^.

Bassuu Falcon, Latham.

Basha, female ;

—

Bashin, male—Hind. In-

habits Europe, Asia, and N. Africa ; ia India,

numerous in the hilly parts, rare and accidental

on the alluvium of Lower Bengal.

A. nisoides, Blyth, (J. A. S. XVI, 727.)

SYPf, Kalco foloPDsis (?), Horsfield.

F. cuculoides (?), Temminck, P, 0. 110,129.Suraatr-in Acc. tVinjjillarius of the Appendix to

Lady Raffles's Memoirs of Sir T. S, Raffles, p.

54.9.

Siâp Ballam (?), Sum. • Allap Allap Lul-

lar (?) Jav. Inhabits Malayan Peninsula.

A. virgatus (Jerdon's hid. Zool. pi. 4'

29).

Sin. Falco \irgKtus, Temminck, V. C, 109.

Plisus mimitus, Lesson (apud G. R. Gray),

A. besra, Jerdon ; and the female.

A_ fringillarius apud Jerdon Catal.

A. Dussumieri apud Sykes.

Basra (dimunitive of Baz, ' Goshawk'), andthe male

—

Dhasti (' a handful', ' or held in the

hand'). Hind. Inhabits India generally, but

chiefly the hilly parts ; also the Malay coun-

tries : rare and accidental in Lower Bengal.

Genus MICRONISUS, G. E. Gray.

Jlf. ladins, {PI. Col. 308, 336).

Sin. Falco badius, Gmelin.F. Brownii, Shaw,F. Dussumieri, Temminck (nec apud Sykes's or

Jerdon's Catalogues).

Accipiter dukhunensis, Sykes.

Calcutta Sparrow-hawk and Chippnck Falcon,

Latham,

Skihra, from shikar harna, to pursue game),female, 67ii/i^MC/4: (or ChipJca Jerdon, from the

voice), male H. ThinJcyet-ma, Arracan. Inha-

bits India generally and Malay countries, being

numerous throughout India, and in Ceylon

;

not uncommon in Afghanistan.

Genus ASTUR, Bech stein.

A palumbarius {PI. Enl. 418, 461, 423).Stn. Falco p-lurabarius et F. gentilis, L.

F. gallinarius, Gmslin.

F. albescens, Boddaert.

Accipiter astur, Pallas.

Baz or Baz Khani, female. Jurra, male, Hind.

The Kurungosh is probably a variety. Inha-

bits Europe and Asia : in India, confined (or

nearly so) to the sub-Himalayas.

A. trivirgatm {PI Col. 303).

Bin, Falco trivirgatus, Reinwardt.

I

Aatur indicus, Hodgson.• A. palumbarius apud Jerdon Madr, Journ. Mo,

I XXIV, 85.

S, cristatns, G. R. Gray,

Spizaetas rufitinctus, McClelland, P. Z. S, 1839.

Gar (fort or Mountain) Bdzra^ Manik (es-

teemed) Bazra, Koteswar, (fort-chieftain), H,

:

Chmali, frequenting peaks), Nepal. Inhabits

India and Malay countries ; being confined to

the hilly parts.

Subfam. THRASAETIN^.

Genus PSEUDASTUR, jUlyth,


i*4. pacilonotus (PI. Col. 9).

Srif. Falco pascilonotus, Cuvier.

P. skotopterus. Pr. Max,

Inhabits S. America.

Genus SPIZAETUS, Vieillot.

Sp. nipnlensis.

Syn. Nisêtus nipalervsis, crested variety, Hodgson, J.

A, S. V. 229.

N. pulchcr ibid., J A. S. XII. 305.

Falco orieutalis (?) et F. laueeolatus (?) Tern-

minck and Schlegel.

Inhabits Himalaya, and mountain ranges N.

of Sylhet.

Sp. limmetus {PL Col. 127, 134).

Sin. Falco limuaetus, Horsfield.

F. caligiitus, lialBes.

F. niveus, Teraminck.

Jjimnaetus unicolor, Vigors.

Nisaetus iiipalensis, crestless variety, Hodgson,

J. A. S. V. 229.

N. pallidas, ibid, young.

Lake Falcon, Bauj Eagle, and probably Jefwied

Eagle, Latham.

Lang Tanjbikar, Sum. Warn rawa, Sa\r.

Var. Falco cristatellns, 'remrainck.

F. Lathami, Tickell.

F. cirrhatus (?,l, Gmelin.

Shah Baj, and Sadal, Hind. Inhabits India

and Malay countries : the crested variety found

chiefly in the peninsula of India.

iSp. aUoniger,

Stk. Nisaetus alboniger, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 173.

Inhabits Malayan peninsula (Peuang, Malac-

ca).

Sp. Kierneri.

8tn. Astur Kierneri, de Sparre.

Spizaetus albogularis, Tickell, J. A, S. XI. 456

Inhabits Himalaya ; Central India.

Subfam. AQUILIN.E.

Genus EUTOLMAETUS, Blyth.

Eu. Bonellii (Jerdon's III. Ind. Orn. pi. I.)

6yn. Falco Bonellii, Temrainck.

Aquila intermedia, iionelli.

Aq. iasciata, Vieillot.

I^Jisaetus grandis, Hodgson, J. A. S., V. 230.

N- niveus ? apud Jerdon, Catal,

Genoese Eagle, Latham.

Moranga, or Morangi, Hind. Inhabits S.

of Europe and Asia, and N. Africa. Nepal.

Genus AQUILA, Meyer,

Aq^. clirysaetos.

Sin. Falco chrysaetos, F. fulvus, at F. melanaetus LF. niger, Gmelin.

F. melanotus, Latham.Aqnila nobilis, Pallas.

Aq. regia, Lesson.

Inhabits mountainous regions of Europe.

Asia, and N. America, within the temperate

zone, Himalaya and Nepal.

Aq. imperialis.

Syn. Falco imperialis, Bechstein.

F. niogilnik, Gmelin.F. ferox, and Brown-backed Eagle, Latham.Aquila heliaca, Savigny.

Aq. bifasciata, Gray.

Aq. nipaletisie, Hodgson, As. Res. XVIII. pt. 1]

13, pi. 1.

Aq. chrysaetos apud Meyer et Jerdon, Catal.

Jumiz^ or Jwnhiz, Hind. : Frus, Bengal :

Wonlo, Arracan. Inhabits S. E. of Europe,

Asia, N. Africa, M)munseng, Arracan, andNipat.

A. ncevioides.

Syn. Falco nsevioides, Cuvier.

F. rapax. Temminck.F. senegallus, Cuvier.

F. albicans, Kuppell.

F choka, A. Smith.A. fulvesceiis, fusca, et punctata, Gray.

A. vindhiaua. Franklin.

Wokhab, also Jimach (vide J. A. S. XV 8),

Hind. Inhabits the Plains of India and Africa

generally : but not found oh the alluvium of

Lower Bengal.

A. noevia,

Syn. Falco naevius et F. undulatus, Gmelia.

A. malanaetus, Savigny.

A. clanga, Pallas.

, A. bifasciata, Hornsch.j

Spotted Uagle, and Brown-hacked Eagle var.

A. Latham. Kaljanga, Bakayari. Jiyadha

(B. Ham ) Inhabits S. E. of Europe, Asia,

and N. Africa. Oommon in the Bengal Sun-

derbans, and found likewise in Central and S.

India.

Aq. hastata.

Syn. Morpbnns hastatus, Lesson.

Spizaetus punctatus, Jerdon.

Limnaetus unicolor apud Blyth, J. A. S. XII.

J 28.

Jiyadha, and Gutimar (' Cocoon-destrover'),

H. Inhabits, Common in the Bengal Sunder-

bans, and found likewise in Upper Bengal, and

in Central and S. India.

Genus ICTINAETUS, Jerdon (nec Kaup).

I. malaiensis.

Syn. Falco malaiensis, Reinwardt.

Aquila et Heteropus et Neopus perniger, Uodg-son.

Nisaetus P ? ovivorus, Jerdon.

Llack Eagle, Jerdon, Catal, and Sup.

Inhabits S, E. Himalaya;

Nilgiris;Malay

countries.

Genus HIERAETUS, Kaup,

H. pennatus.

Stn. Falco pennatus, Gmelin.

F. lagopus, Bengal variety, Latham,Aquila minuta, 15rebm.

Spizaetus milvcides, Jerdon.

Butaquila strophiata, Hodgson.

Inhabits S. E. of Europe, and Asia : India

generally.


Subfam. BUTEONINiE.

Genus ARUHIBUTEO, Brehn,.

A. hemiptilopus, Blyth. (•!. A. S., XV. 1).

Stn, a. cryptogfnys, Hodgson, C'alc. Jouru>

hist. Vlil. 96.

Nat.

Inhabits

hills. In

rare and to

The loftier

Inhabits libet ; Sikim ? Darjiling

Genus BUTEO, Cuvier.

B. rufinus.

Stn. Falco rufimis, Riippell.

B. canescens, Hougsun.

B. longipes, Jerdoii.

Circus pectoralis (H;, Vieillot.

Nasal Falcon, Latham.

ChuJia mar (' Rat-killer'), Hind.

• India generally;

plains and lower

Lower Bengal,' found only above the tideway

of the river : also N. Africa.

B. vulgaris, Bechstein (Jerdou's III. Ind.

Orn. pi. 27 ).

Stn. Falco bnteo, Lin.

F. glaueopis, Merrem.

F. variegatus. Versicolor, cinereus, et obsoletus,

Gmelin.

B. mutans et fasciatus, Vieillot.

B. albus, Daudin.

B. communis, Cuvier.

B. bwainsoni, Pr. Bonap.

B. montanus, Nuttall.

B. rufiventer, Jerdon.

Inhabits northern hemisphere;

the northward only in America,

hills, only, in India.

B. pyqmceiis, Blyth (J. A. S. XIV. 177).

Inhabits Tenasserim provinces.

Subfam. HALIAETIN^.

Genus PANDION, Savigny.

F. haliaetus.

Syn. Falco haliaetus, L.

P. fluviatilis, Savigny.

P. indicus, Hodssoii.

Bengal Osprey, Latham.

Match-morol, and Bulla, B. : M/icherera,

H. (Jerdon) ; also Match-manga, H- : Wonlet,

Arracan. It is of general distribution; the

Australian race {P. leucoceplialus, Gould,) alone

slightly differing. Common throughout India,

in all suitable localities.

Qenus PONTOAETUS, Kaup.

P. icthyoetus.

Syn. Falco icthyaetus, Horsfield.

Icthyaetus bicolor, G. R. Gray.

1. plnmbeus, Hodgson, J. A. S. VL, 367.

MatfJi-morol (' Fish-tyrant'), Beng. : MadJiu-

ya. H. (B. H;im) -. Jokomaru, Java. Inhabits'

India and Malay countries : common in LowerBengal.

P. nanus.

STN. Icthyaetus nanus, Blyth, J,

XII. 304,

A. S. XI, 202, and

Inhabits Malayan peninsula.

Gemis BLAGRU8, Blyth.

Bl. Imcogaster.

STW. Falco leucogaster, Gmelin.F. blagrus (?), Daudin,F. dimidintus. Ruffles.

1\ albicilla, var. ; Latham,Icthyaetus cultrunguis, Blyth, J, A. S. XT 110,

the serai-aduit.

Haliaetus sphenurus, Gould, young.

S'tmpamar Eagle, the semi-adult ; and Ma-rilime Eagle, the adult, Latham. T'hampa-mar(' snake- kdler'), Orissa

;Eohasa, H. : Lang-

laut, ^\iva. Inhabits India ; Africa (?) ; the

Malay countries;Australia, and the vicinity of

Calcutta.

Genus HALIAETUS, Savigny.

H. Macei.

Syw. Falco Macei, Tonminck.H. albicilltt apud Vigors and Horsfield,

H. ossifragus (?) apud Kaffles.

H. fulvigaster, Vieillot.

H, albipee, Hodgson.H. lineatus, (the young), and H. unicolor, (the

semi-adult), Gray (Hardw, III, Ind. Zool.)

Mutcliarany,Mutcli-manggar,Kor6l,GX MatcJi-

korot (' Fish-Eagle'), and Bala, B. : Kokna, or

Oogoos (Tickell) ; Lang-laut^ Sum. Inhabits

Northern India generally : abundant in LowerBengal, and the vicinity of Calcutta^

Genus HALIASTUR, Selby.

H. Indus.

Stn. Falco Indus, Boddaert.

F. pondicerianus, Gmelin.JVlilvus rotundicaudatus, Hodgson (young.)

SanJcar Chil (' Shiva's kite'), DJiohia Cliil,

(' Washerman's kite'), and Ru-maharik,('Lucky-faced,' i. e. propitious). Hind. Kheman-kari, Sanskrit. Rtiita Ookah, Sind. (Burnes),

also Pilyo : Tswon-goung yhyoo, Arracan : lang-bondol, Sumatra : Ulang, Java. Inhabits India

and Malay countries : extremely common.

Genus MILVUS, Cuvier.

M. ater.

Stn. Falco ater et F. austriacus, Gmelin.M. govinda, Sykes.

M. aetoleus. Lesson.

M. afiinis, iP), Gould.

CJiil (from the voice), or Pariah Chil, H,Tswon bop, Arracan. Inhabits India

;Malayan

peninsula (Penang); Australia? Kare in the

eastern parts of Europe. An abundant summervisitant in Afghanistan.

Fam. VULTURIDiE.

Subfam. VULTURIN^.Gejius VULTUR, L.

Gidh, (Hiad). Shukuni, Beng. Qid Oerrti,

Tickell.

25


V. monachus, L.

6yn. v. cinerensi Gmelin.V. arrianus, Temmiack.V. imperialis, Tem, (p. c. iZC), apud Jerdon (in

epistolS.

)

jBgypius uiger et vulgaris, Savigny.

Inhabits mountainous parts of Europe and

Asia. Nepal, Assam.

Gemis OTOGYPS, G. R. Gray.

O. calvus.

SYN. Vultur calvas, Scopoli.

V. pondicerianus, Daudin.

Mulla-Gidh C Priest Vulture'), H. : LaUmala Shukuni (' Red-headed Vulture'), Beng.

Inhabits India generally ; common.

Subfam. GYPINÊ.

Genus GYPS, Savigny.

G.fulvus.

Syn. Vultur fulvus, Graelin.

V. Kolbii, Daudia (apud Dr. A. Smith aud G . R.

Gray)V. percnopterus, Pallas (nec Linnaeus),

v. li ucocephalus, Meyer.V. indicus apud Jerdon. Catal,

Gyps vulgaris, Savigny,

Malta dho of the Mahrattas. Inhabits moun-tainous regions of the Old World

;Nepal.

G, indicus (Gray's III, Gen. Birds, pi. ).

6yn. Vultur indicus, Scopoli and Latham.V. bengalensis apud Temminck (Jerdon in epis-

tola).

V. tenuiceps et tenuirostris, Hodgson.

Inhabits India and Malay countries : com-

mon.

6'. hengalensis (Hard wick's 111. Ind. Zooi.)

Syn. Vultur bengalensis, Gmelin, the young.

V. indicus apud Temminck (young, apud Jerdonin epistolS).

V. ch.guoun, Daudin. »

V. leueouotus, Gray. \

Lengta. Arracan. Inhabits India generally;

very abundant. A summer visitant in Afghan-

istan,

Subfam. SARCORHAMPHIN^.Genus SARCORHAMPHUS, Dumeril.

S. papa, Pi. Enl. 428.^

Syn. Vultur papa, L.

Inhabits S. America.

Genus NEOPHRON, Savigny.

N- percnopterus, PI. Enl. 407, 429).

Syn. Vultur percnopterus, Lin. (nec Pallas).

V. leucocpphalus et V. fuscu?, Gmelin.V. gingiuianus et V. albus, Daudin,V. meleagris, Pallas.

T. fulvus, Boddaert.

V. stercorarius, La Peyrouse.

Percnopterus aegyptiacus, Stephens.

Soongra, or Soonda, Scinde (Burnes). In-

habits warmer regions of Europe, Asia, and

j

Africa : abundant on the plains of India ;rare

and accidental below the tideway of the rivers

in Lower Bengal. A summer visitant in Af-

ghanistan.

Subfam. GYPAETIN^.Genus GYPAETOS, Stcvr.

G. barbatus, (Edwards, pi, 106).

Syn. Vultur barbatus et V. barbarus, Linn.V. niger, Gmelin.V. aureus, Brisson.

Falco magnus, S. Gmelin.hhene ossifraga, Savigny,Gypaetos grandis. Storr.

G. alpiuus, Daudin.G. leucocephalus et G. melanocephalus, Meyer.G. nieridionalis, iSrehm.

G. barbatus, var. occidentalis et var, orientalis,

Pr. Bonap.G. hemachalanns, Hutton (with dark pectoral

mark). J. A. S. IIL 523.

Bearded Kagle, Latham.

' Golden Eagle' of English residents in the

Himalaya. Urgool, Masuri (Hutton). Cajeer,

or Foomaee, Kabul (Burnes). Inhabits moun-tainous regions of Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Tribe II.—NOCTURNE.Fam. Strigid^.Subfam. BuBONiN^.

Genus NYCTEA, Stephens.

N. nivea. (Gould's B. U. pi. 43).

8YN. Strix nivea, Daudin.6tr. nyctea. Linn,

s. Candida, Latham.N. errainea, Stephens.

Inhabits Arctic circle, migrating within the

northern temperate zone.

Genus BUBO, Sihbald.

£. orientalis, (PI. Col. 174, 229).

Syn. strix orientalis, Horsfield.

S. sumatrana. Raffles.

S. strepitans, Temminck.B. et Huhua nipalensis, Hodgson.H. pectoralis, Jerdon.

Inhabits Himalaya, S. India, and Malay coun-

tries.

B. maximus, Sibbald (Gould's B. E. pi. 37).

SYI». strix bubo, L.

B. atheniensis, Daudin.

B. europaeus. Lesson.

Inhabits Europe and N. Asia ; Himalaya ?

B, bengalensis (Gould's ' Century/ pi. 3).

Syn. Otus bengalensis, Franklin.

Bubo cavearens et Urrua cavearea, Hodgson.

Ghoogoo, H. (Jerdon). Inhabits India ge-

nerally ; Afghanistan : but not met with below

the tideway of the rivers in Lower Bengal.

B. umbratus.

Syn. Urrua umbrata, Blyth J. A. S. XIV. 180.

Strii coromander, coromandra, et coromandeli-

ca, auctorum ?

Str. coromandsi var., Latham,

26


Inhabits India generally.

Genus AÔ, Brisson.

A. otus (PL Enl. 22).

STN. *trix otns, L.

Str. soloniensis, Gm.Otus europseus. Stephens.

O. communis. Lesson.

O. vulgaris, Fleming.

Inhabits Europe and N. Asia, Himalaya.

A. hrachyotus (Gould's B. E. pi. 40).

Stn. Strix brachyotus, Gmelio.

Str. ulula, s. segolius, et 3. accipitrina, Pallus.

S. arctica, Sparrman.

S. tripennis, Schrank.

S. palnstris, Smies.

S. brachyura, Nilson.

Brachyarus palustris, Gould.

Chota Ghooghoo, H. (Jerdon). Inhabits Europe, Asia, Africa, N. and S. America, Cal-

cutta.

Gmws SCOPS, Savigny

Sc. aldrovandi, Ray (Gould's B. E. pi 48;

Jerdon's III. Ind. Orn., pi. 41, chesuut va

riety)-

Syk. strix scops, Linnaeus,

btr. zorca et S. giu, Scopoli.

S. carniolica, Gmelin.

Sc. europseus, Lessun.

Sc. senegalensis, Swainson.

Sc. capensis. Smith.

Be. sunia (chpsnut variety), and S. pennata (grey

variety), Hodgson.

So Mxlayanus, A. Hay.

Ephialtes spilocephalus, Hlytb, J. A. S. XV. 8

I?) Large specimen in immature plumajie ?

Otus Scops jiipouicus, Tern, apud G. K. Gray.

Strix balikamsena (? , Pennant.

Chitta Gool, Telinga (Jerdon) : Chugad Ku-sial, or Sunya Kusial, Nepal (H ) Inhabits

Europe, Asia, and Africa. Himalaya ; Pen- : of

India, Calcutta.

A. lempijh (PI. Col. 99^.

(Var. A. Malayan race, in general deeply

tinged with fulvous.)

Sin. strix lempiji, Horsfield.

Str. noctula, Reiuwardt.

Scops javanicus, Lesson.

Lempiji, Java- (Var. Bseldom tiuged with fulvous

:

malaya, Assam, Sylhet, and Arracan.) Sc. lettia,

Hodgson. Tharhivi Chugad, or Lattya Kudyal,

Nepal (H.) (Var. C. Ordinary Indian race

resembling the last, but generally smaller and

greyer in colour,—being, when slightly tinged

fulvescent, the Sc. lempiji apud Jerdon of Mii-

Jabar and Ceylon. Sc. lettioidei et griseus,

Jerdon Inhabits (in different varieties.) India,

China \}), and the Malay countries. Ma-lacca (the undoubted lempiji)- Var. B. F. N.W. Himalaya. Nepal. Arracan (Ramree.) Co-Tomandel Coast (sent as letlioides, Jerdon) :

and two from Malabar (sent as lempiji.) T. C,

Jerdon, Es({. (1844-6). Specimen (resemb-

ing last), from Ceylon. E. L- Layard, Esq-

1849.)

Genus KETUPA, Lesson.

K. flavipes.

S YN. Cultrunguis flavipes. Hodgson, J. A. 8. XV.

364.

Inhabits Himalaya only (so far as hither-

to observed).

K. ceylonensis.

Sin. Strix ceylouensis. Gmelin.

Str. Leschenaultii. Temrainck.

S. Hardwiekii, Gray.S. (iumeticola. Tickell.

Cultrunguis nigripes, Hodgson.

Ubi (generic), H. : also Amrai ha Ghooglioo,

H. (Jerdon) : V'tum, Beng. : Tee-dook, Arra-

can. Inhabits India generally ; Arracan;

Tenasserim. Very common in Lower Bengal,

near Calcutta,

Larger race, but

inhabiting the Hi-

K. javanensis, Lesson

.

SvN. Strix ketupu, Horsfield.

Str. ceylonensis apud Temminck.

Tamba, or Kelomho Ralonapye ; Hanta ;

Burmig I'eloiv ; Malayan : Blo-Ketupu, Java.

Inhabits Malayan peninsula and Archipelago;

rare in Arracan. Specimen from Java.

Subfam. ATHENINiE.

Genus NINOX, Hodgson.

N. scululatus (PI. Col. 289.)

SVN. Strix scutulata, RafBes.

Str. hirsuta, Temminck.3. lugubris, Tickell.

Ninox nipalensis, Hodgson.Athene malayensis, Byton.

Kal Pancha, Beng.;

CJioghud BesraJi, H.Jerdon) : Kheng-boop, Arracan : Baja Wali,Malayan. Inhabits India generally ; Tenasse-rim provinces

;Malayan peninsula

; riunnatra :

not rare in Lower Bengal. Madagascar (Dr.A. Smith, AJr. ZooL p. 163).

Genus ATHENE, Boie.

Ath. cuculoides (Gould's ' Century,' pi. 4).

Syn. Noctua cuculoides. Vigors.

N. auribarbis, Hodgson,

D'zee-geet, Arracan. Inhabits Himalaya;

Assam ; Arracan ; Tenasserim ; China.

Ath. radiata.

Syn. Strix radiata, Tickell, J. A. S, TI. 573 (1833).Athene erythropterus, Gould. P. Z. S. 1837 p.

136.

Noctua perliueata, Hodgson.N. cuculoides apud Jerdon, Catal.

Juvgli Choghud, H. (Jerdon) : CJwta Kal-pamha, Beng- : Chugad, Nepal (H.) Inhabits

most parts of India;

sub-Himidayan region :

never on the alluvium of Lowt-r Bengal, but

appears immediately—this is quilted in a west-

erly direction.

27


Jth. malaharica, Blyth (J. A. S. XV. 280).

Syn. a. ciistanoptcra apud Jerdon. supp.

Inhabits Malabar.

Alk. castanotus, Blyih.

Btn. Ath. castanoptera apud Blyth, J. A. S. XV. 280.

Inhabits Ceylon, (where common.

Ath.. Irama (PI, Col. 68;.

Syn. Strix branna, Temminck.Str. persica ? JNouv. Diet, d' Hist. Nat.

Noctua indica, franklin.

N, tarayensis, Hodgson.

Katoria PeitcJia, Beng. : Chugad, or Choghud.

H. : Panglali, Mahratta. Inhabits India gene-

rally to foot of Himalaya;

extremely commonin Lower Bengal : Persia, at about Erzeroum,

Ath.notiua (Gould's J, E. pi. 48).

Syn. Strix ncctiia, Retzius.

Str. p;isserina apud Latham and Temminck.

S. uudipes, Nilsson.

Noctua veterum, Liclitenstein.

Athene gvmiiO|ius, (? , Hodgson.

Ath. bactrianui., Blyth, J. A. S. XVI. 776.

Inhabits Europe ; N. and W. Asia;

Af-

ghanistan;Himalaya (?) ;

N, Africa.

jitk. passerina (Gould's £. E. pi. 50).

Bi'N. st'ix passerina, Linnseiis.

Str. pygmcea, Bechstein.

Str. acadit-a, Temminck.

Inhabits N. Europe and Asia.

Ath. Brodiei.

syn. Noctua Brodiei, Burton, P. Z. S. 3835, p. 152.

N. tubiger and Athene baudia, Hodgson.

Inhabits Himalaya.

Subfam. SYENIINiE.

Genus SYRNIUM, Savigny.

8. Indrani, Grab's III. Gen. Birds, pi. 14).

Stn. Strix indrani, Sykes (vide J. A. S. XVI. 463).

Ulula ? et Bulaca newarensis, Hodgson.

B. monticola, Jerdon.

Newar, Nepal (H). Inhabits India generally,

mountainous parts;Ceylon : Malayan penin-

sula.

8. siiiense (Hardw. III. Ind. Zool.)

Syn. Strix sinensis, (?), Latham.

Str. orientalis, Shaw.

Inhabits most parts of India, to foot of

Himalaya : not Lower Bengal (at least below

the tideway of the rivers). China ?

S. nivicolum, Hodgson (J. A. S. XIV. 185;

XV. 9 ; XVI. 464). Kemark. This is pro-

bably a Himalayan variety of S. aluco- Gould,

distinguished by its generally larger size, darker

colour, and the usually greater development of

Ihe transverse markings of the plumage. In

habits Himalaya.

Subfam. STRIGINJl.

Genus PHODILUS, Is. GeofTroy.

Ph. badius (Horsfield's Zool. Res. in Java.

Pl- ).

Syn. Strix badia. Horsfield.

Wowo-wiwi, or Kalong wiwi, Jav. Inhabits

Nepal ; Sikim ; Assam ; Arracau;

Malayanpeninsula and archipelago.

Genus STIllX, L. (as restricted).

Str. flammiea, L.

Syn. S. javanica apud Sykes and Jerdon.

Lakkhi or JakMii Pencha, B. : Kareya, or

Kurail, H., vuljô Booree Chooree, Jerdon.

oilei, Bhauulpore. Inhabits Europe and Asia;

Africa ? N. America ? vicinity of Calcutta.

Genus GLAUX, Blyth.

Gl. javanica (?), Jerdon's III. Ind. Om,pl. 30).

Sun. Strix javanica de Wormb, apud Latham (vide

J. A. S. XIV. 186).

St. Candida, Tickell, J. A. S. IL 572.S. Longimembris, Jerdon.

Inhabits plains of India : very rare on the

mud-soil of Lower Bengal, within the reach of

the tide. A specimen from S. India was pre-

sented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq. (1842).

Order III. INSESSORES. Sub-Order. PIC^.L. (modified). Tribe. SlNDAGTYLl,Cuv. (modified).

Earn. BUCER0T1D.E.

Sub. fam. BUCEEOTIN^.Genus BUCEROS, L. (Bhan'es Beng., ge-

neric).

B. Cavatus. Shaw. (As. Hes. XVIII, pt. Ii.

pl. Gould's Century, pl. ).

Syn. B. bicornis (?). Linn.

B. homrai, Hodgson,

Ban Rao Jungle King), Masuri : Homrai,

Nepal : Yoiing-yeng, Arracan ;Jurjgang Papan,

Sumatra ; Cancan, Malay. Inhabits extensive

hill forests of all Indin ;Assam

;Arracan

;

Tenasserim;

Malayan peninsula;

Sumatra;

Philippines ?

B. rhinoceros L. (Pl. Enl. 934;.

^Young.SYN. B. uiger. Shsw nec /Vieillot

H. sylvestris, Vieillot.

B. diadematus, Drapiez.

Juggang Danto. Malay : RangJcoJc, or Jong-

rang, Java. Inhabits Malayan peninsula and

Archipelago.

B. liydrocorax, L. (Diet. Class.' Hist. Nat.,

Atlas, pl. 23, fig. 2.)

Syn. B. bicornis var. , Shaw.

B. cris.tatus, Vieillot.

B. platyrhynchos, Pearson, J. A, S, Xi 658,

Inht\bits Moluccas.

28

BIRDS or EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASIA,

B. pica, Scopoli, (PI. Enl. 81 3j.

Sy.N B. malabaricus, var. B. Latham.B. moaoceros, and probably B. violacensi haw.

Baegma Ditnnase, White, .4s. Res. IV. 119,

Inhabits laHian peninsula;

Ceylou ? Goom-soor, Kuttack.

B. affinis, Hutton, J. A. S. XVIIl.

Inhabits Deyra Doon.

B. albirostris, Shaw, Vieillot, (Lev. Ois-

Rar., pi. 14).

Syn. B. malaharieus, Latham.B. lencogaster, Ulyth. J. A. S. X. 922 (the

Auk-khyeng, Arrakan. Inhabits Midnapore

disirict; Rajmahal;Monghvr

;Nepal ; Assam ;

Sylliet • Arakan; Tenasserim provinces : never

in Malabar, or S. India ; replaced by B. affinis

in the Deyra Doon, which merely differs in

being constantly of the larger size of B. pica.

B. intermedius, Blyth, (J. A. S. XVI. 994 )

Syn. B. violacens of Wagler, apud Lord A. HayMadr. Journ. XIII. MS.

probably B. malabaricus of Sumatra, apudKaffles.

Inhabits Malayan peninsula (in latitude of

Penang) ; Sumatra ?

B- maltiyanus, KafSes, {Pi. Col. )

8TN. B, anthraciuus. Temrainck.

B. bicoior, Kyton.

B. Miotti, A. Hay (vide J. A. S. XVI. 995).

B. albirostris ol Java (P), apud tlorsfield,

Kiki (?), Malay : Angka Angka Sum ;

Kliuglingan (î, Java.

Inhabits Malayan peninsula ; Sumatra ; Java?Moluccas ?

B- nigrirostris, Blyth (J. A. S. XVI. 995).

SiN. B. maUiyanus apud Lord A. Hay, Madr. Journ.

XIII. 151.


B birostris, Scopoli, (Lev. Ois. Rar., pi. 15.)

YN. B. ginginianus, Shaw.

PvMeal Dunnase, White, .4s. Res. IV. 121.

Inhabits India generHlly (nec Assam) : never

on the eastern side of the Bay of Bengal.

B. gingalensis, Shaw (Lev. Ois. Ear., pi.

23).

Syn. B. bengalensis, Gray.

Inhabits Malabar;

Ceylon : never in Ben-gal.

B. galeritus, Temminck (PI. Col. ).

Syn. B. carinatus, Blyth, J. A, S. XV. 187.

Mati Sakawan, Malay. Inhabits Malayanpeninsula.

B. comatw, Raffles.

Syn. B. lagubris, Begbie, vide Ann. M. N. H.

1846, p. 405.

Inhabits Malayan peuinaula ; Sumatra,

B. exarrJioetus, Eeinwardt (PI, Col.. 211J,

Inhabits Moluccas and Java. ..Ii ^.

B. panayensis, Scopoli, (PI. Enl. 780,78i;.

Inhabits Moluccas; Philippines.

B. nipaleiisis, Hodgson {As. Res. XVIILpt. 1, 3 figs, of female.)

Inhabits S. E. Himalaya ; hill ranges of

Assam, and Munipur.

B. pasuran, Raffles.

Syn. B. ruficollis apud Blyth, J. A. S. XII,176.

Inhabits Cherra Punji ; Arracan ; Tenasserim

provinces;Malayan peninsula ; Sumatra.

B. plicatus, Latham, Shaw (nec Drapiez).

Syn. B. obscurns, Gmelin. jB. subruficoUis, Blyth, J. A. S. XII. 177.

Inhabits Arracan ; Tenasserim provinces.

B. galeatus, L. (PI. Enl. 933;.Toko, anrl Burong Gading, Sum. : Tibhang

Mantooa, Malay. Inhabits Malayan peninsula

and archipelago.

Sub-fam. IRRISOEIN^.

-Genus IRRISOR, Lesson.

/. erythrorhynchos.

Stn. Upupa erythrorhynchos, Latham,

liihabits S. Africa.

Fam. UPUPIDiE.

Genus UPUPA, L,'

'

U. epops, L. (PI. Enl. 52),

Hud-hud. Hind. Toung-bee-tsot, Arrakan.

Inhabits Europe ; Asia; N. Africa. Com-

mou in Bengal ; also Nepal : generally replaced

in S. India, and Ceylon, as likewise in the

Deyra Doom, by the next • though occurring iu

the Nilgiris.

U. senegalensis (?), Swainson (vide J. A. S'.

XIV. 189).

Syn. U. minor apud Jerdon.

Inhabits S. India ; Ceylon;Deyra Doon

;

W. Africa ?

Fam. HALCYON ID^.Genus DACELO, Leacii.

D. monacha, ?

Syn. D. concreta, juT., Temminck.

Inhabits Celebes ? Moluccas ?

D. pulchella, Horsfield (PI. Col. 277 ; ZooLRes. in Java, pi. )

Tengki-watu. Jav. Inhabits Mergui ; Ma-layan peninsula and archipelago.

Genus HALCYON, Swainson,

29


Match-ranga (generic), or Matchi mar (Ma-

suri), H. : Piu-ngyeng (generic), Arracan, with

the prefix of TsJieng for the larger species and

Glai for the smaller : Kaka, Malayan.

H. leucocephalus, L.

Syn. Alcedo capensis, L. {PI. Col. 599).

-Ban^f Za&a, Sumatra : Tengke Buto, Java.

Malacca.

ff. gurial, Pearson (J. A. S. X. 633).

Syn. H. brurmicepg, Jerdon, Madr. Jouro. XIII.

143.

H. leucdcephalus apud Horsfield, P. Z. S.

1839, p. 156.

Gurial, Beng. : Malai Pogmah, Malabar

(i. e. " Jungle King-fisher"), Jerdon. Inhabits

India generally.

H. amauropterus, Pearson (J. A. S- X.

635).

Inhabits S. Bengal ; Arracan ; Tenasserim-

E. smyrnends (PI. Col. 232, 894;.

Syn. Alcedo smymensis, L.

Ispida bengalensis minor, Brisson.

Sada-huk; Match-ranga, Beng. : Kilkila, H.

Jerdon: Pilkj kudua {loco, or ' large'), Cingh.

Inhabits India generally ; Assam ;Arracan

;

Tenasserim ;Malayan peninsula

;Ceylon

;Sy-

ria.

H.gularis, (PI. Col. 135;.

Syn. Alcedo gularis, Kuhl.A, melanopterus, Temminck.H. ruficollis, Swainson.

H. smyrnensis, var. albogularis, Blyth, J.

A. S. XII. 998.

Tenghe-arang, Java. Inhabits Java ;Phi-

lippines : Madagascar I?) Ann. M. JSf. H.,

n. s., 1848.

H. coromander.

Syn. Alcedo coromander, Latham.

H. coromandelicus, Vigors.

Tengke-sumbo, Java. Inhabits Nepal ;Sik-

im;Bengal Sundarbans ;

Tenasserim ;Coro-

mandel ?

JT. atricapillus (Pl. Col 613;.

Stn. Alcedo atricapilla, Latham.

A. albiventris, Scopoli (inapplicable).

Udang, Malay . Inhabits eastern side of the

Bay of Bengal ; rare on the western: Bengal

Sundarbans;Malayan peninsula and Archipe-

lago ; China,

Genut TODIRHAMPHUS, Lesson.

T. varius.

Stn. Halcyon varia, Eyt.on, P. Z. S. 1839, p.

101.

Probably H. chlorocephalns (as distin-

gtlished from H. sacer), in Zool. Appendisto Lady Kaflies's Memoirs of Sir St Kaffles,

p. 655,

Tengke-cheger (?), Java. Inhabits Malayaa

peninsula; Sumatra ; Java ?

T. collaris.

SvN. Alcedo collaris, Scopoli.

A. chlorocephala, Qmelin.Malayan A. sacer (v. sanctus), Anct.

Var. T, occipitalis, Blyth, J. A. S. XV.23, 51.

Tengke, Java. Inhabits Bay of Bengal, muchmore common on the eastern side ; Tenasserim

;

Bengal Sundarbans ; Sumatra ; Java, Nicobar

variety with broad white or rufous supercilium

{T. occipitalis, Blyth). Ordinary variety, from

the Nicobars, particularly bright.

Genus CERYLE, Boie.

C. guttata (Gould's ' Century,' pl. 5).

Syn. Alcedo guttatus, Vigors.

A. lugubris, Temminck.

Inhabits Himalaya,

C. rudis (Edwards, pl. 9),

Syn. Alcedo rudis, L.

Ispida bitorquata, Swainson.

Phatka Match-ranga, B. Inhabits Asia and

Africa ; rare in the S. E. of Europe. Speci-

mens from S. Africa, from Lower Bengal.

Ordinary Asiatic variety {C. varia, Strickland)

from the neiglibourhood of Calcutta. Speci-

men from Greece.

Genus ALCEDO, Linn,

A. grandis, Blyth (J. A. S. XIV, 190).

Inhabits Sikkim ; Assam ?

A. nigricans, Blyth (J, A. S. XVI. 1180).

Syn ? A. euryzona, Temminck, Text de Pl. Col.,

aud Kaup, VerhandluugeD, &c., (1848),

p. 77.

Inhabits Malacca,

A ispida L. (Pl. Enl. 77).

Inliabits Europe; W, Asia: Afghanistan?

A. bengalensis, Gm, (Edwards, pl. 11).

Match-ranga,'B. -. Chota Kilkila, H, (Jerdon).

Raja Whodan (generic for all the small species),

Malay : 3fal Pilli hudua (pinchi, or ' small'),

Cingh. Inhabits India generally ; Burmah;

Malacca ; China,

A. moluccensis, Blyth (J A. S. XV. 11).

Inhabits Celebes ; Moluccas,

A. meningting, Horsfield.

Syn. A. asiatica, Swainson, (Swainson's Zool*

111., 1st series, pl. 50).

Binti Sum : Meningting, Jav, Inhabits Te-nasserim provinces

;Malayan peninsula and

Archipelago,

A. biru, Horsfield (Zool. Res. in Java, pl, •

Tem. Pl. Col. 239, f 1).

30


Meningting Watu, or Burong-Biru, Jav.

Inhabits Java.

Genus CETX, Lacepede.

C. erythaca (Jerdon's III. Ind. Orn-, pi.

25),

Stn. Alcedo erythaca et tridactyla, Pallas.

A. purpurea, Gmelin.A. rubra, Boddaert,

C. microsoma, Burton.

Dein-ngyeen, Arracan;Baja Whodan, Ma-

lay. Inhabits India generally, but rare ;Lower

Bengal : more common on the eastern side of

the Bay, southward to the Straits of Malacca.

C. rufidorsa, Strickland (J. and S., III. Orn.

pi. 552).

Syn. C. tridactyla apud Jardine and Selby,

A madagascariensis, L., apud, Latham.A. purpurea, var., Shaw.

Binti Ahang, Sum. : Chuchak-iirang , Jav.

Inhabits Malayan peninsula ; Java : never in

India.

Fam. CORA-CIDiE.

Genus CORACIAS, L.

€. pileata, Reinvirardt ?

Syn. ? C. Temminckii, (Vieillot), (Vail. Ois. deParad., t. 6).

C. papuensis, Quoy and Gaymard (Voy.

de r Astrolabe, Ois. t. 16).

Inhabits Celebes ; Moluccas.

C. garrula, L. (PI. Enl. 486;.

Inhabits Europe ; N. Africa ; W. Asia ; N.

W. India ; Kashmir ; Mooltan ; Afghanistan.

C. indica Linn. [PL Enl. 285;Edwards, pi.

326).

Syn. C. bengalensis, L.

Garrulus naevius, Vieillot.

SubzuTc, and Nil-hant, H. (from the colours) :

Tens, Mahr. (from its call);Kavolowa, Cingh.

Inhabits India generally ;replaced eastward by

C, affinis.

C. affinis, McClelland (Gray's ' Illustrated

Genera of Birds,' pi. ).

JVghet-lcha, Arracan. Inhabits Assam ; Ar-

racan ; Tenasserim provinces.

GêwMS .EURYSTOMUS, Vieillot.

Eu. orientaUs (PI. Enl. 61 9^.

Sin. Cotacias orientalis, Linn.

Eu. fascieoUis et cyanicoUis, Vieillot.

Tiong Lamjpie, and Tiong Batu, Malayan.

Inhabits India generally, China, and Malay

countries; Ceylon.

Eu-pacificus (Gould's B. A. Vol. II, pi, 1 7),

Syn, Coracias pacificus, Latham.Eu. australis, Swainson,

Eu. orientalis apud Vigors and Horsfield.

Lin. Tr. XY, 202,

Inhabits Australia.

Fam. MEROPIDiE.

Genus ALCEMEROPS, Is, Geoffrey.

Îc. Athertonii (Jardine and Selby, HI. Orn.

pi. 58).

Syn. Merops Athertonii, J. and S.

Bucia nipalensis, Hodgson, J. A, S. V.360.

Merops cyanogularis, Jerdon.Nyctioruis amherstiana, Royle.

Pya-too-nghet, Arracan. Inhabits DeyraDoon ; Nepal ; Assam ; Arracan ; Tenasserim ;

8, India.

A. amicta (Swainson's Zool. III., 2nd series,

pi. 56; PI. Col. 310).

Syn. Merops ainictus, Temminck.

Inhabits Tenasserim Provinces ; Malayan pe«

ninsula.

Oenus MEROPS, L.

M. apiaster, L {PI. Enl. 938).

Syn. M. galiteus, Hasselquist.

M. sobcEghagha, Forster.

M. chrysocephalus (?), Latham.

Inhabits Europe;W. Asia

;Afghanistan.

M. persicus, Pallas. (Sav., Descript. deI'E-ypt, tom. 1, pL 4, f. 3).

Syn. M. segyptius, Savigny.

Inhabits N, Africa ; W. Asia ; Sind.

M. pMUppinus, L. (PI. Enl. 215).

Syn. M. Leschenaultii, Levaillant.

M. javanicus, Horsfield.

Barai Barai, Malay. Inhabits India gene-

rally;Malay countries

jCeylon.

M- sumatranus, RafHes. (Griffith's An,Kingdom, VII. p. 422, pi. ). Inhabits

Malay countries.

M. erythrocephalus, Latham. (Swainson's

Zool. Ill-, 1st series, pi. 8).

Syn. M. quinticolor, Vieillot.

M. urica, Horsfield.

Inhabits India generally (nee Lower Bengal);

Malay countries; Ceylon,

M. viridis, L. (Edwards, pi. 183 ; PI Enl.

740).

Syn. M. Lamarckii, Cuv.

M. Orientalis, Latham,M. Indicus, Jerdon,

Var. M. coromandus, Latham.

Bans-pad. (' Bamboo leaf), H. ; Burial,

and patringa, H. (Jerdon). Mo-na-gyee, Arra-

can. Inhabits India generally ; Arracan ; Cey-

lon.

Tribe ZYGODACTYLI, Division L (Devoid

of caeca). Sub=divisiou I. (Climbers).

Fam. PICID^.

31


Tjukhurplior, Hind : Kat tohra, Beng, : Kat-

harya, Masiiri : Theet-touk, Burin. : Glato,

Malay : Tuhki, Sum- ; Peatulc, Jav. : Pilli hu-

dua (same name as for King-fishers), Cingh-

Subfam. CAMPEPHILENiE.Genus CAMPEPHILUS, G. K. Gray.

a validus {PI. Col. 378, 402).

Syn. Picus validus, Reinwardt.

Inhabits Western Malasia. Malacca.

. Genus HEMIGERCUS, Swainson-

H. canente (Lesson's Ce7it. Zool. pi- ?3;

Jerdon's III Ind. Orn. pi. 40).

5^'--SyN, Picus canente, Lesson.

H. cordatus, Jerdon (rather smaller race).

Inhabits Burmese countries (Arracan, Tenas-

Berim, Pegu) : also S. India.

H. concretus. (PI. Col. 90, f. 1, 2).

Syn. Picus concretus, Reinwardt.

Inhabits W. Malasia;

Malayan peninsula.

Genus HEMILOPHUS, Swainson.

H, pulvendentus {PI. Gol. 389).

Syn, Picus pulverulentus, Tem.P. javensis, foem., apud, Horsfield, Zinn.

rr. XIII, 76.

Inhabits Burmese and Malay countries.

Jf. Hodgsonii, Jerdon {III. Ind. Orn. pi. 5)-

Inhabits Neilgiris; Malabar.

H. javensis.

Syn. Picus javensis, Horsfield.

P. leucogaster, Reinwardt,• •Great Malayan Woodpecker,' J. A. S

'

' VI. 952.

Peatai cayam, Java. Inhabits Malay coun-

tries ; Tenasserim.

H. funebris.

. Syn. Picus funebris, Valenciennes.

P. modestus, Vigora, P. Z, S.

Inhabits Philippines.

Genus CHRYSOCOLAPTES, Blyth.

Chr. sultanens,

Syn Picus sultaneus, Hodgson, J. A. S. VI.105.

P. strictus apud, Jerdon, Catal.

P. strenus, Gould, mentioned P. Z. S. 1839,

p. 165.

Inhabits India jrenerally, chiefly the hill for-

ests, rare in the plains : also Assam, Sylhet,

Arracan, Tenasserim, and Malayan peninsula

southward as far as Malacca.

phr. goensis {PI. JEnl. 696).

Syn. Picus goensis, Gmelin.

Dendrocopus EUiotti, Jerdon, Catal.

l:': - -^'^) Chr. melanotus, Blyth. J. A. S. XII. 1005.

Inhabits Indian peninsula ; rare in most

parts ; common in a few localities.

CJir. hamatribon.

Stn. Picus hsematribon, Wagler.

P. spilolophus, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 98

(the female).

Inhabits Philippines.

Genus BRACHYPTERNU3, Strickland.

Br. ceylonus (N-. nat. Forsch , 13, pi. 4).

Syn. Picus Ceylonus, Forster.

P. neglectus, Wagler.

P. ery thronotus (?), et P. rubescens (?) Vieil-

lot.

Inhabits Ceylon, where very common.

Br. aurantius (Edwards, pi. 182 ; PI. Enl.695).

Syn. Picus aurauntius, L.

P. bengalensis, Gmelin (nec Horsfield, Linn.Tr. XIII. 176).

P. nuchalis, Wagler.P. Tibetanus, Natterer.

P. psarode.s, Lichtenstein,

p. hemipodius, Swainson.iMalacolophus ? melanochrysos, Hodgson,

J. A. S. VI. 109.Br. micropus, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 194.Var- P. chiysunotus. Lesion.

Inhabits India generally;Ceylon.

Genus TIGA, Kaup.

T. Shorei, (Gould's ' Century,' pi. 49).

Syn. Picus Shorei, Vigors^ P. Z. S. 1831, p. 175;J. A. S. XIV. 193.

Inhabits Himalaya, and hilly regions of S*

India.

T. intermedia, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 193),

Inhabits Nepal ; Assam;

Sylhet ; Arracan ;

Tenasserim ; Penang; S. India.

T. tridactyla (J. A. S. XIV. 193).

Syn. Chiysonotns tridactylus, Swainson.Picus tiga, Horsfield.

Tuhki Besor of Malays, Sumatra. Inhabits

Malay countries.

T. Rafflesii. (J. A. S. XV. 16).

Syn. Picus Rafflesii, Vigors.

T. labaruni, Lesson.

T. amictus. Gray,

Inhabits Malayan peninsula ; Sumatra.

Subfam. GECININ^.

Genus GECINUS, Boie.

G. squamatus (Gould's ' Century' pi. 48).

Syn, Picus squamatus, Vigors.

P. dimidiatus apud Hardwicke and Gray(nec Temminck).

Inhabits Himalaya.

G. striolatus, Blyth, J. A. S. XII. 1000.

Syn. G. squamatus apud, Jerdon, Catal.

Inhabits Himalaya, and hilly regions of

India : occurs, though rare on the plains.

52

BIRDS OF EASTERN

0. dimidiatus.

Stn. Picus dimidiatus, Temminck.P. Vitatus, Vieillot.

P. affinls, Raffles, apud Vigors, in Zool.

App. to Lady Raffles's Memoir of Sir

St, Raffles, p. 668.

Q. viridanus, BIyth, J. A. S. XII. 1000.

Inhabits Arracan ; Tenasserim provinces

where common. Java.

G. occipitalis (Gould's ' Century,' pi. 47).

Syn. Picua occipitalis, Vigors.

P. barbatus, Gray.P. affinis (.?), Raffles.

Inhabits Himalaya ; Assam ; Tippera ; Te-nasserim provinces ; Sumatra ?

Division III. (with crested nape.)

6. jlavinucha.

Syn. Pious flavinucha, Gould, P. Z. S. 1833p. 120.

Dryotomus flavigula, Hodgson, J. A. S.

V. 106.

Inhabits S. E. Himalaya ; Assam ; Arracan.

0. chloropus (Hardw. III. Ind. Zool).

Syn. Picus chloropus et chlorolophos, Vieillot.P. nipalensis. Gray.P» xanthoderus, Malberbe.

Inhabits Himalaya chiefly ; N. India : rare

on the plains.

6. chlorojihanes [J. A. S XV. 16).

Syn, Picus chlorophanes, Vieillot,

P, chlorigaster, Jerdon, Madr. Jouru. XI-II,

139).

P. mentalis apud Jerdon, Catal,

Inhabits S- India ; Ceylon.

O. malaccensis (J. A. S. XIV. 192).

Syn, Picus malaccensis, Latham.Le Pic de Malacca, Sonnerat,


G. mentalis, {PI. Col. 384).

Syn. Picus mentalis, Temminck.

Inhabits Tenasserim provinces : Malayan pe-

ninsula ; Sumatra.

G. puniceus {PI. Col. 423).

Syn. Picus puniceus, Horsfield, Linn. Tr. XIII,66).

Chrysonotus miniatus apud Eyton (?) P.

Z. S. 1839, p. 106.

Tultki Bajukarap or Belatu, Malayan (Baffles).

Inhabits Tenasserim ;Malayan peninsula

; Su-matra ; Java.

Division IV;

G. pyrrTiotis.

f Syn. Picus pyrrhotis, Hodgson, J. A. S, VI. 108^

Inhabits S. £. Himalaya.

S3

.ND SOUTHERN ASIA.

G. ruhiginostis.

Syn. Picus rubiginosus, Eyton (nee Swainson,'

B. W. Afr. II. p. 150).

P. melanogaster, A. Hay, Madr, Journ.

Xin. 163.


Genus GECINULU.S, BIyth.

O. grantia (J. A. S. XIV. 192).

Syn. Picus grantia, M'Clelland, P. Z. S. 1839, p.

165.

Inhabits Sikkim;Assam.

Qenus MEIGLYPTES, Swainson.

M. pectoralis (PI. Col.)

Syn, Picus pectoralis, Latham.P. margina-tus, Eeinwardt.P. tukki, Lesson.

P. luridus, Nitzsch.

P. fasciolatus Lichtenstein,

Hemicercus bruuneus, Eyton.

Inhabits Malayan peninsula.^

M. tristis (PI. (7oZ. 197, f. 1).

Syn. Picus tiistis, Horsfield.

P. poicilophus, Temminck.

Glato Bawan, Malacca : TiMii Boreh of

Malays, Sumatra : Platuh-v;atu, Java. Inha-

bits Tenasserim ;Malayan peninsula ; Sumatra ;

Java.

M.jugulans, BIyth, J, A. S. XIV. 195.

Inhabits Arracan ; Tenasserim.

Gemts MICROPTERNUS, BIyth.

M.phaioceps, BIyth, J. A. S. XIV, 195.

Syn. p. rufonotus, Malberbe.

P. rufus, Latham, apud Gray (nec Gmelin).Rufous Indian Woodpecker, Latham.

Inhabits Bengal ; Nepal ; Assam; Sylhet

;

Arracan ; Tenasserim provinces.

M. gularis, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. XIII.

139. Inhabits Indian peninsula.

Stn. Slight variety of preceding species ?

M. badius.

Syn. Picus badius, Raffles.

P. brachyurus, Vieillot.

TukJci Kalabu of Malays (Raffles). Inha-

bits Malayan peninsula ; Sumatra.

Subfam. PICIN^.

Genus DRYOCOPUS, Boie.

Dr. martius {PI. Enl. 596).

Syn. Picus martius, L.

Inhabits Europe ; W. Asia.

Genus PICUS, L. (as restricted).

P: leuconotus, Bechstein (Naum, 35, t. 65).

Syn. p. cirris, Pallas apud Gray.

Inhabits N. Europe.

5


P. himalayanus, Jardine and Selby (III.

Orn. pi. 116).

Syn. p. assimilis, Natterer.

Inhabits N. W. Himalaya.

P. darjellensis, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 196.

Syn. p. majoroides Hodgson.

Inhabits S E. Himalaya.

P. mahrattensisi Latham (Gould's ' Centu-

ry,' pi. 51).

Stn. p. hoBmosomus, Wagler.

Inhabits India generally (but never on the

alluvium of Lower Bengal).

P. brunnifrons. Vigors (Gould's ' Century,'

pi. 62).

Syn. p. aurifrons, Vigors.

Inhabits Himalaya-

P. Macei Vieillot (Hardw. III. Ind. Zool;.

Stn. p. medius from India, apud, Latham.

Inhabits Bengal;Nepal ; Assam ; Tippera ;

Malayan peninsula.

liy]perytlirus. Vigors (Gould's ' Century,'

pi. 60). Inhabits Himalaya.

P. cathpJiarius, Hodgson, J. A. S. XII.

1006. Inhabits S. E. Himalaya.

P. rubricatus, Blyth, (described as fine old

male of No. 302 in J- A. S. XIV, 197j. In-

habits Sikim.

P. pygmcBus, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 44.

Syn. p. trisulensis, Lichtenstein.

Inhabits N. W, Himalaya;Nepal.

P. moluccensis, Gmelin, (PI, Enl. pi, 748,

f.2).

Stn. p. bicolor, Graelin, apud. Gray.P. zizuki ? , Temminck.Tripsursus aur itus, Eytou.

Tulclcy lilit, Malayan ; Sumatra. Inhabits

Malayan peninsula ; Java.

P. canicapillus, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 197.

Stn. Qu. Permanent variety of P. moluccensis

Inhabits Arakan ; Tenasserim Provinces.

P. variegatus, Wagler (nec Latham).

Stn. P moluccensis, var. £,and Brown Wood-pecker, Latham.

I

P. moluccensis, Hardw- and Gray 111. Ind.Zool.

P. Hardwickii, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. XIII.138.

Cawnpore Woodpecker, Latham.

Inhabits India, southward of the Himalaya.

P. gymnopthalmos, Blyth, J. A. S. XVIII.Inhabits Ceylon.

P. validirostris,Blyth (described and referred

to P. nanus. Vigors, J. A. S. XIV. 197).

Inhabits —— ?

Subfam. PiCUMNINiE,

ffenus PICUMNUS, Temminck,

P. innominaius, Burton, P. Z. S. 1835, p,

154.

Byn. Vivia nipalensis, Hodgson, J. A. S. VI. 107.

Wee-Wee. Nepal. Inhabits Himalaya.

Genus SASIA, Hodgson.

S. abnormis (PI. Col. 371, f. 3).

Syn. Picutnnus abnormis, Temminck.

Inhabits Malay countries.

S. ochracea, Hodgson, J. A. S, V. 778.

Inhabits Nepal ; Sikkim ; Assam;

Sylhel;

Arracan.

Subfam. TUNCIN^.Genus YUNX, Lin.

7. torquilla, L. (PI. Enl. 698). Inhabits

Europe and Asia : common iu many parts of

India, Calcutta, Eerozepore.

Subfam. INDICATOEIN.S.

Genus INDICATOR, Vieillot.

/. xanthonotus, Blyth, J. A. S. XI. 166,

XIV. 198 (Jerdon's III. Ind. Orn. pi.—)Inhabits Sikkim.

Sub-division II. (Perchers).

Earn. MEGALAIMID^.

Oenus MEGALAIMA, G. R. Gray.

M. virens (Gould's ' Century,' pi. 46).

Stn. B, grandis, Gmelin.

Bucco virens, Boddaert.

Inhabits Himalaya;^ Assam ; Cherra Punji;

China.

M. lineata (Tem. PI. Col 522).

Syn. B, lineatus, Vieillot.

B. corvinus, Tem,

Pho goung, Avracan. Inhabits Deyra Doon ;

Nepal; Assam ; Sylhet;Tippera ; Arracan ;

Tenasserim provinces ; Sumatra (apud Vieillot).

if, caniceps (Vail. Barh. t. 38, apud Gray).

Syn. B. lineatus, apud Tickell. J. A.S. 11.679.

Bucco caniceps. Franklin.

Burra Massunta, Central India : Kootomra,

H, : Kootoorya, Mahr, : Kootw-kaJcee, Can, :

Kootooreal, Cinghalese. Inhabits Indian pen-

insula, spreading northward to the Deyra Dooncommon in Mednapur jungles, and in Central

India : replaced by a smaller and darker race in

Ceylon. Specimens from the Nilgiris and speci-

mens of rather smaller and darker-coloured race

from Ceylon {B. zeylanicus ? (Linn.)

M. viridis (Jerdon's III. Ind, Orn., pi. 26).

Syn. Bucco viridis, L.

Inhabita Nilgiris ; Malabar,

S4


- M.flavifrons (Vail. 5ar6. t. 55).

Stn. Bacoo flavifrons, Cuv.

B. aurifrons, Temminck.

Inhabits Ceylon.

M. chrysopogon, {PI. Col. 285),

Stn. Bucco chrysopogon, Temminck.

Iniiabits Malayan peninsula ; Sumatra.

M. versicolor {PI. Col 309).

Stn. Bucco versicolor, RaflSes

.

B. Eafflesii, Lesson.

Tahoor, Malacca : TaJcoo, Sumatra (generic)-


M. quadricolor.

Syn. Bucco quadricolor, Eyton, P. Z. S- 1839, p.

105.

B. malaccensis, ?, Hartlaub, Rev. Zool.

1842, p. 337.


M- armillaris {PI. Col. 89, f. 1).

Inhabits Malayan peninsula ; Java ?

M. asiatica (Vieillot, Gal. des Ois., t, 35).

Stn. Trogon asiaticus, Latham.Capito cyanocollis, Vieillot.

Bucco cyanops, Cuv-B. caeruleus, Dumeril.

Burra Bassunt-hairi, Bengal : Koop-kha-

loung, Arracan. Inhabits Bengal ; sub-Hima-

layan region to Deyra Doon, and valleys of the

lower hills ; Assam ; Sylhet; Tipperah : rare

in Arracan.

31. Franhlinii.

Stn. Bucco Franklinii, BIyth, J. A. S. XI. 167.

Inhabits S, E. Himalaya; Cherra Punji, As-

sam ?

if. philippensis (Tem. P^. Col. 331).

Stn. Bucco philippensis, Brisson.

B. flavigula, Boddaert.B. indicus, Latham.B. flavicollis, Vieillot.

B. rubricoliis, Cuv.B. luteus. Lesson (albino variety, Jerdon.

Chota Bassunt bairi, Bengal ; Kut-khoraand Tamhayut (' Coppersmith'), H. : Chanda,Sumatra : Engku, Java. Inhabits India gene-

rally ; nec Himalaya : Tippera ; Chittagong;

Eamree (Arracan) ; Tenasserim provinces ; Pe-

nang ; Sumatra ; Java;Philippines

;Ceylon.

^. ruhricapilla(?>xo\nn's> Zoology, pi. 14),

Stn. Bucco rubricapillus, Gmelin.

Inhabits Ceylon.

i/. trimaculata (Tern. P^. Col. 536, f. 1).

Stn. Bucco trimaculatus, Gray.B. frontalis, Temminck.B. Duvaucelei, Lesson.

B. australis apud, Raffles nec Horsfield.

B. cyanotis,Blyth,J.A. S. XVI. 465, Arracan,variety.

Nget-pa-din, Arracan. Inhabits Malayan pen-

insula ; Sumatra : with distinct variety ia

Arracan.

Genus MEGALORHYNCHUS. Eyton.

M. Hayii, Gray (apud G. K. Gray).

Stn. Micropogon fuliginosus, Temminck.Qalorhamphus sanguinolentus. Lesson.

Megalorhynchus spinosus, Eyton.

Ampis, Sumatra : Unkot Besea, Penang. In-

habits Malayan peninsula ; Sumatra.

Fam. CUCULIDyE.

Subfam. CUCULINJ;.

Genus CUCULUS, L.

C. sparverioides. Vigors (Gould's ' Century,'

pi. 53).

Stn. Ferruginous-necked Cuckoo (?), Latham.

Inhabits Himalaya ;Nilgiris ; Malayan pen-

insula.

C. varius, Vahl (Hardw. III. Ind. Zool.)

Syn. C. fugax, Horsfield.

C. Lathami, Gray.

C. tenuirostris, Lesson.

C. ejuians, Sundevall.

C. nisicolor, Hodgson, variety ?

Bhrou and Bychan Cuckoo, and the youngSokagn, Cuckoo, Latham.

Chol'-gallo, and Popiya, Beiig. : Kiipuk, or

Upuk, H. (Jerdon)- KuUi pitta (' Sword bird'),

Telugu. Zui-kat (Custom-house bird), Dukhun.

Inhabits India generally and Malay countries.

C. striatus, Drapiez.

Syn. C. mioropterus, Gould.

C. optatus, Gould, 'Intr. to Birds of Au3-<

tralia,' (Doubtful.)

C. affinis, A. Hay, J. A. S. XV, 18 (large

variety).

C. flaviventris apud, Strickland {?), J. A. S.

XIII. 390.

Bou-hotako, Eeng. : Kyphul-pucka of hill-

men, MHsuri (Hutton). Inhabits India gene-

rally, and Malay countries : Australia ? Eare

in S. India.

G. canorus, Linn. (P^. Enl. 811).

Syn. C. borealis, Pallas.

C. hepaticus, Sparrmau, var. ?

7'hu-p'hu, Deyra Doon. Inhabits Europe,

Asia, and Africa, Darjiling, Calcutta.

C. himalayanus, Vigors (nec apud, Gould's

'Century,* pi. 54).

Syn. S. saturatus, Hodgson, J. A. S. XII, 942j

XV, 18.

Inhabits Himalaya generally : Tenasserim

provinces.

C. poliocephalus, Latham (Gould's ' Century'

pi. 54).

Stn. C. himalayanus apud, Gould, Cent.

Inhabits Himalaya : S. India rarely.

35

BIRDS OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASIAJ

C. tenuirostris, Gray (Hardw. III. Ind.

Zool).

Stn. C. flavus apud, Lesson, et Jerdon, Madr.Joura. XI, 220 : C. flavus, Ind. Var. ?

C. lineatus {?), Lesson, Traits.

C. niger apud, Blyth, J. A. S. XL 908.

Tousya, Mahr. Inhabits India generally.

C. merulinus, Scopoli.

Syn. C. flavus, Gmelin.C. pyrogaster, Drapiez.

Gedasse, Java. Inhabits Malay countries,

C. Sonnerati, Latham.

Stn. C. nifovittatus, Drapiez.

C. pravatus, Horsfield,

Inhabits S. India and Malay countries.

Suh-genus SURNICULUS, Lesson.

S. dicruroides.

Stn. Pseudornis dicruroides, Hodgson, J. A. S-

VIII, 136.

S- lugubris, Ind. Var. ?

Inhabits India : Teuasserim provinces : Cey-

lon.

S. lugubris.

Stn. Cuculus lugubris, Horsfield.

C. albopunotatus, Drapiez.

Awon-Awon, Java. Inhabits Malayan penin-

sula and archipelago.

Subgenus CHRYSOCOCCIX, Boie.

Chr. xanthorhynchos (Horsfield's Zool. Res.

in Java, pi. )

Stk. Cuculus xanthorhynchos, Horsfield.

Lampromorpha amethystina. Vigors, P. Z.

S. 1831, p. 98.

Inhabits Tenasserim provinces : Malayan pe-

ninsula and Archipelago : Philippines : S. E.

Himalaya (? Gray).

Chr. chalcites (?), Temminck (PI. Col. 102,

f. 2).

Syn. Cuculus malayanus (?), Raffles.

Chr. smaragdinus, Blyth, J. A. S. XV. '53

(nee Swainson).

Trogon maculatus, Gmelin, Brown's 111.

Zool. pi, XIII. fig. Sup. (but the speci-

fic name quite inapplicable).

Inhabits Hill regions of India generally

;

Arracan ; Tenasserim.

Chr. basalis.

Stn. Cuculus basalis, Horsfield.

Inhabits Malayan peninsula and Archipelago.

Genus EUDYNAMYS, Vigors and Horsfield.

Uu. orienfalis.

Syn. Cuculus orientalis, Lin., the male.

C. punctatus -j"\

C. mindanensis I Linn. (^j^^ ^^^^j^

C. 6colopaceus } I

C. maculatus, Gmelin, )Var. ? C. indicus, Latham.

C. niger, Latham, (EdwArcl8> pi. 58).

Coel, H. : KoMl, Ben^. : male

—

Tuhu]

female Chule, Java : Cowde-coha, Cingh. In-

habits India, China, and Malay countries.

Genus OXYLOPHUS, Swainson.

0. melanyleucos (figured as the female Edo'lio Cuckow by Shaw).

SvN. Cucuhis melanoleucos, Gmelin.C. edolius, Cuvier.

Leptosomus afer apud, Franklin and Sykes.

Topiya, Hind. : Kolu Bubul, Beng. : Colli

Kokila (' Milkman Cuckoo),' Telugu. Inhabits

India generally ; Ceylon : rare on the eastern

side of the Bay of Bengal, and never (?) in the

Malay countries.

0. coromandus (PI. Enl. 274, f. 2).

Syk, Cucuhis coroirandus. L.

C, collHris, Vieillot.

Inhabits India generally and Malay countries.

Subfara. PH(ENICOPHAlNiE.

Genus PHOENICOPHAUS, Vieillot.

Cadow (generic), Malacca.

Sub-genus DASYLOPHUS, Swainson.

D. superciliosus, Cuv.

Stn. Ph. superciliosus, Cuv.

Inhabits Philippines

Subgenus PHCBNICOPHAUS.Ph. pyrrhoc&phalus (Pennant's ' Indian Zoo-

logy,' p. 6>Syn. Cuculus pyrrocephalus, Forster.

Ph. leucogaster, Duraeril.

JMalJcoha, Ceylon (Pennant). Inhabits Cey-

lon.

P/i. melanogaster (pi. Col. 349).

Syn. Cue, melanogaster, Vieillot— the yonng ?

Ph. calorhynchos, Temminck.

Inhabits Celebes : Moluccas.

Ph. curvirostris (Vail. Ois. d' Afr. t. 224).

SYN. Cuculus curvirostris, Shaw,

Ph. tricolor, Stephens.

Ph. viridis, Vieillot.

Cuculus melanognnthus apud. Raffles nec Ph. me-lanognathus, Horsfield.

Inggang Balulcar, Sumatra. Inhabits Ma-lay countries.

Subgenus ZANCLOSTOMUS, Swainson.

Z. diw)'di.

Syn. Melius Diardi, Lesson.

Phoenicophaus tristis apud Blyth, J. h, 6. XI,938.

Cadoiv Kachie, Malacca. Inhabits Malay

coitntries.

Z. sumatramis.

Syn. Cnculus sumatranus. Raffles,

Phoenicoplms Crawfurdii, Qray.

Sepando, Sumatra. Inhabits Malay couq-

tries.

36

BIRDS OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASIA^

Z. iristis (Belanger, Voy. pi- ).

Stn. Melias tristis, Lesson.

Phoenlcophaus longicaudatus, Blyth.

Ban Kuhil, Beng. : Wa-pha-lai, Arracan.

Inhabits Bengal, Nepal, Assam, Arracan, Te-nasserim provinces, Penang.

Z. viridirostris, Jerdon {III. Ind. Orn. pi.

3.)

Syn. Phoenicophans Jerdoni, Blyth.

Xuppra Popi/a, Hind. Wamaneh Kaki, Te-lugu: Handi Koota, Ceylon (Daniell) : Maicaudatta. Do. (Layard). Inhabits Peninsular

India ; Ceylon.

Z. javamicus (Horsfield's * Zool. Res. inJava,' pi. ).

Sin. Phoenicophaus javanicns, Horsfield.

Coccysus chrysogaster, Temminck.O. rubrirostris, Drapiez.

Ctalybeate Cuckoo, Latham.

Kaka Apie, Malacca ; Buhut Kembang,Java. Inhabits Malay countries ; Tenasserim.

(?e?i«s RHINORTHA, Vigors.

Rh. cMorophaa (Belanger, Foy. pi. 1, the

female).

Syw. Gucnlus chlorophseus, Raffles.

C, sumatranus, Ouvier.

Phoenicophaus caniceps, Vigors.Ph. viridirostris, Eyton.Bubutus Isidorei et B. Oavaucelei, Lesson.Coccyzus badius. Gray.Anadaenus ruf'us et A. rufescens Swainson.

Slaya^ See-saya, Malacca. Bubut, Sumatra.


Genus TACCOCUA, Lesson.

T. infuscata, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 200.

Inhabits Tarai region bordering on Nepal

and Sikkirn.

T. affinis, Blyth, J. A. S. XV. 19.

Inhabits Central India;Mednapur jungles

;

Eajmahl ; Monghyr.

T. sirJcee (Hardwicke's III. Ind. Zool.)

Stn. Centropus sitkee. Gray.

C. cuculoides, C. W. Smith, J. A. S. X. 658.

Coccyzus chrysogaster of Royle's list.

Inhabits vicinity of Cawnpore ; Deyra Doon.

T. LeschenauUii, Lesson.

Syn. Zanclostoraus sirkee apud, Jerdon, Catal.

Inhabits S. India.

Genus CENTROPUS, Illiger.

Mahuia, Hind. : Kuka, Beng. : .îte Cuc-cula, Cingh. : Boop, Arracan : Bubut, andKradoh^ Malay.

G. eurycerctts, A. Hay (J. A. S.XIV. 551.)

Byh. Cuculns bubutus apud Kafflei, net Centropusfaubutua, HcrsSeld.

luhabits Malayan peninsula ; Sumatra-

0. pMUppensis, Cuvier (Horsfield's ' Zool,

Res. in Java', pi. ).

Syn. Cuculus segyptins, var. r, Latham.Corydonyx pyrrhopterus, (Vieillot.

Ceptropus bubutus, Horsfield.

C. castanopterus, Stephens.C. fiisciatus, C. W. Smith, J. A. S. X. 669,

A/ar. Polophiius sinensis, Stephens.

Inhabits S. E. Asia and its Archipelago.

C. chlororhynchos, Blyth, J. A. S, XVIII.

Inhabits Ceylon,

0. viridis (Brown's Zoology, pi, XIII. fig.

infra).

Sin. Cuculus viridis, Scopoli,

C. bengalensis, Latham.C. tolu apud. Raffles.

C. lepidus et C. affinia, Horsfield.

C. pumilus and probably C. melanops, Lesson.

C. dimidiatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Xll. 94.5.

C. rectunguis, Strickland, Ann Mag. N. H. XIX.134.

Polophiius Latharai (?), Leach.

Inhabits India generally and Malay countries,

more abundant in the latter.

C. bicolor, Lesson.

Gyn. C. celebensis, Quoy and Gaymard, Voy de 1*

Astrolabe.

Inhabits Celebes ; Moluccas.

Fam. TEOGONID^.

Genus HARPACTES, Swainson.

S. Hodgsonii, Gould {Mon. Trogonidoe, pi.

34).

Htoo-ta-roo, Arakan. Inhabits Nepal ; Assam;Sylhet

; Arracan.

H. Icasumba (Gould's Mon. Trogonidoe

pi. 29)

Syn. Trogon kasumba. Raffles.

Tr. condea, Cuvier,

Tr. fasciatus, Tem. (nec Pennant.)

Tr. Temminckii, Gould.

Kasumba, Sumatra. Inhabits Malayan pe-

ninsula ; Sumatra.

H- Diardi (Gould's Mon. Trogonidce, pi. 30).

Gumsoba, Kuna somba (Kasumba ?), Malacca.


H. fasciatus (Gould's Mon. Trogonidce

pl. 31j.

Syn- Trogon fasciatus, Pennant.

Tr. raalabaricus, Gould.

Knfni Churi of some, Hind : Kurna Mahr :

Kahurni, Kukki, Can. Inhabits peninsula of

India;Ceylon.

H. rutilus (Gould's Mon. Trogonidce pi.

32.

Syn- Trogon rutilus, Vieillot.

Tr. cinnamomeus (?), Temminck.T. Uuvaucelei, Temminck.T, fasciatus, var. B., Latham.

Ramguba, Malacca. Inhabits Malayan penia-

sula ; Sumatra,

37


- H. oresTcios CGould's Mon. Trogonidce pi.

36).

Syn, Trogou oresldos, Temminck.

Inhabits Avracan ; Tenasserim provinces.

Pam. CAPEIMULGIDiE.

Subfam. PODARGINiE.

Genus PODARGUS, Cuvier.

P. Auritus, Vigors (Gould's Icor.es Avium).

Syn. Bombycistoma Fullartonii, Hay, J. A. S. X.

573.


C. Javanensis, Horsfield (Tern. Fl. Col. 159;

Horsfield's Zool. Res. in Java.)

Stn. ? P. cornutus, Tem. (the adult ?).

Inhabits Malayan peninsula, Java.

P. affinis, Blyth. J. A. S. XVI. 1180.


Subfam. CAPRIMULGINJ].

Genus EUE.OSTOPODUS, Gould.

Eu. cerviniceps (Gould's Icones Avium).

Syn. Lyncornis cerviniceps, Gould,

Twun-dweng-ngliat, Arracan. Inhabits Bur-

mese countries.

Eu. Temminckii (Gould's Icones Avium).

Syn, Lyncornis Temmiuekii, Gould.

Caprimulgus, imberbis, Temminck.

C. pulcher, Hay, Madr. Journ.^XlII. 161.


Genus CAPRIMULGUS, Lin.

Chijjpuk, H Bub chooree, also DulhuJc

chooree, also Undhee chooree, H. and B : Tu-

Jcang, Malayan. Ugeet payeen, Arracan;Kuppo

pitta (Frogbird), Telugu ; also As kappri

jcjudu. Tel.

C. indicus, Latham (Jerdon's III. Ind. Orn.

pi. 24).

Syn. C. cinerascens, Vieillot.

C. innotatus, Hodgson (juv.)

Inhabits India generally, Malayan peninsula.

G. albonotatus, Tickell, J. A. S. II, 580-

Syn. C gangeticus, Blyth, mentioned Ann. Mag.

N. H. 184.3, pi. 95,

C. macrourus apud Blyth, J. A. S. XI. 586.

C. nipaleusis, Hodgson, Gray, Zool. Misc.

Inhabits northern and Central India : com-

mon in Lower Bengal.

C. macrourus, Horsfield (Gould's B. A. Vol.

II. pi. 9).

Inhabits Arracan, Tenasserim, Malacca, Java,

N. Australia ;very rare in Lower Bengal.

C. mahraitensis, Sykes P. Z, S. 1832, p. 83,

Syn. C. atripennis, Jerdon, III, Ind. Orh., art. C,asiaticus,

C, asiaticus, var, 0. (?), Latham.

Inhabits S. India, Ceylon.

C. asiaticus, Latham (Vail!. Ois. d' Afr., t. ;

Hardw. 111. Ind. Zool.)

Syn, C. pectoralis, Cuv.Bombay Goat sucker, Latham,

Bacca-meena, Cingh. Inhabits India gene-

rally.

G. monticolus, Franklin, P. Z. S. 1831, p.

116.

Syn. Great Bombay Goat sucker, Latham.

Inhabits India generally, Arracan (Ramree).

C. affinis, Horsfield.

Inhabits Java. This is the diminutive of Cmonticolus

;wing 6f inches.

Fam. CYPSELID^.Subfam. CYPSELIN^.

Genus ACANTHYLIS, Boie.

Ac. caitdacuta.

Syn. Hirundo caudacuta, Latham.Cypselus giganteus, Temminck.

Inhabits Nilgiris, Ceylon, Malayan penin-

sula, rarely Arracan.

Ac. fmca (Gould's B. A. Vol. IL pi. 10;Swainson's Zool. 111., n. s. pi. 42

; Delessert,

Souvenirs, &c., pt. 2, pi. 9, and Mag. de Zool.

1840, Ois. pi, 20).

Syn. Hirundo fusca, Shaw.Chsetura australis, Stephens.Ch. raacroptera, Swaiuson, Zool. 111.

Ch. nudipes, Hodgson, J. A. S. V, 779.Cypselus leuconotus, Delessert.

Acanthylis caudacuta, (Lath.) apud Gould,

loc, cit.

Inhabits S. E. Himalaya, and Australia (at

least as figured by Mr. Swainson and by Mr.Gould).

Ac. leucopygialis, Blyth, J. A. S. XVIII.


Genus CYPSELUS, llliger.

C, melba (Edwards, pi. 27).

Syn. Hirundo melba, Linn.

H. alpina, Scopoli.

Cypselus gutturalis, Vieillot,

C. gularis, Stephens.

Inhabits mountainous regions of the S. of

Europe, Asia, and Africa. Rare in the British

islands. Common in Central India, Nilgiris,

&c.

C.apus (Fl.Enl.54:2, fig. i;.

Stn. Hirundo apus, Linn.

Cypsplus murarius, Tem.

Inhabits Europe and W. Asia : common in

Afghanistan.

38


G. vittatus, Jardine and Selby (III, Orn.

2nd series, pi, 39^.

Inhabits S. E. Asia, as China, and the Ma-layan peninsula, and archipelago : common at

Penaug. N. W. Himalaya.

0. leuconyx, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 218.

Inhabits India generally : rare.

C. suhfurcatus, Blyth, J. A. S. XVIIT.

Sin. C. affinis, var., Strickland, P. Z. S. 1846, p.99-


C. affinis, Gray (Hardw. III. Ind. Zool).

Syn. C. nipalensis, Hodgson, J. a. S. V. 780.

C. montanus, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. XUI. 144.

Ahahil, Hind. Inhabits plains and lower

hills of India generally ; rare in the Dukhun ;

Ceylon.

C. balasiensis, Gray (Hard. III. Ind. Zool.)

Syn. C. palmarum, Gray.

Inhabits most part of India : wherever the

Bomssus grows, to the fronds of which it affixes

its nest. Arracan (Ramree). Common in Cey-

lon-

Genus COLLOCALIA, G. E. Gray.

C. nidifica. ' ' '

'

"

Syn. Hirundo nidifica, Latham.H. esculenta apud Horsfield.

fl. fucipliaga apud Shaw.

H. brevirostris, McClelland, P. Z. S. 1839, p.

165.

11, unicolor, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. XI. 238 ;

referred to Cypselus, ibid. XIII. 173; and

termed C. concolor, J. A. S. XI. 886.

Wahalcena, Cingh. Inhabits Nilgiris, Cey-

lon, Sikim, Assam ; aud Malay countries.

G. fuciphaga.

Sin. Hirundo fuciphaga, Thunberg.

Inhabits rocky coasts bordering the Bay of

Bengal, and of Malayan peninsula and archi-

pelago-

Subfam. MACROPTERIGIIN^.

Qenus MACROPTERYX, Swainson.

M. caronatus.

Syn, Hirundo coronata, Tiokell, J. A. S. II. 580;

XV, 21.

M. klecho of India, Auctorum.

Inhabits jungles of Central and S. India, and

of Ceylon.

M. Jclecho (Swainson's ZooH. III., n, s., pi.

74).

Stn, Hirundo klecho, Horsfield.

Cypselus longipennis, Temminck.


M. comatus {PI. Col 268).

Syn. Cypselus comatus, Temminck,

Inhabits Eastern Malasia ; Sumatra ?

Suborder PASSERES, L. modified:

Eam. CORVID^.Subfam. CORVINiE (A.) Crows.

Genus CORVUS, Linn.

C- culminahts, Sykes (Hardwiciie's III. Ind.

Zool.)

Syn. C. orientalis, Eversmann.

C. corone, var., Franklin.

C. corax ol buinatra ? Kaffles,

Band kag, Beng. Dhar kowa, ^''Dheri kowa

or kurriaV' (Jerdon), Hind. PaJiari kowa^

Deyra Doon : Burong gaga-gaga, Malayan,

Inhabits India generally;

Ceylon ; Assam;

Arracan ; Tenasserim ;Malayan peninsula

;

Sumatra? : also N. Asia (Eversmann). 'Raven'

of Europeans in India.

C corone, L. {PI. Bnl. 495).

Inhabits Europe; N. Asia ? Japan ? China?

C. comix, L. (Fl. Enl. 7 Q.J

Inhabits N. Europe, and N. W. Asia;Japan^

(Temminck)-

C. splendens, Vieillot {Tl. Gol. 425).

Kag or Kak, Beng. : Kowa, or Path Kowa,i. e. ' Common Crow' ; Hind. Dasi kowa, Deyra

Doon : Cac-co, Cingh. Inhabits India generally;

Assam, Sylhet, Chittagong, and northernmost

part only of Arracan, where its occurrence is of

recent date.

C. macrorhynchos, Vieillot,

Syn. ? Fregilus enca, Horsfield.

Inhabits vicinity of Straits of Malacca.

C. frugilegns, L. {PI. Enl. 484.)

Inhabits Europe;

Afghanistan ; Kashmir •

Japan (Temminck).-

C. monedula, L, {PI. Enl. 523).

Inhabits Europe ; Middle Asia ; Kashmir;

N. Africa.

B. NUTCRACKERS.

Genus NUCIFRAGA, Brisson.

N. hemispila, Vigors (Gould's ' Century/

pi. 36., Inhabits Himalaya.

C. CHOUGHS.(7e?m PYRRHOCORAX, Vieillot.

P. alp^nus, Vieillot {PI. Enl. 35.)

Syn. Corvus pyrrhocorax, L.

Inhabits Alps, Himalaya, and other lofty

mountain chains of Europe and Asia.

Genus FREGILUS, Cuv.

Fr. graculus {PI. Enl. 255.)

Syn. Corvus graculus, L. ,,

C. erythrorliamphus, Vieillot,

Fr. europceus. Lesson.

Fr, erythropus, SwainsoDi

3^


Inhabits lofty mountain ranges of Europe

and Asia : also high cliffs overhanging the sea.

Subfam. GAERULIN^.(A) MAGPIES.

Genus PICA, Brisson.

P. bottanensis, Ad. Deiessert,

Syn. P, megaloptera, Bljth, J. A. S, XT. 193.

Inhabits Bootan.

,P. media Blyth, J. A. S. XIII. 393, 1844.

Syn. F. sericea, Gould, P. Z. S. IS-IS, p. 2.

Inhabits China.

P. caudata, Ray {Pi. Enl. 488).

Syn. p. melanoleuca, Vieillot.

Inhabits Europe, N. Asia, and N. Americawest of the |Rocky mountains range : variety

common in Afghanistan.

€êjiMsDENDRACITTA, Gould.

B. leucogastra, GouH> {Trans. Zool. Soc.

Vol. I. pi. 12). Inhabits Niigiris,

D. rufa (Vaill. Ois. d' AJr. pi. 59 ; Gould's' Century,' pi. 42).

Syn. Corvus rufus, Scopoli.

Coracias vagabunda, Latham.Pica rufiveutris, Vieillot.

Handi-chacha (' pan-scraper,' imitative of

cry) and Talclca-chor (' rupee-thief), Beng, ;

Maha Lat, H, (Jerdon). : Mahtab, and Chand^

Sindee (Burnes). Inhabits India generally :

plains and lower hills.

D. sinensis (Gould's ' Century,' pi. 43).

Syn. Corvus sinensis, Latham.

KoJciakak, Masuri. Inhabits Himalaya;

China?

D. altirostris.

Syn. Crypsirina altirostris, Blyth. J. A. S. XII, 933.

D. frontalis (?), McClelland, P- Z. S. 1839, p.

163.

Inhabits Sikim ; Assam ?

Genus CEYPSIRINA, Vieillot.

' Gr. varians (Horsfield's Zool. Res. in Java\:

Lev. Ois. d' Afr. 56).

Sin. Corvus varians, Latham.

C. temia, Shaw.Phrenotrix lemia, Horsfield.

CheUtut, or Benteot, Java. Inhabits Tenas-

serim ; Java.

Genus TEMNORUS, Lesson.

T. leucopterus (PL Col. 265^.

Syn. Glaucopis leucopterus, Temmiack.

Talong-gaga, or Kolang-gaga, Malayan.

Inhabits Malayan peninsula and archipelago,

(B.) JAY-MAGPIES.

Gams CISSA, Boie.

C. venatoria (Hardw. 111. Ind. Zool.)

Syn. Kifta venatoria, Gray.Corvus sinensis (?), Boddaert.C. speciosus (?), Shaw.Corapica bengalensis. Lesson.

Inhabits S. E. Himalaya, Assam, Arracan,Tenasserim provinces.

C. puella, Blyth, J. A. S. XVHLInhabits Ceylon.

Genus PSILORHINUS, Ruppell.

Ps. maffnirostris, Blyth, J. A. S. XV. 27.

Inhabits Ya-ma—dong mountains, separating

Airacan from Pegu.

Ps. occipitalis, Blyth (J. A- S. XV. 27;

Gould's 'Century,' pi. 41).

Syn. Pica erythrorhyncha apnd Vigors and Gould.

Corvus sinensis (?), Linn.C. erythrorliynchos (?), Boddaert.Coracias melauocephHia (?), Latham.Ps. albicapillus, Blyth (the young).

Nil-hhant, Masuri, Inhabits Himalaya : Chi-

na ? ^

Ps.flavirostris, Blyth (J. A. S. XV. 28).

Inhabits Sikim ; Kashmir (vide J. A, S.

XV. 284).

C. JAYS.

Genus GARRULUS, Brisson.

G. ornatus, Grav (Hardw. III. Ind, Zool.

Gould's ' Century,' pi. 38).

Syn. G. bispecularis, Vigors.

Inhabits Himalaya.

G. gularis. (Hardw. Ill Ind. Zool. Gould's' Century,' pi. S6, 40).

Syn. G. lanceolatus, Vigors,

G. Vigorsii, Gray (the young).

Pan-sarra, of hill men (Hutton). Inhabits

Himalaya.

Ge7ius PERISOREUS. Pr. Bonap.

P. infaustus (Gould's 'Bird's of Eulrope,'

pi. 215).

Syn. Corvus infaustus, L.

C, sibiricus, Boddaert.

C. russicus, Graelin,

C- raittius, Pallas.

Inhabits northern regions of the Old Conti-

nent.

D. Insertoe sedis.

Genus LOPHOCITTA, G. R. Gray.

L. galericulaia (LeVaillant, Ois. de Par. pi,

42).

Syn. Corvus galericulatus, Cu»,

Lanins scapulatus, Licht.

L. coronatus, Safllcs, (the female).

Vanga cristata, Griffith's An. Kingd.

Burong Jeri, Malayan. Inhabits Malayan

peninsula ; Sumatra : Java.

40

BIRDS OF EASTERN A\D SOUTHERN ASIA.

Genus TURNAGRA (?,) Lessou.

T. (1) striata (Gould's 'Century,' pi. 37)-

Syn. Garrulus striatns, Vigors.

Inhabits Himalaya.

Subfam. GARRULACIN^.Genus GAREULAX, Lesson.

G. Belangeri, Lesson {Zoologie du Voy. de

M. Belanger).

Inhabits Tenasserim provinces;Pegu.

G. leucolophos, (Gould's 'Century,' pi. 18).

Sin. Corvus leucolophos, Hardwicke.

Inhabits Himalaya ; Assam;Sylhet ; Arra-

can.

G. chinensis.

Syn. Lanius chinensis, Scopoli.

Corvus aurifus, Daudin.

Tardus shanhu et T. melanopis, Gmelin.

Crateropus leuoogenys, Blyth, J. A. S. XI. ISO.

Inhabits China.

G. alhogularis.

Syn. lanthoclncla albogularis, P. Z. S. 1S35, p. 187.

Cioolosoma albigula, Hodgson, As. Kes. XIX.14.G,

Inhabits Himalaya.

G. pectoralis.

Syn. lanthocincla pectoralis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835,

p. 186.

Cinclosoma grisaure, Hodgson, As. Res. XIX.14.6.

G. inelanotis, Blyth, J. A. S.XII. 149, variety.

Inhabits Himalaya ; Arracan ; Tenasserim

Provinces.

G- moniliger.

Syn. Cinclosoma moniliger, Hodgson, As. Res. XIX.14.7.

lanthocincla pectoralis (?) apud McClelland,

P. Z. S. 1839, p. 160.

G. MoClellandii (?), Blyth, J. A. S. XII. 949.

Inhabits S. E. Himalaya ; Assam : Sylhet

Tippera ; Arracan ; Tenasserim Provinces.

G. carulatvs,

Syn, Cinclosoma ccerulatum, Hodgson, As. Res.

XIX. 147.

Inhabits S. E. Himalaya.

G. ocellatus (Gould's ' Century,' pi. 15.)

Syn. Cinclosoma ocellatum, Vigors.

Inhabits Himalaya.

O. rufogularis. I

SYN. lanthocincla rufogularis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835,

p. 1S7.

Cinclosoma rufimenta, Hodgson, As. Res. XIX.148.

Inhabits S. E. Himalaya ; Cherra Punji

;

Tippera.

G. squamatus (Jardine and Selby's III. Orn.,

2ad series, pi. 4).

41

SYN. lanthocincla squamata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835,

p. 47.

Cinclosoma melanura, Hodgson. As. Res. XIX.147.


G, subunicolor, Hodgson (described J. A. S.

Xn. 952 ;XIV. 599).


G. nffinis, Hodgson (ilescribed J. A. S.

XII. 950).


G. variegatus (Gould's 'Century,' pi. 16).

f'l'N. Cinclosoma variegatum, Vigors.

G- Abaillei, Lesson.

Inhabits N. E. Himalaya.

G. chrysoptervs.

SYN. lanthocincla chrysoptera, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835,

p. 48.


G. erythrocephalus (Gould's ' Century,' p.

17.)

Syn. Cinclosoma erythrocephalum. Vigors.

Inhabits N, E. Himalaya.

G. ruficoUis (Jardine and Selby's III. Orn,

2nd series, pi. 21).

Syn. lanthocincla ruficoUis, Jardine and Selby.

I. lunaris, McClelland, P. Z. s. 1839, p. 160.

Inhabits S. E. Himalaya ; Assam;Sylhet

;

Tippera.

G phceniceus (Gould's Icones Avium).

Syn. lanthocincla phcenicea, Gould.Crateropus puniceus, Blyth, J. A. S. XI, ISO.


G. cacJdnnans (' Madras Journnl,' X, 255,

pi. 7).

Syn. Crateropus cachirmans, Jerdou.

Cr. Lalresnayii, Ad. Delessert.

Cr, Delesserli, LaFreanaye (nec Cr. Delesserti,

Jerdon),

Inhabits Nilgiris.

G. (?) lineatus.

Syn. Cinclosoma lineatum. Vigors.

C. setiferum, Hodgson, As. Res. XIX. 148.

Inhabits Himalaya.

G. (?) imhricatus, Blyth, J. A. S. XIL 951,

Inhabits Bootan.

Genus ACTINODURA, Gould.

Act. Egertoni, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 18.

Syn. Leiocincla plumosa, Blyth, J. A. S. XII. 953.

Inhabits S. E. Himalaya ; Assam ; Sylhet.

Act. Nipalensis.

Syn. Cinclosoma nipalense, Hodgson, As. Rs, XIX,145 (type of Ixops, Hodgson).


Gem<5 ÎBIA, Hodgson {Sibya, Nepal).

6


8. picoides, Hodgson (described J. A. S.

VIII. 38).

Syn. Heterophasia cuculopsis, Blvtli, J. A. S. XI.

187.


*S. capistrata.

Syk. Cinclosoraa capistratnm, Vigor?'.

C. melatioceplialum (?), Royle's List-

S. iiigrieeps, iJodgson,

Inhabits Himalaya.

Gemis CUTIA, Hodgson.

C. nipalemis, Hodgson (J. A. S. XV. 772 ;

XVI. 110).

Khatya, or Khutya, Nepal. Inhabits S. E.

Himalaya.

Genus PTERUTHIUS, Swainson.

Ft. riifiventer, Blyth, J. A. S. XI. 183; XII.

954 (Gray's III. Gen. Birds).

Inliabits S. E. Himalaya.

Ft. erythropterus (Gould's ' Century,' pi.

11).

Syn. Lanius erythropterus, Vigors.

Inhabits Himalaya.

Subfam. LEIOTHRICAN^.

Genus LEIOTHRIX, Swainson.

L argentauris.

Syn. Mesia argentauris, Hodgson, Ind. Rev. 1838,

p. 88.

Inhabits S, E. Himalaya.

L. luteus.

£yn. Sylvia lutea, Scopoli.

Tanagra sinensis, Gmelin.Parus furcatos, Teinmini-'k.

Bahila calipyga, Hodgsou. Ind. Rev. 1838,

p. 88.

Inhabits Himalaya ; China ?

L. singula (Ad. Delessert, Souvenirs, &c. pt.

2, pi. 8).

SYN. Siva strigula Hodgson, Ind. Bev. 1838, p. 89.

Museicapa vaviegata, Dellessert, Mag. de Zool18iiJ, Ois., t. 20.

L. clu-ysocephala, Jameson.

-Inhabits Himalaya-

L. cyanouroptera.

Syn. Siva cyanouroptera, Hodgson, Ind. Rev. 1838,

p. 88.

Leiothrix lepida, McClelland, P. Z. S. 1839,

p. 162.

Inhabits Himalaya ; Assam.

L' ignitincta.

Syn. Minla ignitincta, Hodgson, Ind. Rev. 1838,

p. 83.

L. ornata, McClelland, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 162.

Inhabits S. E. Himalaya ; Assam.

Z- cinerea,

Bx.v. Miula cinerea, Blyth, J, A. s, XVI, 419.


L. castaniceps.

Syn. Minla castaniceps, Hodgson, Ind. Rev. 1838,

p. 33,

Inhabits Himalaya.

L. vinipectus.

feYN. Siva vinipectus, Hodgson, Ind. Rev. 1828, p.89.


L. chrysotis (clirysopterus ? seu leucotis ? )Syn. Proparus chrysotis, Hodgson, J. A. B. Xlll.

938 ; XVI. 44)8.


Genus IXULTJS, Hodgson.

/. occijntalis, J. A. S. XIV. 552.

Syn. Siva occipitalis, Blyth, J. A. S. Xlll. 937.-

Inhabits Sikim.

I. flavicollis.

SYN. Yuhina ? flavicollis, Hodgson, As. Res, XIX.167.

Inhabits Himalaya (Masuri to Bootan).

Genus YUHINA, Hodgson.

Y.gularis, Hodgson (As. Res. XIX. 166 J.

Inhabits S, E. Himalaya,

y. occipitalis, Hodgson (^.s. Hes. XIX. 166).


Genus MYZORNIS, Hodgson.

M. pyrrhoura, Hodgson, (J. A. S. XII.

984; XIV. 561).

Genus ERPORNIS, Hodgson.

E. xantholeuca, Hodgson, J. A. S. XIII.

380.

Syn. E. xanthochlora, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1815, p.

33.

Inhabits S, E. Himalaya; Arracan ; Ma-

layan peninsula.

Subfam. PARINiE.

(A. Paradoxornis sub-series.)

Genus CONOSTOMA, Hodgson.

C. amodius, Hodgson (J. A. S. X. 856).

Inhabits Nepal.

Gemis HETEEOMORPHA, Hodgson.

E. ruficeps (J. A. S. XII. 1010, pi. .)

Syn. Paradoxornis ruficeps, Blyth, J. A. S. XI. 187.

Inhabits Sikim ; Bootan ; Arracan.

IT. (? Paradoxornis ?) caniceps, Blyth, J.

A. S. XVIU. Inhabits Sikim.

Genus SUTHOEA, Hodgson.

S, ruficeps.

BIRDS OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASIA

STif, Chleuasicus ruficeps, BIyth, J. A. S» XIV,

578.

Inhabits Sikim.

S. nipalensis, Hodgson (Tnd. Rev. 1838, p-

32). Inhabits S. E. Himalaya.

S fulvifrons, Hodgson (J. A.S. XIV. 579)-

Inhabits Nepal.

Qenus FUL(-UNCULUS, Vieillot.

F.frontatus (Gould's B. A. Vol. 11. pi, 79)*

Syn. Lanius frontatns, Latham.

Inhabits B. and S. Australia.

Genus PARUS, Linn.

p. flavocristatus, Lafresnaje.

Syn. "P. sultaneus, Hodgson, lud. Rev. 1837, p. 81.

Melaiiocliloia flavocristata e: M. sumatraaa.

Lesson.

Inhabits Nepal ; Sikim ; Bootan ; Assam;

Malayan peninsula ; Sumatra.

P. moidicolus, Vigors (Gould's 'Century,'

pi. 29, f. 2). Inhabits Himalaya.

-T. ctnereus, Vieillot {PI. Col. 287, f. 2;

LeVaiUant, Ois. d' Afr. pi. 139, f. 1).

Syx. p. alriceps, HorsSelil, Linn. Tr. Xlll. 160.

P. nipaleusis, Hodj^sun, lad. Rev, i«38, p. 31.

Inhabits Himalava ; Assam ; Central aud

S.India; Ceylon; Java.

P. xanthogemjs, Vigors (Gould's ' Century,'

pi. 29, f. 1).

SxN. aplonotus, Blytli, J. A. S. XVI. 4W.

Inhabits N. W. Himalaya ; Central and

South India.

P. spilonotus, Blyth, J. A. S. XVIII.

SYN. P. xanthogenys apud Blyth, J. A. S. XVI. 445.

Inhabits Himalaya.

P. riijonuchalis, Blyth, J. A. S. XVIII.

Inhabits Tyne range, beyond Simla.

P. melanolo'phos. Vigors (Gould's ' Century,'

pi. 30, f. 2). Inhabits N- W. Himalaya.

P, rubidiventris, Blyth, J. A. S. XVI. 445.

Inhabits Nepal.

P. dichrous, Hodgson, J. A S. XIII. 94.3.

Inhabits Nepal.

P. iouscliistos, Hodgson, J. A. S. XIII. 943.

Inhabits Nepal.

Qenus ORI TES, Mcerrhing.

0. erythrocephalus (Gould's * Century,' pi.

30, f. 1),

Syjm. Parus erythrocephalus. Vigors,

Inhabits Himalaya,

Genus SYLVIPARUS, Burton,

8. modestus, Burton, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 154.

Syn. Tarus sericophyri!, Hodgson, J, A. S. XIIJ.

913; XVI 44(5,

43

Inhabits Himalaya.

Genus ^GITHALUS, Vigors.

0. flammiceps, Burton, P. Z. S., 1835, pi.

153.

SYN. Dicseum sanguinifrons, A. Hay, J. A. S.'.XV. 44.


Subfam. PARADISEIN^.B. Sub-series with bills of medium length.

Genus PAEADISEA, L.

P. apoda, Lin. {PI. Enl. 254;

Vieillot,

Ois. de Par. t. 1.)

SYN. P. major, Shaw.

Inhabits N, Guinea.

P. minor, Shaw (Vieillot, Ois. de Par. pi.

2). Inhabits N, Guinea.

P. rubra, Cuvier (Vaill. Ois. de Par. t. 3).

Syn. p. sanguinea, Shaw,

Inhabits N. Guinea,

Genus CICINNURUS, Vieillot.

C. rerjius {PI. Enl. 496;

Vaill. Oisde Par.t. 7).

Syn. Paradisea regia, L.

C. spinturiiix Lesson.

Inhabits N. Guinea.

Subfam. GEACULINJi.

A, Maina and Starling sub-series. Inhabit-

ing Europe, Asia, and N. Africa.

a. Of more bulky form;gait saltatory.

Genus GEACULA, L.

Gr. Javanensis, Osbeck (Edwards, pi. 17,

lower figure).

Syn. Mainatns major, Brisson descrihed J. A. S,,

XV, 31.

M. sumatranus (?', Lesson.

Gr. religiosa, L , var. B., Latham.

Inhabits Malayan peninsula and archipelago;

Nicobar Islands.

Gr. intermedia^ A- Hay (J. A. S. XV. 32).

Paharia Maina, Hind. ; Thale-gu, Arrwcan,

Inhabits Nepal ; Assam ; Arakan ; Tenasserim

Provinces.

Or. religiosa, L. (Edward's pi. 17, upper

figure).

Syn. Eulahes indica, Cuvier.

Pastor musicus, Daudin.Mainatus javanus. Lesson, apud Jerdon, J. A.

S. Xll. 178 ibis'.

Inhabits S. India ; Ceylon.

Gr. ptilogenys, Blyth, J. A. S., XV. 285.

Inhabits Ceylon.

Qenus AMPELICEPS, Blyth.

A. coronatus, Blyth, J. A. S., XI. 194;

V. 32.


6. Of less bulky form;the gait ambulatory.

Genus ACRIDOTHERES, Vieillot.

Jcr. tristis {PL Enl. 219).

STN. Paradisea tristis, L.Gracula gryllivora, Daudin.

Bhat Salik, Bens. -. Maina, II. Bunnee,or Saloo (Tickell) ; Saloonhu, Mahr : Gorwun-tra, Can. (Jerdon). Dza-ret-monh, Arracan.

Acr. ginginianus (Vaill. Ois. d'Afr. t. 95,f. 2).

SvN. Tardus ginginianus, Latham.Gracula grisea, Daudin (t. 95, f. 2).

Gang Salik, Ben^. : Ganga Maina, H. :

Lali, Sinde (Burnes.) Inhabits Benp;al, UpperIndia, Scinde ; Tenasserim Provinces.

Acr- cristatellvs, (Edwards, pi. 19).

Syn. a. cristatellus, L.

Acr. fuliginosus BIyth, J, A. S. XIII. 3G2(the youngj.

Inhabits China,

Acr. griseus.

Syn. Pastor griseus, Horslield.

Maina cristalloides, Hodgson.P. fuse us F), Wagler.P. mahratteusis (?), Sykes.

Jhont Salik (i. e. ' Crested Maina'), Beng:.;

Dza-ret-monk-teng , Arracan ; Jallak Sungu,Java. Inhabits India generally (?) ;

Bengal;

Nepal ; Arracan ; Tenasserim ;Penang ; Suma-

tra ; Java.

Genus STURNUS, Lin.

St. temporalis.

Srif. Pastor temporalis, Tem.

Inhabits China.

St. contra, L. {Fl. Enl. 280 ; Edwards pi

187).

Sys-. St. capensis, L.Pastor auricularia, Drapiez.P.jalla, Horsfleld.

Jhlaka, H. : Guia-leggra, Beng. ; Qwyai-dzaret, Arracan : Jallak, or Jallak-uring^ Java.Inhabits India

; Sumatra; Java.

St. vulgaris, L.

Stn. St. indicus, Hodgson.

Telia Maina, Hind. : Saruk, Kabul. In-habits Europe

; Asia : common in Himalaya.Upper Bengal ?

St. unicolor, Marmora.

Inhabits N. Africa; Sardinia : and a more

brilliantly glossed variety in Afghanistan.

.Genus PSAEOGLOSSA, Hodgson.

Ps. spiloptera (Gould's 'Century,' pi. 34).Syn. Lamprotornis spilopterus, Vigors.

Puli, Masuri. Inhabits Himalaya.

Oemis STUIiNIA, Lesson.

St, sericea (Brown's ' Zoology/ pi. 21).

Syn. Sturnus sericeus, Latham.

Inhabits China. >

.S";;. ? Inhabits Ceylon.

St. erytkropygia, Blyth, J. A. S. XV. 34*

Inhabits Nicobar islands.

St. Blythii (Jerdon's 111. Ind. Orn. pi- 22).

8yw. p. malabaricus apud Jerdon, MaJr. Journ. XI.

22.

Pastor Blythii, J erdon.

St. Doniiuicana (?), apud Elyth. J. A. S. XIII.

363.

Inhabits India ; Malabar.

St. malabarica.

Syn. Turdus malabaricus, Gmelin (No. 51, nee No-

(125J1.Pastor malabaricus, var., apud Jerdon, Madr.

Journ. Xl, 23.

P. nanus ('!) et Gracula cinerea ("?), Lesson.

Pawi, Hind. Inhabits India generally (but

somewhat local), Assam; Arracan;'tenasserim.

St. Pagodartim.

Syn. Turdus pagodarura, 6m.T. melauocephalus, Valil.

Sturuus subroseus, Shaw (apud G. R. Gray.)

Monghyr Pawi, Beng. Inhabits India gene-

rally ; Assam , Arracan (Ramree). Non-resi-

dent in Lower Bengal, but common in the

jungles westward,

St. cana, Blyth, J. A. S. XIIL 365.

N. B. This is the young of a species nearly

allied to, but distinct from, the next, some of

whose reputed synonymes perhaps belong to it.

Inhabits China (Macao).

St. daurica {PI. Enl. fi27, f. 2).

faYN. Turdus dauiieus et T. sturninus, Pallas.

T. d'iniiiiicanus, Gmelin.

Pastor malayensis, Eyton.

Inhabits Malayan peninsula ; China (?).

Gemis CALORNIS, G. E. Gray.

C. affinis, A. Hay, J. A. S. XV. 36,369.

Inhabits Tippera ; Arracan : Nicobar islands;

Tenasserim (?)

C. cantor {PL Col. 199, f. I. 2),

Sy'N. Turdus cantor, Gmelin.

T. chalyl eus et T. strigatus, Horsfield.

Bia7ig, Kala loyang, and Burong Kling,

Malay : Sling, Java. Inhabits Malayan penin-

sula ;Sumatra

; Java.

Genns PASTOR, Temminck.

P. loseus (Edwards, 20 ; PI. Enl- 250).

Syn. Turdus roseus, L.

T. surateusis, Latham.

Tillyer, H. (Jeidon). Golahi Maina, H.Beng.; 5ya, Sinde (Burnes). Inhabits Eu-rope, Asia and N. Africa

;very common iu

Hindustan.

4i

BIRDS OF EASTERN

Genus ENODES, TemmincV.

E. erythrophrys (Tern. PL Col. 267).

Syn. Lamprotornis erythrophrys, Tern.

Inhabits Moluccas, Java.

Genus MINO, Lessou.

M. calvus (PI. Enl. 200).

Skn. Gracula calva, L.

Inhabits Molucca?; Philippines.

Earn. ERINGlLLIDiE.

Subfam. PLOCElNiE.

Gems PLOCEUS, Cuvier.

• PL hypoxanthus i (PI. Col ).

Sin. Loxia hypoxantha Daûdin.

PI. philippiuus apuil Horsfield, (Liu. Tr. XIII,

160,) et Temminck , uec apud Blricklaud, J.

A. S. XH. 945.

Inhabits Java;Philippines.

PI. pliilip-pinus {Pi. Enl. 135, f. 2).

So. Loxia philippina, T. (apud Strickland.)

ri. baya, BIyth J. A. S. XII. 9i5.

Baya, H. : Chindura, and Tal Babie, Eeng.

Inhabits India generally ; Buimese countries;

Malayan peninsula ; Sumatra ?

PL manyar.

SYN- Fringilla manyar, Horsfteld, Lin- Tr. XHI. 160.

Euplectes flaviceps, Swainson.

Eu. striatus, Blylh, J. A. S. XI. 873, and XII.

181 ;bis)

Eu. beugalensis (?) apnd Jeidon, Catal.

Woceus flaviceps (?;, Cuv.

Inhabits Bengal ; Nepal ; Assam ;Scinde ;

S. India ; Java.

Pt. hengalensis (Edwards, pi. 189).

Stn. Loxia bengalensis, L.

L. regina, Boddaert,

Coccothraustes chrysocephala Vieillot.

Euplectes albirostris, Swainson.

Sarho Baya, Hind. Inhabits Bengal.

Subfam. ESTRELDINiE.

Genus MUNIA, Hodgson.

Jf, moja (Edwards pi. 306, f. 1).

Sin. Loxia maja, L.

L leucoeephala. Raffles.

Mala sinensis Brisson.


M. ferrtiginosa.

Syn. Loxia ferruginosa, Latham.La Maina, Buffon.

Inhabits Java.

M. mhronigra, Hodgson, As. Bes. XIX.153.

STN. Lonchnra melanocephala, McClelland, P. Z. S.

1839 p. 163.

Loxia malacca, Var., Lath.

L, indica. Lath.—Young ?

Pora Munia : Nukroul, Masuri. Inhabits

Bengal ; Nepal ; Assam ; Arracan ; Tenas-

i5

AND SOUTHERN ASIA-

serim. Nec Chinese Sparrow, Edwards, pL43, on which is founded Coccothraustes sinensis,

Brisson, Loxia malacca, 3, Linn,, MalaccaGrosbeak, var. A, Latham, and which is also

Loxia atricapilla, Vieillot, Diet. Class, d^Rist,

Nat.

M. malacca Edwards, pi. 355).

Syn. Loxia malacca, L.

CoccothraustPS javensis, Brisson.

Amadina sinensis apud lilyth, J. A. S. XV. 36,

Nuld-nore, H, (Jerdon), Inhabits Indian

peninsula ; Ceylon ; rare in Lower Bengal,

M. undulata (Edwards, pi. 40).

SYN. Loxia undulata andL. puucfulata, var. A. Latham.L. Uicolor, Latham, the young.Muuia lineoventer, Hodgson.

Tela Munia, H : Simbaz, Masuri : Sing baz

or Sheeti baz (Jerdon). Inhabits India gene-

rally ; Arracan ; Teuasserim.

II. punctularia.

SYN. Loxia punctularia, L.

iVingilla nisoria, Temminck,

Inhabits Mahiyan peninsula and Archipelago.

M. molucca ? (PI. Enl. 139, f. 2).

Syn. Loxia molucca, (?) L.Munia acuticauda, Hodgson.

Inhabits Nepal ; Malayan peninsula.

M. pectoralis.

syn. Amadina pectoralis, Jerdon, J. A. S. XIII. 949,described in Madras Joura, XIU. 171.

Inhabits S. India.

M. striata.

Syn. Loxia striata, Latham.Fringilla leuconota, Temminck.

Inhabits Indian peninsula ; Ceylon : Arra-

can ; not common in Lower Bengal.

M. melanictera ?

SXN. Fringilla melanictera (?), Gmelin.Amadina leuougastra, Blyth, J. A. S, XV, 386,


M. malabarica.

Syn. Loxia malaharica, L.Loni'hura clieet, Sykes,

Loxia bicolor, Tiokell (nec Latham),

Sar Munia ; Piduri, B. : Chorga, H. In-

habits India generally ; Ceylon.

Genus ERYTHRINA.E. prasina (Tem. VI. Col, 96).

SyN- Fringilla prasina, Sparrraan (uec Latham).Fr. sphecura, Temminck.Emheriza quadricolor, Gmelin.

E. varidis, Swainson.

Emberiza cyanopis (?), Gmelin.

Inhabits Indian Archipelago.

Genus AMADINA, Swainson.

J. (?) oryzivora (PL Enl. 588; Edwards,

pi. 41, 42).


Stn. Loxia oryzivora, L.

Inhabits Indian Archipelago-

Genus ESTRELDA.E. amandava {PI. Enl. 115, f. 2, 3 ; Ed-

wards, pi. 355, f. 1).

Syn- Fringilla amandava, L.

Fr. punicea, Horsfleld, Linn. Tr. XIII. 160,

Fr. senegalensis, Vieillot (vide Diet. Class;.

Lai or Lai Munia, H. : Lai (male), Munia(female), Masuri. Inhabits India generally

and Malay countries.

E. formosa.

Syn. Fringilla formosa, Latliara.

Inhabits Central India.

Genus SCISSIROSTEUM, Gtierin.

Sc. Pagei. Guerin {Mag. de Zool.)

Inhabits Moluccas.

Subfam. PASSERINJI.

Genus PASSER, Ray.

P. indicus, Jardine and Selby {III. Orn. pi.

il8).

Charia, or Cliata, B. ; Gourya, H. Inhabits

India generally;Ceylon ; Arracan.

P. pyrrhonotus, BIyth, J, A. S. XIII. 946.

Inhabits Scinde.

P. salicaria (Savignv, Eesc. Egypt, Nat.

Hist., I, pi. f 7).

Syn. Fringilla salicaria.

Fr. hispaniolensis, Temminck.

Inhabits N. Africa ; Sardinia ; Sicily;Syria

;

Afghanislc^n.

jP. cinnamomeus.

Syn. Pyrgita cinnaraoraea, Gould, P. Z. s. 1835, p.

as.


P. flaveolus, Blyth, J, A. S. XIII. 946_

Inhabits Arracan ; Tenasserim.

P. montanus {PI. Enl. 267, f. 1).

Syn. Fringilla montana, L,

Inhabits Temperate parts of Europe andAsia ; China ; Burmah ; Malayau peninsula

;

Java.

Genus PETRONIA, Pr. Bouap.

P. slulta {PI. Enl. 225).

Syn. Fringilla stulta et Fr. bononieosis, Gmelia.Fr. petronia, L.

tetrouia rupeslris, Bonap.

Inhabits Afghanistan; W. Asia ; S. Europe;

N- Africa.

P. flavicollis.

Syn. Fringilla flavicollis, Franklin, P. Z. S, 1S31,

p. UU.

Paji, or Jungli Churia, H. Inhabits Indiagenerally, but not on the alluvium of LowerBengal.

Subfam. FRINGILLrNJI.Gerius MONTEFRINGILLA (?), Brehm.M. (?) nemoricola.

Syn. Fiingi^Hauda nemoricola, Hodgson, As. Res. XIX.^

Inhabits Himalaya.

Genus FRINGILLA, L.

Fr. mont-;fringilla, L. {PI. Enl. 54, f. 2).Syn. Loxia hamburghia, Geraelin.

Inhabits northern and temperate parts ofEurope and Asia

;Afghanistan ; N. W. Hima-

laya.

Genus PYRKHOSPIZA, Hodgson.

P. punicea, Hodgson, J. A. S. XIII. 953.Syn. Propyrrhula rubeculoides, Hodgson, P. Z S

1845, p. 36.

Inhabits Himalaya ; Tibet.

(?emcs PROCAKDUELIS, Hodgson.

Pr. nipalensis, Hodgson.

Syn. Carduelis nipaleusis, Hodgson As Ee'i XIS157.

Liiinta saturata et. L. fusca (?), Blyth, J. A SXL 92-3.


Gemis CARPODACUS.C rodopepla (Gould's 'Century/ pi. 31, f. 1).

Syn. fiiiigilla rodopepla, Vigors.


C- rodochrous (Gould's ' Century,' pi. 31,fig. 2).

Syn. Fringilla rodochroa, Vigors.

Inhabits Himalaya.

O. erythrinvs"^ (Vieillot, Ois. Chant, pi. 65).

Syn. Fringilla erythrina (?), Meyer.Coccnthranstes rosea, Vieillot.

Loxia madagascariensis, L.

Pyrhuliuota roseata; Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1845,

p. 36.

Tuti, or Surkhar Tuti, H. Inhabits India

generally; Arracan.

Genus H.EMATOSPIZA, Hodgson.

H. hoetonensis ?

Syn. Loxia boetonensis p Latham.L- indica P Gmelin, nec Latham.Coiythus sepahi, Hodgson, As. Res. XIX. 151,

Inhabits Himalaya.

Genus PYRRHULA, Mojrhing.

P. nipnlensis, Hodgson, J. A. S. XIX. 155.Inhabits S. E. Himalaya.

P. erytkroccphalus, Vigors (Gould's ' Cer-tury,' pi. 32). Inhabits Himalaya.

46


<?e«Ms PKOPYRRHULA, Hodgson.

Pr. subhimachala, Hodgson.

Syn. Corvthus subliimachalus, Hodgson, As. Res,

X3X. 153.

Inhabits N. E. Himalaya.

Genus LOXIA, L.

Tj. curvirostris , L. (PI. Enl. 218). Inhabits

Eiiropf;

Afghanistan.

L, himalayensis, Hodgson, J. A. S. XIII952.

Syn. L. himalayana, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 35.

Inhabits Himalaya.

Ganus CHRYSOMITRIS, Boie.

Clir. spinoides (Gould's ' Century,' pi. 33,

f. 2).

SvN. Carduelis spinoides, Vigors.

Inhabits Himalaya.

Genus CARDUELIS, Stephens.

C. caniceps, Vi<jors (Gould's Century, pi.

33, f. 1; Royle's III. Him. Bot. pi. 8, f."2).

Syn. Fringilla orientalis, Eversmanii.

Shira, H.

Inhabits Middle Asia ; Afghanistan ; Kash-

mir, &c.

Genus LIGURINUS, Brisson.

L. sinicus {PI. Eul. 257, f. 3).

Stn, Fringilla sinica, L.

Loxia sinensis Gmelin.Lig. x'lnthogiamma ? apud Blytb, J. A.S. XIII.

956 ; vide XVI. 470.

Inhabits China.

Genus SERINTTS (?), Brehm.

S. (?) aurifrons.

Sjn. Emberiza aurifrons, Blyth, J. A, S. XVI. 476.


Genus COCCOTHRAUSTES, Brisson.

C, melanoxaniJius, Hodgson, As. Pes. XIX.


€. carnipes, Hodgson, As. Pes. XIX, 151.

Sin. C. speculigerus (?), Brandt.

Inhabits Himalaya.

C. icterioides, Vigors (Gould's 'Century,' pi.

45). Inhabits N. E. Himalaya.

Subfam. EMBERIZIN.^;.

Genus EMBERIZA, L. {Gmdam H.)

E. albida, Blyth, J. A. S. XVIII. Inhabits

Tyne range, beyond Simla.

Ge7ius EUSPIZA, Bonap,

Eu. similUma, Blyth, J. A. S- XVIII.

Sin. Emberiza melanocephala of India. Auctorum.Tanagrarudis (Iûs, Carh), Lath.,—the female ?

Inhabits S. India, (N. B. Differs from Eu.

melanocephalus in its much smaller size ; the

closed wing measuring 3^ in. instead of 4 in.,

&c.)

Eu. luteola (G. R. Gray, III. Gen- Birds,

pi. ).

Syn. Emberiza luteola (Mus. Carls, fasc, IV, t. 93),

Latham,—the female.

E. icterica, Eversmann.

K bronieeps, Brandt.

Loxia flavicaus, var. A. Latham.

Inhabits plains of India;Afghanistan, See.

Eit^ flavogularis, Blyth, J. A, S. XVIII.

Syn. Emberiza aureola of India, Auctorum.

Inhabits Nepal ; Tippera ; Arrakan.

Eu. Lathami (Jardine and Selby, III- Orn.

pi. 132).

SYN. Emberiza Latharai Gray.

E. cristata. Vigors.

E. suberistata, Sykes (the female).

^. erytliroptera Jardine and Jbelby.

E. nipalens.is, Hodgson.Fringilla melanictera. Gmelin.

Inhabits plains and lower hills of India,

China, &c.

Eu. hortulana (PI. Enl. 247, f. 1).

Syn. Emberiza horlulana, L.

Bucbanani, Blyth, J. A. S. XIIL 957.

E. chlorocephala apud Hodgson ?

Inhabits Europe and Asia ; India.

Eu. melanops.

SIN. Emberiza melanops Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 554-.

E. chlorocephala of Nepal apud Hodgson (?)

vide J. A. S. XV. 39.

Inhabits Tippera.

Eu. fucata.

Sin. Kmberiza fucata, Pallas.

E. lesbia apud Temminck (nee Gmelin\E. cia apnd Jerdon, Catal.

Putthur Chirta, (H. Jerdon). Inhabits Ben-

gal;Deyra Doon ; S. India ?

Eu. pusilla ?

Sin. Emberiza pusilla (?), Pallas.

E. sordida, Hodgson, J. A. S. XIII, 958 (the

female) ; male described, J. A, S. XV. p, 40.

E. (Ocyris) oinops, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1845, p.

35.


Eu. cia (PI Enl. 30, f. 2 ; 511, f. 1).

Stn. Emberiza cia, L.E. barbata, ScopolL

E. lotharingica, Gmelin.

Inhabits Europe and Asia. Specimens from

near Masuri. Capt. Hutton (1848.)

Subfam. ACGENTORINiE.

Genus ACCENTOR, Bechstein.

A. nipalensis, Hodgson, J. A. St XII. 958j

P. Z. S. 1845, p. 34.

47


gTN. A. immaculatus, Hodgson, (in abraded plum-

age.)

A. cacliareusis, Hodgson (in first plumage.)

From|Nepal. B.

A. variegatus Blyth, J. A. S. XIL 958

(described XI. 187). Inhabits Sikkim.

A. stropliiatus, Hodgson, J- A. S. XII. 959,

P. Z. S. 1845, p. 34. Inhabits Himalaya

generally.

Button, J. A. S. XVIII.


A. mollis, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 581. In-

habits Sikkim.

Subfam. ALAUDINiE.

Genus ALAUDA, L-

A. arvensis, L. {PL Enl. 363, f. 1).

Vapud G. K

.

1. J

Gray.SIN. A. cotlipeta Talks.

A, italica, Graelin.

A. loiifiipes, Latham

A. dulcivox, Hodgson

Inhabits Europe and Asia : Sub-Himalaya.

A. gulgula, Franklin.

Stn. A. gangetica, BIytli.

A. gracilis, Blyth, var.

A. leiopus, Hodgson, Tar.


A. malabarica, Scopoli.

sxN. A. deva, sykes.

Inhabits S. India.

Subgenus CALANDRELLA, Kaup.

C. hrachydactyla.

Syn. Alanda hrachydactyla. 'I'emminck.

A. calandrella, Bouelli.

A. are.naria, Stephens.

A. dukhuneiisis, Sykes.

Emberizn haghaira. Franklin.

B. olivacea, Tickell, J. A. S. H. 578.

Baay-geyra Lark, Latliam.

Baghairi, H. Ortolan of Europeans in India.

Inhabits Europe, Asia, and N. Africa. Common

in India.

C. raytal, Blyth.

6yn Alauda raytal, Buchanan Hamilton, J. A. S,

Xm. 962, XV. 40.

Inhabits dry sand-dunes of Ganges, Indus'

Genus CALERIDA, Boie.

G. chendoola.

Skn. Alauda chendoola. Franklin.

A. gulgula apud Sykes.

Crested CaLiudre Lark, Latham.

Chendul, H. Inhabits sandy plains of India.

O, Boysii, Blyth-

Stn. Certhilauda Boysii, Blytb, J. A. S. XV- *1.

Inhabits Bengal.

Genus MIRAFRA, Horsfield.

M. Hayii, Jerdon, J. A. S. XIII. 959. In-

habits Coromandel Coast.

M. affinis, Jerdon, J. A. S. XIII. 959. In-

habits Middle and S. India;Ceylon.

M. erythroptera, Jerdon, J. A. S. XIII. 958-

(III. Ind. Orn., pi. 38). Inhabits «. India.

M. cantillans, Jerdon, J A. S. XIII, 960.

Inhabits India generally; rare in Lower Ben-

gal.

M. assamensis, McClelland, P. Z. S. 1839,

pi. 162.

Syn. Alauda mirafra, Temminck (apud Jeidon, necapud G. li' Gray).

Finch Lark, Latham.

Inhabits Bengal : Nepal ; Assam.

M. 2)kcenicura, Franklin, P. Z. S. 1831, p.

119. Inhabits S. India.

Genus PYKRHULAUDA, A. Smith.

P. grisea (PZ. Col. 269, f. 2),

Syn. Alauda grisea, Scopoli.

A. gingica, Gmelin.Fringilla crucigera, Temminck.

Chak BJiardi ; Dhulo Chdta, Beng. ; Decora>

H., vulgo ; Dubhuk Chari (' Squat Sparrow')

H. (Jerdon). Inhabits India generally.

Fam. MOTACILLID^.Genus HETERURA, Hodgson.

H. sylvana, Hodgson, J. A. S. XIV. 556;

P. Z. S". 1845, p. 33 (Jardine's Coutrib. Orn,

1848, pi. ). Inhabits Himalaya.

Genus ANTHUS, Bechstein.

Stib-genus Dendeonanthus, Blyth.

D. trivialis (PI. Enl. 660. f. 1).

6yn. Alauda trivialis, L.

A. minor, I3ewick.

Antiius arboreus, Temminck.

Inhabits Europe and N. Asia ; Himalaya.

D. maculatus.

Syn- Anthus maculalus et A. brevirostris, Hodgson.

Musarichi, H. (Jerdon). Inhabits India

generally.

Suh-geims ANTHUS, Auct.

A. shnilis, Jerdon (III. Ind- Orn. pi. 45).

Syn. Agrodoma similis, Jerdon, Madr. Journ, XI,35.

Inhabits Nilgiris : N. W. Himalaya,

A. Rickardi, Vieillot (Zooh Journ. Vol. I.

pi. 14). Inhabits Europe, Asia, and N. Africa,

Specimens from the vicinity of Cakulta.

A . rufidus, Vieillot.

Syn, a. agilis apud Jerdon (nec Sykes).

A- nialayeusis, Lyton.

A. pallescens apud Suudevall.

A prateiisis of Sumatra, Uaffles.

Sjleuder Lark, Latham.

48

BIRDS OF EASTERN

Bugail, H. (Jerdon) ;Lancha-lancha, or

Hamba Puyu, Sum. Inhabits India generally

and Malay countries.

A. striolatus, Blyth, J. A- S. XVI, 435.

Btn. a. pelopus I?). Hodgson, G. R. Gray, Brit.

Mus. Catal.

Inhabits Himalaya, S. India.

jd. montanus, Jerdon, J. A. S. XVI. 435.

STN. A, rufescens apud Jerdon, Catal.

Inhabits Nilgiris.

A. campestris (PI. Enl. 661).

SifN. Ahuda campestris, L.

A. rufescens, Bechstem, Teinminck.

A. rufulus apud Jerdon, Catal.

Cliillu, H. (Jerdon). Inhabits Europe, Asia,

N. Africa. Specimens from near Midnapur.

A.pratmsis {PI. Enl. 661, f. 2),

Syn. iVlauda pratensis, L.

Inhabits Europe, Asia, N. Africa-

A. cervinus (Denon's Egypt, Hist. Nat.

pl. )•

SYK. Motacilla cervina, Pallas.

Aiithus rufogularis, Brehm.A. aquaticus ? apud Bl^th, J. A. S. XVI. 437.

Inhabits S. E. Himalaya ; N. Europe ; N.Africa.

Gmus NEMORICOLA, Blyth.

N. ioidica (Vaill. Ois. d' Afr. t. 179).

Syn. Motacilla iudica, Omelin.M. variegata. Vieillot (nee Stephens).

Mlmimila, H. (Jerdon). Nyet Raliat, Ar-racan. Inhabits India generally ; Burmah

;

Malayan peninsula ; Sunoatra. Vicinity of

Calcutta at all seasons.

Germs MOTACILLA, L. (as restricted).

M, maderaspatana, Brissnn (nec Linnseus;

Vaill. Ois. d' Afr. t. 184).

SYN. M. maderaspateusis, Gmelin.M. maderas et M. variegata, Stephens (nec

Vieillot).

M. picata, Franklin.

Pied Wagtail, Latham.

Inhabits Hindustan generally; Kajmahl ;

Darjiling ; never in Lower Bengal.

M. alba L. {PI. Enl. 652).

Syn. M, albida et M. cinerea, Gmelin.

Inhabits Europe and W. Asia ; Afghanistan ?

Very rare in the British Islands).

M. duhhunensis Sykt-s, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 91.

Sin. M. alba apud Jerdon.

Dhohin, H. (Jerdon). Inhabits N. W. Cen-tral, and S. India. Afghanistan ?

4f. luzoniensis, Scopoli.

49

AND SOUTHERN ASIA,

Syn. M. alba, var. y, Latham.M. leucopsis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, ?, 78.

M. alboides, Hodgson, As. Res. XIX. 190.

Khanjan, H. Inhabits Bengal;

Nepal;

Philippines.

M. hoarula, L {PI. EjiI. 18, f. 1 ;Edwards,

pl. 259).

Syn. M. Sulphurea, Bechstein.

Inhabits Europe, Asia and its Archipelago,

Africa, and Australia. Specimen in summerdress, from Masuri.

Gemis BUDYTES, Cuvier.

B. citreola.

Syn. Motacilla citreola, L.

M. scheltobriusk, Lepech.B, calcaratus, Hodgson, As, Res. XIX. 190,

Zurcha, Kabul. Inhabits Asia generally,

and E. Europe ; Calcutta and Himalaya.

B. viridis (Brown's ' Illustrations,' pi.

33.—).

Syn. Motacilla viridis, Scopoli.

M. bistrigata. Raffles.

B. beema, Sykes.B. flava (?) et neglecta apud Jerdon,Wagtail Lark, Latham (young female).

Pilkya, H.;

Bessit, Java. Inhabits India

generally and Malay countries ; S. Europe ?

N, Africa ?

B. melanocephala, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1823'

p. 90 ; also of Lichtenstein ? Inhabits S. E*Europe; W. and Middle Asia ; Hindustan.

Fam. SPHENURIDiE.

Genus MEGALURUS, Horsfield.

M. palustris, Horsfield (P. C. 65, f. 2);

J. A. S. XIIL 372.

Syn. Malurus marginalis, Reinwardt.

Larri-angon, Jav. Inhabits Bengal;

Tip-

pera ; Arracan ; Java.

Genus SPHENUEA, Lichtenstein,

Sph. striata (J- A. S, XIII. 373).

Syn, Megalurus ? striatns, Jerdon, Madr, Journ.XIIL 169 (the female).

Dasyornis locustelloidejs, Blyth, J, A, S.

XI. 602.

Inhabits Bengal ; S. India.,

Genus SPHENÂCUS (?), Strickland.

Spli. f?) Burnesii.

Syn. Eurycercus Burnesii, Blyth, J. A S XII.374.

Inhabits Sindh.

Genus DUMETIA, Blyth.

D. hyperythra.

Syn, Timalia hyperythra, Franklin.

7



-D. Alhogularis.

Stn. Malacocercus (?) alhogularis, Blyth^ J. A.S. XVI. 4.53.

Timalia liypevylhra apiul Jerdou, Catal.

Shah Dumri, H. ? (Jerdon).

Inhabits S. India; Ceyion.

Genus MALACOCERCUS, Svvainson.

M. nijpaleiisis.

Syn. Timalia nipalensis vel. leucotis, et T. pel-

lotis, Hodgson, As. Kes. XIX. 182.

Inhabits Nepal.

M. bengalensis (Edwards, pi. 184, badly

coloured).

Syn. Merula bengalensis, Brisson.

Turdus canorns, L.

Pastor terricolor, Hodgson, J. A, S. V,

771.

Sat Bhai (' seven brothers'), H. ; Chatar-

rliea, B. Inliahits Bengal; Nepal ;Assam

;

Deyra Doon ; Ceylon.

M. malabaricus Jerdon {III, Ind. Orn., art.

M. ffriseus).

Syn. M. Somervillei apiid Jerdon, Catal.

Jnnyli Kar or Kayr, H. (Jerdou). Inha-

bits Malabar ; sides of Nilgiris.

M. griseus (Jerdon's III. Ind. Oni., pi. 19).

Syn. Turdus griseus, Latham.

Keyr, H. : Chinda, or 8iAa, Telugu : Kullu

Kooravi (' Hedge-bird'), Tamool : Kuliyan,

Malavalum (Jerdon). Inliabits Carnatic, and

its immediate vicinity.

M. rufescens, Blyth, J. A. S. XVI. 453.

Inhabits Ceylon.

M. Malcolmi (Hardwicke's III. Ind. Zool.

^Syn. Timalia Malcolmi, Sykes.

Garrulus albifrons, (Gray and Hardw.)Pale-eared Thrush, Latham.

GTioghoye, H.;

Goiitjya, Can. : Kohitti;

Mahr. (Jerdon). Inhabits S, India ; Cawn-

pore district.

M. suhrufus, Jerdon.

Syn. Timalia snbrufa, Jerdon, Ca*-nl.

T. poecilorliyncha, de hi Fresnaye.

Inhabits S. India : Wynaad, and along the

margins of the W. Ghats.

M. Earlei, Blytb, J. A. S. XIII. 369.

Syn. M. geochrous, Hodgson.

Inhabits Bengal;Nepal

;Tippera.

M. caudatus.

Syn. Cossyphxis caudatus, Dumeril.Megalurus isabellinus, Swainson, 1\ cent.

Timalia chatarrlisea. Franklin.

Dumri,}!. ; Tarn- ? (Jerdon);Hedo,

and Laila, Siiidh. Inhabits ludia geaeraliy.

Gemis DRYMOICA, Swainson.

D7\ criniger.

Syn. Suga criniger, Hodgson, As, Res. XIX»183.

Inhabits Himalaya.

Dr. sylvatica.

Syn. Prinia sylvatica, Jerdon, Madr. Journ.XI. 4.

Inhabits Nilgiris-

Dr. rohusta, Blyth, J. A. S. XVIII, In-

habits Ceylon. Specimen presented by E. L.

Lavard, Esq. differs from Dr. sylvatica in its

darker shade of colour above, and larger andstronger bill and legs, which last appear to havebeen of a deep reddish brown colour : the flanks

aiifl sides of the breast are duskyish.

Dr. neglecta.

Syn. Priuia neglecta, Jerdon, Madr. Journ.XIII. pt. II, 130,

Dr. sylvatica of Mednapur apud Blyth,J, A.'S. XVI. uute to p. 459.

Inhabits Central India. Specimen procured

near Mednapur <lifl'ers from Dr. sylvatica, in its

more rufescent tinê tlirouglinut, the wingfea-

thers being itiargined with dull rul'ous; and the

flanks are largely and deeply tinged with brown,extending up the sides of the breast.

Dr. ? Inhabits Java. A. speci-

men presented by the Batavian Society (1845).is very like Dr. sylvatica, but smaller, with

more conspicuously whitish lores and throat.

Vide J. A. S., XVI. 459.

Dr. Jerdoni, Blyth, J. A. S. XVI. 459. In-

habits S. India.

Dr. inornata.

Syn. Prinia inornata, Sj'kes,P. Z. S. 1S32. p. 89.

Inhabits Hindustan generally; S India; Cey-

lon. This Ceylon race is darker above, especial-

ly on the crown, the lores and throat conspicu-

ously whitish, as in Dr. robusta.

Dr. Franklinii.

Syn. Prinia Franklinii, Blyth, J. A. S. XIII.

376.

Pr. macroiira. Franklin, P. Z. S. 1831. p.

118.

Pr. fusca, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 29.

Sylvia lougicaudata (?), Tickell, J. A. S.

li. 576.

Inhabits Bengal; Nepal; Arracan.

Dr, Buchanaui, Blyth, J. A. S. XIII 376.

Syn. Priuia ruiifi-ou.-*, Franklin {nec Ruppell).

Pr. brunnifrons, Hodgson, An. Mag. N. H,1845, p. 29.

Sylvia longicauda, var. A (?) Latham.

Inhabits Nepal; Upper Bengal; S. India.

Dr. lepida, Blyth, J. A. S. XIII, 376; XVI.460. Inliabits margins of sand deposits of

rivers in Bengal: also Sindh.


Gmns PKTNTA, Horsfieid.

Pr. Hodgsonii, Blvth, J. A. S XIIT. 376.

Syn. Pr. gracil's apud Jeidoa (neo Frankliu,

iiec Maluruis gracilis, Kuppell).

Inhabits Nepal; S. India.

Pr, gracilis, Franklin, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 119.


Pr. rv,fescens, Blylh, J. A. S. XVI. 456.

Inliabits Arracan.

Pr. socialis, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 89.

Syn. Foodkey Warbler, Latham.

Inhabits S. India.

Pr. Stewarti, Blyth, J. A. S. XVI. 455.

Syn. Sylvia kalaphutki, B. Ham. MS.Flaxen Warbler, var A., Latham.

Inhabits Upper Provinces ol Bengal Presi-

dency.

Pr, flaviventris.

Syn. Orthotomus flaviventris, Ad. Delessert.

Inhabits Niisi;ris? Bengal Sundarbuns ; Te-nasserim ; Malacca.

Genus NEORNIS, Hodgson.

N. fiavolivacea, Hodgson, J. A. S.XIV. 590(the young).

Syn Drymoica brevicaiidata, Blyth. J. A. S.

XVI, 459 (the adult).

Inhabits Nepal; Darjiliiig.

Gemis ORTHO rOMUS, Horsfieid.

0. longicauda.

Syn. Mofcacilla longi'janda at M. sutoria, Gmelin.Sylvia guztiratta, Latham.S. rnficapilla, Hutton, J. A. S-

Orthotomus Benuetii, et 0- lingoo, Sykes.

O. sphenurus, Swainsou, 21 cent.

O. sutiiriii and 0. palia, Hodgson, P. Z. S.

1845, p. 29.

Tuntuni, Beng. Inhabits India generally;

Ceylon; Burmese countries ; Malayan peninsula.

0- edela, Temminck.

Syn. Edela ruficeps, Lesson.

Motacilla sepium apud Raffles.

Kachichi, Malay. Inhabits Malayan penin-

sula ; Sumatra.

0. cineraceus, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 589.

Inhabits Mala\an peninsula.

Genus HORIE I'ES, Hodgson.

H, hrunnifrons, Hodgson, J. A. S. XIV.685.

Syn, H. sehistilatiJS, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1845 p.

30.

Nivicola schistilata, Hodgson, J.A.S. XIV.586.

Inhabits S. E. Himalaya, near the snow re-

gion.

'Genus CISTICOLA, Lesson.

C. cursitans (Jerdon's III. Tnd. Orn., pi. 6).

Syn. Prima cursitans. Franklin.

Inhabits India generally. iSot satisfactorily

distinct Irom B. sclioenicola.

C. omcchira, Blyth, J. A. S. XVIII. Inhabits

Ceylon.

Germs PELLORNIUM, Swainson.

p. ruficeps, Swainson.

Syn. p. olivacenm, Jerdon.Cinclidia punctata, Gould.Megalruns ruficeps, .Sykes.

Inhabits Nepal ; S. India ; Tenasserim pro-

vinces.

Geiius TURDIROSTRIS, A. Hay.

T superciliaris, A. Hay, âdr. Journ.XIII. pt. 2, 163. Inhabits Malayan penin-

sula.

Genus POMATORHINUS, Horsfieid.

P. hypolexKOs, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 59.9.

Syn. Orfchorhinns hypolcucos, Blyth (the

young), J. A. S. XIII. 371.

Inhabits Arracan.

P. erytlirogenys, Vigors (Gould's 'Century.'

pi, 5 5). Inhabits Himalaya.

P. scMsticejJS,Hodgson, Js. Res. XIX, pt.

1. p. 181. Inhabits S. E. Himalaya;Sylhet

;

Tippera ; x'\rakan.

P. leucogaster, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p.

137.

Syn. p. olivaceus, Blyth, J. A. S. XVI. 451.

P. iiioatanus of Assam apud Horsfieid,

P. Z, S. 1839, p. 166.

Inhabits Deyra Doon;Nepal : Assam ; Ten-

asserim provinces.

p. melanurus, Blyth, J. A. S. XVI. 451.Inhabits Ceylon.

P. Horsfieid, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 89.

Inhabits Peninsula of India.

p. Plmyrei, Blyth J. A. S. XVI. 452. In-

habits Arracan.

P . ferruginosus, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 597-Inhabits iSikkiiri.

-P. riificollis, Hodgs'm, As. Res. XIX. pt. 1,

18^, Inhabits S. E. H inialaya.

P. montanus, Horsfieid (Zool. Res. in Java,_pi. ). Bokhek, Java. Inhabits Java,

Gemis XIPHORHAMPHUS, Blyth.

X superciliaris, Blyth, J. A. S. XII. 947.

Syn. Xiphorhynchus superciliaris, ibid J. A,S. XL 175.

Inhabits Sikkim.

Genus TURD IN US, Blyth.

T. maerodactylus, J. A. S- XIII, 382.

BIRDS OT EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASIA.

SvN. Malacopteron macrodactylum, Strick-land.

Bi-achypteryx albogularis, Hartlaub.

Tana, Malay. Inhaliits Malayaa peninsula-

Genus TRICHASTOMA, Blytb.

Tr. Ahhotti.

Syn, Malacocincla Abbotti, Blytb, J. A. S.

XIV. UOl.

Inhabits Arracan.

Tr. olivaceum.

Syn. Megalopteron olivaecum, Strickland, Ann.Mag. N. H. 1847, p. 3 32.

Tr. Ahhotti, var ? Inhabits Malayan penin-

sula.

Ti\ hicolor.

Syn. Bracbypteryx bicolor, Lesson.

Malacopteron feiruginosum, Blyth, J. A.S. XIII. 383.


Tr. rostratum, Blytli, J. A. S. XI. 795. In-

habits Malayan peninsula.

Genus MALACOPTERON, Eyton.

M. mnjus, Blyth, J. A- S. XVI. 461. In-

habits Malayan peninsula.

M. magnum, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 103.


Genus ALCIPPE, B^th.

A. albogularis.

Stn. Setaria albogularis.Blyth, J. A. S. XIII.385.


A affinis (J. A. S. XIII. 384.)

Syn. Trichastoma affiane, Blyth J. A. S. XI.795.


A. CMierea, Eyton.

Syn. Malacopteron cinereum, Eyton, P. Z. S.

1839, p. 103 ; J. A. S. XIII. 384.

Inhabits Malayan pcTiinsula.

A. PJiayrei, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 601.

Inhabits Arracan.

A. nipalensis.

Syn. Siva nipalensis, Hodgson, lud. Rev.

1838, p. SO.

Inhabits S. E. liinaalaya ; Arracan.

A. sepiaria.

Syn. Bracbypterix sepiarai, Horsfield, Liu. Tr.

Xlll. 15C.

Chichohan, Jav. Inhabits Java.

A. poiocephala.

Syn. Timalia poiocepliala, Jerdon, Madr.Journ. XIII. lOi).

Inhabits S. luflia.

A- atriceps.

Syn. Bracbypteryx atriceps, Jerdon, Madr.Journ. X. 250.

Inhabits S. India.

A. (?) striata.

Syn. Timalia striata, Blyth, J. A. S. XI. 733.


Genus MACROiNOUS, Jardine and Selby.

M.pti.losns, J. and S. {fll. Orn. pi- 150).

Syn. Timalia tricborros, Teinmiuck.

Buroncj taal-'uban, Malay. Inhabits Ma-layan peninsula.

Genus MIXORNIS, Hodgson.

M. qularis (Horsf. Zoo}. Res. in Java,pi. ).

Syn. Timalia gularis, Horsfield.

Priniî pilcata, Blyth, J A, S. XI. 204.

Burong Puding, Malay. Inhabits Tenns-seritn provinces

;Malayan peninsula ; Java.

M. chloris, Hoderson, J. A. S. XI. 794.

Syn. M, ruflceps, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1845. p23.

MotaciUa rubicapilla (?), Tickell, J. A. S.II. 576.

Inhabits Sub-himala\ an region; Central In-

dia ? Tenasserim provinces.

ffenus TLMALIA, Horsfield.

T. pileata, Horsfield (Zool. Res. in Java,pi. ). Lawit, or Gogo-stite, Jav. InhabitsBengal

;Nepal

; Assam ; Arracan ; Java.

T. nigricollis, Tern mi nek.

Syn. T. erythroDotu-s Blytb, .T. A. S. XL 793.Bracbypteryx nigrogularis, Eyton.

Burong Tauah, Malay. Inhabits Malayanpeninsula.

T.pecioralis, Blyth, J. A. S. XI. 793.

Syn. Malacopteron squamatum, Eyton.

Fampang, MaLiy. inhabits Malayan penin-sula.

T. erythro-ptera, Blyth, J. A. S. XI. 794.

Syn. T. pyrrhophfea, Hartlaub.

Brachyptevyx acutirostris, Eyton.


Genus CHRYSOMMA, Hodgson.

Clir. sinense (Jardine and Seiby, III. Cm.pi. 119).

Syn. Parus sinensis, also Gotah Finch, andEmberiza calfat, Var. A., Latham.

Timalia bypoleuca, Franklin.T. Horsfield, Jardine and Selby.Pyctoris rufifrons, Hodgson, P, Z. S. 1845,

p. 24.

Timalii» bicolor, Lafresnaye.

52


(xiilchasm, ;also ShuJcar Dumri, H. ? ( Jer-

don). Inhabits India tienerally ; Ciiina ?

Genus STACHYRIS, Hodgson.

St. nigriceps, Hodgson, J. A. S. XIII. SITS;

P. Z. S. 1845, p. 22. Inhabits S. E. Hima-laya.

St.pyrrJiops, Hodgson, J A.. S. XIII. 379;P. Z. 1845, p. 23 (there spelt pyrops).

Inhabits Nepal.

St. ruficeps, Blytli, J. A. S. XVI. 452.

Inhabits Sikkira.

Si;, chryseea, Hodgson, J. A. S. XIII. 37!);

P. Z. S. 1845, p. 23. Inhabits S. E. Hima-laya ; Arracan.

Fain. LANIAD^.Genus GAMPSORHYNC'HUS, Blyth.

G. rufalus, Biytli, J. A. S. XIIT. 370. In-

habits Terai region of the S. E. Himalaya,

Arracan, &c.

Genus THAMNOCATAPHUS, Tickell.

Th. picat2cs, Tickell, J. A. S. XV HI. In-

habit Darjiiing.

Gemis LANIU&, L.

L. lahtora, (Hardwicke's III. Ind- Zool.)

Syn. Collnrio lahtora, Sykes.

Laiiius excubitiir, var C, Latliam.

L. burra, Gray, Hardw , 111. Ind. Zool.

Dudia lahtora, (' Milky Shrike'), H. In-

habits India generally (nec Lower Bengal).

L. schach, L.

Syn. L. bentet, Horsfield.

Burong Fapa, or Terip api Malay^

Bentet,

Java, Inhabits China ; PHdippines; Java.

L erythronotus (Gould's 'Century,' pi. 12,

f. 2).

Syn. Culliirio erythronotus, Vigors.


L. caniceps, Blyth, J. A. S. XV. 302.

Syn. C, erythronotus of S. India, Anct.

Inhabits Indian peninsula ; Sindh;Upper

Bengal.

L. nigriceps.

Syn. Cullurio nigriceps, Franklin.

Lanius uadutus, Sc.opoli.

L. antiguanus Latham,L. tricolor, Hodgson, Ind. Rev. 1837.Indian Shrike, Latham.

Inhabits Bengal; Kutak ; Nepal; Assam;

Arracan.

L. tephronotus.

Syn. Cullurio tephronotus, Vigors, P. Z. S.

I8S1, p. 43.

Lanius nipaleusis, Hodgson, Ind. Rev.1837, p. 445.

Grey-backed Shrike, Latham.

Inhabits Bengal;Nepal ; Assam ; Arracan,

L. superciliosus, L. (Vaill. Ois. d' A/r. pi,

66, f. 2.)

Syn. L. collurioides. Lesson.

Bengal variety.—L. cristhtus, L.

L. phseiiicurus, Pallas.

L. nitiliis, var A, and L. superciliosus, var A.Lalhain.

L. melanoiis, Valenciennes.L. ferrugici'ps, Hodgson, lud. Rev. 1S37, p. 446.

Sindh variety.

L. arenarms, Blyth, J. A. S. XV. 301.

Philippine variety ?

L. iucienensis, Kutkati. Beng.

Inhabits all S. E. Asia and its islands, ex-cept on elevated land.

L tigrinus, Drapi( z. Diet- Ckiss. d' Hist.

Rat.

Syn. L. ni:io;nirostris, Lesson, in Belanêr's Voyage.L. strigatus, Eyton, P. Z. S.;i83y, p. 103.

Serara, Malay. Jnliabits Malay countries.

L. HarriivicMi, Vigors (Guuld's ' Century,'pi. 12, f. 1).

Syn. Collnrio Hardwickii, Vigors.

Bay-backed biirike, Latluim.

richanvi, H. Inhabits India generally (nec

Benijal alluvium).

L. hypoieucos, Blyth, J. A- S. XVll, 249,


Gemts TEPHRODOliNlS, Swainson.

T. sylvicola, Jerdon, Madr. Journ- X. 236.Phari latora, H. Inhabits S. India.

T. pehica.

Syn. Tenfliaca pelvica, Hodgson, Ind. Kev. 1837, p.

4''17.

Inhabits Nepal ; Arracan.

?. f/i^laris. (Tem. Fl. Col. 256. f. i.)

Syn. L. virgatus, Temminck.Lanias gulari'i, Rallies.

Baron Baron, Malay. Inhabits Malay coun-

tries.

T. pondiceriana. (Hardw. III. Ind Zool.)

Syn. Muscicapa pondiceriana, Gmclin.

M. philippensis of India, Latham.Lanius k^roula. Gray.

L. niuscipetoides, Frauklin.

L. griseus, Tickell, J. A. S. IL 573.

L. sordidus, Lesson.

T. superciliosus, iwainson.

Tenthaca leucurus, Hodgson, Ind. Kev. 1837.

p. 447.


T. affinis, Biyth, J. A. S. XVI. 473. Inhabits

Ceylon.

T. grisola, Blyth, J. A. S. XII. 180.

Inhabits Penang ; Java ; Arracan;very rare

in Lower Beeigal.

5S


Cmus HEMIPUS, Hodgson.

H. obscurus (Horsfield's Zool. Res. in Java.

pi. ).

Syn. Miiscicapa obscura, Horsfield.

^5. hinmdiiiaceus, lleinliardt.

Tephrodornis liirundiuHceus, Swainson.

Inhabits Malay countries ; lenassei im.

H. picata.

SjN. Musicapa picata, Sykes.

M. tyrannides, Tickell, J. A. S. II. 574.

M. Iiyrnndiuacea, apud Jerdou, Catal.

M. variegata (?), LiiiuEeus.

Tnhahits Arracan ; Central and S. India;

Ceylon.

capitalis.

Syn. Mnsoicapa ? capitalis, McClelland P. Z. S. 1839,

p. 159.

H. picEec( lor, Hodgson, P. Z- S. 1845, p. 33.

Inhabits Himnlaya ; Assam.

Genus XANTHOPYGIA, Blyth.

X. leucophrys, Blyth, J. A- S, XVI. 123.

Gyn. Musicapa xauthopygia, A. Hay, Madr. Jouru.

Xi, 162 (tlie female).


JST- narcissina ( Tern., PI. Col. 577, f. 1).

Syn. Muscicapa narcissina, Temminck.Z. chrysophrys, Blyth, J. A. S. XVI. 121.

Inhabits China ; Japan.

Fam. BR/VCHYURIDiE.

Genus PITTA, Vieillot.

P. ccerulea (Tem. PI. Ool. 317).

Syn. Myiotliera caerulea. Raffles,

i'itta gigas, Teniniinck.

Inhabits Malayan peninsula : Sumatra.

P. nipalensis.

Syn. Faludicola uipalensis Hodgson, J. A. S. VI.

103.

Pitta michalis, Blytli, J. A. S. XI. 188.

Inhabits Himalaya ; Arracan,

P. cucnllata, Hartlaub (Ann. Mag. N. H.XIII. pi. 20.;

Syn. p. niLTicollis, Blyth, J. A. S. XII. 9fiO.

P. rodogaster, Hodgson, J. A. S. XII. 961 (the

young.)

Inhabits Nepal ; Assam;Malayan peninsula.

P. cijanoptera, Temminck i^Pl. Col. 218).

Syn. r. malacoensis apud BIytli. J. A. S. XII. 960.

Inhabits Arracan ; Tenasserim provinces;

Malayan peninsula.

P. triodegus (Gould's ' Century,' pi. 23).

SYN. Turdus triostegus, Sparrman,

T. malaccensis, Scopoli.

P. superciliaris et abdomiualis, Wagler.

P. bengalensis, Stephens.

P. brachyura of India, auctorum.

Inhabits India generally, from the sub-Hi-

malayan region to Ceylon inclusive : never on

the eastern side of the Bay of Bengal.

54.

P. erytlirogastra, Tem. {PI. Col. 213). In-

habits I'hilippmes.

P. granatina, Tem. (PL Col. 506).

Syn. P, coccijiea, Eyton, P, Z. S. 1839, P. lOi.

Inhabits Mnliiyan peninsula.

P. c.yanea, Blyth, .1. A- S., XII. 1008;

XVI 153. liibaijits ArracHo V Tenasserim pro-vinces.

P. cyanura {PI. Enl. 355).

Syn. Corvus cyanurus, Gnjeliii.

Myiothera affiiiis, Raffles.

Sintar, Sum. : Punglor, Jav. Inhabits Ma-layan peninsula

; Sumatra.

Ge7ius HYDROBATA, Vieillot.

//. asiatica (Goulil's ' I'eutury,' p. 24).

Syn. Ciuclub asiaticus, Swainson.C. Pallasii apud Gould,

Inhabits Himalaya.

Genus TROGLODYTES, Cuvier.

Tr. nipaleiisis, Hodgson, J. A. S XIV.589.

SYN. Tr, subhemalayanus, Hodgson, Gray.

Inhabits N. W. Himalfiya;Nepal.

Tr pmictatus, J. A. S. XIV. 58y.

Inhabits Sikkim.

Genus EUPE I'ES, Temminck.

Eu. macrocercus, Tem. {PI. Col. 51fi). In.habits Malaynn peninsula.

Genus ENICURUS, lemminck.

U. rvfirapjillus, Tem. {PI. Col, ). In-habits Java.

E. mamlatus, Vigors, (Gould's ' Centurv'

pi. 27).^'

SYN. E. fuliginosns, Hodgson (the young).

Inhabits Himalaya.

E schislaceus, Hodgson, As. Res. XIX, 191.Inhabits S. K. Himalaya

; Tenasserim pro-vinces.

E. immaculatns, Hodo-son, As. Res. XIX-1 90, J. A. S. XVI. 157. Inhabits Arracau.Rare in Nepal.

E. frontalis, Blyth, J. A. S. XVI. 156.Inhabits Malayan peuiusula,

E. scoideri, Vigors (Gould's ' Century,' pi.

28). Inhabits Himalnya; rare to the N. W.

Fam. MERULID^.Subfam. MEEULIN^.

Genus MYIOPHONUS, Temminck.

M. TemmincMi, Vigors [Gould's ' Century,'' 21).

Syn. M. uitidus, Grsy.

BIRDS OF EASTERN

Inhabits Himalaya ; Assam;Arracan.

M. Horsfieldi, Vigors (Gould's ' Century,'

pi. 20). Inhabits Nilgiris (nec Himalaya).

Genus TURDUS, L.

Sub-genus ZOOTHERA, Vigors,

Z. mont-icola, Vigors (Gould's ' Century,'

pi. 22). Inliabits Himalaya.

Z. marginata, Blytb, J. A. S. XVI. 141.

Inhabits Arraoan.

Sub-genus OREOCINCLA, Gould.

0. nilgiyiensis, Blytb, J. A. S. XVI. 181.

Inhabits Nilgiiis".

0. mollissima, Blyth, J. A. S. XI. 188;

xvr. 141.

Ssrr. O. rostrata, Hodgson, nn. Mag. N, H. 1845'

f. 326.

Inhabits Himalaya.

0. dauma, (Gould's B. E. pi. ),

Syn. Turdus dauma, Lathiim,

T. Whitei, Eyton.

T. doratus ?

O, parvirostris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 136.

Inhabits Himalaya, Nilgiris : migrating to

the plains in winter. Rare iu Europe.

0- spUoptera, Blytb, J. A- S. XVI. 143.

Inhabits Ceylon.

Sub-genus TUEDUS.

T. viscivorus, L. {PI. Enl. 439 ; Gould's

B. E. pi. 77).

Syn. T, major, Brisson.

Inhabits Europe ; N. W. Himalaya,

T. Nanmanni (?), Temminck (Gould's B.

E. pi. 9).

Syn. T, dubius, Naumann.

Inhabits E. Europe N. Asia;very rare in

the Himalaya.

T. atrogularis, Natrerer (Gould's B. E. pi.

lb).

Syn. T. Bechsteini, Naumann,T. dubius, Beclibteiu.

Inhabits N. Asia;Himalaya

;Tippera.

T. ruficollis, Pallas.

Syn. (Perhaps a variety of Galprida cristata of which

some specimens are partially rul'oub-tailed.)

Inhabits N. Asia;Himalaya.

T. javanicus (?) Horsfield, Linn. Tr. XIII.

184).

Syn. T. concolor, (?) Temminck (PI. Col).

T. rululus, Drapiez, Diet, Class.

T. roodestus, Eyton, F. Z. S. 1839, p. 103.

Inhabits Anacau; Malayan peninsula; Java ?

Subgenus MERULA.M. vulgaris, Ray, Leach (Gould's B. E. pi.

7:i).

55

AND SOUTHERN ASIA,

Syn. Turdus merula, L.

oabits Europe ; N. Africa ;Madeira ;

W.Asia

;Afghanistan ; (Ihina (Chusan).

M. boulboul (Gould's ' Century,' pi. 14).

STfi. Lanius boulboul pt Turdus persicua (?,) Latham,'1'. pa^cilopterus, Vigors.

Inhabit Himalaya.

M. simillima.

Sy'N. Turdus simillimus, Jerdon, Madr. Journ., X"253.

Inhabits Nilgris.

M. nigropileus.

SYN. Turdus nigropilpus, de la Fresnaye; Ad. De-

lessert Voyage dans I'inde.

Inhabits S. India.

M. albocineta (Royle's III. Him. Bot. pi. 8.

f. 3).

Syn. Turdus albocinctus et T. albicollisj Royle.

T. collaris, Sorel.

Inhabits Himalaya.

1/. castanea, Gould P. Z. S. 1835, p. 185.

Inhabits Himalaya.

M. Wardii (Jerdon's 111. Ind Orn. pi. 8).

Syn. Zootliera melanoleuca. Uartlaub.

Oreocincla ? micropus, Hodgson (female).

Inhabits Himalaya; S. India-

Sub-genus (5E0CICHLA, Kuhl.

G- unicolor.

Syn. Turdus unicolor, Tickell, Gould.

Inhabits Himalaya.

Q. dissimilis, Blyth, J. A. S. XVI. 144.

Syn. Calcutta Thrush, Latham.

Inhabits Bengal (during cold season.)

G. citrina ( lern. Pt. Col. 445).

Syn Turdus citrinus, Latham,T. Mucei, Vieillof.

T. lividus, Tickell, J. A. '5. IL 577.

T. rubeculus, apud Hurafield, P. Z. S. 1839 p.161.

Inhabits Bengal;Nepal ; Assam ; Arracan ;

C. India.

G. cyanotus (J. and S., ///. Orn., 1st series,

pi. 46).

Syn. Turdus cyanotus, .lardine and Selby.

Inhabits Indian peninsula.

G. innotata, Blyth, J. A. S. XVI, 146. In-

habits Malayan peninsula ; Nicobars.

Sub-genus PETROCINULA, Vigors.

P. erythrogastra (Gould's ' Century,' pi. 13;J. and S. III. Orn., 1st series, pi. 129).

Syn. Turdus erythrogaster. Vigors,

Tetrocincla rutiventris, Jardine and Selby.

Pettocossyphus feriugineuveutris, Lesson.

Inhabits Himalaya.

P. cyaneus (PI, Enl. 250 ;Edwards, pL 18).


6yn. Turdus cyaien?, L.

T. solilarius, Gmelin.Merulacc^rulea, Brisson.P. longirostris, Blytli, J. A. S. XVf. 150.

Inhabits Europe ; N. Africa ; W. Asia;

Kashmir; Punjab

; Sindh. 'I'he Iniliaii varie-

ty P. paudoo (the male), and F. mual (thefemale), Sykes : Tardus solitarius, var. A.Latham is merely somewhat (ieeper-colored,

the females especially, which are somewhatfiifferently marked on the under-parts. Thebill also is generally smaller. Inhabits Hin-dustan

; S. India.

P. affiMis, Blyth, J A. S. XII. 177. In-

habits Sikkim; Butan ; Assam

;Sylhet

; Tip-pera ; Arracan ; Tenasserim.

P. maillensis(Pl Enl. 636).

SlfN. Turdus maiiilleiisis, Gmelin.T. olivaceus (?}, Boddaert.

Inhabits Philippines; China.

Suh-genus MONTICOLA, Brehm.

M. cinclorhijncha (Gnuld's ' Century, pi, 19J.

Sl'N. PetrociiiclH cinelorhyncha, Viffors.Petropliila cyanocephala, Swainson,Black collared Thrusli, var. A Latham.

Inhabits hilly parts of India ijeneriilly, keep-ing to the forests very rare in Lower Benjâlinthe seasons of passage.

Genus LUSCINIA, (Antiq ) L. (1735), G R.

Gray,

L. philomela, Bonap {PI. Enl. 615, f. 2).

Syn. Moticilla luscinia, L.

Sylvia luscinia, Lath. Tern (nee S. philoiiieia,

'I'em.)

JBulbul bosta, H. : BHlbid-i-Jinzar dastan,

Pers. Inhabits Europe; N. Africa ; W. Asia

;

common in Persia, but only known as a cagebird in Afghanistan.

Subfam. SAXlCOLINyE.

Genus THAMNOBIA, Swainsoa.

Th. camhaiensis.

Syn. Sylvia canibaiensis, Latham.Saxicoloides erythruius, Lessou (the female).

Inhabits Upper and Central India.

Th. fulicata (PI. Enl. 185, f. 1).

Syn. Motacilla fulicata, L,vT?nanthe ptygmatura, Vieillot,

Th. leucoptera, Swaiuson.Rusty-vented Thrush, and the female. —Sylvia

lulicata, var. a, LathTim.

Kvlcliuri, H. (Jerdon), Inhabits S. India;

Ceylon;

Philippines ?

Genus KITTaCINCLA, Gould.

K. macrourus (Vaillant, pi. 114).

Syn. Turdus macroums, Gmelin.T. tricolor, Vieillol.

Gryllivora lougicauila, Swainsou.

Shama, H.;Ahbeka, H. (Jerdon) : Larwa,

Jav. Inhabits India generally (nee LowerBengal)

;Ceylon

; Burmese and Malay coun-tries.

Genus COPSYOHUS, Wagler.

O- mindanemis .

Syn. Turdus mindaneusis, Gmelin.Lauius niiisicus, Raffles ûec Tu-dus amoenus

UorsfielJ).

Gryllivora magiiirostra et Or. rosea, Swaiuson(vide J. A. S. XV]. 139).

CJioche, Malay;Moorai, or Moorai Kichou,

Sura. Inhabits Malay countries.

C. savlaris (Edwards, pi. 181).

SYN. Gracula saularis, L.

Gryllivora intermedia, Swaiuson.Dahlia ducilis. iiodgson, As. Kes. XIX. 189.

Dayal, B.jDayyur or Deyr, H. (Jerdon) ;

Polichia, Cingh : Thaheitgyee, Arracan. In-

habits Bengal;Nepal; India generally ; Arra-

can; Tenasserim. The head and back of fe-

male invariably ashy.

Var. Gr. brevirostra (?), Swainson.

Inhabits Ceylon. The head and back of

shining black, nearly as the male.

Genus NOTODELA (?) Lesson.

N. (?) leucura, J. A. S. XVI. 188.

Syn. Muscisvlvia leucura, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1845,

p. 27.,

Inhabits Musari;Nepal.

Genus GRANDAL A, Hodgson.

Gr. ccelicolor, Hodgson, J. A. S. XII. 447.

Inliabiis Simla;Nepal : near snowy region.

Genus SAXICOLA, Bechsteiu, (JerJca,

Sindh).

S. oputholeuca, Strickland.

Syn. S. leucura apud Blyth, J. A. S. XVL 137.

Inhabits Upper Hindustan ; Sindh.

S. picata, Blyth, J. A. S. XVI. 131. In-

habits Upper Hindustan ; Sindh.

aS'. leucomela {Pi. Col. 257, f. 3.

Syn. Jluscicapa leucomela et. M. melanoleuca, Ste-

l)heus.

Inhabits S Europe;

N. Africa ; W. Asia;

Upper Hindustan ; Sindh.

S. atrogularis, Blyth, J. A. S. XA''I. 130-1.

Inhabits Upper Hindustan ; Sindh.

S. anajithe {PL Enl. 554).

Syn. Motacilla tenauthe, L.

Inhabits Europe, W. Asia;Upper Hindus-

tan.

Genus CYANECULA, Brelara.

C. suecica {PI. Enl. 361, f. 2, and 610. f.

1, a, 3).

56

BIEDS OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASIA.

Syn. Motacilla suecica, L.Sylvia caeruligula, Pallas.

S. sperata, var. A, Lstham (the female'*.

Blue- necked Warbler, Latham.

Hmaini Pidda, H. : Dumhulc, Kabul- In-

habits N. Europe ; India generally : very abun-

dant in Lower Bengal.

Genus RU TIC ILL A., Brehm.

JR. frontalis (Goulu's Centur]/, pi. 26, f, 2).

Sin. Phoenicura frontalis, Vigors.

Inhabits Hinidlaya geueiiilly.

JR- erythrogastm.

SYN. Sylvia erythrognstra, Oaldpnstudt.

IWuscicapa aurorea, Pallas.

Fhoeoicura Keevesii, Gray.

Inhabits N. and M. Asia, from the Caucasusto Japan

;Nepal ; Assam.

li. phoenicurus (PL Eid. 351, f- 2).

Syjf. .'Vlotaeilla phcEnicura, L.Phoenicara ruticilla, Swainson.K. tytliys of Alghauistau, apud Hutton, J. A. S.

XV. 780.

Inhabits Europe; W. Asia ; and variety in

Afirhanistan and Siudh.

E. leucoptem, Bl.^th, J. A. S. XII. 962;

XVI. 134. Inhabits Malayan peninsul;\ ; Java.

R. indica, Biyth, (Jardine and Selby, III.

Orn. pi. 86, f. 3).

Syn. Phcenicttra atrata apud Jardine and Selby.

Thirt lira (i. e. ' Shaker'). H. (Jerdon).


E. cceruleocephala (Gould's Century, pi. 26,f. 2).

Phsenicura cseruleocephala, Vigors,

Inhabits Himalaya.

22. fuliginosa.

Syn. Phffinicura fuliginosa, Vigors, P Z. S 1831p. 35.

Ph. pluiiibea, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 185.

Inhabits Himalaya.

R. leucocephala (Gould's Century, pi, 26,f. 2).

SYN. Phoenicura leucocephala. Vigors.,

Sylvia erythrogastra, var. a. Latham.

Inhabits Himalaya.

Gemis CALLIOPE, Gould.

C. pectoralk, Gould (Icones Avium). Inha.bits Himalaya.

,

C camtschatJcensis (Lath. Supp., pj. in

front ispiece).

Syn, Sylvia camtschatkenais, Qmelin,Motacilla calliope, Pallas.

Calliope Lathami, Gould-

Gan/^vla, Nepal. Inhabits Asia. Commonin Lnwpr Bengal during the cokl season

; rare

iu U. ludia.

57

C. cyana.

Syn. Larvivora cyana, et L. brunnea(?). Hodg-son, J. A. S. VI., 102.

Phoenicura superciliaris, Jerdon, Madr,Journ. XIII. 170.

Inhabits Himalaya chieHy : rare in Niliiiris :

very rare and accidental in Lower Bengal

during the seasons of passage.

Genus TARSIOER, Hodgson.

T. chrysneus, Hodgson, Ann- Mac/. N. H.1845, p. 198. Inhabits S. E. Himalaya.

Genus PRATINCOLA, Koch.

Pr. capruta {PI. Eul. 235, f. 1. 2).

Syn. Mi'tacilla caprata, L.

M, iuciunensis, var A. Latham.M, sylvatica (?), Tickell, J. A. S. II. 575.

Saxicola frnticola, Horsfield.

S. bicolor et S. erythropygya, Sykee.

Pidah or Kala Pidah, H.;Lay My a, Arra-

can; Dechu, Jav. Inhabits India generally (nec

Lower Bengal) ; Arracan ; Java.

Fr. ruhicola (PZ. Enl. 678, f. 1).

Syn. Motacilla rubicola, L.

Inhabits Europe ; N.Africa.

Pr. indica, Blyth, J. A. S. XVI, 129.

Stn. p. rubicola of India, auctorum.

Inliabits India generally.

Pr. lencura, Blyth, J. A. S. XVI. 447.

Inhabits Sindh.

Pr. ferrea, Hodgson, J. A. S. XVI, 129.

Inhabits Himalaya generally.

Genus lANTHIA, Blyth.

I. hyperythra, Blyth, J. A. S. XVI. 132,

Inhabits Sikkim.

/. rufilatus, J. A. S. XVL 132.

Syn. Nemura rufilatus, and the female—N.cyanura, Hodgson, F.Z. S. 1845, p. 27,

Erythaca Tytlerii (?), .Tameson, Trans.

Wern.Soc. (not described).

Motacilla cyanura (? I Palla.s, the female.

Inhabits Himalaya generally; more nume-rous to the N. W. ?

Qenus ERYTHACA, (Antiq.) Cuv , G. E.

Gray.

E. JlavoUvacea

.

Syn. lanthia flavolivacea, (Hodgson), J. A. S.

XVI. 1<63, 774.

Nemura flavolivacea, Hodgson, P, Z. S,

1845. p. 37.

Inhabits Sikkim.

jE. rubecula {PI. E'mL 361, f. 1).

» Syn. Motacilla rubecula, L.

Inhabits Europe; W. Asia (Trebizond).

Genus ERY rHliOd lEKNA, Bonap.

8

BIKDS OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASIA.

E. leucura (vide J. A. S. XVI. 474).

Syn, Muscicapa leucura, Gmelin.M. parva of India, auctoruHiiSsxicola rubeculoides, Sykes.Synornis joulaimus, Hodgson, P, Z. S.

1855, p. 27.

White tailed Red-bieast, and the young— probably Maculate Flycatcher, La-tham.

Turra, H. Inhabits India generally ; rare

to the S. : extremely common in L. Bengal.

£. acornaus, (Hodgson).

Syn. Muscicapula acornaus of Nepal, J. A. S.

XVI. 127.

Inhabits Himalaya.

E.pusilla, Blyth, J. A. S. XVIII.

Syn. Muscicapula acornaus of Central India,

apnd Blyth, J. A. S. XVl. 127

Muscicapa poonensis apud Blyth, J. A. S.

Xr. 458.


Genus SIPHIA, Hodgson.

S, slropkiata, Hodgson, Ind. Eev. 1837,

p. 651. Inhabits Himalaya.

S- superciliaris.

Syn. Dimorpha superciliaris, Blyth, J. A. S.

XT, 190 (altered to Muscicapula hype-rythra, J. A. S. 885, and again by anoversight to M. rubecula, J. A. S. XII.

910).D, (?) rubrocyanea, Hodgson, P, Z. S.

1845, p. 26.


S. f?) tricolor.

Syn. Digenea tricolor, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1845,

p. 46 ; J. A. S. XVI. iM.

Inhabits Himalaya.

S- (?) leucomelanura.

Syn. Digenea leucomelanura, Hodgson, P. ZS. 1845, p. 26 ; J. A. S. 1845. XVI.126.

Inhabits S. E- Himalaya.

Genus ANTHIPES, Blylh.

A. moniliger.

Stn. Dimorpha ? moniliger, Hodgson, P- Z,S. 1845. p. 26.

Kiltava McGregoriffi, fosm apudHodgson, lod. Rev. 1837. p. 650.

A. gularis, Blyth, J. A. S. XVI. 122.

Inhabits 8. E. Himalaya ; Arracan.

Genus MUSCICAPULA. Blyth.

J/, melanoleuca, vide J. A. S. XVI, 137.

Stn. Muscicapa maculata apud Tiekell, J. A.S. 11, 574.

Inhabits S. E. Himalaya; C. India ; Airacan ;

TenasBcrim provinces ; Java.

M. superciliaris (Jardine's Cuntrib.

1848, pi. ).

Orn.

Syn. Muscicapa superciliaris, Jerdou, Madr.Jouru- XI, 16.

Dimorpha albogularis, Blyth, J. A. S.

XI, 190.

Muscicapa hemileucura, Hodgson, G. II.

Gray.Lucknow Flycatcher and Azure Warb-

ler, Lathajj.

Inhabits Himalaya chiefly; C. and S India.

M. sapjjhira t'l'i'ckell) Blyth, J. A. S. Xll-

939; XVI, 473. (Jerdon's III. Ind. Orn. pi.

32). Inhabits Sikkim.

Genus CYORNIS, Blyth.

C. unicolor, Blyth, J. A. S. XII, 1007;

XVI, 128. Inhabits Sikkim.

C. rubeculoides Gould's ' Centtiry,' pi. 25).

Stn. Phoenicura rubeculoides, Vigors.

Niltava brevipes, Hodgson, Ind. Rev.

1837, p. (,51.

Muscicapa rubecula, Swainson (the fe-

male).

.lEtherial Warbler, Latham (and the fe-

male agrees with the supposed female

of his Blue Indian Warbler).

Inhabits Himalaya ; visiting the plains in the

cold season, when not rare, in the vicinity of

Calcutta : Arracan ; Tenasserim.

C. bant/umas (Horsfield's Zool. Hes. in Ja-

va, pi. )•

Syn. Muscicapa banyumas, Horafield.

M. cantatrix, Temminck.

Inhabits Java : very rare in Nilgiris.

C. elegans.

Stn. Muscicapa elegans, Tem. apud Strick-

land.

M. hyacintha apud Tiekell, J. A. S. II.

574.C. Tickelliffi, Blyth, J. A.S. XII, 941.

Blue Indian Warbler ? Latham (vide J.

A. S. XVI, 128.)

Inhabits Central (and W ?) India.

C. ? lAllifd to Muscicapa pallipes,

Jerdon) Madr. Journ. XI, 15. Inhabits

Sikim.

Genus OCHROMELA, Blyth.

Ochr. nigroriifa, J. A. S. XVI, 129.

Syn. Saxicola nigrorufa, Jerdon, Madr. Journ.X. p. 266.

Muscicapa rufula, la Fresnaye.

Inhabits summit of Nilgiris.

Genus NILTAVA, Hodgson. {Niltouw, Ne-pal).

iV. grandis.

Syn. Chaitaris grandis, Blyth, J. A. S. XI.139,

Bainopus ireuoides, Hodgson, Q. R.Gray.

Inhabits Sikkim.

58

r BIRDS OF EASTERN AKD SOUTHERN ASIA.

iV snndara, Hodgson, hid. Rev. 1837, p.

650. Inhabits Himalaya ; rare to the N. W.

^ McQregoricB.

Syn, Phaeuicura MoOregoriae, Burton, P. Z. S1885, f. 152.

N. fuligiventer, Hoflgson, Itid. Rev. 1837,

p. 650 (the female only).

Diinorpha auricularis, Hudg- \

so. J. A. S. XII. 240 The female.Leiotnrix signata McUlel-lland, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 168-

)

Inhabits Himalaya ; Assam.

Genus CYANOPTILA, Blyth.

C. cyanomelanura, J. A. S. XVf. 125 [PI.

Col. ).

Syn. Muscicapa melanops, Vigors.

Inhabits Java.

Genus STOPAROLA, Blyth.

î^. melanops (Goiilfl's ' Century,' pi. 6).

Syn. Muscicapa melanops, Vigors.M. lapis, Lesson, Rev. Zool. &c. 1839,

p. 104.

M. tbalassina, Swainson (the femal e

Verditer Flycatcher, Latham.

Nil Katkatea, Bang. Inhnbits India gener-

ally;visiting the plains in the cold season,

St. ?(Vide J. A. 3. XVI. 125).

Inhabits Java.

St. indigo.

Stn. Muscicapa indigo, Horsfield.

Inhabits Java.

St, albicaudata, Jerdon {III. Ind. Orn. pi.

U).Syn. Muscicapa albicaudata, Jerdon, Madr.

Juurii, XI. 16.

Inhabits Nilgiris.

Qenus MUSCICAPA, L.

Sub-genus BUTALIS, Boie.

B. terrlcohr, Hodsison, J. A. S. XVF. 120.

Inhabits Nepal.

Subgenus HEMICHELEDON, Hodgson.

H latirostris.

Syn. Muscicapa latirostris, Raffles, Swainson,M. pooneasis, Sykes.

Zukki, H. (Jerdon). Inhabits India generally;

common in Ceylon ; rare in L. Bengal : Mala-

yan peninsula ; Sumatra.

H. fuliginosa, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1845, p.

31, J A. S. XVI. 119. Inhabits Himalaya.

R. ferruginea Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1845, p.


Genus ACANTHIZA, Vigors and Horsfield.

A, ? Inhabits Java ?

BRACHYPTERYX series.

SYLV A NIA. Blyth.

S. 'phoenicuroides, J. A. S. XVI. 135.

Syn. Braoli}']iterus phceuieuroides, Hodgson,Gray's Catal.

Inhabits Himalaya.

Genus CALLENE, Blyth.

C.fronlalis, Blyth J. A. S.XII. 1010. pi. ),

ihid. XVI, 133. Inhabits Sikini.

Genu^ BR.\CHYPTERYX, Horsfield.

Br. major.

Syn Phsenicura mAjor, Jerdon, Madr. Journ.XIIL 170.

Inhabits Nilgiris.

Br. Montana, Horsfield (Zool. Res. in Java,

pi. ). Inhabits Java.

Br. cruralis. ...J^!''l:

Syn. Calliope (?) cruralis, Blyth, J. A. S. XII.

933 ; XVI. ISi).

Inhabits Sikkim.

Br. (?) nigrocapitata. Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839

p. 137. Iniiabiis Malayan peninsula.

Genus TESIA, Hodgson.

T. cyanivenier, Hodgson, J. A. S. VI. 101.

Syn. T. anriceps, Hodgson, J. A. S. X . 137474.

Saxicola ? olivea, McClelland, P. Z. S.

1839, Ifil.

Inhabits Nepal ; Sikira ; Assam.

T- castaneo-coronata.

Syn. Sylvia castaneo-coronata. Burton, P. Z. S1835, p. 1

T. flaviventer, Hodgson, J. A. S. VI. 102

Inhabits Himalaya.

Genus PNOEPYGA, Hodgson.

Pn. squamata (Gould's Iconts Avium).

Syn. Microura squamata, Gould.Tesia riifiventer, T. albiventer, and T.

concolor, Hodgson (varieties of colour-

ing.

Inhabits Nepal; Sikkim.

Pn. pusilla.

Syn. T. pusilla, Hodgson, J. A. S. XIV. 588.

T. squamata, small variety ?

Inhabits Nepal.

P«. candata.

Syk. Tesia caudata, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 588.

Inhabits Sikkim.

Genus ARUNDINAX, Blyth.

A. oUvaceus, Blyth, J. A S. XIV. 595.

Syn. Phragmaticola otivacea, Blyth, M. S. Jer-

don, Madr, Journ. XIlI.pt. II. p. lt%.

69


Inhabits Bengal ; Arracan ; S. India.

Genus ACROCEPHALUS, Naum.

Acr. brunnescens, J. A. S. XV. 28 8.

Syn. Acrobates brunnescens, Jerdon, Madr.Jouni. X. 269.

Acroceph arundinaceus v. turdoides of

India, anctorum.

Inhabits India generally ; Arakan.

Arr. montaniis.

Stn. Sylvia niontana, Hors&eld, Lin. Tr. XIII.

156.

Inhabits India trenerally ;Java.

Genus LOCUSTELLA, (Ray) Gould.

L. rubescens, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 582.

Inhabits Lower Bengal (in tde cold season).

Genus PSEUDOLUSCINIA (?), Sasi.

P.s. lutt'oventris.

Syn. Tribura luteoventris, Hodgson, P. Z. S.

1845, p. 30 ; J. A. S. XIV. 5S3.

' Inhabits Kachar region of Nepal.

Omus DUMETICOLA, Blyth.

D. thoracica, Blyth, J. A.S XIV. 584.

Syn. Salicaria afBnis, Hodgson, G, R. Gray.

Inhabits Nepal.

Genus PHYLLOPNEUSTE, Meyer.

Ph. rami.

Syn. Sylvia rama, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 89

J. A. S. XVI. 440.


Fh indicus, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 593. Inha-

bits Nepal i S. India ; China (Chusan).

Ph. occipitalis, Jeidon, J. A. S. XiV. 593.

Inhabits S. India.

Sub-genus ABBOENIS, Hodgson.

Abr.pulcher, Hodgson J. A. S, XVI. 592.

Inhabits Nepal ; iSikkim.

Abr. cantalor.

Stn. Motacilla cantator, Tickell, J. A S. II.

676; XVI. 44U.

Culicipeta schisticeps, Hodgson apnd Q.

R. Gray.

Inhabits Nepal ; C. India; rare in Lower

Bengal.

Jlr. schisticeps, Hodgson, J. A. S. XIV. 592.

Syn, Phyllopueuste xauthoschistos, Hodgson,G. R. Gray.

Inhabits Himalaya generally ; Arracan.

Ahr. poliogenys, Blyth, J. A. S. XVI. 441.

Inhabits Sikkim.

Sub-genus CULICIPETA, Blyth.

C. Burkii, J. A. S. XII. 968.

Stn. Sylvia Burkii, Burton, P. Z. S.1835, p. 15.^

Cryptolopba auricapilla, Swainson, 2|:

Centen.Musoicapa bilineata. Lesson, Rev. Zool.

par la Soc. Cuv. 1839, p. 104.

Inhabits India generally ; rare to the south.

Sub-geyms REGULOIDES, Blyth.

i2. trochiloides.

Syn. Acauthiza trochiloides. Sundevsll.

Phyllopneuhte reguloides, Blyth, J. A. S.

XL J 91 ; XII. 963.

Inhabits HimalaNa ; luigratiug southward in

cold season.

B. modestus (Gould's B. E. pi. ) J. A.

S. XIV. 963.

Syn. Regulus modestus, Gould.R. itiornatus, Blyth, J. A. S- XI. 19—

(abraded )iluuiai;e).

Phyllopiieiiste iiitida, G. R. Gray.

Inhabits N. India, coaiiuon in L. Bengal:

very rare in Europe.

R. cMoronotus, Hodgson, G. B. Gray. In-

habits Himalaya.

Subgenus PHYLLOSCOPUS, Boie.

Ph. nitid.us, Blyth, J. A. S. Xll- 965.

Syn. Musoicapa nitida (?) Latham, Franklin.

Sylvia hippolais apud Jerdon, Madr.Journ. XI. 6.

Hippolais Swainsoni, G. R. Gray-

Inhabits India generally ;Ceylon.

Ph. trochilus, (PI. Enl 651, f. 1).

Syn. Motacilla trochilus, L.

Inhabits Europe ; N- AlVica ; W. Asia ; W.India (apud Gould)

;.lapan.

Ph. tristis, Blyth, J. A. S. XII. 966.

Syn. " Sylvia tmrhilus ?" apud Jerdon, Madr.Joiirn. XL 6.

Inliabils India generally.

Ph. montanus, Blyth, J. A. S. XVIIL In-

habits Himalaya.

P. viridanus, Blyth, J. A. S. XII. 967. In-

habits India genendly ; Arracan; very com-

mon in Lower Bengal.

Ph affinis, J. A. 8. XVI. 442.

Syn. Motacilla affinis, Tickell, J. A. S. II. 576.

Inhabits Bengal (common).

Ph. lugulris, Blyth, J. A. S. XII. 968.

Inhabits India generajly : common in LowerBengal.

Ph. javanicus ?

Syn. Sylvia javauica (?), Horsfield, Linn. Tr.

XIll. 156.

Ph. magnirostris, Blyth, J. A. S. XIL 966.

Opior Opior, Java. Inhabits Nepal ; Ben-

gal ; Arracan ; Java.

BIRDS OF EASTERN

Ph brunveus, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 591

(described tVom a small specimen).

Syn. Ph. fiiscatus, var., Blytli, J. A. S. XVI.443-4.

Inhabits Bengal : commoa in Ariacan.

Ph.fuscatus, BIyth, J. A. S. XI. lia ; XII.

96.5. Inhabits Bengal ; Arracan.

Genus REGULUS, (Antiq.) Cuvier.

R. ignicapillus, Temminck. Inhabits Eu-

rope and Asia. N. W. Himalaya ?

JR. cristatus, Ray {PI. Enl. 651, f, 3'.

Syn. Motacilla regnUis, L.

R. aurioapilliis, Selby.

R. flavicapillusi Nauru.

Inhabits Europe and Asia : N. W. Hima-

laya.

Subfam. STLVrAN.E (fiugivorous Warblers).

Genus SYLVIA, Latham {Phularia'H , i. e.

(' Elower pecker').

8. Jerdoni.

Syn. Ourruca Jerdoni, Blyth, J. A. S. XVI.4»9.

Philomfila orpbea apud Jcrdon, Madr.

Journ. X. 267-

Inhabits S. India.

S. affinis.

Syn. Curnica affinis, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. noteto p. 564.


S. curruca, (PL Enl. 380, f. 3).

Syn. Motaoilla curruca, M. sylviella, et M. du-metorum, Gmelin.

Curruca garrula, Brisson.

Inhabits Enrope ; Asia ; Africa : India ge-

nerally (nec Lower Bengal below the tideway)-

Fam. CERTHIADyE.

Subfam. CERTHINtE.

Genvs CERTHIA, L.

C. nipalensis, Hodgson, (Blyth, MoJi. In'

dian Certkiadce).

Syn. C. himalayaua apud Blyth, J. A. s. XIV. 581.

Inhabits Nepal.

C. discolor, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 680. In-

habits Sikkim.

G. himalayana, Vigors. P. Z. S. 183

174.

Syn. C. asiatica, Swainson, 2\ cent.

Inhabits Deyra Doon.

Subfam. SITTIN.E.

Genus TRIOHODROMA, llliger.

T. muraria {PI. Enl. 372.)

iSYN. Cp.rthia nmraiia, L.

T. phoeiiicoptera. Temminclc.T. europsea, Slepheas.

.ND SOUTHERN ASIA.

Inhabits S. Europe ; W. Asia; Afghanistan;

Himalaya.

Genus SITTA, L.

S. formosa, Blyth (J. A. S. XII. 938, 1007).Inhabits Bikkim.

S. cinnamoventris, Blyth, J. A. S. XL 459,Inhabits Himalaya.

S. castaneoventris. Franklin (J. and S., III.

Orn., 1st series, pi. 165). Inhabits Hill re-

gions of India.

S. himalayana, Jardine and Selby {III. Orn;1st series, pi. 164).

Syn. S. nipaleusis, Hodgson, J. A. S. V. 779.

Snb-ijenus DENDROTHILA, Swainson.

D. frontalis (Swainson's Zool. III., Ist

series, pi. 2).

Syn. Sitta frontalis, Horsfitld.

S. velata, Temiuinck.

8. corallina, Hodgson, .). A. S. V. 779.

Inhabits India, Burmali, and Malay countries.

Fam. GRAUCALID^.GewMs GRAUCJALUS, Cuvier.

;

Gr. Macei, Lesson.

Syn. Gt, papneusis of India, auctornm.Gr. nipaU'iisis, llodysun, lucl. Rev. 1837, p. 327.Cplilepvris iavensis (?), Horsfield, vide J. A. S.

XV. 300.

Kcpodanq-sungu, Jav. Inhabits India ge-

nerally;

(Jeylon ; Arracan ; Tenasserim.

G€7iHs OAMPEl^HAGA, Vieillot.

G.fijnbriata apnd Strickland {PL Gl. 247,250.)

Syn. Cpblepyiii fim-brinhis, Temminnk.Laiuua sile^^, I ickell, J. A. c>. It- 573.

Vdlvooiviifi lae.lasiliistos, Rcnigson, Ind. Bev.

1837, 328.

Grauoaliis maculosus, McOlellauA, P. Z. S. 1839,

p. 159.

Ceblepyi is liieuhris, Suudevall.

Blue-gn-y I'lirusli, Latham.

Inhabits India generally ; commoner to the

N., and breeding in the Himalaya : Java?

, C. melanoptera, Blyth, J. A, S. XV. 307.

Inhabits Arracan, where common.

C. Syhesi, Strickland, Ann. Mag. N. H.

1844, p. 36.

8yn. Cebiepyri.^ fimhriatns apud Jerdon. Catal.

G. cauus, Sjke.s,— the young ?

Eastern Thrush, Latham.

Inhabits India generally ; Ceylon : ne^c Hima-

laya. Vy ,'„Y

G- coenilescens-

Syn. Ceblepyris, caerulescens, Blyth, J. A. S. XI. 4G3,

XV. 308.

Inhabits Lucon.

Genus LALAGE,fBoie.

L. orientqlis {Pi. Enl 273, f. 3).

61

RTUDS OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASIA.

Stm. Lanina orientalis, Gmelin.Turdiis strigi, KatHes,

Sylvia leucoplisea, Vieillot nec, Latham.

Kras, Malay;Lenjettan, Jav. Inhabits Ma-

layan peninsula and Archipelago.

Fam. ?

Genus PERICROCOTUS, Bole.

P. sêciosus (Gould's Century, pt- 7),

Syn. Turdus speciosus, Latlnm.Muscipeta princeps, Vigors and Gould.

Nget-meng-tha, i- e. ' Prince bird,' Arracan.

Inhabits Himalaya; C India: rare in rf. India

and in L. Bengal : Assnm, Svlhet, Arracan,

Tenasserim, Malayan peninsula (PeuHnK).

P.. flammeus (Swainsoii's Zuol. III. 2nd se-

ries, pi. 52 ; Jerdoii's III. Ind. Orn pi. 11).

Syn. Miiacicapa flammea, Forster, Pennaut's Ind.

Zool.

M. anbflava, Vieillot.

Phoenicornia elegans, McClelland, P, Z. S. 1839,

p. 156.

AuL'Ust FlycatchPT, Latham (but tlie precedingspecies also referred to).

PJiari Bulal Ghusm, H, (Terdon) ; Inhabits

S. India : Ceylon. Assam ? (vide J. A. S. XV.309.

P. brevirostris (Gould's ' Century,' pi. 8).

Syn. Muscipeta brevirostris, Vio-ors and Gould.PhoBDiooruis miniatus apiid Swainson, Class.

Birds.

Inhabits Himalaya;Assam; Sylhet ; Arracan :

rare in C. and S. India.

P. igneris, Blyth, J. A. S. XV. 309.

Syn. Malayan P. flammeus, Auctorum.

Uwls, or Semuttan, Java. Inhabits Malaycountries.

P. Solaris, Blyth, J. A. S. XV, 310. In-

habits Sikkim.

P. roseus.

Syn. Muscicapa rosea, Vieillot.

Phoeiiicornis affinia, McCWIand, P. Z. 8. 1830,

p. 157.

Ngef-meng-tha-mee [i. e, ' Princess-bird'),

Arracan. Inhabits India generally ; Arracan.

P. peregrinus (Gould's ' Century.' pi. 9).

Syn. Parus peregrinus nt Motacilla cinnamomea, L.

P. coccineus et raalabaricus, (Jmelin.

Bulal Glmsm, H- (Jerdon). Inhabits India

generally ; Ceylon ; Arracan.

P. (?) erythropj/givs (Latham's Gen. Hist.

Vol. VI, p. 178, pi. 98); Jardine's Contrib.

Orn., pi. 1).

Syn Muscicapa erythropygia, Jerdon, Madr. Journ,

XI. 17.

Turdus speciosus, var. B. and Cawnpore Fly-

catcher, Latham

.

Inhabits Hindustan ('lec L. Bengal^.

Fjm. AMPELID^.

Genus COCHOA, Hodfrson [Cocho, Nepal).

C- ptirpurea, Hodgson, J. A. S. V. 3.59 (J.

A. 8. No. 139, pi. ). Inhabits Nepal ; Sikim.

Fam. PIPIUDiE.

Subfara. EURYLAIMINiEGenus EURYLAIMUS, Horsfield.

Snh-gmus COEYDON, Lesson.

C. sumatranus (PI. Gol. 297

U

SYN. Eurylaimus sumatranus, Uaftles

Eu. corydoii, Temminck.Eu. Temminckii, Lesson.

Eurylaimus? Hay, J. A. S. X. 575.

Kimgquait, Malay. Inhabits Tenasserim pro-

vinces ; Malayan peninsula ; Sumatra-

Siib-yenm EURYLAIMUS-Ell. Javmiicus, Horsfield, (PI. Col. 130.

131 ; Zool. Res. in Java, pi. )

Syn. Eu. Horsfieldi, Temminck.Tamplana Lilin, Malay.

Inhabits Arracan • Tenasserim;Malayan pe-

ninsula and Ardiipelago.

Eu. ochromahis, Raffles (PI. Col. 261).

Syn. Eu. cucullatus, Temminck.Tamplana Quilin, Malay.

Inhabits Tenasserim provinces ; Malayan pe-

ninsula and ArchipelaîO.

C. nasutits (PI. Col. 15+).

Syn. Todus na.mtus, Latham.

T. macrorhynchus, Gmelin.

Vjuu and Tadak Whogan, Malay; Palnno,

or Tampalano, 6um. Inhabits Tenasserimprovinces ; Malayan peninsula and Archipelago.

G. offinis, Blyth, J. A. 8 XV. 312. Inhabits

Arracan.

Sub-genus PSARISOMUS, Swainson.

P^. Dalhousioe ('Gould's Icones Avium;Ro\le's III. Him JBot. pi. 7).

8yN. Eurylaimus Dalhousise, Jameson.

Eu. psittacimis, MuUer.Kaya sericeogula. Hodgson, J. A. R. VIII. 3fi.

Inhabits Himalaya ; Assam ; Sylhet ; Arracan.

Sub-genus SERILOPHUS, Swainson.

S. luiiatus (Trans. Zool, Soc, pi. 35).

Eurylaimus Inuatus, Gould,

S, luuulatus, Swainson.


S rubropygia, J. A. S. XV. 31 1.

Syn. Kaya rubropygia, Hodgson, J. A. S. VIII. 3<i.

Eu! lunatus apud ILirsfieUl, 1'. Z. S. 1833, p.

156.

Inhabits S. B. Himalaya ; Assam ;Sylhet ;

Arracan.

Subfara. PIPRIN^.

Genus CALYPTOMENA, Raffles.

62

BIKDS OF EASTERN AND SOUTHEKN ASIA,

C. viridis, Raffles. (PI. Col. 316 : Horsfield's

ôol. Res. in Java, pi. )

Sin. C. Kafflesii et C. caudacuta (the young), Swain,son.

Sehoo, Pachat, Sampo Penang, Malay. Inha'

bits Malayan penirsula ; Sumatra.

Fam. HIRUNDINID^.Genus HIRUNDO, L.

Abahil-Chatok, H ; Mo-tswai-ngJiet, or Pgan-hlwa, Arracan ; Layang Layang, Malay.

H filifera, Stephens.

SYN. H. ruficpps ("?), Lichtensfein.

H. filicaudatH, Franklin, ?. Z. S. 1831, p, 115.

M. indica et li, erjtlirocepliala Qmelin

Inhabits (3. India chiefly ; rare in S. India;

Deyra Doon ; Katak-

H. rustica, L. (PI Enl. 543, f. 1).

Byn. H. putturalis, Fcopoli.

H. javanica. Sparrman.

H. panayana, Datham.H. jewan, 8ykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 83.

Inhabits Europe, Asia, and Africa;

visiting

India during the cold season.

H. domkola, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. XIII.

173.

Sin. H . javanica apud Latham and Shaw.Bungalow Swallow of residents in the Nilgiris.

Inhabits Malay countries;

Nilgiris.

H. daurica, L.

Syk. H. alpestris, Pallas.

II. erythropygia, Syke.1, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 85.

H. nipalensis, Hodgson. J. A 8. V, 780-

Inhabits E. Asia : roramon during tlie win-

ter months in India, China, and Malasia.

H. hyperyt^ra, Blytb, J. A. S. XVIII;

Mon. Ind. Hirundinidce.

Inhabits Ceylon (resident).

//. urlica, L. PI. FM. 542, f. 2).

Inhabits Europe ; N. Africa ; rare in India.

//. rupestris, Seopoii (Gould's B. E. pi. 56.)

8YM. 11- montana, Gmelin.

H. rnpicola, Hodgson, J. A. S. V. 781.

H. inornata, Jerdon, Madr. Joarn. XIII, 173.

Inhabits S. Europe ; N. Africa ; W, Asia;

Himalaya ;Nilgiris.

H. concolor, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 83.

Inhabits 0. India.

H. riparia, L. (PI- Enl. 543, f. 2). Inhabits

Northern regions ; Africa ; N. India (banks of

Suilej) ; C. India (rare).

H. sinensis, Hardwicke's III. Ind. Zool.

Sin. H- brevicaudata, McClelland, P. Z. S. 1839, p.156.

Inhabits river banks of all ludia ; Burmah,and China [?).

Fum. ARTAMIDiE.

G3

Genus ARTAMUS, Vieiiiot.

A. fuscus, Vieiiiot (Mem. Mm. Tom. VI.fig. )•

SyH. Ocypterus rufiventer, Valenciennes.A. leucorhynclios, (L.) apud M cClelland, P. Z.

S. 1839, p. .158, et Jerdon, Catal.

Murasiny Chatterer and brown coloured swal-low, var. A. Latham.

Tal-chatok Bang. Inhabits India generally

Assam ; Arracan.

Fara. DICRURID^.Genus DICRURUS, Vieiiiot (Chihija, Ne-

pal;Ghayon or Chagon, Malay).

Sub-genus CHIBIA, Hodgson.

Ch. hottentota.

Syn. Curvus holteutotus, L.

Eddlius barbatus, Oray.

E. crishna, Gould, P, Z. S. 1836^ p. 5.

Criniger spleudeus, I'ickell, J. a. S. 11. 514.Chihia casia, Hodgson, Ind. Rev. 1837 p.

32*.

Krishna Crow, Latham.

Kesh-raj, B.;Kesya, Nepal. Inhabits Ben-

gal;Nepal; Assam ; C. India ; rare in the pe-

ninsula of India (vide Madr. Journ. XIII, pt.

2. 121.

Sub-genus CHAPTIA, Hodgson.

Ch. oenea (Vaill. Ois. d' Kfr. 176).

Syn. Dicrurus eeneus, Vieiiiot.

I'. cEratus, t^'teplieus-

Ch. museipetoides, Hodgson, Ind. Rev. 1837,

p. 327.

Bxdchanga, Beng. ; Chaptya (i. e. ' flat-

billed'), Nepal. Inhabits Nepal ; Bengal :

Assam.

CTi. malayensis, A. Hay, J. A. S. XV. 294,

Inhabits Malayan peuiusuia.

Sub-genus BHRINGA, Hodgson.]

£h. renufer, (PI. Col. 178).

Syn. Edolius remifer, Temrainck.

E. raugonensib apud Uorsfield, P. Z. 6. 1839,

p. I.n8.

Bli. tectirostris, Hodgson, Ind. Rev. 1837, p,335.

Nghet-dan ; Arracan. Inhabits Himalaya;

Assam.

Sub-genus EDOLIUS, Cuvier.

E. paradiseus.

Syn. Cuculus paradisens, L.

Bherm or Bhring raj, H.; Kate-ongal, Mahr.;

Kalgia, Nepal ;Nghet-dath, Arracan

;Barong

Sawch, and Ckamoi, Malayan. Inhabits India

and Malasia.

Var. A, Syn. Chihia malaharoides, Hodgson, IndRev. 1837, p. 335.

Lanius malaharicus as figured by La-tham and Shaw (but not L. mala-haricus as described by Lathamfrom Sonnerat).

E. prandis apud Blyth, J. A. S. Xf.170; Ann, Mag. INI, H. XIV. 46.

BIKDS OF EASTERN AND SOUTHEJRN ASIA.

Inhabits Nepal; Tippera ; Tenasserira pro-vinces.

Var. B. Syn. E, grandis, Gould, P, Z. S. 1836,p. 5.

B, dentirostris and E, orisfae (? , Jer-don, Madr. Journ. Xlll. pt 2

p. 121.

Dicnirus platurus, Vieillot, apud G.K. Gray.

Inhabits India ; Bengal Sunrlarbuns ; Assam;

Arracati; Tenafserim provinces.

Var. C. Syn, Cuoiilus parafliseus, L.

E. ranj.'oui-nsis, Gould, P. Z. S. 183C,

p. 5.

E. intprmedius, Lesson, npud G. RGray.

E. cristatellus, Blvth, J. A. S. XI.171.


Sub-genus DICKURUri, Vieillot.

Z>. edoliformis, BIyth, J. A. S. XV. 297- In-habits Ceylon.

D. viridescevs, Gould (vide J. A. S. Xl.173, and 802, figs. iO and ll). Inhabits

Buimah.

J), balicassius {PI. Enl. 603).

SYN. Corvus balicassius, L.

Oriolus fuscatus, Gmelin.Bhucliaiifia annectans, Hodgson, Ind, Ecv.

1837, p. 32t).

Dicrurus affiois, blyth, J. A. S. XI. 147,Corvns .aCer, Licht., andC. assimilis, Beclisteiii, apud G. R. Gray.

Inhabits Malay countries ; Nepal.

D. macrocercus, Vieillot (As. lies. XVIII.pt. 2, pi. ).

. . Syn. Mnscicapa biloba, Liclitenstein.

D. indicus, Stephens, Hodgson.Bhiicliansa albirictus, Hodgson, Ind. Rev. 1837,

p. iii^fj.

Edolius forficatus, Horsfield, in Liun. Tr. Xlll.14-4- apud Strickland).

E. lonûs, Vaiil., apud Horsfield.

Finga, Bensi. ; Kolsa, or Bojunga, some-times also Kohval, H. (Jerdon)

;Qwyui-myee-

tshwai, Arracan ; Sri Gunting, Jav. Inhabits

India generally ; Arracan ; Java ?

D. longicaudatus. A, Hay (described in Ann.Wlag. N. E. 1844, p. 4 6); Jerdou, Madr.Journ. XTII. pt. 2, p. 121 ; J. A. S. XV. 298.

Syn. D. macrocercus apud Jerdon, Catal.

I), cineraceus apud Gray, Hodg. Catal.

jVil Finga, and Dhouh, Beng. InhabitsIndia gener«lly ; Ceylon.

D interm.ediHs, Blyth, J. A. S, XV. 298.Inhabits Teriasserim provinces

;Penang.

D. ccerulescens (Edwards, pi. 56), vide Ann-Mag. N. H, 1844, p. 47.

Syn. Lauiu.i caerule.scens, L.

|j. fingali, Shaw.

PJmri Bojmi'/a H. (.lerdnn) Tnliabits In-

dia generally ; not common in L. Ben^^d.

6i

D. levcopygialis, Blyth, J. A. S. XV. 298.Inhabits Ceylon.

D- cineraceus.

Syk. Edolius cineraceus, Horsfield, Linn. Tr, Xlll.l+.'j.

D. leucopseus Vieillot.

U, ceylonensis Stephens.

Chenta, Jav. Inhabits Malay countries.

Fara. TCHriREADiB.

Genus TCHITREA, Lesson.

Tch. paradisi (Vaill., Ois. d' Afr., pi. 44,15, 4fi

; Jerdon's III- Ind, Om. pi. 7).

Syn, Muscicapa paradisi, L.!VI. indica, .Stephens. t the rufous

M. castaiiea, 'lemminck.( plumage.M. niutata of India, Latham,Muscipeta leucngaster, Swainson, Nat, Libr.

Sluscii'apidse,

Shah Bulbul, and Mosseini Bulbul, II. ;

Kaddehoora, Cinf^h. ;(tLe white bird) ; and

Stdlana Bulbul, H.;

Ginihoora, (lingh|(the

cliesniit bird |) Tonha Peegeelee-pitta {i. e-

' lo!ig-tailed Bulbul'), Telngu ;Walkardalatee,

Taranl.

Inhabits India generally;Bengal

;Deyra

Doon.

Tch. affinis, A. Hav, J. A- S. XV. 292 ;

XVII. 1179.

Syn. Malayan Tch. paradisi, Anctorum.M. castanea (? , Temniinck.

A Map, and 3Iira Jabone, Malayan.

Inhabits Malay countries ; Tenasserim ; Ar-

racan; Sikim ; Nepal ?

Tch. atrocaudaia (?), Eyton, vide J. A. S.

XV. 298.

Eyn. Muscipeta atriccps, Blvth, J. A. S. XL 203,

790.


Gemis MYIAGRA, Swainson.

M. carulea (Vaill. Ols. d' Afr. 153\

Syn. Musoicapa cserulea, Vieillot.

M. occipitalis. Vigors.

M. cserulencephala, Sykes (the female).

Azute hcaded Flycatcher, Latham,

Kala-mata Kuthutia, B. Inhabits India

S:enerally ; Burmese and Malay countries. Plii-

lippilnes.

Genus PHILENTOMA, Ejton.

Fh velainm \Pl. Col. ).

Syn. Mnscicspa velata, Temminck.M. pecloralis, A. Hîy, Madr. Journ. XIII, pt.

•2; p KU, Strickland, Ann. Mag. N. H,XIX (184.7), p. 131.

Inhtibits Malayan peninsula and Archipelago.

Fh. pyrrhopteron (Fl. Col. 696, f. 2).

Syn. Muscicapa pvrrboptera, Temminck.Muscipotn pfunms^. Blylh, J. A, S. XI. 79

Ph. ( l^tanl'lln1, Eyion, Ann. M. M-M.XVl.(1S4-5), p. 220.


Inhabits Malayan peninsula and Archipelago

Gê«ws CEYPTOLOPHA, Swainson.

Cr. cinereocapilla (Swainson's Zool. III. pi

13 ; Nat. Lihr. Vol. on Flycatchers, pi. 23).

Syn. Muscicapa cinereocapilla, Vieillot.

Platyrhynclius ceyloiiensis et

Cr. poioocphaln, SwninsonMuscicapa uitida, var. A. Latham.

Iiihabils India generally ; Assam ; Arracan;

Tenasserira.

Genus RHIPIDURA, Vifrors and Horsfield.

Rh. hypoxantJm, Blyth, J. A. S. XII. 935.

Syn. Chelidorhynx chrysosohistos, Hodgson, P. Z. S.

1845, p. 32.

Inhabits Nepal ; Sikim.

Genus LEUCOCERCA, Swainson.

Ij. fuscoventris, Franklin, P. Z. S. 1831, p.

117.

Syn. Muscicapa sannio, Sundevall.

M. (Muscylva; albogularis (? , Lesson, the

young ?

Broad-tailed Flycatcher, Latham.

Clioh Boyal, Beng. Inhabits L. Bengal;

0. India.

L. alhofrontata (Jerdon's III. Ind. Orn. pi.

2). Rhipidura alhofrontata, Franklin, P. Z.

S. 1831, p. 117. Inhabits India generally

(nec alluvium of L. Bengal.)

L. pectoralis Z&[Aox\. J. A. S. XII. 953;

Jerdon's /// Ind. Orn..^ Art. Rh. alhofrontata.

Inhabits Nilgiris.

L. javanica.

Syn. Muscicapa javanica, Sparrman.Platyrhynchus perspicillatus, Vieillot.

Murai-Kandang, Sura. ; 8ikattan, Jav. In-

habits Malay couutries.

Fara. PYCNONOTID^.

Qenus HYPSIPETES, Vigors. {Bulhul, H.Boot Boot, Arracan).

H. oUvacea, Jardine and Selby, 111. Orn. 2ndseries (figured erroneously as H. ganeesa,

b)kes, in 1st series, pi. 168).

Syn. Ixocincla olivacea, Bl., described J, A. S. XIV.575.

Inhabits Mauritius.

H . psaroideSjVigors (Gould's 'Century,' pi.

10). Ran Bulcra (' Junu;le Goat,' from voice)^

Masuri (Hutton). Inhabits Himalaya ; Assam ;

Arracan.

//. nilgiriends, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. X.245. Inhabits Nilgiris

;Ceylon.

H. cow:olor, Blyth, J. A. S. XVIII. Inha-bits Tenasserim provinces.

.E. McClelhmdii, Horsfield, P. Z. S. 1839,

p, 159. Inhabits Himalaya ; Assam ; Arracan.

6

H. malaccensis, Blyth, .1. A. S. XIV. 574.

Chtap, Malay. Inhabits Malayan peninsula.

H. viresceris, Blyth, J. A. S. XV. 51.

Syn. Ixocincla virescens, Blyth, J, A. S. XIV. 579*

Inhabits Nicobars.

Genus lOLE, Blyth.

7. olivacea, Blyth, J. A. S. XIII. 386; XIV.573. Inhabits Malay countries.

I. virescens, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 573.

Inhabits Arracan.

Genus HEMIXOS, Hodgson.

H. flamla, Hodgson, J. A. S. XIV. 572.

Inhabits Himalaya ; Assam ; Arracan ; Te-

nasserim.

II. iderica.

SvN. Criniger ? ictericus, Strickland, An. Mag. N,H. 1844, p. 411.

Turdus iadicus (?), Gmelin, apud Jerdoa,

Inhabits 8. India;Ceylon,

Genus CRINIGER, Temminck.

Or. striatus.

Syn. Trichophorus striatus, Blyth J. A. S. XI. 184.

Alcurus striatus, Hodgson, J. A. S. XI!. 985.

Inhabits Himalaya.

Cr. flaveolus.

Syn. Tricliophorus fiavcolus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836p. 6.

Inhabits Himalaya ; Arracan.

Cr. gularis.

SYN. Turdus gularia, Horsficld, Lin. Tr. XIII. 150.Ixos phaiocephalus, Hartlaub.Trichophorus caniceps, Lafresnaye.

Pycononotus rufocaudatus, Eyton, Ann, Mag. N.H. 1845, p. 238.

Marha-rimha, Malay ; Bres Jav. Inhabits

Malay countries."

Cr. ochrooephahis.

Syn. Turdus ochrocephalus, Gmelin.Trichophorus crispieeps, Blyth, J. A. S. XI, 204.

Barou Barou (same as Tephra dorius gularis)

Malay; Chuchakrawa, Jav. Inhabits ^Malay

countries.

Genus PYCNONOTUS, Kuhl.

P. jocosus.

Syn. Lanius jocosiis, L.

L. emeria, Shaw.Gracula cristata, Scopoli.

sitta chinensis, Osbeck, apud G. R, Gray.

Karra Bulhul, Sepahi Bulbul, Beng, Inha-

bits India generally ; Arracan; variety (?) in

the Tenasserim provinces and Penang.

P. hengalensis, Blyth, J. A. S. XVI. 5 67.

Syn. p. cater of India, Auctorum.

Kala Bulbul, Beng. Inhabits Sub-IIimalay-

ah region ; Assam; Bengal ;

Mednapur Dis-

trict.

5 9^

BIBDS OF EASTEKN AND SOUTHERN ASlAi

p. hoemorrhous.

Sin. Tnrdus haeinorrhous, Gmelin.Hcematornis pusillus et pseudocafer, Blyth, J. A.

S. X. 84.1.

H. cafer apud Jerdon, Catal.

TouM-hulhul, Beng. Inhabits Hindustan ge-

nerally ; S. India ; CeylQB ; Arracan.

P. nigropileus, Blyth, J. A. S. XVI. 472.

Inliabits Tenasserim provinces.

P. leucotis.

Sriv. Ixos leaootis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 6.

Bhooroo, Sindh. inhabits Sindh,

P. leucogenys, (Hardw. Ill- Ind. Zool.)

Syn. Brachypus leucopenys, Gray.

Ixos plvtmigerus, Lafresnaye.

Hsemalornis cristatus, Burn.

Inhabits Himalaya ; Kashmir.

P. xantliolaimus Jerdon {III. Ind. Orn. pi.

35), J. A. S. XIV. 568. Inhabits £. Ghats

of Peninsular India.

P. goiavier (Sonn. Vo}/. t. 28).

Syn. Muscicapa goiavier, Scopoli.

M, psidii, Gmelin,

Turdus analis, Horsfield,

Beribba, Malay ; Ghuchack, Jav. Inhabits

Malay countries-

P. flavescens,'^\î\\, J. A. S- XIV. 568.

Inhabits Arracan-

P. flavirictus, Strickland, Ann. Mag. N. H.1844, p. 413.

Syn. Trichophorus viresceas, Tern., apud Jerdon,Cutal.

Ixos virescens, Tem,, apud Tickell, J. A. S. II.

571.

Criniger Tickelli, BIyth, J. A. S. XIV. 571.

Inhabits Peninsula of India; Ceylon ; Medna-

pur jungles, and W. border of the Gangetic

delta.

p. plumosus, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 567-


P. brwmeus, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 568.

Merlia, Malay. Inhabits Malayan peninsula,

P. Finlaysoni, Strickland^ Ann. Mag. N.H. 1844, p. 411. Inhabits Burmese coun-

tries. Common in Arracan, Tenasserim, &c.

P. sinensis (Eydoux and Gei*vais, Voy, de la

Favorite, pi. 14).

Syn. Muscicapa s-inensis, Gmplin.Turdus occipitalis, Temmiuck.

Inhabits China ; Philippines.

P. melanocephalm (Hardw. III. Ind. Zool.)

Syn. Brachypus nielanoceplialuR, Gray.Br. plumifer (?), Gould, P. Z. S. J837, p. 137.Vanga llaviveutris, Tickell, J- A, S. II. 537,

Inhabits Himalaya ; C. India;Assam, Syl-

het, Tippera, Arracan, Tenasserim provinces.

P. atricajnllus (Levaillant, Ois. d' Afr., pi.

140 ; much too dully coloured).

Syn. jEgithina atricapilla, Vieillot—nec P. atricapil-lus, (Vieillot

,apud Lord A. Hay, described

J. A. S. XIV, 569,Bublgula aberraus, Blyth, J. A. S. 287 ; XVI.

Inhabits Ceylon.

P. g'ularis (Jerdon's III. Ind. Orn- pi. 37.

Syk, Brachypus gularis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 186.Br. Tubineus, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. X. 246.

Inhabits S. India.

p. (?) cyaniv&ntris^ Blyth, J. k. S. XI. 792.Syn. Ixodia (afteTwards changed to Ixidia) cyaniven-

tris, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 578.Malacopteron nureum, Eyton, Ann. Mae N. H

1845, p. 228.

Turdus No. 6, Raffles, Linn. Tr. XIIL 311.

Inhabits Mal.iyan peninsula i Sumatra.

Genus MIOROTOKSUS, Eyton (Macro-celis ? Swainson).

M. melanolezicos, Eyton, P. Z. S. 139, p.102.

SvN. Brachypodius tristis, BIjth, J. A- S- XIV.57B,—the young.

Labam, and Mirba Tando, Malay. Inha-bits Malayan peninsula-

Genus BRA.CHYPODIUS, Blyth.

B. melano oephalus.

Br. cinereoventrls^' Blyth, J. A. S. XIV.576. Inhabits Tippera.

Br. poiocephalus, Jer(]or] {III. Ind. Orn. pi.

31) ; Mudr. Journ. X. 246. Inhabits S. In-

dia.

Genus SETORNIS (?), Lesson.

/S^. (?) criniger.

Syn. Brachypus (?) criniger, A. Hay, J. A, S. XIV.577.


Subfam. PHYLLOENIN^.

(?e»«sPHYLLOENIS,Boie(5anwa,Beng.)

PA. HardwicMi (Ad. Delessert, Yoy. dans.

VInde, pt, 2, pi. 7).

Syn. Chloropsis Hardwickii, Jardine and Selby, Mo-11ag.

Chi. cur?irostris, Swainson, 2§ Centen.Oil. cyonopterus, Hodsson,Chi. chrvsogaster, IMcClelland, P. Z. S. 1839,

p. 167.

Chi. auriventris, Guerin,

Boing-dan-thay, Arracan.

Inhabits Himalaya ; Assam ; Sylhet ; Arra-

can.

Ph. aurifrovs (Jardine and Selby, Orn. III.

pi. 5.)

Syn'. Chloropsis aurifrons, Jardine and Selby, Monog,Clil, malabaricus ibid. (tab. cit.)

6G


Subz Hariwa, Nepal; Nrjet tsin, Arracan.j

Mulayan peninsula. The exceedingly commonInhabits S. India ;

Himalaya; Assam ; Sylliet j lora iyphla of Benfjal very raipjy exhibits any

black about the cap and back at any season of

the year ; and those of the whole eastern side

of the Bay of Bengal appear to be similar: but

occasionally specimens are met with, which have

assumed less or more of this colouring, and

which are perhaps hybrids, like those between

CoracidS inclica and C affinis, Treron plioeni-

co2:>tera and Tr. Jerdom, and a few other ana-

logously affined races).

/. scapidaris, Horsfield [Zool. Res. in Java^

pi. ,—the female), J. A. S. XIII. 381.

Duro.ng Capas, Malay;

Cheetoo, Jav. In-'

habits Malay countries.

Genns IHENA, Horsfield.

/. puella (Horsfield's Zool. Res. in Javai

pi. ).

Syn. Coracias puplla, Latham.

Nrjet-pi/a zalc, Arracan; Qitayang, and Biaiiff

Kapoor, Malay ; Bressi, Jav. Inhabits C. andS. India ; Assam ;

Eurmah;Malay countries.

Malayan race with lower tail-coverts reaching

nearly to end of tail.

Fara. MELTPHAGIDJ].

Subfam. ORTOLINJ].

Genus ORIOLUS, L. {HiilcUkaha, Beng.)

0. Traillii (Gould's ' Century,' pi. 35 ; J.

and S-, Orn. Ind. 2nd series, pi. i!6).

Syn. Pastor Traillii, Vigors.

Inhabits Himalaya • Assam ; Burmah (Arra-

can, Tenasserim),

0. melanocephalus^ L.

Syn, O. maderaspatams-j Franldin..

O, McCoshii,. Tickell, J. A.S. II 577.

O. Hodgsonii (?),- Swaiuson.

TiKinia-bliou, Beiiir.;

Ng/ief.-vm, Arracan.

Inhabits Bengal;.Kutak; C. India; Nepal ; As-

sam Arracan ; Tenasserim;— distinct race in

Ceylon, and Malabar (?).

0. lavvafits, Lichtenstein (Lev., Ols. Afr.pi. 261, 262).

Syn. O. radiatus (?), Gmelin.

O. condonguar, TemiDiuck,

O. capensis, Swainson.

O. moniichus (Gm.), apud Wagler.O- chloris, Cuvier.

Inhabits S. Africa.

0. xnnthonotus, Horsfield [Zool. Res.in Java,

pi. ; Fl. Col. 214).

Syn. O. leucogaster, Heiiiwardt.

O. castanopterus. i31ytli, J. A. S, XI. 735 (the

Sepong Rayate, Malay. Inhabits Malay

countries.

Arracan.

Ph. malaharicns.

Syn. Turdus malaliaricus, Gmelin, No. 135.

Clilorupsis aarifrOLis apud Jerdoii, Catiil,

Inhabits Indian peninsula ; Ceylon ?

Ph. Jerdoni, Blyih, J. A. S. XIV. 566-

(Jerdon's III. Ind. Orn. pi. 43).

Syn. Chloropsis gamsorliyuelius (misppJt csesmarliyn-

chos, V. cusmarliytichus apud Gray, Griffltli's

Iransl. An. Kingd. VI. 391), apud Tickell,

J. A, s. 11, 577.

Ch!. cocliincliiiiensis apud Jerdon, Gatal,Blue chinned Tlirush, Latham.

Ph. cochinchinensis (I'l. CI. 414, f- 2, apudStrickland.

Syn. Turdus cochinchinensis, Lath., Gra., the adult;

andT. malabaricus apud Latham—the young.Chloropsis malabaricus apud Kyton, P. Z. S.

.

1836, p. 103 , and Blyth, J. ^. S. Xll. 967,(nee fcem).

Tliilemon nigricollis (?), Vieillot.

Jleliphaga javeusis, Horsfield.

Phyllornis moluccensis, Gray.

Nget-tsin (same as No. 1383), Arracan;

Chuchakiju. Jav. Inhabits Burmese and Malaycountries generally ; Arracan.

Ph. Sonneratii (Jardine and Selhy, Orn. 111.

pi. 100).

t-YN. Chloropsis Sonneratii, Jardine and Selby.

Phyllornis Mnlleri, Temmitick.Chi. gampsorhyuchus, Jaidiue jand Selby. f

Chi. zobterops, Vigors. (yom^.

Turdus viridis, HorsfiRld. 3

Baon, or Daivoan, Malay. Inhabits Malaycountries generally.

Ph. cyanopogon, Temminck, {PI. Col. 512,f. 1).

Syn. Chloropsis mysti cali,";, Swainson, 2.^ Cemten.the young; described as that of and was re.

ferred erroneously to Ph. malabaricus, J. A. S.XII. 957.

Inhabits Malay countries generally.

Gemis 10 RA, Horsfield.

/. innotata, Blyth, J. A. S. XVI. 472. In-habits Arracan.

/. zeylanica (Brown's III. ; pi. 15, 32 , LevOis. d' Afr., pi. 141).

Syn. Motacilla zeylanica, cingalensis, et raelaaictera,Gmelin.

Fringilla multicolor, Latham,lora melaceps, Swainson.

Shov) Bhugah, or Show, Bheegee, H. (Jerdon).

Inhabits S. India;Ceylon

;Deyra Doon (?).

/. typhia (Edwards, pi. 79).

Syn. Motacilla typhia, L.Ficedula bengalensis, Brisson.

Fatikja, and row/jA-, Beng. Inhabits Bengal;

Nepal; Assam; Arracan; Teuasserim provinces

;

the young.

0. chinenns, L.

C7

BIRDS OF EASTERN AND SOUTHEflN ASIA.

Syn. O. cochiiicliinensis, Brisson.

O. acrorhynchos, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 97-

Inhabits China-

O. macrourus, Blyth, J. A. S. XV. 46. In-

habits Nicobar Islands.

0. indiczis, Brisson (Jerdon's III. Ind. Om-pi. 15).

6yn. 0. chinensis et cochinchiuensis of India, Aucto-rum.

O. coronatus f? ,Swainson, vel iiippocrepis (?)

Wagler.Le Loriot des ludes, Button.

Inhabits Peninsular India; rare in Bengal

;

common in Burmese and Malay countries ; also

China.

0. temdrostris, Blyth, J. A. S. XV. 48. In-

habits ?

0. kundoo, Sykes (the young).

Syn. O. galbula apud Franklin and Sykes (the adult).

O. aureus, Jerdou's Catal.

O. galbuloides, Gould.

Peebeck, H. (Jerdon). Inhabits Hindustangenerally ; nec L. Bengal.

O.galhula, L. {PI. Enl. 26).

SiYN. Coracias oriolus, Scopoli.

Inhabits Europe; W- Asia ; N. Africa-

0. viridis (Gould's B- A. Vol. IV. pi. 13)-

Syn- Graculs. viridis and Coracias sagiltata, Latham.O. variegatus, Vieillot.

Mimeta vitidis, King.

M. meruloides, Vigors and Horsfield.

Inhabits N. S. Wales.

Genus SPHECOTHERES, Vieillot.

Sph. viridis, ^\Q\\\oi (Gould's B. A. Vol-

IV- pi- 15)-

Syn. Sph. virescens, Jardine and sfil'iy.

Sph. anstralis et canioollis. Swaiuson,

Turdus maxillaris (?), Latliam,

Inhabits Australia.

Subfam. MELIPHAGTNiE-

Genus ENTOMYZA, Swainson.

E. cymotis (Gould's B. A. Vol. IV.pl. 68).

6yn. Gracula cyanotis, Turdus cyaneus, et Mcrops

cyanops, Latham.

Inhabits N. S. Wales

-

Genus ZOSTEROPS, Vigors and Horsfield.

2 . palpehrosus {PL Col. 292, f- 3)-

6yn. Sylvia palpebrosa, Temminck.S. annulosa, vai. a, Swainson,

Z. maderaspatana (v, madagascarionsis of India),

auctoram (vide J. A. S XIV. 5112).

Inhabits India generally (nec L. Bengal),

from the Himalaya to Ceylon ; Assam ; Arra-

can ; Tenasserim provinces ; Nicobar Islands-

Fam. NEGTARINIID/E.

Slialcar-Khora (i- e- ' Sugar-sucker ;') H.;

Mor-chang, Beng- ;Tutika, Cingh- ; Pan,'

Iweng-tsot {i- e. ' Flower-pecker'), Arracau.^^

Gems AKAGHNOTHERA, Temminck.

A . magna^

Sin. Cinnyris magna. Hodgsm, InJ. Eev. 1837, p.27'2; J A.S.XIL 981.

A. innrnata of Assam apud Hnrsfipld, ?, Z. S,

1839, p. 167 ; vide J. A. S. XH. 981.

Inhabits Nepal; Sikim; Assam; Sylhet;

Arracan.

A. flavigaster.

Syn. Anthreptes flavigastpr, Eytou, P. Z. S. 1839, p*

105, J. A. S, XIV. 557.

CJiecJiap Rimba or Koleecltnp Fangone, Ma-lay. Inhabits Maliiyan peninsula.

A. chrijsogenys, Temminck, [PI. Col. 388,f- 1) ; J- A- S. XII. 981 ; XV. 43.

Syn. Oerthia longirostra apud Raffles, Lin. Tr. XII.299, (.nec Latham .

Sia]] jantung, Malay- Inhabits Malayanpeninsula ; Sumatra

-

A. inornala, Temminck {PI. Col. 84).

Syk. Ciunyns affinis, Horsfield, Lin. Tr. XIII 66.

Chess, Jav. Inhabits Java.

A. modesta.

syn. Anthreptes? modesta, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p.

1U5.

Ar- latirostris, BIylh, J. A. XII. 982.

ChicJwp Nio, Malay. Inhabits Malayanpeninsula.

A. rohusta, Muller [Zool. Lid. Arch., t. 2,

f- 1) ; described J. A- ti- XV. 43, No. 6. In-

habits Sumatra.

A. longirostra (Griffith's Transl. An. Kingd.

Vll. 3yi, pi.)

Syn- Certhia longirostra, Latham (nec ItafBes).

Prit Attdun, Jav. Inhabits Java.

A. affirds, Blyth, J. A. S- XV. 43.

S^v. A. inornata apud Blyth, J- A- S. XII. 982.

Ciiiuyris longiroslris, Jerdon, iMadr. Journ.

Xlll. 172.

Inhabits Arracan ; Tenasserim provinces;

Malayan peninsula;very rare in S. India.

Genus NECTARINJA, llliger.

{A. With elongated middle tail-feather in

the males).

N. goalpariensls (Royle's III. Him, Bot.,'

pi. 7), J. A. S. XII. 969.

Syn. Certhia goalpariensis, Latliam.

Cinnyris Vigorsii (the male), and C. concolor

(the female), Sjkes, P. Z. b. 1832, pp. 98,

99.

C. miles, Hodgson, Ind. Rev. 1837, p. 273.

C. labecula, McClelland, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 167.

N. seheriEe, Tickell, J. A. S. II. 577.

N. Lnthami, Jardine, Nat. Libr.

Inhabits Sub-Himalaya region ;G. and S-

India ; Assam ; Sylbet ; Arracan ;Tenasgerim

provinces.

68


iV. siparaja (PI. Col. 126, f. 3).

Syn. Certhia siparaja, Rafflps, Linn. Tr. XIII. 209.N. mysticiilis, Temmiack.

Sipa Raja, Malay. *

Inhabits Malayan peninsula anrl Archipelap;o.

X. Gouldia (Gould's ' Century,' pi. 56),J. A. S. XII. 974

Syn. Cinnyris Goulilice, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p, 44.

Inhabits Sikirn;

Sylhet ; Arr;ican.

A^. ignicauda {Nat. Libr., Nectariniidce, pi.

29) ; J. A. S. Xl[. 972.

SYFf- Cinnyris iâicauda, Hodgson, Ind. Rev. 1837,

p. 973.

C. rubricaudata, Bljtli, mentioned J. A. S. XI.

193.

N. plicenicura, Jardine, Nat. Libr.

Inhabits Nepal ; Assam;

Sylhet.

N. nipalensis {Nat. Libr,, Nectariniidce, pi.

27) ; J. A S. Xil. 974.

Syn. Cinnyris nipalensis, Hodgson, lad. Kev. 1837,

p. 373.


N. Horsfieldi Blyth, J. A. S. XII. 975.

Inhabits N, W. Himalaya.

N. saturata {.Vat. Libr., Nectariniidoe, pi.

29) : J. A S. XII. 976.

Syn. Cinnyris saturata, Hodgson, lud. Kev. 1837,

p. 373.

C. assainensis, McClelland, P. Z. S. 1839, p.

167.

C. Ilodgsonis, Jardine, Nat. Libr.


N^ lotenia {Nat, Libr., Nectariniidoe, pi.

23—not good).

Syn Certliia lotenia, L.

C. polita, Latham.

C. purpurata, Sliaw.


N. asiatica (Nat. Libr., Nectariniidce, pi.

24); J. A. S. XII. 978.

SYNi Certhia asiatica, L.

C. malirattensis, C. clirysoptera, C. cirrhata,

et C. currucaria, Latham.C, saccharina, Shavi'.

Ciauyris orientalis, Franklin, P. Z. S. 1831,

p. 122.

r, epauletta et C. strigula, Hodgson, Ind. Rev.1837, p. 273.

C. cyaneus, Eucl., Method.

Inhabits India generally ; Arracan ; Sindb.

N. malaccensis (Swainson's Zool. III. 1st

series, pi. 121).

SsN. Certhia malaccensis, Scopoli.

C. lepida, Latham.N. javanica, Horsfield.

,Prit-gantil, Jav.

Inhabits Burmese and Malay countries (Ar-

racan, Tenasserim).

N. simplex, Muller {Zool. Ind. Arch., t. 8,

f. 4).

Syn. N. frontalis, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 558.


N phcenicotis, Temminck {PI. Col. 108. f,

1 ; 338, f. 2) ; J. A. S. XII. 979.

Inhabits Burmese and Malay countries (Tip-

pera, Arracan, Tenasserim).

N. hi/pogrammica, Muller Zool. Ind. Arch,

t 8, t. 3J.

Syn. N. nnchalis, Blylh, J. A. S. XII. 980, and the

female termed Authreptes macularia, J. A. S,

XL 107.

Inhabits Malayan peninsula -, Sumatra ; Bor-

neo.

N. Solaris, Temminck {Pi. Col. 347, f. 3),

Inhabits Moluccas.

A^. pectoralis, Horsfield {PI. Col. 1 38).

Syn. N. eximia, Temminck.Certhia philippensis olivacea, Brisson.

Sri-ganti iiiv. Inhabits Malayan peninsula

and Archipelago ; Nicobar Islands.

A''. flammaxiUaris, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV.557.

Syn. N. jugularis apud Blyth, J. A. S. XII. 979-

Inhabils Arracan; Tenasserim.

N. zeylonica Nat. Libr., Nectoriniidce, pi.

20,—not goo(i).

^YN. Certhia zeylonica, L.Cinnyris sola, Vieillot,

C. lepida apud Sykes (temale).

Inhabits Bengal ; S. India ; Ceylon.

N. minima {Nat Libr., Nectaraniidce, fron-

tispiece. )

syn. Cinnyris minima, sykes, P. Z. s. 1833, p. 98.

Inhabits S. India.

N. Ilasseltii, Temminck {PI Col. 376, f. 3).

Sin. N. Phayrei, Blyth, J. A. S. XI. 1008.Certhia sperata, var., Italfles.

C. braziiiaua, Shaw.

Inhabits Burmese and Malay countries (Ar-racan, Tenasserim).

Genus DIOiEUM, Cuvier.

D. cruentattim (Etl wards, pi. 8).

Syn. Certhia cruentata, L. ('nee apud Ilorstield, Lin.Tr. XIII. 168, which = D. rubrocanura,("Tern ;, Vaill, Ois. d' Air. pi. 136;.

C. coccinea, Scopoli.

C. erythronutus, Latham.

Inhabits Bengal; Assam ; Arracan Tenas-

serim;Malayan peninsula.

D. trigonostiguta (Sonnerat, Voy. aux Indes^

pi. 117).

GO


SYN. Certhia trigonostigma, Scopoli.

C. cantillans, iiHtham.

D. croceoventre, Vigors.

Beong Nalow, Malay.

Inhaiiits Arracnn, Teiiasserim;

Malayan pe-

ninsula ; Sumatra.

D, chrysorrhosum, Temminck {Pi. Col. 478).

Syn. D. clirysochlorum, Blyth, J. A. S. XI. 1009.

Inhabits Arracan ; Tenasserim ; Malacca.

D. concolor, Jerdon (flL Ind. Orn., pi- 39)"

Inhabits Nilgiris ; Malabar.

D. minimum.

Sym. Nectariuia miDima, Tickell, J. A. S, II. 577.

Certhia erytlirorhynclia, LathKiii (foiindeil on the

drawing of a jouag specimen, with colour of

hill exaggerated .

D. Tickelliae"; Blyth. J. A S. XII. 983.

Myzauthe iuornata, Hodgson, Gray's Catal.

Inhabits India generally ;Ceylon; Arracan-

Common in L. Bengal.

Germs MYZANTHE, Hodgson.

M. ignipectus, Hodgson, J. A. S. XII, 983.

Inhabits Nepal ; Sikkim ; Butan.

Genus PEIONOOHILUS, Strickland.

Fr. tJioracicus {PL Col. 600, f. 1), J. A. S.

XIV. 559.

Syn, Pipra thoraciua, Temminck-.

P, maculata (?), Temminck (female or young ?)


Pr. percussus {PL Col. 394, f. 2), J. A- S.

XIV. 659.

Syn. Pipra percussa, Temminck.Dicseum ignicapillum, Eylon, P. Z. S. 1839, p.

1U5.

Nalloo, or Nulow, Malayan.


Genus PIPIllSOMA, Blyth {Semicrorriis?

Gould).

P. agile, J. A. S. XIII. 314.

Syu. rniigilla agilis, Tickell, J. A. S. IL 578.

Pipra squalida, Burtuii, P. Z. S. JbBO, p. 11.3.

Parisonia vireoides. Jerdon, MaUr, Jouni.

XI. 9.

Inhabits C. India;Himalaya ? (Deyra Duon ?)

Order IV. GEMITORES.

Earn. COLUMBLDiE.

Subfam, TEERONIN.E.

Ge7ius TRERON, Vieillot. {Hurrial, H. ;

Hiirtel, Beng-;N'goo, Arriican ; Battagoija,

Cingh. ;Poonai, Sum )

Sub-genus TORIA, Hodgson.

T. aromatica {PL Enl. 163).

Syn, Columha aromatica, C. curvirostris, and

, female).

C. tanneusis, Gmelin.

loonai ubar, Sum, (UaSlcs.)

Inhabits Eastern Archipel.igo,

Var. T. nipalen-sis, Hodeson, ^s. Res. XTX>164; J. A. S. XIV, 847. T'horia {i. e.,

' beaked'), Nepal ; Kroclia, Malay.

Inhabits Nepal ; Assam ; Arracan ; Tenasse-

rim provinces;Malayan peninsula ; rare in L

Bensjal.

T. CapeUei {PL Col. liZ).

Syn. Columha Capellei, Temminck,Vinnfro giganteus, Vigors. Zool. A pp. to Lady

Kaffles's Biojj. of Sir St. Katlies, p, 674-.

Tr. niagnirostris, Strickland, Ann, Wag. N. H.18W, p. 115.


Subgenus TRE RON, Vieillot.

Tr. viridifrons, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV. 849.


Tr. Phcenicoptera, (Gould's ' Century,' pi.

18,- but the I'eet should have lieen colouredbrilliant yellow) ; J. A. S. XIV. 849.

Syn. Col. phcenicoptera Latham.C. inilitaris, Temniiuck.C. llardwickii, Gr:iy-

Inliabits Bengal, Assam, Sylhet, Nepal, andall Upper India, southward to C. India, wheremingled much with the next race.

Tr. cJilorigaster, Blyth, J. A. S. XII. 167 ;

XIV. 850.

Syn- Tr. Jerdoni, Strickland, Ann. Mag N H. 1844,p. t07.

Tr. phrenicoptera v. militaris of S, India, Auc-torum.

Inhabits Peninsula of India ; rare in L.Bengal.

Tr. hicincta (Jerdon's III. Ind Orn. pi. 21) ;

J. A. S. XIV. 851.

Syn. Viniigo bicincta (the male) and V. nnicolor

(the iemale>, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. XII. 13,

V. vernans. var.. Lesson's Traite.

Inhabits India generally ; Ceylon, Nepat,

Assam, Sylhet, Arracan, Tenasserim.

Tr. viridis {PI. EnL 138 ; J. A. S. XIV.851.

SYN, Columba viridis Scopoli.

C. vernans, Gmelin.C. purpare;<, Latham.

Pouye, Malay. Inhabits Malayan peninsula

and Archipelago.

Tr. chloropiera, Blyth, J. A. S. XIV, 852.

Inhabits Nicobar Islands.

Tr. malnbarica {Nat, Lihr. Columbidoe. pl.

1) ; Jerdon's III. Ind. Orn., Art. Tr. bicincta ;

J. A. S. XIV. 852.

Syn. Vinago aromatica (the male), and V affinis,

(tlie female), Jerdou. Madr. Journ. Xll,

13,

Columba ponipadora ? Gmelin (founded MSlirowii's ' Illustrations,' pl. 19. 30;,

7a


. Inhabits S. India;Ceylon ? rare in L. Ben-

gal ; common in Assam, Sylliet, Arracan, and

Tenasserim.

Tr. Olax (Pi. Col. 2i\).

Stn. Columba olax, Temminck.

Stmbooan, Malay. Inhabits Malay coun-

tries.

Subgenus SPHENOCERCUS, G. E. Gray.

S'ph—cantillans (Gould's 'Century,' pi. 57).

Syn. Vinaô cantillans, Blyth, J. A. S. XII. 166

(cafce variety).

V. sphenura, Vigors, P. Z. S. Igtl, p. 173.

Columha aroraaticn, var. A. Latham (.cage va-

riety).

Kokla, or Kohhela, H. Inhabits Himalaya.

Sph. apicauda.

SYN. Treron apicauda, Hodgson, Graj's Catal. ; J.

A. S. XIV. 854..


Sph. oxijura {PL Col 240).

Syn. Columba oxyura, Temminck.Splienurus seraitorquatus, Swainson.

Inhabits Malay Countries.

Germs PTILINOPUS, Swainson.

Ft. melanoceplialus {PL Unl. 214).

Syn. Columba melanocephala, Pennant.

Jowan Bondol, J a v. Inhabits Java.

Ft.jamhu (Tem. Pigeons, t. 27, 28.

Sin. Columba jambu, Gmelin.

Paonag Gadang, Malay ; Poonai Jmnhu.Sum. Inhabits Malayan peninsula ; Sumatra.

Ft. purpufatus (Temminck, Pigeons, t. 24)

;

vide J. A. S. XII. 178 (his).

Syn. Columba purpurata, Latham.C. Forsteri, Desmarest.

C. kurukuru, Bonnaterre.

Inhabits Ladrones, &c.

PL ? Inhabits Nav!g;ators' Islands.

Ge7ius CARPOPHAGA, Selby. {Dulcul, or

Bxmkul, H.)

G. sylvatica; vide J. A. S. XIV, 856.

SiN. Columba sylvatica, Tickell, J. A. S. II, 581.Carp, senea of India, Auctorum.

Vunkul, H. ; Soona Kuhutra, Uria;Pyoon-

madee, Arracan; Pagam, Sumatra. Inhabits

C. and S. India ; Assam ; Sylhet ; Arracan;

Tenasserim;

Malayan peninsula ; Sumatra

;

Java.? Variety in Nicobar Islands.

C. pusilla, Blyth, J. A. S. XVIII. Inhabits

Nilgiris.

C. perspidllata {Pi. Col. 246).

Syn. Columba perspicillata, Temminck.

* Inhabits Java; Moluccas.

0. ituignis, vide J. A. S. XIV. 855,

Syn. Ducula inîgnis, Hodgson, As. Res. XVIIl.'

162.C. cuprea, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. XTT, p, 13

(subsequently referred to Col. badia, Kaffles,

ibid. XIII, 161).

Inhabits S. E. Himalaya ; Assam ; Arracan ;

Nilgiris.

0. bico'or (Sonn. Voy. t. 103.)

Syn. Columba bicolor, Scopoli.

C. alba, Gmelin.C. Littoralis, Temminck.

Barung dara laliiit, Jav. Inhabits Malayanpeninsula and xirchipelago ; Nicobar Islands.

Subfam. COLUMBlNiE.

Sulgenus ALSOGOMUS, Tickell.

A. Ilodgsonii.

Syn. Columba Uodgsonii, Vigors, T. Z. S. 1839, p.16.

C. uipalensis, Hodgson, J. A. s. V, 123 ',

XIV, 867.

Inhabits Himalaya.

A.puniceiis, Tickell, J. A. S. XI, 462;XII,

867, 87 8. Inhabits 0. India ; Assam ;Arra-

can ; Tenasserim.

P. torquatus {PL Enl. 316).

Syn. Columba palumbus, L.

Inhabits Europe : variety in jST. W, Hima-

laya.

P. jmlchricollis.

Syn. Columba pulchricoUis, Hodgson, vide J. A, S«

XIV. 866.


P. Elphinstonei (Jerdon's III. Jnd. Orn., pi.

48).

Syn. Ttilinopns Elphinstonei, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1833,

p. H9.

Inhabits Nilgiris.

Suh-genus COLUMBA (as'restricted).

C. livia, Brisson {PI. Enl. 510). Jalalaya,

H.;Parwi, Mahr. ; Gola of the dealers. In-

habits Europejand variety in C. and S. Asia.

C. leuconota, Vigors (Gould's ' Century,' p],

59), J. A. S. XIV, 864. Inhabits Himalaya,near snovir region.

Genm MACROPYGIA, Swainson.

M- Peinwardtii {PL Col. 248).

Syn. Columba Reinwardtii, Temminck.

Inhabits Moluccas, &c.

M. rufipennis, Blyth, J. A. S. XV. 371;Inhabits Nicobar Islands.

M- amhoinensis.

8yn. Columba amhoinensis, L,

DerJcuhu-sopa, Jav. Inhabits Tenasserina

provinces ; Java ; Moluccas.

71

filRDS OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASIA,

• M. leptogrammica (PI. Col. 248) ; J. A. S.

XIV. 869.

Syst. Columba leptogrammica, Temminck.Coccyzura tusalia, hlodgson,J. A. S. XIII. 936.

Inhabits S, E. Himalaya.

Germs GEOPELIA, Swainson.

G. atbiventris, Blyth {Report on Jiistralian

Vertebrata in Mus. As, Soc )

Syn. Columba Maugei (?), Temminck.

Inhabits Timor.

6. striata (Temminck, Pir/eons, t. 47).

iJlCN. Columba striata et C. sinica, L.

C. malaccensis, Gmelin.

C, fowat, Boniiaterre.

C. bantamensis, Sparrman.

Katitiran, Sum. ;Berlaitut, Jav. Inhabits

Malayan peninsula and archipelago.

Genus TURTUR, Selby. Glmgu, Ben^. ;

Fachta,}!.; (Joheya, Cingh.;

Oyn^ Anacan j

Balam, or Terkuhu, Mai., Sum. ; Puter, Jav.

T. risorius (Temminck, Pigeons, t. 44) ; vide

J. A. S. XIV. 870.

Syn. Columba risoria, L.

T. erythrophrys, Swainson, apud Strickland.

Dhor Factafi, H.;Kalhak, Kahalah, Kaha-

lalci, or Paur Ghuglin, Beng. Inhabits N.Africa ; S. E. Europe ?; S. Asia.

T. bitorquatus (Temminck, Pigeons t. 40).

Syn. Columba bitorquata, Temminck.

Pnter-genni, Jav. Inhabits Java ; Moluccas;

Timor.

T. Immilis {PI. Col. 258, 259).

Syn. Columba humilis, Temminck.C, risoria (minor), franklin—the female.

Asiatic Figeou, Latliam.

Scroti FacJitak, H. ; Golubi (or ' rose-colour-

ed'), Tamalchuri (or ' copper cup'), and Itkuiya

(or ' brick coloured'), Ohugliu, Beng.; Gijo-

leyighya, Arracan. Inhabits India generally;

Arracan.

T. chinensis (Sonnerat's Foy. aux hides, t.

102) ; vide J. A. S. XIV. 875.

Syn. Columba cbinensis, Scopoli.

C. risoria, var B, Latham.

Inhabits Cliiiia.

T. suratensis (Temminck, Pigeons t. 43) ; J.

A. S. XIV. 874.

Syn. Columba suratensis, Latham.C. tigrina, Temminck.C. turtur, L. var., figured in Griffiths' Trans. Ann,

Kingd., Vlll. 29u.

Cliitla, Upper Provinces ; CJdtroka Fachtali,

H. ; CJtanral Ghugku, or Telia Ghughu, B.;

KangsMri, Bliagulpur ; Cobeya, Cingh.;Lay-

hiouk, Arracan. Inhabits India generally, Bur-

mese and Malay countries.

. T. orientalis {PI. Col. 550) ; J, A. S. XIV.875.

72

Syn. Columba orientalis, Latham.C. meena. Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 149,

C. gelastis, Temminck.C. agricola, Tickell, J. A. S. II. 581.

C. lerrago, Kversmann.C. turtur, var., Raffles?

Balam, or Terkuhu, Sum., Baffles ; KullaFachtah, li. ; Sam Ohugku, Beng-

;B'k'dya,

Mahratta;Gyo-pein-doo-ma, Arracan. Inha-

bits India generally ; Burmah ; E. Malasia ; N.Asia in summer.

T. senegalensis (Temminck, Pigeons t. 45) •

J. A. S. XIV. 873.

Syn. Columba senegalensis, L.

C. cambaiensis, Gmelin.

C. maculicollis, Wagler.

Tntru Fachtah , H- Inhabits India general-

ly (nec alluvium of L. Bengal), W. Asia;Turkey ; N. Africa,

Gems CHALCOPHAPS, Gould.

C/i. indicus (Edwards, pi. 14) ; J. A. S. XIV.859.

SYN. Columba indici, L.C. pileata, Scopoli,

C. javnnica (?), cyanocephala, et albicapilla,

Gmelin.C. cyanopilHata, et griseocapilla, Bonnaterre.0. superciliaris, Wagler.

Ram Ghughu and Rhaj Ghughu, Beng. ; NilCobaya or Nillo Cobaya {i. e. ' blue dove')

Cingh. ; Gyo-ngijo, Arracan;Takoat, and Poona

Tanna, Malay;Limoo-an, Sum.

;Delimti, or

Glimuhan, Jav.

Inhabits India ; Burmese and Malay coun-

tries.

Subfam. GOURIN^.Genus CATENAS, G. E. Gray.

C.nicobarica (Edwards, pi. 339 ;Pl. Enl.

491).

Syn. Columba nicobarica, L.

C. gall us, Wagler.

Inhabits Andaman and Nicobar Islands;

Mergui Arcliipelago;Malayan peninsula.

Order EASORES.Fam. megapodidj:.

Genus MEGAPODIUS, Quoy and Gaymard.

M. nicobariensis, Blyth, J. A. S. XV. 52,

372. Inhabits Nicobar Islands.

Fam. PHASIANID.5I.

Subfam. PAVONINvE.

Genus PAVO, L.

P. cristatus, L. {PJ. Etil. 433, 434).

Syn. p. assameusis, McClelland, Ind. Rev. 1S3S,

p. 613.

Mayura B. ; Maiir, H. ; Mra, or Marak,Sum. (Rpflles).

PIRDS OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASIA.

Inhabits India generally ; Assam ; Chitta-

gong ; Burmah ? Sumatra.

P. mutictis, L. Vieillot, (Gal. des Ois. t.

202).

SvK. P. speciferus, Vieillot.

P. Aldrovandi, Wilson.

P. javanicus, Horsfield.

P. japouensis, Brissou.

Oo-doung, Arracan;Pegu Mayura B. ; Me-

rak, Jav. Inhabits Burmese aud Malay coun-

tries ; northward to Arracan.

Genus MELEAGRIS, L.

M. gallapavo, L. (Wilson's Am- Orn., Bonap.

Cont. p. 9).

Syn. M. sylvestris, Vieillot.

Gallopavo sylvestris, Catesby.

Pem^ B., H. Inhabits N. America. A. In-

dian domestic variety, male.

Subfam. POLYPLECTRONINJl.

Genus CERIORNIS, Swainson.

C. melanoce-phala (Gould's * Century,' pi.

63, 64, 65).

Syn. Satyra melanocephala efc Phasianus nipa-

lensis, Gray.

Tragopau Hastiogsii, Vigors.

Jewar, Jeivari, Simla. Inhabits N. W, Hi-

malaya.

C. satyra (Gould's ^ Ce}dury,' pi. 62).

Syn. Meleagris satyra, L.

Satyra Lathami et Peuuantii, Gray.

S. cornuta, G. R. Gray.

Dafia, Beng. (Bliotea ?) Inhabits S. E. Hi-

maiya (Nipal, Sikim).

G. Temminckii (Hardivicke's III. Ind. Zool.)

Syn. Satyra Temminckii, Gray.

Inhabits China.

Gemis ITHAGINIS, Wagler.

I. cruentus (Hardwicke's III- Ind. Zool. Tern.

PZ. Col. 332).

Syn. Phasianus cruentus, Wagler.

Ph. Gardnerii, Hardwicke (female).

Inhabits ISTepal.

Genus GALLOPERDIX, Blyth. (Spur-

fowl of sportsmen).

G. zeylonensis (Pennant's Ind. Zool. pi, 7).

Syn. Tetrao zeylonensis, Gmeliu.T. bicalcaratus. Pennant,

Jhan or Saban Cuccula, Cingh- Inhabits

Ceylon.

G. lumlosa (Hardwicke's III. Ind Zool. ;

Delessert, Voy. aux. Indes, pi, 10 ; Jerdon,

III. Ind. Orn., pi, 43, the female).

St'N. Perdix lunulosa, Valenciennes.

P. et Plectrophorus Hardwickii, Gray.Fraucolinns nivosus Delessert.

Jitta Kodi, Telugu, Inhabits Eajmahl5

C. W. ; and S. India.

G. spadiceus (Hardwicke's III. Ind. Zool.,

the female).

Syn. Tetrao spadiceus, Gmelin.

T, madagascariensis, Scopoli,

Polyplectron Northife, Gray (the female).

Inhabits C, and S. India.

Genus POLYPLECTRON, Teraminck.

P. chinquis, Temminck {Pi. Col. 539), apud

G. K. Gray.

Syn. p. albo-ocellatum, Cuvier.

P. lineatum, Gray, the female.

Pavo tibetanus, L,

Peacock Pheasant from China (?), Ed-

ward's, pi. 67, 69.

Doung-kula, Arracan : Mo-nuwur, and Day-o-da-huk. Inhabits Assam, Sylhet, Arracan,

Tenasserim.

P. bicalcaratum (Hardwicke's 111. Ind. Zool.)

Syn. Pavo bicalcaratus, L.

P. malaccensis, Scopoli.

P. Hardwickii, Gray.

Kuaow Charman, Malay, Sum, Inhabits

Malayan peninsula ; Sumatra,

Ge7ius ARGUS, Temminck.

A. yiganteus, Temmmck. (Vieillot, Gal. des

Ois., t. 203 ; Jardine and Selby, III. Orn,,

n. s., pi. 6).

SvN. Phasianus argus, L.

A. pavoninus, Vieillot.

Malay Peacock, Latham.

Kuaow, Malay ; Sum. Inhabits Malayan

peninsula ;Sumatra. (Nec Sylhet, as stated by

Hardwicke, MS. in Brit. Mus.)

Subfam. PHASIANINJ;,

Genus GALLTTS, L, (apud G. R. Gray).

MurgJi, female Murghi, H. : Ayam, Malay.

G. ferrugineus.

Syn. Tetrao ferrugineus, Gmelin.

G, bankiva, Temminck,Phasianus gallus, L.,—Domestic varieties

(among which are G, giganteus, morio,crispus, ecaudatus, pumilus, plumipes,

cristatus, pentadactylus, pusillus, lana-

tus, &c.)

Hackled Partridge, Latham—the hen.

Pan Murgh, or Jungli Murgh, H. ; BanKokra, of Santals

;Ayam utan, Malay ; Breo-

ga. Sum, ;Bcnghmo, or Bekikko, Java. In-

habits Jungly districts of all N, India, from

valleys of sub-Himalayan region southward to

the Vindhyian range and the N, Circars ; As-

sam : Burmese and Malay countries : Turkes-

tan ? (Vide J. A. S. VIII, 1007). A. Indian

race, with white ear-lappet in living specimens

(vide Ann. Mag. N. H. XX, 389). B, Pale

sub-Himalayan race (vide Ami. M. 2V. H".,

73 10


G. Stanleyi, Gray, (Hardwicke's III. Ind.

Zool.,—the hen).

Stk. G. Lafayettei, Lesson.

G. lineatus, Blytb, mentioned J. A. S.

XVI. 387.

Welle Cuccula, Cingh. Inhabits Ceylon.

G. Sonneratii, Tem. (PL Col. 232, 233).

Stn. Phasianus gallus apuJ Sonnerat.

Ph. indicus. Leach.

Jungli Murgh, S. India. Inhabits peninsu-

la of India.

Genm EUPLOCOMUS, Temminck.

Eu, ignitus (Macartney's Emh. to China,

pi. 13).

Syn. Phasianus ignitus, Shaw.Gallus Macartneyi, Temminck.Ph. rufus, Raffles (the female).

Jugang, Sam- Inhabits Malayan peninsu-

la ; Suniatra.

Ev,. nyctliemems (PI, Enl. 123, 124).

Syn. Phasianus nyct-hemerus, L.

Nycthemerus argeutatus, Swainson.

Inhabits China.

Eu. lineatus (Belanger, Voy. Ind. Onent.^

Zool, pi. 8, 9).

Syn. Phasianus lineatus, Latham.

Ph. Rrynaudii, Lesson,

Ph. fasciatus, McClelland, Calc.

N. H. n. 146.

Jourii,

Yeet, Arracan. Inhabits Burmese countries.

(Arracan, Tenasserim. Pegu).

Eu. Eorsfieldi (Gray's III. Gen. Birds,

pl. )•

Syn. Gallophasis Horsfieldi, G. R. Gray.

Mut'hura ; Purple Pheasant of Europeans.

Inhabits Assam;Sylhet.

Eu. melanotus, Blyth, (noticed J. A. S.

XVII, 694). Ealij Pheasant oiBdY'iiVmg. In-

habits Sikkim.

Eu. albocristatus, (Gould's 'Century,' pl-

66, 67).

Syn. Phasianus albocristatus, Vigors.

Ph. Hamiltonii, Gray (Hardw. 111. Ind.

Zool.)

Kalij of Simla, Masuri, &e. ; also MurgJi-

Kalij, and KuJcera. Inhabits N. W. Himalaya,

Eu. erptliropthalmos (Hardw- III. Ind. Zool.

—the female).

Svn. Phasianus erythropthalmos, RaiBes.

Ph. purpureus. Gray {the female).

Pagar, Malay ; Mira Mata, Sum. Inhabits

Malayan peninsula j Sumatra.

Genus PHASIANUS, L.

Suhgemts TUCRASIA, G. E. Gray.

P. 'macrolopha (Gould's * Century,^ pl. 69

70).

Syn. Satyra macrolopha, Lesson.'

Ph. pucrasia, Vigors, J. E. Gray.Ph. pucrasse, Gray.Tragopan Duvaucelei, Temminck.

Plas, Puhras, KoUas. Inhabits N. W. Hi-

malaya (rare in Nepal.)

Stibgenus PHASIANUS, as restricted.

Ph. Wallichi (GouWs ' Century,' pl. 68.

Syn. Lopliophorus Wallichii, Hardwicke.Phasianus Stacei, Vigors.

Ohir, or Cheor, Banchil, Herril. Inhabits

N. W. Himalaya.

Ph. torqiiatus, Gmelin (Hardw. III. Ind.

Zool).

Syn. Ph. albotorquatus, Bonnaterre.

Inhabits China.

Ph. colchicus, L. (Pl. Enl. 121; 122). Kurg-kaol, Pushtu. Inhabits W. Asia (Abundant

—

though somewhat different from the European

bird—on the Elburz Chain, N. of Persia).

Now common in Europe.

Subgenus THAUMALEA, Wagler-

Th. Amherstioi (G. li. Gray, III. Gen. Birds,

pi. 125).

Syn. Phasianus Amherstiec, Leadbea,ter.

Inhabits bordering regions of China and

Tibet.

Genus LOPHOPHORUS, Temminck.

L. impeyanus (Gould's ' Century,' pl. 60,

61).

Syn. Phasianus Impeyanus, Latham.Ph. curvirostris, Shaw.Lopliophorus rufulgens, Temminck.

Mnnal, or Ghur Monal ; Murgh-i-zari

(' Golden Fowl');Murgh Muhslwr : male,

Ratkap ; female, Monali. Inhabits Himalaya

generally ; KafHristan (Burnes).

Subfam. TETRAONIN^.

Genus TETRAOGALLUS, Gray.

T. himalayensis, G. E. Gray (Hardw. III.

Lid. Zool. ; Jardine and Selby, Orn. III. pl.

141, nec pl. 76, nec G- R. Gray III. Gen.

Birds). These have since been united by Mr,

G. R. Gray ;but of some dozens of specimens

from Afghanistan eastward to Sikim, all were

quite similar, and corresponded neither with

the Persian species (T. caucasica, v. Nigelli),

nor with the Altai species (T. altaica) as de-

scribed, nor very decidedly with the figure pub-

lished by Messrs. Mitchell and G. R. Gray,

which should represent a fourth species.

Stn. T. Nigelli of Himalsya, Auctorum.

74

BIRDS OP EASTERN" AND SOUTHEBN ASIA.

Inhabits Himalaya ; Hindu Kosh ;Afghan-

istan.

Genus LERVA, Hodgson.

L. nivicola, Hodgson.

SyN. Perdix lerva, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1803, p107.

Quoir Monal. Snow Partridge of sports-

men. Inhabits Snow-region of Himalaya.

Subfam. PTEROCLINiE.Genus PTEEOCLES, Temminck. {Bur-

titur, H. Whistling Grouse, or Roch Pigeonsof sportsmen in India).

Ft. arenarius (Fl. Col. 52, 53).

Syn. Tetrao arenarius, Pallas.

Perdix aragoiiica, Latham.Bonasa pyrenaica, Brisson.

Buklit, H.;

Khyrgut, or Sya-rim ; also

Tuturulc (expressive of cry), and Bovra Kurra(' black breast'), Afghanistan. Sand Grouseof sportsmen. Inhabits desert regions of Asia,

S. Europe, and N. Africa.

Pt. fasciatus (Jerdon's III. Ind. Orn., pi.

10, 36).

Syn. Tringa fasciata, Scopoli.

Tetrao indicus, Gmelin.Perdix indica, Latham.QSnas indicus et bicinctus, Vieillot.

Pterocles quadricinctus, Temminck,

Hundsgri, H.;PolunJMr, Telugu ; Kelhu-

dari (Rock Partridge), Taraul. Painted Grouseof sportsmen. Inhabits Hindustan generally.

Ft. alcliata {Pi. Enl. 105, 106).

Syn. Tetrao alohata, L,T. caudacutus, Gmelin.T. chata, Pallas.

(Enas cata, Vieillot.

Pt. caspius, Menetries.

Inhabits middle Asia;Afghanistan

;Syria

;

Spain; N. Africa.

Pt. exustus, Temminck {PI. Gol. 354, 360).

Syn. Pt. senegalensis, Lichtenstein.

ur Teiur and Kumar Tetur, H.; Bidta-

tor, Sindh;

Sassinia, Afghanistan. InhabitsHindustan : M. and W. Asia ; S. Europe

;

N. Africa.

Subfam. PERDICIN.E.

Titr or Tehi/r (root of Tetrao), H . -, Kha Arracan

A, Guinea-fowl.

Genus NUMIDA, L.

N. meleagris, L,

Syn. N, galeata, Pallas.

Inhabits Africa. The domestic adults are

typically coloured.

Genus FRANCOLINUS, Brisson. Stephens.

Div. 1. With stouter bills.

Fr. pintadeus.

Syn. Tetrao pintadeus, Scopoli.

T, madagascariensis, Gemelin, (uec Sco»

poli).

Piyitado Pai^tridge, Mauritius. Inhabits Mau-

ritius.

Fr. sinensis.

Syn. Tetrao sinensis, Osbeck.

T. perlatus, Gmelin.Perdix Phayrei, Blytb, mentioned J. A, S.

XII, 1011.

Inhabits Indo-China ; China.

Div. 2. With less robust bills.

Fr. vulgaris, Stephens {PL En. 147, 148).

Syn. Tetrao francolinus, I.

Kala Tetur, H. ; Musliki Tetur, Urdu :

Durraz (Burnes). Black Partridge of sports-

men. Inhabits N. India;

Afghanistan ; Per-

sia; Syria

;Cyprus ; Sicily,

Fr. pictiis, (Jardine and Selby, Orn. III. pi.

50).

Syn. Perdix picta, Jardiue and Selby.

P. Hepburnii, Gray, Hardw, III. lud. Zool,

Painted Partridge of sportsmen. Inhabits

peninsula of India, where replacing Fr. vul-

garis.

D. Rock Partridges.

Genus CACCABIS, Boie,

C. clmkar (Gould's ' Century' pi. 71).

Syn. Perdix chukar, Gray.

Chacura pngnax, Hodgson, Madr. Journ.

1837, p. 305.

Chukor, H. (from voice ;Kulk, or Kirk.

Pushtu, inhabits Himalaya ; Afghanistan,

E. Ordinary Partridges.

Genus PERDIX, Brisson,

P. gularis, Tem. (Hardw. III. Ind. Zool.)

Jungli Titr, H. ffôod Partridge, and Bengal

Ghikor of sportsmen. Inhabits Banks of Gan-

ges.

P.portdiceriana(Pl. Col. 213; Hardw. IlL

Ind. Zool).

Syn. Tetrao pondicerianus, Gmelin,

Perdix orientalis, Gray.

Qora Titur, H. Grey, Common, or Scavenger

Partridge of sportsmen. Inhabits India gene-

rally;Ceylon, never on the E. side of the Bay

of Bengal.

Genus RHIZOTHERA, G. R. Gray.

Rh. curvirostris (Hardw, III. Ind. Zool.—n

the female).

Syn. Tetrao curvirostris, EafSes,

Perdix longirostris, Temminck,

Janting^ Sum. Inhabits Malayan Peninsula;

Sum.atra,


F. Wood Partridges.

Genus AEBORICOLA, Hodgson.

A, iorqueola (PL Col. 462^ 463 ; Hardw.III. Jnd- Zool.—male.

Syn. Perdix torqueola, Valenciennes.

P. megapodia, Temminck.P, olivacea, Gray.

Peura, Ban Tetra, N. W. Himalaya. Green

or Hill Fartridye of sportsmen. Inhabits Hima-laya.

A. rufoguUris, Blylh, J. A. S. XVIII, In-

habits Sikim at a lower altitude than the preced-

ing race.

A. atrogularis, Blyth, J. A. S. XVIII,

Inhabits Hill regions of Assam, Sylhet, and

Arracan.

A. (?) CharltonL

Syn. Perdix Charltoni, Eyton, Ann, Mag. N.H. XVI. 230.

Inhabits Penang.

Genus KOLLULUS, Bonnaterre.

H (?) Qcellatus (Hardw. 111. hid. Zoll.)

Syn. Tetrao ocellatus, Raffles, Lin. Tr. XIII,322.

Perdix oculea, Temminck.

Troonff, Sum. Inhabits Tenasserim provin-

ces ;Malayan Peninsula ; Sumatra.

R. cristatus (PI. Col. 350, 351).

Syn, Columba cristata, Gmelin.Phasianus roulroul, Scopoli.

Perdix coronata, Latliam,

Tetrao porphyrio, Shaw.T. viridis, Gmelin—female.

Soal, Bestum, Malay ; Beniol, Sum. Inha-

bits Teuasserim provinces;Malayan peninsula

;

Sumatra.

B. niger (Belanger's Voyage., \t. 7, male,

—

Hardw. lU. Ind. Zool.,—female.)

Syn. Cryptonyx niaer, Vigors, Zool.)

Journ. IV.' 349. > Male.C Dussumieri, Lesson. \

C. Ferruginens, Leadbeater, ^Lin. Tr. XVI. 349. (

Perdix Eeruginosa, Eyton, P. Z. TS. 1839, p. 106. )

Hole, Malay. lahabits Malayan peninsula ;

Sumatra.

G. Dwarf Partridges.

Genus PERDICULA, Hodgson. BushQiMihof Sportsmen.

P. asiatica {Trans. Zool. Soc. II, pi. 3,

—

not good).

Stn. Coturnix yenath, Sykes.Perdix asiatica et cambaiensia (?), La-tham.

Lowa, H, Common Busk Qiiail of Sports-

men : RocJc Quail, S. India. luhabits India

generally.

P. argoondaU [Trans. Zool. Soc. II,'pl. 2,

—

not good).

Syn. Coturnix argoondah, Sykes.Perdix rubiginosa (?), Valenciennes.

Goerza, H. Forest Quail. Inhabits S. India.

I. Quails. Buttuir, H.

Genus COTUKNIX, Moerrhing.

Sub-genus COTURNIX, Gould.

G. comynunis, Bonnaterre (Pl. Enl. 170.

Syn. Tetrao coturnix. L.

C. major, Brisson.

C. dactylisouans, Temminck.C. europfeus, Swainson.C. vulgaris, Jardine.

GliaghuSy H. (Jerdon). Common Quail of

sportsmen. Inhabits Europe, Asia, Africa

:

common in Luiia (nec Malasia),

G. coromandelica [PI. Col. 35.)

Syn. Tetrao coromandelicus, Gmelin.C: textilis, Temminck.

Rain Quail of sportsmen. Inhabits India

generally.

G. cJdnensis (Gould's B. A. Vol. V- 92).

Syn. Tetrao chiuensis, L.T. manillensis, Gmelin.Coturnix philippensis, Brisson.

C. excalfatoria, Temminck.C. flavipes^ Blyth, J. A. S. XL 808. - the

female.

Pikau, Malay'; C/iaun-chan, China ; Painted

Quail of sportsmen. Inhabits S. E Asia and

its islands ; Australia. Common in the Malaycountries; less so in Bengal; rare in S, India ;

Ceylon

,

C- (?). erytlirorhyncJia, Sykes, {Zool. Trans.

Vol. II. pl. 1). Kohui Loiva, H. (Jerdon).

Red-billed or Black Quail of Nilgiris. Inha-

bits Nilgiris ; Malabar.

Earn. TINAMID^ (?)

Subfam. TURNICIN^.

Genus TU RNIX, Bonnaterre. Button Quails

of sportsmen.

T. ocellatus (Sonn. Toy. t 23).

Syn, Oriolus ocellatas, Scopoli,

Tetrao luzoniensis, Gmelia.

Hemipodius thoracicus, Temminck.H. atrogularis, Eyton, (the female), and B.

tai,s;oor apud Eyton (the female), P. Z, S.

1839, p. 107.

H. puguax (?), Temminck (pi. Col. 60, 2). apndG. R. Gray, Brit. Mus. Catal. and Strickland,

Ann. Mag. N. H. XX. 135.

Pochio, Malay;Puyu. Sum.

;Drigul, male,

Gomma, female, Java. Inhabits Himalaya (Al-

morah, Nepal, Sikim) ; Burmese aud Malaycountries

;Philippines. N B. Himalayan, Bur-

mese and Malayan examples are perfectly

similar.

76

BIRDS OF EASTERN

Rufous variety from S, India and Ceylon

{Zool. Trans. Vol. II. pi. 4).

Uemipodius taigoor, Sykcs,—the male, and H.puguax apud Sykes aud Jei'duu,—the fr.male.

Small pale variety common in L. Bengal.

(T. hengalensis, Blytli). Salni gundru Muttra.

T. Dussumieri (PI, Col. 454, f. 2).

Syh. Ileraipodius Dussumieri, Teraminck.

H. maculosus Temiiiinck, apud G. R. Gray,

Brit. Mas. Catal.

T. tanki, Buch. Hamilton, described J. A. S.

Xll. 181, (bis'.

Bustard Quail of sportsmen. Inhabits India

generally ; Arracan.

T. Syhesi, A. Smith, Zool. Africa, art, T.

lipurana,

Syn. Ortygis Dussumieri apud Jerdon, Catal., and J-

A. S. XI. 804.

Ohimnaj ? H. (Muttra) ; Tattu Buttera,

Siiidh. Inhabits India generally : (L. Bengal ?) ;

Sindh.

Order V. CURSORES.

Fam. CASUARID^.

Genus CASUARIUS, L.

C. galeatus,^\d\\o\, {Ft. Enl. ZiZ; Mena-gerie du Museum, pi, ).

Syn. Struthio casuarius, L.

(,. emu, Latham.

Inhabits Moluccas.

Genus DROMAIUS, VieiUot.

Dr. Nova; Hollandioe (Gould's B. A, Yol.

VI. pi. 1).

Syn. Casuarius novae hoUandias, Latham.Dr. ater, VieiUot.

Dromiceus australis, Swainson,Dr, emu, Stephens.

Inhabits Australia.

Fam. STRUTHIONID^.Gemos STRUTHIO, L.

Sir. camelus, L- (Pi. Enl. 547;

Menagerie

du Museum, pi. ). Shutur-murgh (' Camel-

fowl), H. Inhabits Africa ; Arabia ?

Order VI. GRALLATORES.

Tribe PRESSIROSTKES.

Eam. OTIDiE.

Genus OTIS, L.

Subgenus HOUBARA, Bonap.

H", Macqueenii (Hardwicke's III. Lid. Zool.)

J. A. S. XVI. 786.

Syn. Otis Macqueenii, Gray.

Tilaor, H. ; Bugdaur, Pushtu, Hurriana Flo-

rihen of sportsmen. Inhabits C. and W. deserts

of India ; Afghanistan.

Subgenm EUPODOTIS, Lesson.

AND SOUTHERN ASIA.

I Eu. Edwardii (Hardwicke's III. Ind. Zool. ;

Gould's Century, pi. 72).

SvN. O. Edwardii, Gray.

O. nigriceps, Vigors.

O, lucouieusis, VieiUot (apud G. K. Gray).

ToTcdar, H. Inhabits Hindustan ; Luzon ?

Subgenus. SYPHEOTIDES, Lesson.

S. bengaknsis (Gould's Century, pi. 73, 74,

75).

SYN.JOtis bengalensis, Gmelin,

O. himalayana. Vigors.

O. deliciosa, Gray.

Oharj, or Ablak GJiarJ, H. Florihen, of N.India. Inhabits Bengal, Assam, Nepal ; N. In-

dia generally.

. auritus (Jardine and Selby, Orn. Ill, pL

40, 92; Jerdon's III. Ind. Orn., pi, 33).

Syn. Otis aurita, Latham.O. fulva, Sykes, male in non-breeding dress.

O. atriceps. Gray.

O. indica, Shaw.

Clinrj, H- (S. India);Tun-mor, Mahr. ; Kun-

noul, Can. Floriken of S. India : Lilcli of Ben-gal. Inhabits India generally.

INCERTjE SEDI8,

Fam. GLAREOLID^.Genus GLAREOLA, Brissou.

Gl. orientalis. Leach (apud G. R. Gray, Lin,

Tr. XIII, p. 1 32, p). ;Gould's B. A. Vol. VI.

pi. 23 ;—figures and descriptions bad, if the

species be correctly assigned).

Syn, Gl. pralincola vel torquata of India, auetorura.

Inhabits India, Burmese and Malay coun-

tries.

Gl. lactea, Temminck (PI. Col. 399; Grif-

fiths' Tratis. An. Kingd., VIIL 543, pi.—very bad).

Syn. gl orientalis apud Jerdon, Madr, Journ^XII. 215.

Utteran, Sindh. Inhabits India generally

(very abundant).

Fam. CHARADRIAD^,Subfam. CURSORIINJ].

Geiius CURSORIUS, Latham,

0. coromandelims.

Syn. Charadrius coromandelicus, GmeliniCursorius asiaticiis, Latham.C. frenatus, lUiger.

Tachydromus orientalis, Swainson.

N'ukri, H. Inhabits India generally (nec

Lower Bengal.)

Genus MACROTARSIUS, Blyth.

M. hitorquatus, Jerdon, Blyth, J. A, S.

XVII. 254. Inhabits E. Gh^ts of peninsular

India.

Subfam. ESACINiE,

Genus ESACUS, Lesson.

E. recurvirostrts,

Syn. CEdicnemus recurvirostris, Cuvier.Carvanica grisea, Hodgson, J. A. S. V.

796.

Kawanah, H. ; Tidoor, Siudh. BastardFlo?'iJcen of sportsmen. Inhabits India gene-

rally;Ceylon

; Sindh ; Arracan.

Genus CEDICNEMUS, Cuvier.

(Ed. crepitans {PL Enl. 919).

Syn. Charadrius oedicnemus, L.

Etirsiri, or Zdmbi, H. ; Khurma, Bang.;

Gadang Kapala, Sum. (Raffles). BastardFloriken of some. Inhabits Europe, Asia,

Africa. Very common in parts of India.

Subfam. VANELLlNiE.

Titi, Beno;.

Genus HOPLOPTERUS, Bonaparte.

H. veniralis (Hardw. Ill- Ind. Zool.)

Syn. Charadrius ventralis, Wagler.Ch. Duvaucelei, Lessou.

Nghet Taloing, Arracan. Inhabits India

generally (on sand-flats)- Common in Arracan.

Genus SARGIOPHORUS, Strickland.

,5'. bilohus (PI. Enl. 880).

Syn. Charadrius bilobus, Gmelin.

Zirdi, H. Inhabits India generally on arable

land.

Genus LOBIVANELLUS, Strickland.

L. goensis (Gould's Century, pi. 78).

Syn. Parra goensis, Gmelin.Charadrius atrogularis, Wagler,

Tititui (expressive of cry), H. • TitoriSindh. Kibullo, Cingh.

; Teeteedoo, Arracan.Inhabits India generally and Malay countries(very abundant).

L. cinereus.

Syn. Pluviamis cinereus, Blyth, J. A. S. XI. 587.

Inhabits Bengal not uncommon in cold sea-

sou.

Z. leucurus (Denon's Egypt, Zool., pi. 6,

f. 2).

Syn. Charadrius leucurus, Lichtenstein.

Chizi, Kabul. Inhabits Middle Asia ; N.Africa. Very rare in India.

Genus VANELLUS, L.

F. cristatîs, Meyer {PI. Enl. 242).

Syn. Tringa vanelus, L.

V. gavia, Leach.

Alatye, or MeJchdao, Kabul. Inhabits Eu-rope and Asia ; N. Africa (in winter) : UpperIndia ; never in S. India, or L. Bengal.


Subfam. CHARARDIN^.

Genus S(ÛATAROLA, Cuvier.

Sq. helvetica, (PL Enl. 854, 858).

Syn. Tringa helvetica, Gmelin.Tr. squatarola, L.

Charadrius hypomelas, Pallas.

Vanellus griseus, Brisson,V. melanogaster, Bechsteia.

Bara Batan, B.;Ohibugan, Java. This

is of nearly general distribution. Europe, Asia,

Africa, Australia, N. America. Not rare in

L. Bengal.

Gemis CHARADRIUS, L.

Ch. pluvialis, L. (PI. Enl. 904). Inhabits

Europe ; W. Asia ; N. Africa.

Ch. virginicus, Bechstein (Wilson's -4m.Orn. pi. 59, f. 5).

Syn. Ch. pluvialis apud Wilson, also Horsfieldand Jerdon, Catal.

Ch. pluvialis var., Raffles.

Ch, mafmoratus, Temminck.Ch. pectoralis, Vieillot.

Cb. xauthocheilus (?), Wagler (Gould's B.A. Vol. VI. pi. 13).

Chota Batan, B.; Berkay, Malay

; Cheru-ling, Sum,

;Trull, Jav. Inhabits S. E. Asia

and its islands; Australia ? ; N. and S. Ame-

rica. Very common iu India,

Sub-genus EUDROMIAS, Boie.

E%(,. morinellus {PL Enl. 832).

Syn. Charadrius morinellus, L.

Inhabits Europe ; VV. Asia.

Subgenus HIATICULA, G. R. Gray.

H. Geoffroyi, vide J. A. S. XII. 180.

Syn. Charadrius Geoffroyi, Wagler.H. rufinus, Blyth, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1843.

Inhabits India generally ; not common ; Java.

H. Leschenaultii (?), vide, J, A. S, XII. 181.

Syn, Charadrius Leschenaultii (?), Lesson.

Ch. cirripedesmos, Wagler, apud tûndevalL

Ch. ruflnellus, Blytli, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1833,

Inhabits India generally; extremely common

in L, Bengal.

JI. cantiana.

Syn. Charadrius cantianus, Latham,Ch, Alexandriuus, Hasselquist.

Ch, littoralis, Bechsteiu.

Ch. albifrons, Meyer.

Inhabits Europe; Asia ; N. Africa.

H. philippina (Sonnerat, Voy. aux Inies, pi.

46.)

78


Stn, Charadrins philippinus Scopoli.

Ch, dubius, Gmelin.

Ch. curonicus, Beseke.

Ch. minor Meyer.Ch. fluviatilis, Bechst.

Ch. intermedius, Menetries.

Ch. hiaticuloides, Franklin.

Ch. zonatus, Swainson.

Ch. hiaticula apud Pallas.

Cb. hiaticula. var. (?), Raffles.

Zirria, H. ; Tilla Chusmuk, Kabul ;Bui,

Sum. Inhabits Asia ; Africa ; rare in N. W.Europe. Extremely common in India.

H. pusilla.

6yn. Charadrins pusillus, Horsfield.

Ch. minor ? Wagler apud Jerdon, Catal.

Inhabits India and Malay countries. Rare

in India.

H. nigrifrons (Gould's B. A- Vol. VI. pi.

20).

Syn. Charadrius nigrifrons, Cuvier.

Ch. melanops, Vieillot.

Ch. russatus, Jerdon. Catal.

Inhabits Australia (between 28° and 37°, S.

lat). Extremely rare in India.

Fam. CHIONID^.Genus HiEMATOPUS, L.

H. ostralegus, L- (PI. Eiil. 939). BuriyaCuzpoun (i. e. ' Sea Longshanks' or Himan-topus) ;

H. ;Tetawuk, Kabul. Inhabits Eu-

rope ; Asia ; N. Africa. Adult, in summerdress (bill 4 in. long). From Arracan.

Fam. EECURVIROSTEIDiE.

Qenus HIMANTOPUS, Brisson. Lai Theng(' Red-shank'), Beng,

;Giiz-poun, ('Yard-leg'),

H. ; Chaha Bara, Muttra ; Gusling, Sindh :

Gagang-layem, Jav.

H. candidus, Bonnaterre {PI. Enl. 873).

Syn. Charadriusynimantopus, L.

Ch. auturanalis, Hasselquist,

H. vulgaris et H. ruflpes, Bechstein.

H. albicollis, Vieillot.

H. atropterus, Meyer.

H. melanopterus, Temminck.H. asiaticus Lesson.

Inhabits Europe, Asia Africa. Very commonin India.

H. intermedius, Blyth, J. A- S. XVIII. p. .

Inhabits India where much less common than

H. candidus, and Malay countries.

Genus RECURVIKOSTRA, L.

R. avocetta, L. (PI. Enl. 353). Inhabits

Europe, Asia, Africa. Not rare in Lower Ben-

gal.

Fam. SCOLOPACID^.

Kada-lclioncJia (' Clay-pecker'), B.;Kutra,

H. ;Yeng-yan, Arracan ; Trinil, Jav. ; Chan-

chali. Kabul.

Genus IBIDORHYNCHUS, Vigors.

I. Struthersii, Vigors (Gould's Century, pi.

79).

Syn. Erolia (red-billed) Hodgson, J. A. S. IV. 459.

Inhabits Himalaya.

Gemis TOTANUS, Ray, Bechstein.

T. glottis (Gould's Century, pi. 75 ; B. A.Vol. Vl.pl. 36 ;— winter plumage).

Syn. Scolopax glottis, L.

Sc. eanescens, Gmelin.Tetanus cliloropus, Meyer.T. fistulans, Bechstein.'1'. glottoides. Vigors.

Limosa grisea, Brisson.

L. totauus et L. glottis, Pallas.

Glottis natans, Koch.Gl. Vigorsii, G. R. Gray.

Timtimma, H.- Benonchung, Jav. Inhabits

Old World generally ; Australia. Very commonin India.

T. stagnatilis, Bechstein (Gould's B. E. pi.

314 ; B A. Vol, VI. pi. 2>1 ; Century, pi. 76;—winter plumage).

Syn. Scolopax totanus, L.T. Horsiieltii, Sykes.

T. Lathami, Gray (Hardw, 111. lud. Zool).

T. tenuirostris, Horsfield.

CJiota Timtimma, H. ; Kiyo, Java ; Kurruh-

i-ahi, Kabul. Inliabits Old World generally;

Australia. Very common in India.

T.fuscus {PI. Enl. 875).

Syn. Scolupax fusca, L.

Sc- nigra et 'I'ringa atra, Gmelin.

sc. curonica, Beseke-

Limosa fusca, Brisson.

T. uatans et T. maculatus, Bechstein.

Bvtan, H. Inhabits Europe and Asia. Common in India.

T. calidris (PI. Enl. 845).

Syn. Scolopax calidris, L.

Tringa gambetta, Gmelin.

Tot. variegatus, Brunnich.

T. striatus et T. ntevius, Brisson.

Ghota Biitun, H. Inhabits Europe and Asia.

Very common in India.

Genus ACTITIS, Illiger.

Act. glareola.

Syn. Tringa glareola, Gmelin.

Totanus affinis, Horsfield.

Ola-Watua, Cingh.5

Kodidi, Malay. In-

habits Europe and Asia. Extremely common in

India.

Act. ochropus (PI. Enl. 843).

Syn. Tringa ochropus, L.Tonatus leucurns, Gray (Hardw. 111. Ind. Zool.)

Tita. Sindh. Inhabits Europe and Asia.

Rare in N. Africa. Common in India.

Act. Mpoleucos (PI. Enl. 850).

Syn. Tringa hipolcuca, L,

79


Tiha, and Musda, Sindh, ; Trinil batu, Java.

Inhabits Europe and Asia. Extremely commonju L. Bengal.

Genus TEREKIA, Bonaparte.

T. cinerea (Gould's B. E. pi. 807 • B. A.Vol. VI. pi. 34).

Syn. Scolopax cinerea, Gmelio,Sc. terek, Latham.Sc. sumatrana, Raffles.

'

Liraosa recurvirostra, Fallas.

Fedoa terekensis, Stephens.

Tonatus javanious, Horsfield.\

Xenus ciuereus, Kaup.\

Kuning IcaTci, Suna.;Bedaran, or Choweijau,

Jav. Inhabits Asia and its archipelago ; rare

in Europe and in Australia. Common in

India.

Genus LIMOSA, Brisson.

L. lapponica (PI. Enl. 900).

SrN. Scolopax lapponica, L.

Sc. leucophcca, Latham.L, rata, Brisson.

L. ferruginea, Pallas.

Totanus gregarius, Bechstein.

Inhabits Europe; Africa ; never (?) India.

L. cegocephala (Gould's B. A. Vol. VI. pi.

28).

Syn. Scolopax agocephala et Sc. limosa, L.

Sc. belgica, Graelin.

So. melanura, Leisler.

L. leucopha3;i, Jerdon,

L. melanuroitles, Gould.

Clmlia, and Jangral, H.;Susling, Sindh;

3irii Lahut, Jav. Inhabits Europe, Asia and its

islands, and N. Australia. Very common in India.

W. B.—Inditîduals of the same flock of this

species vary excessively in size, and are fre-

quently small as the pair represented by Mr.Gould. The bill varies in length from 2| to

4j in.; and the closed wing from 7 to 8| in.

Genus NUMENIUS, UN. arquafa, L. (PL E,il. 818). Sdda

Kastuclmra (^ White Curve-bill,' as opposed to

Ps. crepitans, Beng. ; Goar, or GowngJi, H.;

Teroh, Sura. Inhabits Europe, Asia, Africa.

Common in India.

N.phmpus L. (Fl. Enl. 842).

Syn. Phceopus vulgaris, I'lemraing.

Cliota Qoungh, H. ;Gajahcm, Java, In-

habits Europe, Asia, Africa. Common on the

sea-coasts of India, rare inland.

Genus TUINGA, L.

Tr.canutus, h- (PI. Enl. 365, 366 ; Gould's

B. E. pi. 324).

Syn, Tr. cinerea, Brunuicli.

Tr. islandica, nasvia, grisea, et australis, Omclin.

Tr. glaroola, Pallas,

Tr. fcrrugiuea, Meyer.

Tr, rufa, VVilsou (A.m. Or«. pL 57, f. 3,5.)

80

Inhabits Europe, Africa, N. Asia. Very rarein India.

Tr. suharquata, Gmelin (PI. Enl. 851;

Gould, B. E. pi. 328 ; B A., Vol. VI. pi.

32).

Syn, Triuga ferruginea, Brunnich,Tr. islandica, Retzius.

Tr. falcinella, Pallas.

Tr. chinensis, Gray.Scolopax africana et pygma;a, Graelin,Sc. catfra. Forster.

Numenius pymEcus, Latham.Erolia varia, Vieillot.

Falcinellus Cuvieri, Bonap,

Maijatan. Jav. Inhabits Europe, Asia, Afri-

ca, Australia. N. America. Very common in

India.

Tr. cinclus, L. (PI, Enl. 852; Gould, B E

pi. 329),

Syn. Tringa alpina, L.

Tr. ruficollis et Scolopax pusilla, Graelin.Sc. salina, Pallas.

Numenius variabilis, Bechstein,

Inhabits northern hemisphere. Not commonin L. Bengal, nor in S. India.

Tr . platijrliyncha (Gould's B. E. pi. 331).

iSYN. Tr. eloroides, Vieillot.

Limicola pygmsea, Kaup,

Inhabits Asia ; rare in Europe : tolerably

common in India,

Tr. minuta, Leisler (Gould, £. E. pi. 332).

8yn. Tr. pusilla, Meyer and Wolff,

Tr. cinclus Pallas, apud G. K. Gray.]

Tr. damacensis, Horsfield.

Tr. pusilla? apud Jerdou, Catul.

Chota Ptin-loha, H. (Jerdon). Inhabits Eu-rope and Asia. Very common in India,

Tr. TemmincTtii, Leisler (Gould. B. E pi,

833).

Syn. Tr. pusilla, Bechstein.

Inhabits Europe and Asia. Common in

India.

Genus EURINORHYNCHUS, Nilsson.

Eu. pygmceus (G, E. Gray, III. Gen. Birds,

pi, 152, f, 1).

Syn. Platalea pygmsea, L,

Eu. griseus, Nilsson,

Eu. orieutulis, BIyth, Ann. Mag. N. H, 1843.

Inhabits Europe and Asia. Extremely rare.

Most numerous on the eastern coast of the

Bay of Bengal, a few mingled in flocks of No-

1911—16).

Genus CALIDRIS, Illiger.

C. arenaria (Gould, B. E. pi. 335).

StN. Charadrius calidris, L.

Ch. rubidus, Gmeliu.Arenaria grisea, Bechstein.

A. vulgaris, Leisler.

Ti'iuga tridacfcyla, Pallas.

C. triugoides. Vieillot.


Inhabits Sea-coasts of Northern hemisphere

Very rare (?) in India.

Genus PHILOMACHUS, Mcevrhing.

Ph.piignax {PI. Eiil. 300, 305, 306, Ui;

Gould B. E. pi 328).

SrN. Tringa pugnax, L,

Tr. variegata, Brunuich.Tr. equestris et grenoviceusis, Latham.Tr. rufescens, Bech stein.

Tr. littorea, Gtnelin.

Limosa Hardwickii,—male ) Hardw. Ill,

Totaaus indious,—female ( Ind, Zool.

Gehivala, H.;

Chouchili, Sindh. Inhabits

Europe and Asia. Common in India in winter

dress;constantly leaving L. Bengal before the

ruff of the male is put forth ; though specimens

with growing ruffs have been obtained at Raj-

mahl.

Genus STREPSILAS, Illiger,

Sir. interpres {PI. Enl. 856 ; Gould's B. A.

Vol. VI. pi. 39).

Syn, Tringa iuterpres, L.

Str, coUaris, Temminck.

This is if universal distribution, on all sea-

coasts ; rare inland.

Genus PHALAEOPUS, Brisson.

Pli. fulicarius (Edwards pi 142).

Stn. Tringa fulicaria, L.

Pli. platyrhynchus.Temmiock.Ph, nifiis, Bechstein.

Inhabits northern regions. Exceedingly rare

id India.

Genus MACRORHAMPHUS, Leach.

M. semipalmatus, Jerdon, Blyth, J. A. S.

XVTI. 252, Inhabits India, rare (?), or more

probably confined to sea-coasts.

Genus SCOLOPAX, L.

Sc. rusiicola, L. {PI. Enl 885).

Syn. Sc. iudicus, Hodgson, J. A. S. VI. 490,

Inhabits Europe and Asia. Common in the

Himalaya, and Nilgiris during the cold season.

Very rare in L. Bengal, and in Ceylon.

Genus GALLINAGO, Ray, Stephens.

G. nemoricola, Hodgson (Jerdon's III. Ind.

Orn. pi. 9), J. A. S- VI. 490. Wood-Snipe,

Himalaya: Solitari/ Snipe, Nilgiris. Inhabits

Himalaya ; C India ; Nilgiris,

G. solitaria, Hodgson, J. A. S. VI. 491.

Syn. Sc. nemoricola, var, ?

Inhabits Himalaya,

G. stenura.

Stn. Scolopax steuura, Temmiuck,Sc. gallinago apud Raffles aud Horsfield.Sc, lieterura et biclayus, Hodg.son,

• Kas Watua, Cingh. ; Boorlcal Gadung, Ma-

lay ; SeJcadidi, Sum. ;Burchet, Jav. Inhabits

India and Malay countries. Common in India.

Q. scolopacinus, Bonaparte {Tl. Enl. 883).

Syn. Scolopax gallinago, L.

G. uniolavus, Hodgson, J. A. S. VI. 492.

Bharka, or BJturuk, H. Inhabits Old Worldgenerally (nec Malay countries ?)

G. gallinula (PI Enl 884).

Syn. Scolopax gallinula, L.

Sc. minima, Ray.

Inhabits Old World generally (nec Malaycountries (?). Common in India.

Genus RHYNCHEA, Cuvier.

RTi. hengalensis (Hardw. III. Ind. Zool.)

Stn. Scolopax bengalensis L.

Sc. capensis, Gmelin, apud Raffles,

Eh. orientalis, Horsfield,

Rb, varia, Temminck.Rh. capensis, apud Gray.

Raja Kas Watua, Cingh.;Pengimg, .lav.

Inhabits India and Malay countries- Commonin India.

Earn. PALAMEDEID.^.

Subfam, PARRINiE.

Piho, H.

Genus METOPIDIUS, Wagler.

M. indious (Vieillof, Gal. des, Ois, pi 264;

Hardw. III. Ind. Zool.)

Stn, Parra indica, Latham.P. cuprea, Vahl.P melanochloris, Vieillot.

P. senea, Cuvier.P- superciliosa, Horsfield.

P. atrata, Tickell, J. A . S. II, 583. 1 „Gallinula viridis, Gmelin. / ^ oung.

Dal-pipi, Beng. ; Pichisan, Java. Inhabits

S. E. Asia and its Islands. Very common in

India.

Genus HYDROPHASIANUS, Wagler.

H. chirmyus (Gould's Century, pi. 77,

Hardw. 111. Ind. Zool.)

Sin, Tringa chirurgus, Scopoli (Soun. Voy. aiix.

Indes, pi. 45,—non-breeding plumage.Parra sinensis et luzoniensis, Gmelin.

Dal-lmkra, H.;

Bhepi, or Bhenpi, Beng.Inhabits India ; China ; Philippines. Com-mon.

Earn. GRUID.E.

Genus GRUS, Moerrhing.

Gr. antic/one (Edwards, pi. 45 ; PI Enl,865).

Sis. Ardea autigouc, L.

Grus torquatus, Vieillot.

Gr, orientalis (?), Pjillas.

81 11


Saras, or Surhwns, H. ;Gyo-gya, Arracau.

Inhabits India generally, rare to the southward.

Or. cinerea, Bechstein (Pi. Enl. 769 ;

Gould's B. E. pi. 270).

Syn, Ardea grus, L.

Gnis vulgaris, Pallas,

Kulung, H.;Kunj. Persian. Inhabits Eu-

rope ; Asia ; N. Africa. Common in India.

Siih-genus ANTHROPOIDES, Vigors.

Anthr. virgo {PI. Mil. 241;Edwards, pi.

134.)

Syn. Ardea virgo, L.

Grus numidica, Brisson.

Karlcarra, H. ; also Kurrounch (Jerdon) ;

KurJcoiicha, Can.;SJiuMumik, Kabul. (AH

imitative of cry.) Inh;ibits Asia and Africa.

Eare in S. Europe. Common in S. India.

Tribe CULTRIROSTRES.

Earn ARDEAD^.Subfîm. TANTADINiE.

Ge7ms EALOINELLUS. Ray, Bechstein.

F. igneus (Gould's £. A. Vol. VI. pi. 47).

Syn. Tantalus falcinellus, L.T. igncus et, viridis, Graelin.

Ibis sacra, Tcmminck.

Kowa?'i, H. ; Kala Xustechora, B.;

Buzak,

Kabul- Btoc/t Cwr/ew of sportsmen. Inhabits

Old World generally; Australia. Common in

India.

Qeniis GERONTICUS, Wagler.

G. papillosus {PI. Col. 340).

Syn. Ibis papillosa, Temminck.

BirM or Kala Buza, H.;Karunhul, C- India

Kinj Ciirleiv of sportsmen. Inhabits India

generally (nec L. Bengal).

Genus THRESKtORNIS, G. R. Gray.

Thr. melamcepJialus, (Jardine and Selby;

Orn. Ill-, pi 120>

Syn. Tantalus raelanocephalus, L.,— tlie young.

Ibis Macei et I. leucun (apud G. H. Gray) Teni'

minck,

I. bengals, Cuvier.

1. religiosa apud S^kes.

Munda, H.;Safed Buza of some : Sada

Kasechora {i. e. ' White Curlew') of some, B.

;

Kula-gouk, Arracan. White (7«r/ew of sportsmen.

Inhabits India generally ; scarce in Arracan.

Genus rANTALUS, L.

T. leucocephalus, Gmelin (Pennant's Ind.

Zool. pi. 11).

Syn. T. gangeticus, Shaw.T. indicus, Cuvier,

DoJch, II.;Jaunghal, in Hindustan (Jerdon),

Kat Saninga, H., B. ;Lawjnng and Lumdiih,

Siudh. Inhabits India generally ; Ceylou ; As-sam j Arracan.

T. lacteus, Temminck {Fl Col. 352).

Syn. T. ibis, var. , and the young

—

T. ciuereus. Raffles, Lin. Tr. XIII. 337.


Genus PLATALEA, L.

PI. leucorodia, L. (PI. Enl 405).

Chammacli Buza {i. e, ' Spoon Ibis'), H.CImnta, B. Inhabits Europe and Asia. Commonin India.

Ge7ms ANASTOMUS, Bonnaterre.

A. oscitans, (Pi. Enl 932;

Sonnerat, Voy-aux hides, pi. 122).

Syn. Ardea oscitans, Boddaert.A. pontice.riana et coromandelica, Gmelin,All. typus, Temminck.A. albus et ciuereus, Vieillot.

Mycteria asiatica C?). Latham.

Gungla or Gunglu, H. (Jerdon) ; also Ghon-gal, H. ; Samuk-khol, B. ; Tont'h Bhunja(Tickell) ; Klia-yoo-tsoot, Arracan. Inhabits

India generally. Common.

INCERTJE SEDIS.

Genus DROMAS, Payk.

L. ardeola, Payk. (PI. Col. 362 ;Suit, ' Tra-

vels in Abyssinia,' pi, 31).

Syn. Erodia amphilensis, Stanley.

Ammoptila charadroides ? apud Jerdon, CataL

Inhabits Sea-coast of S. India and Ceylon;

also of E. Africa.

Subfam. CICONIN^.

Genus MYCTERIA, L.

M. australis, Shaw (Gold's B. A. Vol. VI.

pi. 51).

Syn. Ardea oscitans, Latham.

Sicouia leucoptera, Wagler.

Bunarus, and Loliojung, H.j Ram Salii, B.

Inhabits India generally, Malay countries, and

Australia.

G.nus CICONIA, L.

C. alba, Belon (PL Enl. 866).

Syn. Ardea cicouia, L.

Lag-lay, or Ujli ; also ffaji. lag-lag, II.

(Jerdon); Dlieh, Muttra. Inhabits Europe;Asia ; N. Africa ; India generally; very commonin parts of Bengal, during the cold season.

C. nigra, L. (Pi. Enl. 399).

Syn. Avdea nigra, L.

A. chrysopclargus, Lichtenstein,

A. fusca, brisson,—the young.

White-bellied Jabiru, Latham.

Sin-mai, H. (Jerdon). Inhabits Europe

;

Asia ; N. Africa; common in N. India ; very

rare in L. Bengal.

C. Icucocepliala (PI. Enl, 906).

SXN- Ardea leucocephala, Qmeliu,' C. umbellata, Wagler

82


Maniljor, H., B.;

KTiyee-Tilieng-tsivo^, Ar-

racaii : Sandang-lawe, Java. Inhabits India

generally ; Burmese and Malay countries. Com-mon.

Oeniis LEPTOPTILOS, Lesson.

L. argala {PI Enl. 300).

Syn. Ardea argala, L.

A. dubia, Gmelin.Cicouia mirabou, Temminck.

C. nudifrons, Jeidou, Catal.,—young.

Argala migratoria, Hodgson, lud. Rev.

1838, p. 563.

Hargila B. ; Dusta, H. (Jerdon); Chaniari

DhaiiJc, H. (Hodgson) ;Qarar, Muttia. 'Ad-

jutant' of Europeans. Inhabits N.Asia? Vi-

siting India during the rains, when common in

L. Bengal.

L.javanica (PL Col. 312).

SsN, Ciconia javanica, Horsfield,

C. capillata, Temminck.C. calva, Jerdon, Catal.

C. nudifrons, and the young— C. cristata,

McClelland, Ind. Rev. 1838, pi, 512.

Argala immigratoria, Hodgson, ibid, p. 563.

Ardea dubia of Sumatra, apud Raffles.

Madancliur, B.;Ckinjara, H (Jerdon)

;

Tontsap and Nghet-gyee, .\rracan; Bangou Sula,

Burong Kambing, and Burong Gaja of Malays

(Raffles) ;Bangu, Java. Inhabits India and

Malay countries ; never frequenting towns, like

L. argala.

Subfam ARDETN^.Genius AU'DEA, L. Bog, or Bogla, H. ; Ba-

rado, Sindh; Nga-heet, and Nghet-nga-nwa,

Arracan.

A. goUath, Euppell (Atlas pi. , the

adult).

'Syn. A. typhon (?), Temminck (PI. Col. 475) ?

A nobilis, Blytb, Ann. Mag. N. H. XIII.

175,— young bird.

Inhabits Bengal (in cold season);Nepal :

also Africa. Several specimens of this immense

heron have been procured in the vicinity of

Calcutla, but all hitherto in the plumage of

the first year.

A. sumatrana, Raffles Gould's B. A. Vol.

TI. pi. 54,—the second plumage.

Syn. a. fusca, Blyth, Ann. Mag. N. H. XIID176.

A. rectirostris, Gould.

San Barado, Sindh. Inhabits Sindh ; Sik-

kim (tarai ?) ; Assam ; Arracan ; Sumatra ;

Australia.

A. einerea {PI. Enl. 775, 7S7).

Stn. a. major, L.A, bruh (?), Jacquemont-, Atlas, pi.

Kahud, H. (Jerdon). Sada Kdnk and Jn-jun, B.

;Saa, Sindh

jGlianga Axm, Jav. In-

83

habits Europe ; Asia ; Africa. Common in

India.

A. purptirea, L. {PL Enl. 783).

Syn. a, caspica, purpurata, rubiginosa (?), et

botaurus aut rufa, Gmelin.

A. variegata, Scopoli.

A, monticola, LaPey.

Iâri, H. (Jerdon) , Ldl KanJc, B.;

Khjon-

byoivg. Arracan;Chmga-ulu, Java. Inhabits

Europe, Asia, Africa.

Sub-genus HERODIAS, Boie.

Koka, Cingh. ; Kantal, Jav. ; OoJcer, and

Kumole, Kabul;Byoing Pliyoo, Arracan.

H. alba {PL Enl 886 ; Gould's B. A. Vol-

VI. pi. 56).

Syn. Ardea alba, L.

A. egretta, Temminck.A. nivea. Lesson.

A. modesta, Gray.

A. flavirostris et melanorbyncbos, Wagler.A. torra, Buchanan Hamilton and Franklin.

A. syrmatophorus, Gould.

Mallang Bagla, Tiirra Bagla, and Paioia

Bagla, H (Jerdon); Dhar Bagla, B, ; Bacho

Barado, Sindh. Inhabits S. E. Europe ; Afri-

ca ; Asia and its islands ; Australia. Commonin India.

H. intermedia (Gould's B. A. ¥ol. VI. pi.

57).

Syn, Ardea intermedia, Wagler, Isis, 1829.

A. egrettoides, Temaiinck,

A. flavirostris, Bonnaterre, nec Wagler.

A putea, Buchanan Hamilton.

A. nigriro.stris, Gray.

H. plumifora, Gould.

Inhabits as last. The most abundant spe-

cies of Egret in the Malay countries. Com-mon also in India.

//. garzefta {PL Enl 901).

Stn. Ardea garzetta, L.

A. xanthodactyla et A. nivea, Gmelin^

A. orientalis. Gray.

A. melanopus, Wagler, )yj^j.|etY.

A. nigripes, Temminck,J

H. immaculata (?), Gould. .

Kirchia (or Kilchia) Bagla, H. (Jerdon).

Inhabits as last. Very common in India. Aus-

tralia ?

H. buhulcus (PL EnL 910 : Denon's Egypt,

{Zool. t. 1, pi, S, f. I).

Syn. Ardea bubulcus, Savigny.A. lucida, Raflinesque.

A. aequinoctialis, Montagu.A. coromandelensis, Stephens.

A. bicolor and A, rufioapilla, Vieillot,

A. russata, Temminck.A. afSnis, Horsfield.

A. coromandelica, Lichtenstein,

A. Veranii, Rous.A. leucocephala, Cuvier.A. caboga, Franklin.

A. ibis, Hasselquist.

BIRDS OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASTA.

Durrea and Suvkhia Bogla H. ; Gal Bagla,

B. Sudu Koka, Cingli. ! Kantal Chilik, Jav.

Inhabits as last, associating mucli with cattle.

Nec Australia ?

H, asha.

Sm Ardea asha, Sykes.Hevodias, pannosa (?), Gould. (B. A. Vol.

VI. pi. 59).

luda Bngla, H. (Jerdon). Inhabits Penin-

sula of India; Sindh. Nec(?) L. Bengal. Aus-tralia ?

II. jiujiaavis (Gould's B. A. Vol. VI. pi. 60).

Syn. Ardea jugularis, Forster,

A, caerulea, var , Latham.A. matook, Vieillot.

Demigretta concolor, Biytb, J. A. S. XV.372.

H. GreyS—Gray {Gould's B. A. Vol. VI.pi 61),—permanent white variety.

Inhabits Ariacan; Nicobar Islands ; N. Zea-land ; Africa (Senegal)?

Sub-genus BUTO RIDES, Bljth.

B. javanica.

Syn. Ardea javanica, Horsfield.

Kanclia Bagla, H. ; Kuno Bag, B.; PucJwng,Malay

;Upi uinan, Jav. Inhabits India and

Malay countries. Common.

Stib-gemis AEDEOLA, Boie.

A. leiicoptera (Ilardw. III. Ind. Zool).

Syn. a. leucoptera, Boddaert.A, Grayi, Sykes— breeding dress.

A. malaecensis, Gmelin—non-breedingdress.

Undki Bocjli. H. (Jerdon); Kuro Bog, B.

;

Kana Icoka, Ciugh. Inhabits India generally;

Burmese countries]Malayan peninsula. Ex.^.

ceedingly common.

Suh-genus NYCTICORAX, Brisson, Ste-

phens.

N. griseus (PI. Enl. 758).

Syn. Ardea nycticorax et grisea, L.

N. europseus, Stephens.

Woh (from voice), and BalcJika, Beng., H.;

Gadri, Sindh;Leng-tvet, Arracan

;Guwo, Jav.

Inhabits Europe ; Asia; Africa. Common in

India.

Suh-gemis TIGRISOMA, Swainson.

T. melanolopha.

Syn. Ardea melanolopha, Raffles, Lin. Tr. XIII.316.

Inhabits Ceylon ] Arracan; Malayan penin-

sula ; Sumatra.

Sub-genus BOTAURUS, Brisson, Stephens.

B. steltaris {PI, Enl. 789).

Syn. Ardea stellaris, L.

Nir gonng, H. Inhabits Europe ; Asia ; Af-

rica. Common in Bengal.

Sub-genus ARDETTA, G. E. Gray.

A. fl.avicollis (Jerdon's III. Ind. Orn. pi

16 ; Gould's B. A. Vol. VI. pi 65,—not good,

if the Australian be truly identical with the

Indian species.

Syn. Ardea flavicollis, Latham.A. nigra, Vieillot.

A. picta. Raffles,—the young figured in

Hardvsicke'.s 111. Ind. Zool-

Kala SlwA N'ol Bogla, B.; Tototan ox Tom-tomman, Jav. Inhabits India generally : not

common, nor rare in L. Bengal : Ceylon ; Tip-

pera ; Arracan ; Tenasserim;Malayan peniusu-

ia ; Sumatra ; China; Australia.

A. cinnamomea (Hardw. III. Ind. Zool).

Syn. Ardea cinnamomea, Gmelin.

Lai Bogla, H. ;Nati, korawaka, Cingh. ;

Ayam'Ayaman, Jav. Inhabits India and Ma-lay countries. Common.

A. sinensis (young figured as No. 1651,

Hardw. III. Ind. Zool.,—not good).

Syn. Ardea sinensis, Gmelin.A. lepida et A. nebulosai Horsfield.

Bamh.augan, Jav. Inhabits India generally ;

Ceylon ; Arracan ; Jav. ; China. Generally ob-

served on high reeds.

A. minuta PI. Enl. 323].

Syn. Ardea minuta, L.

A. danubialis et solonieusis, Gmelin,

Inhabits Europe, Africa, C. Asia;Nepal.

Tribe M ACEODACTYLI,Earn. EALLIDiE.

Genus PORPHYEIO, Brisson-

P. polioce2')halus, Latham. Kaim, or Kayem,Beng.: Keivia,V^.; Kogh, Sindh. luhabits

India generally ; Arracan ; Tenasserim. Re-

placed in the Malayan peninsula and archipelago

by P. xmaragdinus, Temminck, v. indicns, Hors-

field ; Tedone of the Malay s|; Pelhmg, Jav^

Genus GALLICREX, Blyth.

G. cristatus.

Syn. Gallinula cristata, Latham.G. plumbea, Vieillot.

G. lugubris (male), andQ.gularis (female),

Horsfield.

Rallus rufescens apud Jerdon, Madr.Journ. XII. 20.5 (female).

Fulica ciuerea, Gmelin.

Kora, or Kongra, Beng. ; Bontod, and Bu-

reng, Jav. Inhabits India generally, and Malay

countries. Common in Bengal.

Genus POEZANA, Vieillot.

P. phcenicura {PI. Enl. 896;

Horsfield,

Zool. Bet. in Java, pi. ).

Syn. Rallus pboeuicurus, Pennant.Gallinula javanica, Horsfield.

G- erythrina, Bechstein,

Fulica chinensis, Boddaert.

84


Daouli, ov Delink, Beng, ;Vawuh, H. (Jev-

don) ; Korawaka, Cingli. ;Burai, Sindh ;

Kaloo-givet, Arracan ;Boa-Roa, Malay ;

Sri-

homha, Jav. Inhabits S. E. Asia and its ar-

chipelago. Extremely common.

P. cikool.

Syn. Gallinnla akool, Sykes (nee Jerdon).

G. modesta, Svvainsoii 1\ Cent,, p. 348.

Inhabits India generally. B,are in L. Bengal.

P. maruetta {PL Enl. 751).

Syn. Rallus porzansi, L.

R, maruetta, Brisson.

Khairi, Beng. (generic);

TeerteeruJc, Ka-

bul. Inhabits Europe, Asia, and Africa. Com-mon in India.

T . injgmoea (J. and S., III. Orn. pi. 15).

Syn. Crex pygmaea, Naumann.Galliaula Baillonii, Vieillot.

Inhabits Europe, Asia, and N. Africa- Very

common in India.

P. quadristrigata-

Syn. Rallus quadristrijjatus, Horsfield.

Gallinula superciliosa, Temrainck.

G. leucosoma, Swainson, 2^ Gent,, p. 348.


F.fusca (PI. Enl. 773 ; PI. Col. 387).

Syn. Rallus fuscus, L.

Gallinula rubigiiiosa, Tem.

Inhabits S. E. Asia and its islands. Com-mon in India.

F. fasciata{Pl. Col 417), J. A. S, XI. 797).

Syn. Rallus fasciatus. Raffles.

Gallinula euryzona, Tem.Rallus ruliceps, Cuv.

Sintar, Malay (generic). Inhabits MalayanPeninsula and archipelago.

F. ceylonica (Brown's III., pi. 37).

Syn. Rallus ceyloaicus, Gmeliu.

Inhabits peninsular India ; Ceylon.

Gejius ORTYGOMETRA, Ray.

0. crex (PI. Enl. 750).

Syn. Gallinula crex, L.Crex pratensis, Bechstein.

Inhabits Europe and W. Asia : common in

Aghanistan.

P. striatus, L.

Syn, R. gularis, Horsfield,

A yam-ayam. Sum.; Tikussan, Jav. Inhabits

S. E. Asia and its islands. Common in India.

R. indicus, Blyth, J. A. S. XVII. p.

Sin. R. Aquaticus of India, auctorum.

Inhabits India generally. Common.

Genm GALLINULA, Brisson.

G. cJiloropns {PI. Enl 877).

Syn. Fulica chloropus et F. fusca, L.

G. parvifron.s, blytli.

G. akool apud Jerdon, Catal.

Pan Faira, Dahulc Pcdra, B. ; Kuslilad Ca-

bul. Inhabits Europe, Asia, and N. Africa.

Common in India.

Qenus FULIOA, L.

F. atra, L. {PI. Enl. 197).

Syn. F. aterrinia, L.

I', aetliiops et F. leuooryx, Sparrman.F. pullata et atrata, Pallas.

Dasri, or Dasarni, H.;

Kuslikul, Cabul

Ari, Sindh. Inhabits Europe, Asia, and NAfrica. Common in India.

Order Vlll. NATATORES.Tribe LONGIPEiNNES.

Fam. LARID.E.

Subfam. LARINiE.

Genus CATARRACTA, Brunnich.

C. ceplhus, Brunnich (Gould's B. E. pl.

442).

Syn. Lestris parasiticus, Swainson,

L. crepidetus, 'reramiuck.

L. Bulfonii, Boie.

Inhabits Northern seas.

Genus LARUS, L. Gang Cliil {i. e. 'Ganges

Kite,' B ) : BadUior, Cabul.

L. fuscus, L. (Gould, 5. E., pl. 431).

Sy'N. L flavipes, Meyer.L. argentatus apud Montagu,

Inhabits Atlantic ; Mediterranean; Red Sea.

Indian Ocean ; C. G. Hope ; N. Zealand, Cabul (Burnes).

L. icthyaetus, Pallas (Rnppell, Atlas pl. 17).

SYN.^L. kroikoopplialus, Jmneson, J. A. S. VIII. 243.

Icthyaetus Tallasi, Kaup.

Inhabits Asia ; Indian Ocean ; common in

Bay of Bengal.

L. ridibundus, L. {Pl. Enl 960, 970 '

Gould, B. E. pl. 425).

Syn. L. cinerarius et L. erythropus, Gmelin.

L, atricilla et L. nsevia, Pallas.

L. canesceus, Bechstein.

L. capistratus, Temmiiick,Sterna obscura, Latham;

Inhabits Europe ; Asia ; N. Africa : muchless common in L. Bengal than L. fuscus.

L. hrunniceplialus, Jerdon, Madr. Journ.

XIII. 225.

Syn. L. ridibundus. var., Sundevall.

Inhabits India generally. Common.

Subfamily. STERNIN^.

Gdwj QUI, B. ; TiMri, H.

Div. 1. Skimmers.

Genus RHTNGHOPS, L.

BIRDS OF EASTERN AND . SOUTHERN ASIA.

Rh. allicolUs, Swainson (Gray's III- Oen,

Birds, pi. 180). Inhabits India generally.

Div. 2. Marsh Terns.

Gems SYLOCHELIDON, Brehm.

iS. caspms (Savigny, Ois. cV J]!gi/pt, pi. 9,

f. 1 ; Gould's B. A. Vol. VII. pi. 22).

Syn, Sterna caspia, Latliara,

S. streuuus, Gould.

Thalassites, Jerdon, Catal. No. 405.

Inhabits India generally (nec L. Bengal), and

the warmer regions of the Old World ; Aus-tralia ; rare in N. W. Europe.

Genus GELOCHELIDON. Brehm.

anglicus (Wilson's Am. Orii. pi. 72, f. G),

YN. Sterua anglica, Montagu.St. aranea, Wilson (apud Audubon, Selby, and

de Kay).8t. resoria et St. meridionalis, Brehm.St, nilotica,praelin.

St. affinis, Horsfteld (nec Ruppell),

Inhabits warmer regions of the Old World,extending also to America. Common in India.

Genus HYDROCH ICLIDON, Boie.

H. indica.

Syn. Viralva iudica, Steplipns.

Sterna hybridii, Pallas.

St. leucopareia, Natterer.

St. grisea, Horsfiekl.

St. cantiaca (?) apuil liaffles.

St. sirailis, Gray (Hardw. III. Ind. Zool.)

Samar Saut ?, Sum.;Puter-lahut, Jav, In-

labits Europe; Asia ; Africa;Malay countries ;

rare in N. W. Europe : very common in India.

N. B. H. fluviatUis, (Gould's B. A. Vol. VII.

pi. 31,) of Australia, would seem to differ only

in having the entire throat white when in sum-Eoer dress.

E. nigra PI. Enl 333).

Syn, Sterna nigra, nsevia, et L.

lariformis (?), L,

St. fisbipes, Pallas.

St. leucoptera, 'J'eiuniinck.

apud G. U. Gray.

W. Asia- EareInhabits S. Europe 3 Africa

in N. and C. Europe.

Genus THALASSEUS, Boie.

Th. benr/alensis (Gould's B. A. Vol. VII.

pi. 25).

Syn. Sterna bengaleusis, Lesson.

St. media (?), Horsfield.

Th. Torressi, Gould.

Sterna, Jerdou's Catal,, No. 402.

Toyang haclier (?), Java. Inhabits Indian

and Malayan seas ; N. Australia.

Genus STEENA, L.

Sithgenns SEENA, Blyth.

Seena aurantia (Hardw, III, Ind, Zool.

Syn. Sterna seena, Sykes.

St. aurantia, et St. brevirosfris, Gray.

Inhabits ludia generally. Common along

the rivers.

Suhgenus STERNA.

St. 2Mradisea, Brunnich (Vieillot, Gal des

Ois., pi. 290).

Syn. St. Dougalli, Montagu,

Inhabits Europe ; Asia ; Africa ; America :

coasts of India.

St. hirundo, L. {PI. Enl. 987).

Syn. St. fluviatilis, Naumann.

Inhabits Europe ; Asia ; Africa;Ndgiris

;

Ceylon.

St. javanica, Horsfield (Hardvi^. lU.^ Ind.

Zool).

SYN. St. melanogaster, Temminck.St. acuticauda. Gray.

Inhabits India and Malay countries. Com-mon a!o;ig the rivers.

Subgenus STEKNULA, Bole.

St. minuta {PI. Enl. 996 ; Wilson's Am-On. pi. 60, f. 2).

Syn. Sterna miuuta, L.

St. sumatrana (?), Raffles.

St. sinensis (?), Gmelin, —young.

Toyang, Jav. Inhabits Northern hemisphere ~

represented in S. America and in Australia byclosely allied species. Common on W. coast of

India.

Div. 4. Oceanic Terns.

Genus ONYCHOPRION, Wagler.

On. melanauchen (Gould's B. A. Vol. VII.

pi 28).

Syn. Sterna melanauchen, Temminck.St. minuta, Horsfield (apud G. U. Gray\

Inhabits Indian Ocean;

Malaj'an seas : N.Australia. Breeds numerously on Nicobar Is-

lands.

On, anasthwtiis (Sonnerat, Voy. a la Nouv,

Giiinee, pi, 84).

Syn. Sterna auasthaetus. Scopoli.

St. panayana, Latham [nec apud Gould ? B. A-.

Vol, VI (. pi. 33).

St. iufuscata, Lichtenslein (from E. Indies).

St. autarctica, Mus de ?aris. Lesson (Calcutta).

Inhabits Indian Ocean ; Bay of Bengal ; Ma-layan Seas.

Genus ANOUS, Leach.

J. stoUdus ^Gould's B. A. Vol. VIL pi. 34).

Syn. Sterna stolida, L.

A. uiger, Ste)ihens.

Gaira i'usca, Brisson,

St, pliilippiua (?), Latham,

8G


Chamar, Malay (generic). This is of verv

general distribution, over the temperate aii'.l

warmer parts of the ocean. Common in the

Indian seas.

A. tenuirostris (Gould's B. A. Vol. VII. pi.

36).

SyN. Sterna tenuirostri«, Terarainck,

A. leucocapillus, Gould,

Inhabits coasts of Africa ; Indian Ocean;

Australian seas.

Fam. PEOCELLARIDiE.

Genus DIOMEDEA, L.

D. exulans. L. (Gould's B. A. Vol. VII. pi.

38).

Syn. Plautus albatrus, Klein.'

Inhabits S. Ocean.

Z). melanophrys, Temminck (Gould's B. A'

Vol. VII. pi. 43). Inhabits S. Ocean.

D. chlororliynchos, Latham (Gould's B.

Vol. VII. pi. 42).

SYN. D. clirysostoma. Forster.

Inhabits S. Ocean.

B. fuliginosa, Gmelin (Gould, B: A. Vol.

VII. pi. 44).

Syn. D. palpebrata, Forster.

D. antarctica, Banks.

D. fusca, Audubon.

Inhabits Southern Ocean,

Genus PllOCELLARIA, L.

Pr. gigiintea, Gmelin (Gould's B. A. Vol.

VII pi. 45). Inhabits Southern Ocean.

Pr. glacialoiiles, A. Smith (Gould's B. A,

Vol. VII. pi. 48).

Syn. Pr. tonuiiostris, Audubon.

inhabits S. Ocean.

Pr. Cooldi, G. E. Gray (Gould's B. A. Vol.

VII, pi. 51).

Syn. Pr. velox, Solan der, MS.Pr. leucoptera, Gould.

Inhabits Southern Ocean.

Pr. hi7'hir, Solander (Gould's B. A. Vol.

VII. pi. 54). Inhabits S. Ocean.

Genus PRION, Lacepede.

Pr. vlttatus (GqmWs B. A. Vol- VII, p], 55).

Syn. Procellaria vittata, Forster,Pr. Forsteri, Latham.

Inhabits Southern Ocean.

Genus PELICANOIDES, Lacepede.

P. urinatrix, (Gould's B. A. Vol. VII. pi.

60).

Syn. Procellaria urinatrix, Latham. .

Pr. fridactyla, Forster.

Puffinaria Garuottii, Lesson.

Inhabits S. Ocean ; Bay of Bengal (apudSundevall).

Gejius PUEFINUS, Brisson.

P. majo?^, Faber (PL Enl. 962; A. Smith,

8. Afr. Zool,, Aves, pi. 56).

Syn. Procellaria puffinus, L.

Pr. grisea, Gmelin.

P. fuliginosus, Strickland.

P. cinereus, A. Smith.

Inhabits Atlantic ; Mediterranean ; S. Ocean.

Genus THALASSIDROMA, Vigors.

Th. ocea7iica, Kuhl (Gould's B. A. Vol. VII,pi. 65).

Syn. Th. Wilsonii, Bonaparte.

Procellaria pelagica, apud Wilson.

Inhabits N. and S.Ôceans.

Tribe TOTIPALMATL

Fam. PELICANIDiE. .

Genus PHAETON, L.

Plb. cetJiei-eus, L. (the young ; Gould's B A,Vol. Vn. pi. 73).

SYN. Ph. plioeuicurus, Gmelin ^the adult).

Inhabits Bay of Bengal ; Indian Ocean ; S.

Seas, &c.

Ph. cancUdus {PL EnL 369 ; Edwards, pL1 49, f. 2).

Syn. Lepturus candidus, Brisson.

Ph. melauorhynchos, Gmelin (the young).

Inhabits Bay of Bengal ; Indian Ocean ; S.

Seas, 8ic.

Genus SULA, Brisson.

S. aier (Gould's B. A. Vol. VTI. pi. 78).

Syn. Pelicanus flber et P. sula, L.

S. australis, Stephens.

S, braziliensis, Spix.

Inhabits Tropical Seas. Common in Bay of

Bengal.

S. piscator (Gould's B. A. Vol. VII. pi. 79).'

Syn. Pelicanus piscator, L.

S. Candida, Stephens.

S, erytlirorhyncha, Brandt,S. rubripes, Gould.

Inhabits Tropical Seas. Common in Bay of

ngal, &c.

Genus PELICANUS, L.

87


P. on&crotalus, L. (Edwards, pi. 93).

Syn. p. roseus, Eversmann,) Q R Gray

Oaocrotalus plicenix, Lessou, ) ''

Inhabits S. Europe ; W. Asia; Africa. A.

stufifed head and neck, copious pendent crest 5

in. long, and with the rest of the featliers very

unlike those ot either Indian Pelican.

P. javanictcs^ Horsfield (Stephens, in Shaw's

Zoology, XIII. 109, pi. 12).

Syn. p. onocrotalus of ludia, auctorura (also of Pal-

las ?).

P. crispus (?), Bruch.

Haivasil, and Gaganhher, H. ; Qara Polo,

Beng. (generic);Lam^n^n, Malay ; Buhhid,

Java. Inhabits S. E. Asia and its islands.

Common in India.

P. pliilippemis, Gmelin (PL Bnl. 965).

Syn. p. roseus et T. raauilleusis, Gmeliii.

Won-ho, Arracan;Walar.ig Icadda, Jav. In-

habits S. E. Asia and its islands. More com-

mon in L. Bengal than the preceding species.

Qenus GRACULUS, L.

Gr. carlo, L. {PI. Enl. 927).

Syn. Carbo cormoranus, Meyer,

e. albiveiitris, 'J'ickell, J. A. S. XI. 463,—theyouDg.

Gho-gliwr, H. ; Khamho, Siiidh. Inhabits

Northern hemisphere- Not comnion in most

parts of India and never in L. Bengal. Mostnumerous towards the Himalaya.

Gr, sinensis {Atlas to Macartney's Embassyto China, pi. ).

Syn, Pelicanus siiiPnsis, Shaw.Thalacrocorax fusoicollis, Stephens.

Ph. leuootis, Blyth.

Carbo leueogaster, Meyer.C. nudigula, Brandt-

Inhabits Asia, chiefly to the eastward. In

India, commonest towards the Himalaya, rare

in the peninsula, and never seen in L. Bengal.

Gr. Linncei, G. R. Gray (Z ?. Col. 322).

Syn. Pelicanus graciilus, L., apud G. E. Gray (nec

apud Temmiuck).P. leucoftaster, Vieillot.

Carbo cristatus, Temminck.

Inhabits Europe ; Africa to C. G. Hope.

Gr. pygmmus (Hardw. III. Ind. Zool.)

Syn. Pelicanus pygma;us, Pallas.

Carbo javauicus, Horsfield,

C. melanognathus, Brandt.Phalacrocorax niger, Vieillot.

Halieus africanus apud Sundev.iU.

Jogrciblii, Pan-koul, H. ; Pan-Koiva (i. e.

' Water Crow'), Pan'Koiviif jiyi.A Pan-kouii,

B.;Kaben, Sindh

;Tong gijee, Arracan ; Pe-

clinch, Jav. Inhabits Asia and its Archipelago.

Extremely common througliout India.

Gemis PLOTUS, L.

PI. melanogaster, Gmelin.

Syn. PI. Vaillantii ot India, auctorum.

Bamva, znA Pan Duhbi, H. ; Goyar, B.;Teng-gyee, Arracan

;Dandang Ayer, Sum. In-

habits S. E. Asia and its archipelago. Com-mon throughout India.

Tribe LAMELLIROSTRES.

Fam. ANATID^.

Hans (root of Anser, &c.), H.

Subfam. PHCENICOPTERIN^.

Geniis PHCENICOPTERUS, L.

Ph. roseus, Pallas.

Sy'N. Ph.'antiquus, Temminck.

Bog-hans (' Heron Goose'), H. ; Kaan Thiin-ti, B. Inhabits warmer regions of the old con-

tinent. Common in parts of India. It is the

smaller Indian Flamingo.

Subfam. ANSERINiE.

Div. 1. Swans.

Getms CYGNUS, L.

C. olor {PI. Enl. 915).

Syn. Anas olor, L.C. sibilus, Pallas.

C. mansuetu-i, Ray,

C. gibbu, bechstein.

Inhabits N. Asia and of E. Europe, chiefly.

C. atrata (Gould's P. A. Vol. VII. pi. 6).

Syn. Anas atrata, Latham.A. plutouia, Shaw.Anas uovaj hoUandiae, Bounaterre.

Inhabits Australia.

Div. 2. Ordinary' Geese.

Paj Sans, H

.

Genus ANSER,- Brisson.

A. cygnoides {PI. Enl. 347).

Sy'N. Anas cygnoides, L.

Inhabits China, where domesticated. Un-known in the wild state. The domestic Geese

of India are a hybrid race between this and the

next species.

A- cinereus, Meyer (Gould's B.E. pi. 347,—very bad ; Yarrell's Br. Birds III., 53).

Syn. Anas anser, L.

Auser ferus, Gcsner.

A. vulgaris, Pallas.

) A. palustris, Hemiug.

88


Inhabits Northern hemisphere. "Common in

India ; somewhat rare in W. Europe,

A- hracJiyrhyncJms, Baillion (Yarrell's Br.

Birds, III. 64).

Si:f. A. phoenicopus, Bartlett.

A. brevirostris, Thienem.A. rufescens (?), Brehm.

Inhabits N. hemisphere. Punjab.

Sub-genus BERNICLA, Stephens.

B. indica (Gould's Century, pi. 80).

Syn. Anas Indica, Gmelia.

Anser undulatus, Brandt.

Inhabits India generally, common in the

sold season.

Div. 3. Perching Geese.

Genus DENDROOYGNA, Swainson. Silli

H. ; Saral, B.

D. major, Jerdon {III. hid. Orn., pi. 23).

Inhabits India generally ; Not rare in L. Ben-

gal-

a. arquata (Horsfield, Zool. Res. in Java,

pi. ).

Syn. Anas arcuata, Cuvier.

A. javanica, Horsfield.

Mareoa awsuree, Sykes.

Butwnth, Sindh ;Tseet-tsa-lee, Arracan

;

Bilibi, Sum.;Melivis, Jav. Inhabits India

and Malay countries. Extremely common.W. B. The Australian species referred to

this by Mr, Gould (B. A. Vol. VII. pi, 14),

is obviously distinct and new.

Genus SARCIDIORNIS, Eyton.

S. melanotus {PI. Enl. 937 ; Pennant's Ind.

Zool, pi. 11).

Syn. Anser melanotus, "Pennant,

Nuhta, H.;

Tau-bai, Arracan. Inhabits

India and Burmah. Not common in L. Ben-

gal.

S. (?) leucoptenis, Blyth, J. A. S. XVIII.Inhabits Burmah ; Tenasserim provinces.

Gemis NETTAPUS, Brandt-

N. coromandelianus {PL Enl. 949, 950 ;

Hardw. III. Ind. Zool).

6tn. Anas coromandeliaua, Gmelin.Bernicla girra, Gray.Dendrocygna affinis, Jerdon—winter dress,

Crirja and Girri, H, ; Ghangerel, B. ; Ka-ragat, Arracan, Inhabits India and Malaycountries. Extremely common.

Div. 4. Shieldrakes.

Genus CASARCA, Bonah.

C. rutila (Gould's B. E. pi. 358).

Syn» Anas rutila, Pallas.

A. casarca, L.

.A. rubra, Gmelin.

Surhliab and Cliuhwa, male, CJmlcivi, female,

H. Inhabits Asia generally ; N. Africa : rare

in Europe : common in India.

Genus TADORNA, Leach.

T. vulpanser, Fleming {Pi. Enl. 53 ;

Gould's B.E. pi. 357).

Syn, Anas tadorna, L.

A. cornuta, Gmelin.

T. familiaris, Boie.

T. Bellonii, Stephens.

Mekez (male), Alikaz (female). Cabul;

Shall Murgkabi, Ali-jur gub, and Ni7-aji.

Sindh. Inhabits Europe ; Asia ; N. Africa,

Not common in L. Bengal ; more so on the

Indus.

Subfam. ANATINiE.

Kans, H.;Bigri, B.

Genus ANAS, L.

Subgenus SPATULA, Boie.

Sp. clypeata {PI. Eîl. 971, 972).

Syn, Anas elypeata, L.

A. rubens, Gmelin.A. raexicana, Latham.A. platalea, Vieillot.

Tridari, H. : Alipat, and Kachuk Mai,Srndh. Inhabits Europe ; Asia

; Africa ; N.America. Common in India.

Subgenus ANAS.

A.boschas, L. {Pi. Enl 776, 777.)

Syn. a. fera, Brisson.

A. doraestica et A- aduuca, L.

A. curvirostra, Pallas. i

A. pupureo-viridis, Schinz. ' Varieties.

A. BreWeri, Audubon.

a, L.-J

3

Subz-gu7-dan Cgreen-neck'), Persian Niroji,

Sindh. Inhabits N. Hemisphere : in India,

confined to the Upper Provinces ; never L.Bengal, nor S, India.

A. pcecilorliyncha, Pennant {Ind. Zool. pi,

13 ; Hardw. 111. Ind. Zool). Inhabits India

generally (not migratory) ; Burmah ; not very

common in L. Bengal.

.^4. (?) caryophyllacea, Latham (Jerdon's

III. Ind. Orn., pi 34 ; G. R. Gray, III. Gen.Birds, pi.

,—bill and feet coloured er-

roneously).

89

Sin, a, erythrocephala, Bonnaterre

12

BIRDS OF EASTERN J

Inhabits India generally ; Burmah. Notcommon in L. Bengal.

Subgenus DAFILA, Leach.

D. acuta PL Enl. 954 ; Gould's B. E. pi.

365).

Syn. Anas acuta, L.

A, caudacuta, Ray.A longicauda, Brisson.

A. tsitzilioa, Vieillot.

Kokarali, Sindh;Sinh-dum, {i. e. ' Pin-

tail'), Cabul. Inhabits N. Hemisphere. Ex-tremely common throughout India.

Subgenus CHAULELASMUS, G. K. Gray.

Ch. stereperus PI. Enl. 958).

Skn. Anas strepera, L.

A. platyrhynchijs, Ray.

A. kekuscha, Gmelin.Cliauliodus capensis, Swainson.

Sya-dimi, Cabul. Inhabits N. Hemisphere;

S. Africa. Rather common in India.

Subgenus MAREOA, Stephens.

M.penelope (PI. Enl. 825 ; Gould's B. E.

pi. 366).

SVN. Anas penelope, L.

A. fistularis. Brisson.

Cheoon, Nepal. Inhabits Europe ; Asia;

N. Africa. Moderately common in India.

Subgenus QUERQUERDULA, Stephens-

Qu. (?) glocitans,

8-jN. Anas glocitans, Pallas (nec GmeIiD\

A. picta, Steller,

A. torquata, Mess.

A. formosa, Georgi.

A. baikal) Bonnaterre.

Inhabits N. E. Asia. Extremely rare in L.

Bengal.

Qu. crecca {PL EnL 947).

Syn. Annas crecca, L.

Tulsia Bigri, B. ;Jurttlu. or Churuku,

Cabul. Inhabits Europe ; Asia ; N. Africa.

Common in India.

Qu. circia (PL EnL 946).

Syn. Annas querqnerdula el A. circia, L.

Inhabits Europe ; Asia N. Africa. Extreme-

ly common in India.

Subfam. FULIGULINiE.

Ghotye, Kabul.

Genus rULIGULA, Stephens.

Suhgenui BRANTA, Boie.

.ND SOUTHERN ASIAJ

Br. rufina (PL Enl. 928).

Sin. Anas rufina, Pallas.

A. erythrocephala et A, cinerea, Gmelia

—

young,CaUichen ruflceps, Brehm.

Nul Gunar, Cabul. Inhabits Europe ; andAsia ; rare in W. Europe. Not rare in L.

Bengal, in December and January.

Subgenus FULIGULA.

F. ferina {PL EnL 803).

Syn. Anas ferina, L.A. rufa, fimelin.

A. ruficollis, scopoli.

Lai Muriya, B. Inhabits N. HemisphereModerately common in L. Bengal.

F. marila (PL EnL 1002).

Syn. Anas marila, L.

A. fraenata, Sparrman.A. subterjanea, Scopoli.

Inhabits N. Hemisphere;Nepal.

F. cristata, Ray {PI. EnL 1001,1007).

Syn. Anas fuligula, L.

A. colymbis, Pallas.

A, scaodiaea, Gmelin.A. latirostris, Brunnich.A. notata, Boddaert.

jDubaru, B.;Ablak, Cabul. Inhabits N.

Hemisphere, Moderately common in India.

F. vyroca {PL EnL 1000).

Si'N. Anas nyroca, Guldenstadt.A. pereftrina et A. Africana, Gmelin.A. Gmelini, Latham.A. glaucion. Pallas,

Lai Bigri, B. Inhabits Europe ; Asia ; N.

Africa. Tolerably common in India : exceeding-

ly so in some seasons,

Subfam. MERGING.

Genus MERGUS, L.

M. castor, L. {PL Enl. 951).

Syn. M. merganser, L.

M. Rail, Stephens.

M. orientalis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 2. .

Klioruk, Cabul. Inhabits N. Hemisphere.

Very rare in India, except towards the Hima-

laya.

Earn. PODICIPID^.

Genus PODICEPS, L.

P. cristatus {PI. EnL 400, 941, 944).

Syn, Colymbus cristatus, L,

C. cornutus, Brisson,

C. urinator, Scopoli,

Inhabits Old and New continents ;Austra-

lia ?

BIKDS OF EASTERN AND SOUTJEIEBN ASIA,'

P. phiUppensis, Gm. (PI. Enl. 905, 945).

Stn, Colymbus minor, et C. hebridicus. Gmelin.C. flnviatillis, Brisson.

Durbari, B. ; Puuduh, Bhagulpore. In-

habits Old continent. Very common in India.

APPENDIX, No. 1.

Qmus PSITTACUS, subgenus CHRYSO-TIS, p. 2.

dir. leucocephalits, No. 8 (A}.

Genus LORICULUS, p. 9.

L. asiatic'us. No. 46. (A).

Psittacus philippensis and Psittacula rubri-

frons, refer to a nearly allied species.

Genus CORIPHILUS, p. 13..'

C. notatm No. 90 (A).

Genus HALCYON, p. 46. •'

H. amaur<ypterus, Pearson, J. A. S. X. 635Inhabits L. Bengal (Sundarbans especially)

.

Arrakan ; Tenasserim Provinces;

very abundant along the eastern coast of the Bay of

Bengal, not yet observed on the western. Notrare in the vincinity of Calcutta.

(?e«MsPICUS, p. 62.

P. atratus, Blyth, J. A. S. XVIII, p. In-

habits Tenasserim Provinces.

LEIOTHRICANiE ? p. 99.

Genus MUSCITEEA, Blyth,

M. cinerea, Blytli, J, A. S. XVI, 122. In-habits Arrakan.

—Calcutta Eeview. Cat. Bengal As. Soc. Mus.Sir J. E. Tennent, Ceylon. Jerdon's Birds ofIndia. Bickmore Archipelago. Mr. EusselJfâllace, Malay Archipelago.

InUiiiRAL HISTCRY)

'

1 2SEPI985

91

AVES OR BIRDS.

Order.

I. Scassores or Climbers.

iL Raptores or Birds of Prey,

in. iNSKSSoaEa or Perchers.

IT. GEurrOBEa or Pigeons.

INDEX, TO

THE ORDERS, SUB-ORDERS, TRIBES, FAHILIES AND

OF

THE BIRDS OF INDIA AND OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASIA WITH TEE NUMBERS OF DESCRIBED SPECIES.

v. Rasobeb or Game Biids.

VI. Cl'rsokes or EuiiiiiDg Biids.

vn. Grai.latores or Waders.

Till. Natatokes or Swimmers-

Order !—Scansores or Climbers,

Fam. PsittacidK.Page 18.

Snb-Fam. Cacatuinse, 2 gen. 5 spec viz.,

i Calyptorhyncus, 4 Cacatua.

Suh-Fam. PsittaciDie, Parrots, 3 gen. 13 ep.

viz.. 1 Coracopsis : 2 Tanjgaathua, 10 Palse-

ornis.%\tb-Fam. Platjcercinae, Ground Parakeets,

•Z sen. 2 ap. viz.,

1. Aprosmictus : 1 Platycerous.

%uh-Fam. Loriinaj, Lories, 4 geu. 1 aub-gen.

and 13 sp. viz.

SiHion i. (ongae not filamealed.

2. Eleclus, 3 Loriculus.

Section U. tongue Jilamenied.

3 Lorias, 4 Eos. I Trichoglossus.

Order II.—Raptorea or Birds of Prey.

Tribe I. Diurnas, Page 21.

Fum. Falconidre.

StiA-Fam. FalcoairiK, 2 gen. 2 euh-gen. 15sp. viz., 5 Faico, 2 Hyijotriorchis, 5 Tinnuu-culus, 3 Hierax.

.?»6 FfliH. PernioEe,2 gen. 3 sp. viz., 2 Baza,1 Pernis, Page 22.

S'lb-Fam. ElaniaEe, 1 gen. 1 sp. viz., 1

Su'j-Fam. Circastinse, 2 gen.* 3 sp. viz., 1

Cirisehi'i, 2 HBemat^rnia.Sub-Fum. GircioK, 2 gen. 6 sp. viz., 5 Cir-

cus, sp. 1 Poliornis.

S'lb-Fain. AccipitriDEB, 3 geo. 6 sp. viz , 3Acoipifcer ; 1 Micronisus ; and 2 Astur, Page23.

Sub-Fam. Thrasaetinje, 2 gen. 5 sp. viz., 1

Pseuila-star; 4 Spizaetus.

Siib-Fam. AquilitiEB, 4 gen. 8 sp. viz., 1

Eatolmaetas ; 5 Aquilag ; 1 Ictioaetus ; 1 Hie-Tatus, Page 24.

Sub'Farn. Buteoninse, 2 gen. 4 ep. viz,, 1

Archibntea, 3 Buteo, Page 25.

Sub-Fam. Haliaetins, 6 gen. 7 sp, viz., 1

Pandion : 2 Pontoaetus ; 1 Blagrus, 1 Halia)-tns ; 1 Haliaitur. 1 ililvue.

Fam. Vnlturid^.Sub'Fam. Tulnirinae, 2 gen. 2 ap. viz., 1

Vnltur ; 1 Otogyp.scalvQs.Sub-Fam. GypiDaj, 1 gen. .3 ap. viz., 3 G7i>8,

page ^6-

S\t&-F<im. Sarcorhanaphinse, 2 gen. 2 spviz., 1 Sarcorbampbas : 1 Ifeophrou percnop-terus.

Hvh-Fam. GypaetiDse, 1 gen. 1 sp. viz., 1

Gypaetoa barbatua.

Tribe IL—Noctamee.

Fail Sthigid-e,

Sub-Fam. BuboninK, 5 gen. 12 Bp. viz,, 1

24yctea ; 4 Bubo : 2 Aaio : 2 Scops : 3 Ke-tupaSuh-Fam. Atheninte, 2 gen. 0 sp. viz., 1 Ni-

jjox scutatus: 8 Athene, Page 27.

Sub-Fam. Symiio», 1 gen. Sep. viz, 3 Syr-

ztiom, Indrani, Sinense and nivicoluin Page 26,

fmb-Fam. Striginae, 3 gen. 3 sp, viz, 1

Pbodilos badios ; 2 Glaui fiatamea, and Java,nica.

8B, 6 gen, 16 sp. 1

micercuf, 4 Herailo-

2 Brachypterus : 4

Order III.—Insessores : or Perchers.

Sub-Ord. PicEe.

Fam. Bucerotidte, Page 28.

Sitb-Fam. Bucei'otinffi, 1 gen. 19sp. viz., 19Bucerog.

Sub-Fam. Irrisorinie, 1 gen. 1 sp. viz., Irri-

sor erytbiorhynchus, Page 29.

Fain, Upupidffl. 1 gen. 2sp. viz.,2TIpipa opopsand Senegalenais, Page 29.

Favi. Halcyoiiidce, 5 gen. 23 sp viz., 2Dacelo : 8 Halcyon ; 2 Todirhamphus : 2Ceryie : 9 Alcedo ; 2 Ceyx.Fam, CoracidBC, 1 gen, 4 sp. viz., 4 Cora-

cias pileata;garula, Indica, affinis : 2 Eurys-

tomiis, orientalia, Pacilicus, page 31.

Fam. Meropidffi, 2 gen. 8 sp. viz., 2 Alce-merops ; 6 Merops.

Tribe Zygodactyli.

Sub-Div. 1 Climbers, viz.

Fam. Picidte,

$ub-fam. CampepbilenCarapepbilns, vi/,., 2 Helilius: 3 Cbrysocolaptes

;

Tiga, Page 32.

Suh-fam. Gecininie, 4 gen. 19 ap. viz., 12Gecinus : 1 Gacinculus ; 3 Meiglyptea : 3 Mi-cropternus.

Sub-fam. Picinje, 2 gen. 15 sp. viz., 1 Diyo-copbus ; 14 Picus, Page 33,

fyub finn, Piciimnioae, 2 gen. 3 sp viz., 1

Picuraims : 2 .'5asia, Pnge 34.

Sub-fam. Yuncinte, 1 gen. 1 sp, viz., 1

Yunx torqiiilla,

Sub-fam. Indtcatorinie, 1 gen. 1 sp, viz., 1

Indicator xantbonotua.Sub-Division II. Percbeis, viz.

Fam. Megalamidse, 2 geo. )5 sp. viz., 14llegaiaima; 1 Megalorliyncbua.

Fam. Cuculida. Page 35, viz-

Snb-fam. Cuculina;. 3 pen, 2 sub-gen. l/sp.viz., 9Cucuhis: 2Surnicijlu8: 3 Cbrysococcyx :

1 Eudynamis, 2 Oxylophus,Sub-fam. Pbcenicopbainie, 4 gen. ] siib-peD.

19 sp. viz , 1 Dasytfipliua superciliosus, Cuv.3 I'hoGnicopb'HUS: 5 ZaiicloBtomus : 1 Riuortba

;

4Taccocaia: 5 Centropbns. Page 36.Fam. Trogonidffi, 1 gen, 6 sp. viz. 6 Trogon,

Page 37.

Fam. Caprimulgidce, Page 38.

Sub-fam. Podarginaa, I gen. 3 Hp. viz. 3 Po-dargus aiiritus, Javanensis and affinis,

Suh-fam. Cuprimulgina;, 2 gen, 9 sp, viz,

2 Eii'oatopodus: 7 Caprimulgus.Fam. Cypselidao,

Sub-fam. Cypselinaa, 3 pen. 11 sp. viz. 3Acantbylis

; 6 Cypaelu-', 2 CollnCftUa.

Sub-fam. Macropterigiinaj, 1 gen. 3 sp. viz,

3 Macropterix coronalus, kleclio. comatus.SubOrdkr. Passeres, Page 39,Fam, OorvidiB.

Sub-fam. A. Corvinse, 1 gen. 7 sp, viz,

A. CrowB. 7 Corvus, culminatus ; corone;

coroixj splcadeDH, macrorbyDchuB, frugilegus,

1 Nuci-B. Nutcrackers. 1 gen. 1

fraga beraispila.

C. Cbnugbs, 2 gen. 2 sp, viz. 1 Pyrrhocoraxalpinua : 1 Fi-egilus graculua,

Sah-fam. Garrutii.ffl, Page 40.

A. Magpies, 4 gen. 9 sp, viz. 3 Pica ; 4 Den-

dracitU; 1 Crypserina; 1 Temnorus.B. Jay-Magpie6. 6 Ren, 10 sp. viz. 2 Cissa,

3 Psilorhiinia, 2 Garrulua ; Periaoreus ; 1 Lo-

phocitta ; 1 Turnagra.

Sub-fam. GaiTulacinffl. 5 gen. 27 sp, viz.

20 Gariulax ; 2 Actinodura ; 2 Sibia, 1 Cutia;

2 Pteruthius, Page 41,

Sub-fam. Leiotbricanas. 5 geu. 15 sp. viz.

,1 Myzoruis,

0 sp. viz., 1 Co-3 Suthnra : 1

IS ; 1 Sylviparus,

Leiotbrix, 2 Ixulus ; 2 Yubi1 Erpomia, Page 42

Subfam. Paiinm, 8 gen.

Dostoma ; 1 Heteroraorph;

Falcuucnlu-s, 10 Parus, 1 Ori

1 jEgitbalus flamroiceps.

Sub fam. Paradiseiuffl. 2 geo. 4 ap. viz. 3

Paradiaea, 1 Ciciunurus regius.

Siibfum. Graciilinoe, 10 gen. 27 sp viz.

4 Gracula, 1 ArapeUceps, 3 Acridotberes, 4

Stunms ; 1 Psaro^loa-sa ; 9 Sturnia, 2 Calornis;

1 Pa.stoz ; I Euodes : 1 Uino, Pdge 43.

Fau. Fringitlidaj, Page 45.

Stihftim. FIoceiucB, 1 gen, 4 sp, viz. 4 Plo-

ceus.

Sub-fam Eatreldinaa, 5 gen. 16 ap. viz 11

Munia ; 1 Erytbrina, 2 Amadina ; 2 Eatreldn,

1 Scisuirostrum.

Subfam. Passeiinae. 2 gen. 7 sp, viz. 6Passer : 2 Petrouia, Page 46.

Sub-fam. FriugillinEe, 14 gen. 20 sp. viz.

1 MotitifiingilU: IFriiigiila: 1 Pyrrbospiza,

1 Procarduelia ; 3 Carpodacus; 1 Hajmotospiza;

2 Pyrrhula : 1 Propyrrliula ; 2 Loxia, 1 Cbryso-: 1 Carduelis; 1 Ligurinua

-,1 Serin us,

3 Coccothr;

Sub-famistes.

Einberizinas, 2 eeo. ID sp. viz, 2Bmnema, 8 Euspiza, Page 47.

Snb-fim. AcceutoriutB, 1 geu. 4 ap, viz. 4Aj(entc r.

Sub-fam. Alauflince, 4gen. 1 sub-gen. 74 sp,

viz. 3 Alauda, arvenais, gulRuIa, Malabnricfl,

2 Crtlandrtlla ; 2 Galertda ; 6 Mirafra. 1 Pyrr-

bulaiida, Pago 48.

FaM. M«.t!icilliila3. 5 gen. 2 sub-gen. 20 ap.

viz 1 Heteiunv ; 8 AiiMiiis; 2 Dendroraantbus,1 NoLiiori'ôl.v ; 5 MotacilUi ; 3 Budytos.

Fam. bjihpnuridEe, 24 gen. 78 sp, viz, 1

Sphenura, 1 Megulurus : 1 Sphenajacus, 2 Du-metia, 9 MaUcoceiciis, 10 Drymoica, 6 Pi-inia

;

1 Neornia ; 3 Ortbotomas ; 1 Horietes ; 2 Oisti-

cobi ; 1 Pellorniam ; 1 Turdirostris ; ] 0 Poma-tiirhinus ; I Xipborbampus ; 1 Tiirtlinua ; 4Tricliostoma ; 2 Malacoptoron ; 9 Aloippe, 1

Maoronous ; 2 Mixornis, 4 Timalia ; 1 Chry-eoraraa ; 4 Staohyris, Page 40,

Fam. Laniado). 6 gen. 23 ap, viz, 1 Ganip-BorhynchuH, 1 Tbamnocataphui ; ]0 Lauiiis

;

6 Tephrodoruis ; 3 Uemipiis ; 2 Xautbopygia,Page 53,

Fam. Bracbyuridoi, 5 gen, 19 sp, viz. 9 Fitta;

1 Hydrobata ; 2 Troglodytes ; 1 Eupeles, 6Euicurus, Pago 5i,

93

Fam. >Meiulida3. 3 gen. 7 sub-gen. 31 sp.

viz. 2 Myiopbouus ; 1 Zoothera ; 5 Prenciocla :

5 Turdus : 7 Merula, 5 Geocincia, 4 Petro-

cincbi : 1 Monticola : 1 Lusciiiin, Page 54,

Sub fam. Saxicdlinee. 35 gen. B sub-gen.

103 sp. viz. 2 Thumnnbia ; 1 Kiltacincla, 2

Copsycbus : I NntodtÎa ; 1 Graudala; 5 Saxi-

cola ; 1 Cyanecula ; 8 Rnl.icella; 3 Calliope ; 1

Taiaiger ; 5 Pratincola ; 9 Jauthia: 2 Erytbaca;

3 Erytbiosteina ;4Siphia; 1 Autbipes; 3 Mus-

cicflpulrt ; 5 Cyornis, L Ochroraela, 3 Niltava, 1

Cyauoptela, 4 Stoparola, 1 llutnlia, 4 Henai-

cheledon; 1 Acantbiza; 1 Sylvai.ia ; 1 Colle.ie ;

4 Brachypterix, 2T«sia, 3 Pnnepyga, 1 Arun-

dinax, 2 Acrocephiilu.i ; 1 Lociiatella ; I Pseu-

doluscinia ; 1 Dun.eticola ; 3 Phyllopneuste, 4

Abrornis ; 1 Culicipeta ; 3 Reguloidea ; 8 Pbyl-

loBcopua : 2 Kegiilus, Puge 56.

Sub-fam. Sylvianto, 1 gen. 3 sp. 3 Sylviii.

Fam. Certhiados, page 61.

Sub-fam. Certhiuffi, 1 gen, 3 sp. viz. 3 Cer-

tbia.

Sub-fam. Sittina?, 2 gen. 1 sub-gen. 6 sp.

viz. I Tichodroma ; 4 "Sitta, 1 Ueudropbila.

Fam. Graucalidse, 3 gen, 5 sp. viz. 1 Qrauca-

tus ; 3 Campepbaga ; 1 Lalage.

Fam. Pericrocotida, I gen. 8 sp. viz, 8 Pe-

ricrocotua,

Fam. Ampeiida!, 1 gen- 1 sp. viz, 1 Oocboapurpurea of Nepaiil, Page 62,

Fam, Pipridte. Sub-fam. Enryla

gen. 3 aub-gen, 8 sp. vi^. 1 Corydoii

laimua : 2 CymbirbyiSei-ilophus.

Sub-fam. PipriuEe 1 gen, 1 sp, viz

lyptomena viriiiis,

Fam, Hirundiuidte, 1 gen. 10 sp,

Hirundo, Pnge 63,

Fasi. Artamidffi, 1 gen, 1 sp, viz. 1 Artamuafuse us.

Fam. DicruridiE. 1 gen. 5 sub-gen.

viz. 1 Chibia : 2 Chaptia ; 1 BbrEdoliiia, 9 Dicrunis.

Fam. Tcbitreadaj, G gen 12 ep. viz. 3 Tcbit-

rea ; 2 Pbileutoma ; 1 Rbipidura ; 4 Leucoceica;

1 Myiagra ; 1 CryptolopUia, Page 64.

Fam. PyononotiUtD, 8 gen. 38 sp, viz. 7

Hypsipetes ; 2 lole ; 2 Hemxo.s ; 4 Criniger;

18 Pycncnotus ; 1 Microtoi'sus ; 2 Bracbypo-

diu3 ; 1 Setornis, Page 65.

Snbfam. Phyllorninoo, 3 gen. 12ap. viz. 7

Pbyllornia; 4 Inra ; 1 Iroitapueila, Vm» 66.

Fam. MelipbngidBe, 2 sub-fam. 4 geu. 14 sp.

Sub-fam, Oriotinfo, 2 gen. 12 sp. viz. 11

Oiiolus ; 1 Spbecntberes viridis, Page 67.

Sub-f-Mii. Meliplingina). 2 geu. 2 sp, viz, 1

Eiitomyza cyanotua ; 1 Zosterops palpebroaus,

Fam. NeotariniidiB, 6 gen. 36 sp, viz, 8

Arachuotherfie, 19 Neotariiiia ; 5 Diuraum ; 1

Myzantho; 2 Prionocbilus ; 1 Piprisoma, Page68,

Order IV.—Qemitores or Pigeons,

Fam. Colurabidaj, Pnge 70.

Sub-fam. Tieionina), 5 gen. 3 sub-gen, 23

sp. 3 Toria ; 8 Treron ; 3 Sphenoceioua, 4

PbilioopuH ;Carpophagfti

2 Eury-

I Psarisomua : 2

1 Ca-

viz. 10

I : 3 Va

Suh-fum, ColumbintB, 7 geu. 21 sp. 2 Also-

cotnus ; 3 Pahimbus ; 2 Columba ; 4 Macro-

Pygia; 2 Geopilia ; 7 Tuitur ; 1 Cbalcopbaps-

Sub-fam. Gourinse j 1 gen. 1 ap. viz. 1

CalsBnas Nicobarica.

Order. v.—Rasorea, or Game Birds,

sp. 1 MejFam. MegapodiiciDe, 1 gen,

dins Nicobareuais. Page 72.

Fam. Phasiauidre, Page 72,

Sub-fam. Pavoninte, 2 gen, 3 sp. viz, Pavo;

crisfatus, muticus ; 1 Meieagria giillupavo,

Sub-fam. Polyprecloninfe 5 gen. 10 sp, viz.

3 Ceriornis. 1 Ithagiuis, 3 Galloperdis, 2 Poly-

plectron, 1 Avgus.Sub-fam. Pbasianlnte, 3 gen, 2 sub-gen. 16

sp. viz. 3 Gallus ; 7 Euplocoraus; 1 Pucrasia;

3 Phasi.'rms ; 1 Tbaumalea; 1 Lophophnru.s.

Sub-fnm. Tetraoiiii.re "2 geu. 2 sp. viz. 1

Tebiagallus bimalyensis ; 1 Lerva nivicola,

Page 74.

Sub-fam. Peteroclinie, 1 gen. 4 ap. viz, 4

Peteroolisarennriua, fii3(;iatus,alcbata,êxustu3

Page 75,

Sub-fam. Perdicin^. 8 gen. 22 ap, viz. 1

^'ulnida, 4 Fraiicoliuus ; 1 Gaccabis; 2 Perdix,

Rbizntbera ; 4 Avboricola ; 3 RoUulua ; 2

Perdicula ; 4 Golurnix.

Fam, Tiuamidm, Page 76.

Sub-fam. 'luniicinte 1 gen. 3 sp. viz. 3 Tuv-

nix ocellatus ; Dusauniieri ; Sykesi.

Order VI— Cursoresor Runners.

Fam. Casuaridffl, 2 gen. 2 sp. viz 1 Ca-

auarius galeatua ; 1 Uromaiua noVEs Hollan-

diffl Pago 77.

Fam. Strutbionidse, 1 gen, 1 sp. 1 Strutbio

camelus. •

Ordeu VII,—Gralldtores, or Waders.

a. Tribe, Preasiroslies.

Fitm. OlidoB, Otis and sub-sen. 4 sp,

1 Hoube'ra ; 1 Eupodotis ; 2 Sypheo-

tides, Pago "7.

b. Iiicertte Sedes,

Fam. Glaieolida:, 1 gen. 2 sp. viz. 2 Glareola

orientalia, lactea,

Fam. Cbaradriad*,

Sub-fam. Cursoriii-'ie, 2 gen. 2 sp, viz, 1 Cuv-

sorina Coromandelicus. 1 Macrotarsius bitor-

quatua,Snb-fam. Eaacinro, 2 gen. 2 sp. viz 1 Esiicus ;

1 Qidicnemus.Sub-fam. Vanellinw, 4 gen. 6 sp. viz, 1

Hopb'ptei-us : 1 Sarciuphorus ; 3 Lobi vanel-

lus, Page, 78.

iN(4/«m. Charadrinai, 2 gen. 2 sub-gen. 10

sp, 1 Squritavola ; 2 Charadtius ; 1 Eudromias,

6 Hiaticula.

Fam. Cbionidtc, 1 geo, 1 sp, 1 Hsematopusostmlegus, Page 79,

Fam. Itecni vii ostridffi, 3 gen. 3 3p.2Himan.topua ; 1 Reourvirostia avocetta.

Fa7n. Scolopacida), 16 gen. 32 spviz. 1

Ibidorbyncbus ; 4 Totanus ; 3 Actitis ; 6 Trin-

ga ; 1 Terokia ; 2 Limosa, 2 Numeuiua ; 1

Eurinoihyuchua ; I Calidris ; 1 Pbilomacbus ;

1 Strepsil.'^s ; 1 Phalaropus ; 1 Scolopax

;

I Macrorbampbus ; 6 Gallinago ; 1 KbynchEoa.

Favi. PalamedeidiE, Page 81.

Sub-fam. ParriniD, ,2 gen. 2 sp. viz, 1 Meto-

pidius ; 1 Hydropbasianus.

Fam. G^ruidffi, 1 gen. i sub-gen. 3 sp, vi?, 2

Gms. 1 Anthropoides.

c. Cultirostres, Page 82.

Fam. Ardeadffi-

Sub fam. Tantalinte 6 geu. 7 sp. viz. 1 Fal-

cinelbis; 1 Gerouticua ; 1 Threskiornis ; 2Tautalus ; 1 Plataiea ; 1 Auastomua.

d. Incevtse Sedes.

1 Gen. Dromaa ardeola.

Sub fam. Ciconinre 3 gen. 6 sp. viz., Myc-teria ; Ciconia ; 2 Leptoptilos.

Sub-fam. ArdeintB, 1 pen. 7 snb, g^n. 19 sp-

4Ardea: 6 Herodia. 1 Butoridea ; 1 Ardeola;1 Nycticorax ; 1 Tigrisoma ; 1 Botaurua ; 4Ardetta, Page 83.

e. Tribe Macrodaclyli, Page 84.

Fam, Rallidtc,7 gen, 15 sp. viz. 1 Porpbyrio ;

1 Gallicrex ; 8 Porzana; 1 Ortygometra ; 2 Ral-Uis 1 1 Ualliuula ; 1 Fulica.

Order VIII.—Natatorea, or Swimmers.A. Tiibe Longipennes.

Bam. Lai id£e, Page 85.

Sub-fam. LariuK, 2 gen, 5 sp, viz. 1 Catar-racta ; 4 Lai ua.

Subfam. Sterninffi. Div. 1 Skimmers, 1 gen.

1 sp. viz. 1 Rhyucbnpa albicollia ;

Div 2 Marsh Terns, 6 gen. 10 sp, 1 Sylocheli-

don; 1 Gelodielidoii, 2 Hydrocbelidon ; 1

Tliatasseus ; 1 Seena ; 3 Sterua ; 1 Sterauila ;

Dill. 4 Oceanic Terns, 2 gen, 4 8p, 2 Onycba-piion ; 2 Anous.

Ff/m. Procellaiidte ; 6 gen. 12 sp. viz. 4 Dio-

raedea ; 4 Procellaria ; 1 Prion, 1 Pelicanoides ;

1 Puffinus ; 1 Thalasaidroma, Page 87.

B. Tribe, Totipalmati,

Fam. Pelicanidre, 5 gen. 12 sp. viz. 2

Pbtetou, 2 Sula, 3 Pelecanns, 4 Graculus, 1

Plot us.

C. Tribe, Lamenirostre.s, Page 88.

Fam. Anatidaj : Gooses.

Sub-fam. Pliffiiiicopteiinie 1 gen, I sp, viz.,

Pboeuicopterus voseua.

Sub-fam. Anserinte Div. 1 Swan,i, 1 geu. 2 sp.

2 Cygnus, olor, atrata. iHv. 2 Geese. 2 gen, 4 sp.

3 Ansei-, 1 Bevnicia, Div. 3, Petchiflg Geese,

2 Dendrocygna ; 2 Sarcidioruis ; 1 Nettapus,

Div. 4, SliieldrakeSy 1 Casarca rutila, 1 Tadoruavulpauser.

Sub-Fam. Anatinffi, 1 gen, 6 aub-gen. 10 sp.

viz., 1 Spatula, 3 Anas ; DaflSla ; 1 Chaulelas-

ruus ; 1 Mareca; 3 Querquerdula, Page 89.

Sub-Fam. Fulignlina:, 1 gen. I sub-gen.. 5 sp.

viz.. 4 Fuligula, 1 Branla, Page 90.

Sub-Fam. Meigiuro, 1 geu. 1 sp. viz., 1 Mergus

Fam, PodicipidK, 1 gen. 2 sp. viz., 2 Podioep*

cvistatua, Philippeneis.

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