BIRDS CLASS AVES the study of birds ORNITHOLOGY Read 794-802 Math Lab 802 Feather Lab Anatomy Lab
resemblance between birds and reptiles
• REPRODUCTION
• REPTILES BIRDS
• leathery eggs hard shells
• one ovary one ovary
• Int fert int fert
• ext and internal develop external develop
• Feathers• Bills• Lightweight Bones• Flight• Eggs / Nests• Bipedal• High Metabolism• 4-chambered Heart
Avian Characteristics
• Unidirectional Lungs• Parental Care• Monogamy• Large-brained• Highly Communicative• Skilled Navigators• Color Vision• Sensitive Hearing
• Feathers• Bills• Lightweight Bones• Flight• Eggs * / Nests• Bipedal *• High Metabolism• 4-chambered Heart
Avian Characteristics
• Unidirectional Lungs• Parental Care• Monogamy• Large-brained• Highly Communicative• Skilled Navigators• Color Vision *• Sensitive Hearing
ALL Birds Have
• Feathers• Bills• Lightweight Bones• Flight• Eggs* / Nests• Bipedal *• Hallux• High Metabolism• 4-chambered Heart
Avian Characteristics
• Unidirectional Lungs• Parental Care• Monogamy• Large-brained• Highly Communicative• Skilled Navigators• Color Vision *• Sensitive Hearing
ONLY Birds Have
OTHER MAIN FEATURES OF BIRDS
• amniote egg encased in hard, calcium containing shell
• eggs incubated in a nest
• endothermic 400 to 420 C rapid breathing, heart rate, and metabolism is needed
• frequent feedings are necessary
EVOLUTION
• see film "The Case of the Flying Dinosaur"
• feathers do not preserve well
• unclear lineage and origin 230mya
• 150 mya
CLASSIFICATION
Class Aves
Order 27 Species 9,000
• Old evidence plumage, musculature, feet, beaks
• New evidence DNA, song, behavior
EXTERNAL ANATOMY
• see lab on feathers and chicken wing lab• preening- rubbing oil from a preen gland on
the feathers with their beak• molting- replacement of flight feathers• When do they molt?• spring in some before courtship• late summer- in prep for migration
INTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Skeleton and Muscle
• many bones are fused to aid stability in flying (not many moving parts)
• extensive musculature for flying 50% of weight
•
flight is accomplished by
• muscles and skeleton of the wing
• tail movement for lift, steering and braking
• skin muscles to flex feathers for precise movement
• keel would be comparable to the ________________ to anchor muscles
flight is accomplished by
• muscles and skeleton of the wing
• tail movement for lift, steering and braking
• skin muscles to flex feathers for precise movement
• keel would be comparable to the
__sagittal crest____ to anchor muscles
• In Class ASSIGNMENT• Read pages and comment about the features listed • READ 886-888• SKELETON 2 paragraphs beak design and use• READ 890-892 DIGESTION • describe the function of various parts• note cloaca- unites what three system?• READ 894-895• REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
define the following terms ALTRICIAL, PRECOCIAL, BROOD PATCH EGG TOOTH, BROOD PARASITISM
• Answers the following questions about Migration• Three reasons WHY birds migrate.• Three explanations on HOW they navigate
Digestive and Excretory Systemsremaining slides in student binder
• rapid ie. magpie can digest a mouse in 3 hours (snake takes 3 days)
• thrush can digest blackberries in 45 min.
• crop expanded esophagus for moistening and food storage
• stomach
• proventriculus gastric juices break down food
• gizzard- stones for kneading and grinding food
• small intestines-
• bile and enzymes continue digestion
• absorption into the blood stream
• cloaca- uric acid extracted by kidneys from the blood stream joins the undigested wastes of the intestines and is eliminated from the body (no urinary bladder)
Respiratory system
• Very efficient• 9 air sacs branch off the lungs (buoyancy)• inhaled air 75% goes directly to the air sac• 25% goes to the lungs• exhaled air releases CO2, posterior air sac air
fills the lungs• oxygen enters lungs by inhaling and exhaling
Nervous system
• relatively large brains• major portion for flight coordination
___cerebellum_________• optic lobe- keen vision- color vision• sense of smell is poorly developed ( better
in _____________)• good hearing among _________ and
___________ birds
Nervous system
• relatively large brains• major portion for flight coordination
___cerebellum_________• optic lobe- keen vision- color vision• sense of smell is poorly developed ( better
in ___flightless__)• good hearing among ___nocturnal __ and
____song___ birds
Behavior
• Flocking-
• Confusing predator (hard to focus on 1 member)
• Many eyes can see predators (eyes on side)
• ROOSTING TOGETHER AT NIGHT
• Nesting for reproduction “rookery”
• Groups of eggs “clutch”
Reproduction
• Territoriality- male intimidates others to establish a nesting site.
• Once established Courtship begins -HUGE VARIETY OF BEHAVIORS
Caudipteryx
• Feathered dinosaur• Flightless• Transitional fossil
– Dinosaur arms
– Dinosaur teeth• Only front of upper jaw
– Bird feathers
Archaeopteryx
• 147 MYA• Transitional fossil
– Characteristics of reptiles
– Characteristics of birds
Archeopteryx
• Reptile characteristics– Teeth
– Boney tail
– Fingers with claws
• Bird characteristics– Feathers
– Furcula
Benefits of Birds to Man
• Eat insects, rodents and weeds
• Spread seeds for flowers and trees
• Food • Sport• Pets
Hummingbirds
• Fly up, down, left, right, backwards and upside down
• Wings beat 50 -200 times per second
• Heart rate =600 bpm• Eat 2/3 body weight
each day• Nectar, pollen &
insects
TEST TOPICS• Labs on ‘”Feet, habitat and behavior” be
able to associate all 3• and “Feather” draw and identify the parts of
a feather and types of feathers• Notes in Class (you can view the
PowerPoint in my PROJECTS folder• Notes students were to take from Blue
Zoology book• Biology Text reading 794-803• Video “Case of the Flying Dinosaurs
• EASY• 1. word for cleaning feathers• 2. 3 systems united in cloaca• 3. brood patch is what• 4. Name of Bird/reptile found in germany• 5. central portion of a feather (vain) • 6. chambers in heart• 7. pterodactyl means • 8. why was limestone in demand in the 1700s• 9. special feature of respiratory system• 10. cow birds and cuckoos have odd rearing practice
• MEDIUM
• 3 functions of feather
• 2 major lobes of brain
• change feathers? why?
• 2 skeletal features that aid in flight
• How are birds classified?
• Archeopteryx has reptile and bird features
• Why would birds have a broader range then reptiles