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Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification
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Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Dec 24, 2015

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Page 1: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

BirdsChapter 42

Table of Contents

Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds

Section 2 Characteristics of Birds

Section 3 Classification

Page 2: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 1 Origin and Evolution of BirdsChapter 42

Objectives

• Identify and describe seven major characteristics of birds.

• List three similarities between birds and dinosaurs.

• Describe the characteristics of Archaeopteryx.

• Summarize the two main hypotheses for the evolution of flight.

Page 3: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 1 Origin and Evolution of BirdsChapter 42

Characteristics

There are seven characteristics all birds share

• Feathers• Wings• Lightweight, rigid skeleton• Endothermic metabolism• Unique respiratory system• Beak• Oviparity

Page 4: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Chapter 42

Characteristics of Birds

Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds

Page 5: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 1 Origin and Evolution of BirdsChapter 42

Evolution

There are several similarities between birds and some dinosaurs:

• Flexible S-shaped neck

• Unique ankle joint

• Hollow bones

Page 6: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 1 Origin and Evolution of BirdsChapter 42

Evolution, continued

The oldest known bird fossils are in the genus Archaeopteryx, which date from the late Jurassic

Characteristics of Archaeopteryx

• Feathers on forelimbs, body and tail• Hollow bones and a furcula (fused collarbones

also called a wishbone)• Teeth• Claws on forelimbs• Long, bony tail

Page 7: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 1 Origin and Evolution of BirdsChapter 42

Evolution, continued

Archaeopteryx had characteristics of birds and dinosaurs.

Page 8: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 1 Origin and Evolution of BirdsChapter 42

Evolution, continued

Origin of Flight

• One hypothesis proposes that the ancestors of birds were tree dwellers that developed the ability to glide between trees.

• Another hypothesis suggests that the ancestors of birds were ground-dwelling and first used feathers to stabilize them when they leapt after prey.

Page 9: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Chapter 42

Phylogenetic Diagram of Birds, Reptiles, and Mammals

Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds

Page 10: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Chapter 42

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept

Adaptations for Flight

Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds

Page 11: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 2 Characteristics of BirdsChapter 42

Objectives

• Describe the structure of a contour feather.

• Identify two modifications for flight seen in a bird’s skeletal system.

• Contrast the function of the gizzard with that of the crop.

• Trace the movement of air through the respiratory system of a bird.

• Explain the differences between altricial and precocial young.

Page 12: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Chapter 42

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept

Characteristics of Birds

Section 2 Characteristics of Birds

Page 13: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 2 Characteristics of BirdsChapter 42

Feathers

Feathers are modified scales that serve two primary functions: providing lift for flight and conserving body heat.

• Feathers develop from tiny pits in the skin called follicles.• Feathers have a shaft, two vanes, barbs and barbules.

Page 14: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 2 Characteristics of BirdsChapter 42

Feathers, continued

There are three basic types of feathers:

• Down feathers - soft, fluffy feathers that cover young birds and provide an insulating undercoat in adults

• Contour feathers - smooth feathers that give adult birds’ bodies a streamlined shape and provide insulation

• Flight feathers - specialized contour feathers located on the wings and tail that are long and rigid

Page 15: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 2 Characteristics of BirdsChapter 42

Feathers, continued

Feathers are cared for by a process called preening.

• Preening occurs when birds use their beaks to rub their feathers with oil.

• The preen gland is located at the base of the tail and secretes oils that keep feathers healthy and waterproof.

• Birds periodically shed and regrow their feathers in a process called molting.

Page 16: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Chapter 42

Contour Feather Structure

Section 2 Characteristics of Birds

Page 17: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Chapter 42

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept

Parts of a Feather

Section 2 Characteristics of Birds

Page 18: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Chapter 42

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept

Preening

Section 2 Characteristics of Birds

Page 19: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Chapter 42

External Structure of Birds—Bald Eagle

Section 2 Characteristics of Birds

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Section 2 Characteristics of BirdsChapter 42

Skeleton and Muscles

• The avian skeleton is light and strong.

• Bones are thin and hollow.

• Many bones are fused, which makes the skeleton more rigid than that of a reptile or mammal.

• A large keel-shaped sternum allows attachment of large flight muscles.

• The pygostyle, fused terminal vertebrae, supports the tail feathers.

Page 21: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Chapter 42

Avian Skeleton

Section 2 Characteristics of Birds

Page 22: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 2 Characteristics of BirdsChapter 42

Skeleton and Muscles, continued

• Flight involves complex wing movements. Each movement uses a different set of muscles.

• Birds have large, powerful flight muscles in the breast and wings.

• In some birds, flight muscles account for up to 50% of the body weight.

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Section 2 Characteristics of BirdsChapter 42

Metabolism

• Birds are endothermic.

• Birds have a very high metabolic rate.

• Rapid breathing and digestion of large quantities of food support this high metabolic rate.

• Birds’ digestive and respiratory systems have evolved to support a high metabolism.

Page 24: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 2 Characteristics of BirdsChapter 42

Digestive and Excretory Systems

The avian digestive system consists of:

• Beak - breaks open or tears apart food• Esophagus - passage from the mouth to the crop• Crop - stores and moistens food• Stomach - consists of two parts

– proventriculus - acids and digestive enzymes begin breaking down food

– gizzard - kneads and crushes food aided by stones which the bird swallows

• Small intestine - absorbs nutrients• Large intestine - absorbs water• Cloaca - eliminates wastes from the body

Page 25: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Chapter 42

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept

Bird Digestive System

Section 2 Characteristics of Birds

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Section 2 Characteristics of BirdsChapter 42

Digestive and Excretory Systems, continued

The avian excretory system is efficient and lightweight.

• Birds have two kidneys that filter nitrogenous wastes.

• Birds do not have a urinary bladder.

• Birds excrete concentrated uric acid, which conserves water.

• Uric acid mixes with feces and is excreted through the cloaca.

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Section 2 Characteristics of BirdsChapter 42

Respiratory System

• The avian respiratory system is highly efficient and allows birds to maintain a high metabolic rate.

• Air sacs connected to the lungs provide a constant flow of oxygenated air to the lungs.

• This also allows birds to function at high altitudes.

Page 28: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Chapter 42

Avian Lung Structure

Section 2 Characteristics of Birds

Page 29: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Chapter 42

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept

Bird Lungs

Section 2 Characteristics of Birds

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Section 2 Characteristics of BirdsChapter 42

Circulatory System

The avian circulatory system is similar to that of both crocodiles and mammals.

• Birds have a four chambered heart.• Deoxygenated blood is completely separated

from oxygenated blood in the heart.• Birds have a relatively rapid heartbeat.• Unlike mammals, avian red blood cells have

nuclei.

Page 31: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Chapter 42

Avian Heart Structure

Section 2 Characteristics of Birds

Page 32: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Chapter 42

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept

Bird Heart

Section 2 Characteristics of Birds

Page 33: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 2 Characteristics of BirdsChapter 42

Nervous System and Sense Organs

• Birds have large brains relative to their body size.

• The cerebellum, which controls flight related functions, is large.

• The cerebrum, which controls complex behavior, is also well developed.

• The optic lobes are also very large.

Page 34: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Chapter 42

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept

Parts of a Bird Brain

Section 2 Characteristics of Birds

Page 35: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 2 Characteristics of BirdsChapter 42

Nervous System and Sense Organs, continued

Birds have very good vision.

• Vision is important for flight and feeding.

• Most birds have strong color vision.

• Some birds have eyes located near the sides of the head, which provide a wide field of vision.

• Predatory birds have eyes that are more forward-facing, which provides depth perception.

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Section 2 Characteristics of BirdsChapter 42

Nervous System and Sense Organs, continued

Birds have good hearing.

• Hearing is important for songbirds and nocturnal birds.

• Nocturnal predators rely on hearing to locate prey.

• Birds lack external ears.

• Owls have feathers around their ear openings that direct sound into the ear.

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Section 2 Characteristics of BirdsChapter 42

Reproduction

Male:• Sperm is produced in two testes, located anterior

to the kidneys.• Sperm passes through small tubes called vasa

deferentia (singular vas deferens).• Sperm exits through the cloaca.

Page 38: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 2 Characteristics of BirdsChapter 42

Reproduction, continued

Female:• Eggs are produced in a single ovary, located on

the left side of the body.• Eggs are released by the ovary and pass into a

funnel shaped tube called the oviduct.• Eggs are fertilized in the oviduct.• In the oviduct, eggs are encased in a protective

covering and a shell.• Eggs are released through the cloaca.

Page 39: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 2 Characteristics of BirdsChapter 42

Reproduction, continued

Nest building and parental care

• Birds usually lay their eggs in a nest.• One or both parents warm (incubate) the eggs

and guard the nest.• Birds sit on their eggs and cover them with a

thickened featherless patch of skin called the brood patch.

• Birds usually provide extensive parental care.

Page 40: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 2 Characteristics of BirdsChapter 42

Reproduction, continued

Birds have two general patterns for rearing young

• Precocial: Young incubate for long periods. Young can walk, swim, and feed as soon as they hatch. This pattern is most often seen in ground-nesting birds.

• Altricial: Eggs hatch quickly. Young hatch blind, featherless, and helpless and require extensive parental care. This pattern is most often seen in birds that nest above ground.

Page 41: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Chapter 42

Internal Structure of Birds—Bald Eagle

Section 2 Characteristics of Birds

Page 42: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Chapter 42

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept

Anatomy of a Bird

Section 2 Characteristics of Birds

Page 43: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 2 Characteristics of BirdsChapter 42

Migration

Migration is the seasonal movement of animals from one habitat to another habitat.

• Many birds nest in temperate regions, and spend winters in tropical regions.

• Bird migration patterns are studied by ornithologists - biologists who study birds.

• Birds may use landmarks, star position, sun position, Earth’s magnetic field, changes in air pressure, or low-frequency sounds to navigate during migration.

• Many species rely on fat reserves for energy during migration. Some species gather and feed along the migration route at places called staging sites.

Page 44: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 3 ClassificationChapter 42

Objectives

• Describe the relationship between beak shape and diet in birds.

• List 10 major orders of living birds, and name an example of each order.

• Describe the function of the syrinx.

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Section 3 ClassificationChapter 42

Diversity

Beak and foot adaptation reveal information about a bird’s habitat and diet, for example:

• Predators: powerful, hooked beaks and sharp talons (claws)

• Seed eaters: strong wide beaks, small feet for perching

• Nectar feeders: long thin beaks • Flightless birds: strong legs for walking and

running

Page 46: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Chapter 42

Avian Adaptations

Section 3 Classification

Page 47: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Chapter 42

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept

Beak Adaptations and Bird Diversity

Section 3 Classification

Page 48: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Chapter 42

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept

Foot Adaptations and Bird Diversity

Section 3 Classification

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Section 3 ClassificationChapter 42

Diversity, continued

• Taxonomists divide birds into about 23 orders.• Morphology (body form), protein sequences, DNA

sequence, and other evidence are used to classify birds.• Ten of the most familiar orders are listed below.

» Anseriformes» Strigiformes» Apodiformes» Poittaciformes» Piciformes» Passeriformes» Columbiformes» Ciconiiformes» Galliformes» Struthioniformes

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Section 3 ClassificationChapter 42

Diversity, continued

Order Anseriformes

• Includes swans, geese, ducks and other waterfowl

– Webbed feet

– Flattened bill

– Precocial young

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Section 3 ClassificationChapter 42

Diversity, continued

Order Strigiformes

• Includes owls

– Nocturnal

– Keen vision with forward facing eyes

– Predators

– Keen hearing

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Section 3 ClassificationChapter 42

Diversity, continued

Order Apodiformes

• Includes hummingbirds and swifts

– Small birds with tiny feet

– Fast flying, some can hover

– Insectivores and nectar feeders

Page 53: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 3 ClassificationChapter 42

Diversity, continued

Order Psittaciformes

• Includes parrots, parakeets, macaws, cockatoos, cockatiels and their relatives

– Seed and fruit eaters

– Strong hooked beaks for opening seeds

– Two forward facing and two backward facing toes, for climbing and perching

– Vocal birds, some can mimic human speech

Page 54: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 3 ClassificationChapter 42

Diversity, continued

Order Piciformes

• Includes tree dwelling birds such as woodpeckers, honeyguides and toucans.

– All nest in tree cavities

– Two forward and two backward facing toes

– Woodpeckers have sharp, chisel-like bills

– Toucans are fruit eaters and have large bills

Page 55: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 3 ClassificationChapter 42

Diversity, continued

Order Passeriformes

• Includes robins, warblers, blue jays, wrens, and other common North American birds

– Perching birds with three toes forward and one backward, with enlarged rear toe for grip

– Seed, fruit, insect, and nectar feeders

– Many are songbirds. Males use elaborate songs to attract females. The song is produced in a structure called the syrinx.

Page 56: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 3 ClassificationChapter 42

Diversity, continued

Order Columbiformes

• Includes pigeons and doves

– Large breasts and small heads

– Fruit or grain eaters with small beaks and short legs

– Both sexes feed young with nutritious fluid produced in the crop, called crop milk

Page 57: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 3 ClassificationChapter 42

Diversity, continued

Order Ciconiiformes

• Includes herons, storks, ibises, egrets, raptors, vultures and penguins

– Highly diverse group

– Many are wading birds that eat fish and frogs, with long legs, long neck, and long bill

– All are carnivorous

Page 58: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Section 3 ClassificationChapter 42

Diversity, continued

Order Galliformes

• Includes turkeys, chickens, pheasants, grouse, and quails

– Commonly called fowl

– Usually plump bodies, may be poor fliers

– Grain and insect eaters

– Precocial young

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Section 3 ClassificationChapter 42

Diversity, continued

Order Struthioniformes

• Includes ostriches, emus, rheas, and cassowaries

– Includes the worlds largest birds

– Fightless birds with small wings and long powerful legs for running

– Ostriches can reach speeds of 55 mph

– Ostriches have two toes per foot

Page 60: Birds Chapter 42 Table of Contents Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Birds Section 2 Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Classification.

Chapter 42

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept

Types of Birds

Section 3 Classification