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The Investment Package for Banana (Lakatan) in Luzon is an ouput of the Investment Package for the Production of Quality Fresh Banana Fruits: Lakatan, Latundan, and Saba Project coordinated and funded by the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development-Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST) in 2005–2007.

The project envisioned that technological interventions for banana farming, matched with the proper marketing system and well-supported organizational structure and other support services will produce modern and sustainable small hold banana farms in Luzon. This will provide the needed quantity and quality of fresh bananas for the local market.

Part of the project was the establishment of four science and technology (S&T)-based farms in San Jose, Batangas and Indang, Cavite. The Cavite State University (CvSU) and the Provincial Government of Batangas and Cavite provided expertise and support to the S&T-based farms.

The investment package includes information on the feasibility of banana production, the package of technologies, sources of planting materials, list of experts, list of common pests and diseases, available credit facilities, and profile of the industry.

PCARRD Core TeamDr. Edna A. Anit

Dr. Arturo S. ArgañosaMr. Joel Eneristo A. Joven

Ms. Lucy A. LastimosaMs. Anita G. Tidon

PCARRD Review PanelDr. Bessie M. BurgosDr. Jocelyn E. EusebioDr. Albert P. Aquino

Technical Review PanelDr. Feliciano B. Calora

Dr. Agustin B. Molina, Jr.

Investment AnalystMr. Luis Crisanto C. Santiago, Jr.

Project Staff

Ms. Diana Rose P. Cabello

Design/Layout ArtistsMr. Simeon R. Manahan, Jr.

Mr. Paul Jersey G. Leron

Project Partner - CvSUDr. Simeon S. CrucidoDr. Teddy F. TeporaMs. Fatima Ilagan

Farmer CooperatorsMr. Edilberto R. Silan

Mr. & Mrs. Rene and Elsa AldayMr. Rusty PerezMr. Delfin Ona

LGU-OPA PartnersMr. Virgilio Mercado - BatangasMs. Fidelina Perez - Batangas

Ms. Lot Cron - CaviteMr. Reynaldo Rozul - Cavite

For more information, please contact:

Executive DirectorPCARRD-DOST

Los Baños, 4030, Laguna, PhilippinesTel. Nos. (63-049) 536-0014 to 20, 536-0024, 536-5896 to 99

Fax Nos. (63-049) 536-0016, 536-7922E-mail: [email protected]

Website: http://www.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph

Manila Liaison Office:DOST, Bicutan, Tagig, Metro Manila

Telefax No. (02) 837-1651

OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

To potential investors:

The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development – Department of Science and Technology (PCARRD-DOST) is enhancing its efforts to integrate viable technologies into investment packages to provide livelihood and business opportunities to our clients. Such investment packages are also expected to improve the appreciation of people on the products of science and technology in agriculture and natural resources.

The data and information contained in this Investment Package for Banana (Lakatan) in Luzon are results of field experiences of smallhold banana farmers in Cavite and Batangas along with market surveys within the two provinces and Metro Manila. The farmers used technological interventions that are based on scientific findings of scientists and research institutions working on banana.

We hope that you will find this publication useful and that it will further enhance your interest in fresh banana (Lakatan) production.

Dr. PATRICIO S. FAYLONExecutive DirectorPCARRD-DOST

ISO 9001:2000

Investment Packagefor Banana (Lakatan)in Luzon

Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and NaturalResources Research and Development (PCARRD)Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

Los Baños, Laguna

2007

First Edition 2007

Investment Packagefor Banana (Lakatan)in Luzon

Bibliographic Citation:

Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD). Investment package for banana (Lakatan) in Luzon. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD-DOST, 2007. 48p.

iii

Foreword

Science and technology (S&T) plays a major role in economic development. It creates an avenue where S&T-based outputs and innovations provide better prospects even for smallhold farmers and agri-entrepreneurs; hence, equalizing opportunities for all.

In the country, in spite of the limited national fund allocation for research and development, the National Agriculture Research System (NARS) still lives out its role and produces substantial research and development (R&D) outputs to help our agri-entrepreneurs improve their productivity. In the Senate, we have further encouraged the NARS to package its outputs into investment opportunities for greater use and appreciation of our people. Only through these investment opportunities can R&D outputs be relevant and significant to national development.

Personally, I am happy that PCARRD-DOST responded positively to the task with this Investment Package for Banana (Lakatan) in Luzon. This investment package could serve as template for other science & technology-based business propositions or livelihood options.

Hon. RAMON B. MAGSAYSAY, JR.SenatorRepublic of the Philippines

v

Foreword ii

Industry Profile 1 Production, Supply, and Utilization 1 Possible Markets 2 Export Market 2 Local Market:CALABARZON 2 The Supermarkets 4

Cost and Return Analysis 5 Technical Assumptions 5 Economic, Market Assumptions 5 Financial Assumptions 5 Financial Indicators 8 Sensitivity Analysis 9

Lakatan Production Technologies 16 Site Selection 16 Soil Type and Climatic Requirements 16 Selection of Planting Materials 16 Field Planting 16 Land Preparation 17 Fertilization 18 Water Management 19

Other Cultural Management Practices 19 Pest and Disease Management 20 Harvesting System 21 Postharvest Handling 21 Preparation for Packing, Transport, and Market 22

Diseases 23 Panama Disease (Fusarium Wilt) 23 Black Leaf Streak (BLS) or Sigatoka 24 Banana Bunchy Top 25

Pests 26 Mealybug (Dysmicoccus noebrevipes Beardsley) 26 Banana Aphid (Pentalonia nirgronervosa Coq.) 27

Tissue-cultured Banana Plantlets 28 Production and Distribution Flow of Banana Planting Material 28 Banana Tissue Culture Laboratories 30 Nurseries 31

Banana Experts 32 Crop Production Experts 32 Crop Protection Experts 33

Contents

vi

Crop Improvement, Taxonomy, and Germplasm Conservation Experts 35 Economics, Agribusiness, and Research Management 36 Micropopagation Experts 37 Postharvest Handling, Packaging, and Processing Experts 38

Banana Suitability Statistics in the Philippines 39

Credit Facilities for Banana 40 Land Bank of the Philippines 40 Quedan and Rural Credit Guarantee Corporation (Quedancor) 43

Lakatan Growth Stages and Management Practices/Activities 48

Investment Package for Banana (Lakatan) in Luzon 1

Table 1. Supply and utilization accounts, Philippines, 1996–2005 (in million tons, Mt).

Net Disposable

Per Capita

Production Gross Supply Exports Feeds and Waste Processing Total kg/Year g/Day (Mt) (Mt) (Mt) (Mt) (Mt)

1996 3.31 3.31 1.25 0.12 0.51 1.42 20.31 55.631997 3.77 3.77 1.14 0.16 0.66 1.82 25.37 69.501998 3.56 3.56 1.15 0.14 0.60 1.67 22.76 62.371999 4.57 4.57 1.32 0.20 0.81 2.24 30.01 82.222000 4.93 4.93 1.60 0.20 0.83 2.30 30.04 82.302001 5.06 5.06 1.60 0.21 0.86 2.39 30.62 83.892002 5.27 5.27 1.68 0.22 0.90 2.48 31.16 85.372003 5.37 5.37 1.83 0.21 0.88 2.44 30.12 82.522004 5.63 5.63 1.80 0.23 0.96 2.65 32.00 87.672005 6.30 6.30 2.02 0.26 1.07 2.95 34.60 94.79

Production, Supply, and Utilization

Source: Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, 2006.

Industry Profiledessert bananas like Lakatan and the green cooking bananas like Saba. With increasing production and availability of banana, the average per capita consumption rises from 56 grams per day in 1996 to about 95 grams per day in 2005. On the average, nearly 50% of the country’s banana supply is used for human consumption. The other half is exported (32%), processed (18%), and used as feeds and go to waste (Table 1).

The Philippines produces an annual average of 4.78 million tons of bananas from 2.27 million farms. Backyard and smallhold farms cover 90% of the total banana farms.

Bananas are among the widely consumed fruit varieties in the country. Most of the local production are sold as fresh

UtilizationSupply

Year

2 Investment Package for Banana (Lakatan) in Luzon

Northern Mindanao and Davao are the major producers of Lakatan in the country, producing 915,463 tons and 822,135 tons, respectively from 1998 to 2004. In Luzon, key Lakatan producers are Oriental Mindoro, Isabela, and Quirino. Lakatan commands a better price in the market compared with other varieties. In Quirino for instance, the average retailer’s selling price for Lakatan in 2004 was P107.50 per 100 pieces compared with P84.50 for Latundan and P92.50 for Saba. In Metro Manila, the retail price (as of August 31, 2006) of Lakatan ranged from P24/kg to P30/kg as against with Latundan’s P23–P28/kg. At the wholesale level, the price ranged from P19/kg to P21/kg compared with Latundan which is sold at P15–P19/kg.

Possible MarketsBanana is the prime fruit commodity of the country in terms of area planted and commercial value. It has constantly brought in export earnings positioning the country among the top five world producers of fresh bananas.

Locally produced fresh bananas, particularly the Cavendish, are mostly exported to Japan, followed by China, Korea, Taiwan, and the Middle East. Banana chips (Saba),

on the other hand, are exported to Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, and Korea.

Export MarketLakatan has started to gain foothold in China, Japan, and other East Asian and Middle Eastern countries. There are farms in Central Visayas that have forged partnerships with Japanese firms for the production and export of Lakatan to Japan. The country’s participation in the Early Harvest Program under the ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement will also facilitate Lakatan and Cavendish banana exports in China. Similarly, the ASEAN-Korea Free Trade Agreement, envisioned in 2008, would also serve as a venue for wider export of Philippine bananas. Local Market: CALABARZONA survey of fruit stands selling Lakatan and Saba in Batangas, Cavite, and Metro Manila was conducted from June to July 2005. Due to its proximity to Cavite and Batangas, Metro Manila emanated as prime market for fresh bananas produced from these provinces.

Selling price of Lakatan in the public markets of Batangas and Cavite ranged from P27/kg to 35/kg. Buying price, on the other hand, ranged from as low as P13/kg to a high of P25/kg. Average daily sales in the Batangas public market alone could run from 750 kg up to 1000 kg of Lakatan.


Good quality bananas coming from Mindanao through Divisoria commanded a higher value ranging from P30/kg to P35/kg. Fifteen out of 20 Lakatan vendors interviewed in Batangas buy Lakatan from Divisoria.

Table 2. Prevailing average buying and selling prices and volume sold daily in possible major public markets in CALABARZON, as of July 2005.

Name of Market Average Average Average Volume

Selling Price (P/kg) Buying Price (P/kg) Sold Daily per Vendor (kg)

BATANGAS 1. Sto. Tomas Public Market 30 25 552. Tanauan Public Market 34 25 643. Batangas Public Market 31 23 404. Lipa City Public Market 29 21 63CAVITE 1. Tagaytay City Public Market 32 23 152. Mahogany Market 27 22 843. Trece Martires City Public Market 30 24 604. Dasmariñas Public Market 23 20 455. Carmona Public Market 27 24 28METRO MANILA 1. Farmer’s Market 30 23 63 2. Nepa Q-Mart 23 21 4057 3. Balintawak Market 23 20 4384. San Andres Market 38 22 375. Alabang Public Market 25 22 366 6. Divisoria 20 – –

The other wholesale markets for Lakatan in Metro Manila, with relatively lower prices, were Balintawak, Alabang, and Nepa-Q-Mart. Prices for Lakatan ranged from P16 to P25. Almost all bananas sold in these markets come from Mindanao.


Weekly requirements for Lakatan do not go below 300 kg, and to as much as 1,500 kg per week per branch.

Table 3. Volume requirements of supermarkets and other information when applying as fruit dealer, as of July 2005.

Supermarket Weekly Volume Current Terms of Where to Bring Current Requirements for Requirements (kg) Buying Price Payment the Product Suppliers Accrediation

1. South 1,000–1,400 Depends on the Consignment Direct to the Dole Phils. • Sample product Supermarket (Saba and Lakatan) quoted price assigned branch and two • Price list/quotation (through bidding; other suppliers lowest price gets

the slot)2. Rustan’s 300-400 Depends on the Check Direct to the DOLE Phils. • Sample product quoted price payment, assigned branch plus other • Price list/quotation terms 15–30 suppliers days3. Pilipinas 1,000 Buying price COD Direct to the Suppliers • Sample product Makro Inc. varies (depends assigned branch from Davao • Price list/quotation on supplier) 4. SM Figures were Figures were Consignment Figures were Dole Phils. • Sample product Supermarket not given not given not given and Dizon • Price list/quotation Farms 5. Waltermart 1,500 (Lakatan) Depends on the COD, Carmona and Gen. Santos, • Sample product Supemarket submitted terms 7 days Quezon City Davao, • Price list/quotation quotation and Tagaytay, upon agreement Baguio, etc. of both parties

The SupermarketsNine major supermarkets located in the urban districts of Metro Manila were inspected to see how fresh bananas are being sold in major urban consumer centers. The supermarkets cater to the high-end market which is a prime target market for quality fresh bananas due to its high purchasing power.


(for 1-hectare Lakatan Farm)

Technical Assumptions• Total Number of plants per hectare - 1,800• Expected yield (bunches per hectare) - 1,620• Weight per bunch (kg) - 22• Pests, Diseases and Postharvest losses (%) - 10• Three-year cropping period

Economic, Market Assumptions• Farmer will be selling the harvest directly to the public market• Retail selling price (P/kg) - 23

Financial Assumptions• Retail selling price (P/kg) - 23• Land (1 ha, if purchased) (P) - 500,000• Other Capital Investment (P) (See Table 4) - 176,000• Materials and other Production Expenses (P) (see Table 5) Year 1 - 388,817 Year 2 - 334,511• Labor Requirement (P) (see Table 6) Year 1 - 86,960 Year 2 - 88,260• Daily Labor Rate (P/man-day) - 220• Discount Rate (%) - 20

Cost and Return Analysis

• Three-year cropping period

Economic, Market Assumptions


Table 4. Other capital investment (P).

Particulars Total Cost Life Span

Irrigation facilities 50,000.00 10Delatexing/washing tank 6,000.00 5Packing shed 36,000.00 5Bamboos for propping (3,600 pcs at P20/pc) 72,000.00 Farm tools and implements 12,000.00 5 weighing scale dehanding instrument banana knives ladder bolo Urethane foam 600.00 3TOTAL 176,600.00

Table 5. Materials and other production expenses (P). Particulars Unit Quantity Price/Unit Year 1 Year 2

Planting materials pc 1,900 26.00 49,400.00 – Fertilizer Complete Bag of 50 kg 5 850.00 4,250.00 4,250.00 Urea Bag of 50 kg 12 1,050.00 12,600.00 12,600.00 MOP Bag of 50 kg 11 890.00 9,790.00 9,790.00 Organic chicken manure or bag 72 – – commercial bag 72 160.00 11,520.00 11,520.00 Chemical Insecticide Liter 1 350.00 350.00 350.00 Alum (for delatexing) kg 16 25.00 400.00 400.00 Bags pc 1,800 8.75 15,750.00 15,750.00 Colored ribbon strips yd 1,800 2.00 3,600.00 3,600.00 Packaging materials Packing crates (soft wood crates) pc 1,800 60.00 108,000.00 108,000.00


Table 6. Labor requirement (P).

Year 1 Year 2 Onwards

Activities Unit No. of Units Rate (P/Unit) Total Cost No. of Units Total Cost

Clearing if newly opened md* 13 220 2,860 – Plowing/Harrowing if previously planted mm-hr** 2120 – 5 10,600 if newly opened mm-hr 2 2120 4,240 – Laying out and staking md 6 220 1,320 6 1,320Construction of beds and canals (year 1) md 10 220 2,200 – Hauling of planting materials md 3 220 660 3 660Hole digging md 13 220 2,860 13 2,860Hauling and application of organic and inorganic fertilizer (basal) md 15 220 3,300 15 3,300Field Planting md 2 220 440 2 440Replanting (assuming 5% mortality) md 2 220 440 2 440Ring weeding before fertilization md 66 220 14,520 66 14,520

Table 5. (Continued). Particulars Unit Quantity Price/Unit Year 1 Year 2

Polytwine kg 4 220.00 880.00 880.00 Sub-total 216,540.00 167,140.00Water and electricity Monthly 12 1,500.00 18,000.00 18,000.00 Transportation Expense Trip 5 7,000.00 35,000.00 35,000.00 Truck capacity 400 crates @ 20 kgs/ crate (Truck rental at P10,000 per trip x 5 trips) Miscellaneous Expenses 5,000.00 5,000.00 Land Rental per hectare per year – –Management Cost Monthly 12 8,000.00 96,000.00 96,000.00 Sub-total 154,000.00 154,000.00Contingency 18,277.00 13,371.20 TOTAL 388,817.00 334,511.20


Table 6. (Continued).

Year 1 Year 2 Onwards

Activities Unit No. of Units Rate (P/Unit) Total Cost No. of Units Total Cost

Fertilizing per month md 32 220 7,040 32 7,040Irrigation md 52 220 11,440 52 11,440General Weeding mm-hr 462 – –Mulching 180 – –Desuckering/Stem and mat sanitation md 23 220 5,060 23 5,060Propping (1 person can prop 120 plants) md 15 220 3,300 15 3,300Fruit Protection, debudding, bagging, & fruit labeling md 4 220 880 4 880Harvesting (cutting of stem, bunch and hauling), 1 worker can harvest 50 bunches/day) md 36 220 7,920 36 7,920Post harvest Handling, Dehanding, Washing, Weighing md 32 220 7,040 32 7,040Pest and disease detection and eradication md 8 220 1,760 8 1,760Packaging md 8 220 1,760 8 1,760Transporting and hauling md 36 220 7,920 36 7,920TOTAL For newly opened area 86,960 For previously planted area 88,260

* md - ManDays** mm-hr - Man-machine per hour

Financial indicators

Scenario NPV (P) IRR (%) Payback (Years)

I If land is purchased at P500,000 158,765 23.59 4.09 and amortized (see Tables 7-8)II If land is owned (see Tables 9-10) 658,765 34.49 1.63III If land is rented at P500,000 per annum (see Table 11-12) 813,123 46.37 2.18


Sensitivity Analysis

Scenario I – Land is purchased and amortized at P500,000.

Case NPV (P) IRR (%) Payback (Years)

Selling price at P23/kg 158,765 23.59 4.09 Yield is 22 kg/bunchSelling price at P22/kg (16,329) 19.62 4.61 Yield is 22 kg/bunchSelling price at P25/kg 71,218 21.63 4.33 Yield is only 20 kg/bunch

If land is being amortized and the harvest is 22 kg/bunch, Lakatan cannot be sold lower than P23/kg, otherwise it will not be profitable to undertake banana growing. If yield falls below 22 kg/bunch, banana should be sold not lower than P25/kg.

Scenario II – Land is owned.


Selling price at P23/kg 658,765 34.49 1.63 Yield is 22 kg/bunchSelling price at P19.50/kg 45,938 21.09 2.50 Yield is 22 kg/bunchSelling price at P19.50 (295,494) 12.48 3.52 Yield is only 20 kg/bunchSelling price at P22/kg 98,466 22.32 2.38 Yield is only 20 kg/bunch

If land is owned and the harvest is 22 kg/bunch, the selling price cannot be lower than P19.50/kg, otherwise it will not be profitable to grow Lakatan. If yield falls to 20 kg/bunch, banana cannot be sold lower than P22/kg.

Scenario III – Land is rented at P50,000 per annum.


Selling price at P23/kg Yield is 22 kg/bunch 813,123 46.37 2.18Selling price at P18/kg Yield is 22 kg/bunch (62,343) 17.65 6.49Selling price at P21/kg Yield is 20 kg/bunch 128,668 24.62 4.48Selling price at P20/kg Yield is 20 kg/bunch 42,202 21.55 5.21

If land is rented and the harvest is 22 kg/bunch, Lakatan should be sold higher than P18/kg, otherwise it will not be profitable to undertake banana growing. If yield falls to 20 kg/bunch, banana should be sold not lower than P21/kg.


Table 7. Projected cash flow statement, 1 hectare (Land is purchased at P500,000 and amortized). Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10

TOTAL CASH INFLOWSGross Sales 1,620 bunches at 22kg/bunch @ P23/kg – 819,720 860,706 903,741 948,928 996,375 1,046,194 1,098,503 1,153,428 1,211,100 1,271,655

CASH OUTFLOWS Initial Investment 676,600 Working Capital 475,777 Materials – 167,140 175,497 236,142 196,079 205,883 270,517 229,703 241,188 310,057 268,750 Direct labor – 88,260 92,673 97,307 102,172 107,281 112,645 118,277 124,191 130,400 136,920 Land rent – – – – – – – – – – Utilities – 18,000 18,900 19,845 20,837 21,879 22,973 24,122 25,328 26,594 27,924 Farm tools and implements – – – – – 12,000 – – – – 12,000 Bamboos for propping – – – 36,000 – – 36,000 – – 36,000 – Amortization – 119,261 119,261 119,261 119,261 119,261 119,261 119,261 119,261 119,261 119,261 Transportation – 35,000 36,750 38,588 40,517 42,543 44,670 46,903 49,249 51,711 54,296 Management Cost – 96,000 100,800 105,840 111,132 116,689 122,523 128,649 135,082 141,836 148,928 Miscellaneous Cost 5,000 5,250 5,513 5,788 6,078 6,381 6,700 7,036 7,387 7,757 Contingency – 18,277 19,191 20,150 21,158 22,216 23,327 24,493 25,718 27,003 28,354

TOTAL - CASHOUTFLOWS 1,152,377 546,938 568,322 678,645 616,944 653,829 758,297 698,109 727,051 850,251 804,190

NET CASH FLOWS (1,152,377) 272,782 292,384 225,096 331,984 342,546 287,897 400,394 426,377 360,849 467,465

NPV = 158,765; IRR = 23.59%; Payback Period = 4.09 years


Table 8. Projected income statement for Lakatan production, 1 hectare (Land is purchased at P500,000 and amortized).

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10

REVENUES Gross Sales 1,620 bunches at 22kg/bunch @ P23/kg 819,720 860,706 903,741 948,928 996,375 1,046,194 1,098,503 1,153,428 1,211,100 1,271,655 LESS : Production Expenses Materials 216,540 227,367 238,735 250,672 263,206 276,366 290,184 304,694 319,928 335,925 Direct labor 88,260 92,673 97,307 102,172 107,281 112,645 118,277 124,191 130,400 136,920 Utilities 18,000 18,900 19,845 20,837 21,879 22,973 24,122 25,328 26,594 27,924 Farm tools and implements – – – – 12,000 – – – – 12,000 Bamboos for propping – – 36,000 – – 36,000 – – 36,000 – Depreciation 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 Interest 100,000 96,148 91,525 85,978 79,321 71,333 61,747 50,244 36,441 19,877 Transportation 35,000 36,750 38,588 40,517 42,543 44,670 46,903 49,249 51,711 54,296 Management Cost 96,000 100,800 105,840 111,132 116,689 122,523 128,649 135,082 141,836 148,928 Contingency 18,277 19,191 20,150 21,158 22,216 23,327 24,493 25,718 27,003 28,354 TOTAL EXPENSES 588,077 607,829 663,990 648,466 681,134 725,836 710,376 730,504 785,914 780,223 NET RETURNS 231,643 252,877 239,751 300,463 315,241 320,357 388,128 422,924 425,186 491,431


Table 9. Projected cash flow statement for Lakatan production, 1 hectare (Land is owned). Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 TOTAL CASH INFLOWS Gross Sales 1,620 bunches at 22kg/bunch @ P23/kg – 819,720 860,706 903,741 948,928 996,375 1,046,194 1,098,503 1,153,428 1,211,100 1,271,655 CASH OUTFLOWS Initial Investment 676,600 Working Capital 475,777 Materials – 167,140 175,497 236,142 196,079 205,883 270,517 229,703 241,188 310,057 268,750 Direct labor – 88,260 92,673 97,307 102,172 107,281 112,645 118,277 124,191 130,400 136,920 Land rent – – – – – – – – – – Utilities – 18,000 18,900 19,845 20,837 21,879 22,973 24,122 25,328 26,594 27,924 Farm tools and implements – – – – – 12,000 – – – – 12,000 Bamboos for propping – – – 36,000 – – 36,000 – – 36,000 – Amortization – – – – – – – – – – – Transportation – 35,000 36,750 38,588 40,517 42,543 44,670 46,903 49,249 51,711 54,296 Management Cost – 96,000 100,800 105,840 111,132 116,689 122,523 128,649 135,082 141,836 148,928 Miscellaneous Cost 5,000 5,250 5,513 5,788 6,078 6,381 6,700 7,036 7,387 7,757 Contingency – 18,277 19,191 20,150 21,158 22,216 23,327 24,493 25,718 27,003 28,354 TOTAL - CASH OUTFLOWS 1,152,377 427,677 449,061 559,384 497,683 534,567 639,036 578,847 607,790 730,989 684,929 NET CASH FLOWS (1,152,377) 392,043 411,645 344,357 451,245 461,808 407,158 519,656 545,639 480,111 586,726

NPV = 658,765; IRR = 34.49%; Payback Period = 1.63 Years


Table 10. Projected income statement for Lakatan production, 1 hectare (Land is owned).

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 REVENUES Gross Sales 1,620 bunches at 22kg/bunch @ P23/kg 819,720 860,706 903,741 948,928 996,375 1,046,194 1,098,503 1,153,428 1,211,100 1,271,655 LESS : Production Expenses Materials 216,540 227,367 238,735 250,672 263,206 276,366 290,184 304,694 319,928 335,925 Direct labor 88,260 92,673 97,307 102,172 107,281 112,645 118,277 124,191 130,400 136,920 Utilities 18,000 18,900 19,845 20,837 21,879 22,973 24,122 25,328 26,594 27,924 Farm tools and implements – – – – 12,000 – – – – 12,000 Bamboos for propping – – 36,000 – – 36,000 – – 36,000 – Depreciation 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 Interest – – – – – – – – – – Transportation 35,000 36,750 38,588 40,517 42,543 44,670 46,903 49,249 51,711 54,296 Management Cost 96,000 100,800 105,840 111,132 116,689 122,523 128,649 135,082 141,836 148,928 Contingency 18,277 19,191 20,150 21,158 22,216 23,327 24,493 25,718 27,003 28,354 TOTAL EXPENSES 488,077 511,681 572,465 562,488 601,813 654,503 648,628 680,260 749,473 760,346 NET RETURNS 331,643 349,025 331,276 386,440 394,562 391,690 449,875 473,169 461,627 511,308


Table 11. Projected cash flow statement for Lakatan production, 1 hectare (Land is rented at P50,000 per annum). Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 TOTAL CASH INFLOWS Gross Sales 1,620 bunches at 22kg/bunch at P23/kg – 819,720 860,706 903,741 948,928 996,375 1,046,194 1,098,503 1,153,428 1,211,100 1,271,655 CASH OUTFLOWS Initial Investment 176,600 Working Capital 575,777 Materials – 167,140 175,497 236,142 196,079 205,883 270,517 229,703 241,188 310,057 268,750 Direct labor – 88,260 92,67 97,307 102,172 107,281 112,645 118,277 124,191 130,400 136,920 Land rent 50,000 52,500 55,125 57,881 60,775 63,814 67,005 70,355 73,873 77,566 Utilities – 18,000 18,900 19,845 20,837 21,879 22,973 24,122 25,328 26,594 27,924 Farm tools and implements – – – – – 12,000 – – – – 12,000 Bamboos for propping – – – 36,000 – – 36,000 – – 36,000 – Amortization – – – – – – – – – – – Transportation – 35,000 36,750 38,588 40,517 42,543 44,670 46,903 49,249 51,711 54,296 Management Cost – 96,000 100,800 105,840 111,132 116,689 122,523 128,649 135,082 141,836 148,928 Miscellaneous Cost 5,000 5,250 5,513 5,788 6,078 6,381 6,700 7,036 7,387 7,757 Contingency – 18,277 19,191 20,150 21,158 22,216 23,327 24,493 25,718 27,003 28,354 TOTAL - CASH OUTFLOWS 752,377 477,677 501,561 614,509 555,564 595,343 702,850 645,852 678,145 804,862 762,495 NET CASH FLOWS (752,377) 342,043 359,145 289,232 393,364 401,032 343,344 452,651 475,284 406,238 509,160

NPV = 813,123; IRR = 46.37%; Payback Period = 2.18 years


Table 12. Projected income statement for Lakatan production, 1 hectare (Land is rented at P50,000 per annum).

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 REVENUES Gross Sales 1,620 bunches at 22kg/bunch at P23/kg 819,720 860,706 903,741 948,928 996,375 1,046,194 1,098,503 1,153,428 1,211,100 1,271,655 LESS : Production Expenses Materials 216,540 227,367 238,735 250,672 263,206 276,366 290,184 304,694 319,928 335,925 Direct labor 88,260 92,673 97,307 102,172 107,281 112,645 118,277 124,191 130,400 136,920 Utilities 18,000 18,900 19,845 20,837 21,879 22,973 24,122 25,328 26,594 27,924 Farm tools and implements – – – – 12,000 – – – – 12,000 Bamboos for propping – – 36,000 – – 36,000 – – 36,000 – Depreciation 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 Interest – – – – – – – – – – Transportation 35,000 36,750 38,588 40,517 42,543 44,670 46,903 49,249 51,711 54,296 Land Rent 50,000 52,500 55,125 57,881 60,775 63,814 67,005 70,355 73,873 77,566 Management Cost 96,000 100,800 105,840 111,132 116,689 122,523 128,649 135,082 141,836 148,928 Contingency 18,277 19,191 20,150 21,158 22,216 23,327 24,493 25,718 27,003 28,354 TOTAL EXPENSES 538,077 564,181 627,590 620,369 662,588 718,317 715,633 750,615 823,346 837,913 NET RETURNS 281,643 296,525 276,151 328,559 333,787 327,876 382,870 402,814 387,754 433,742

• Net Present Value (NPV). The present value of the 10-year investment’s future net cash flows minus the initial investment. In simple analogy, this is the value of all the cash you will receive in the 10-year period of planting Lakatan, minus the initial investment you are expected to spend to establish the farm. If NPV is positive, an investment should be made.

• Internal Rate of Return (IRR) takes into account the time value of money by considering the cash flows over the lifetime of a project. The IRR for Lakatan should be higher than 20%, which is the cost

of money used in this analysis. You can also compare your IRR with bank interest rate on time deposit to see which investments give better rates.

• Payback period refers to the number of years you can recover your initial investment. The shorter the payback, the better.


Site Selection1. Choose an area with access to irrigation water.2. The site should not be previously planted with Banana

Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV)-infected plants.3. Avoid areas planted to other alternate host of aphids

causing BBTV (cucurbits, abaca, heliconias, etc.). Soil Type and Climatic Requirements1. Soil type

• Deep top soil, friable, loamy, and well-drained.• High nutrient content with at least 2% organic

matter pH 5.0–7.0.2. Climate

• Not more than 3 months of distinct dry season.

Selection of Planting Materials1. Type

• Use hardened, healthy tissue-cultured Lakatan.2. Size

• Ready-to-plant; five-leaf stage, robust and green.3. Source

• Buy only from recognized and reputable nurseries.

Field Planting1. Proper handling of plantlets

• Put plantlets in slightly shaded areas and avoid unnecessary injuries on the plants.

2. Time of planting • Plant early morning or late afternoon.• Plant anytime of the year if there is irrigation.• Consider the occurence of typhoons in the area.

The latter stage of the crop development should not coincide with the typhoon months of the year.

3. Method of planting • Strip off polyethylene bag lengthwise.• Remove polyethylene bag.• Place plant in planting hole.• Cover with soil.• Water the plants.

Lakatan ProductionTechnologies


Land Preparation1. Land clearing

• Remove shrubs, stubbles, weeds, and other materials.

2. Land cultivation• Plow and harrow once if the area is open and

previously planted with other crops.• Plow twice and harrow once if the area is newly

opened.• Cultivation is not necessary if the area is planted

to coconut, but planting hole must be bigger and deeper.

3. Layouting, bedding, and drainage construction (planting distance, planting methods, population density)• Use 2 m x 2 m x 2.5 m (1,900 plantlets/ha);

triangular double row pattern (Fig. 1).4. Digging of holes

• Dig holes about 35 cm deep and 35 cm wide where 10 cm is allocated for organic materials (Fig. 2).

• Dig holes about 45 cm deep and 45 cm wide where 10 cm is allocated for organic fertilizer when cultivation is not needed (coconut areas).

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

2.0 m 2.5 m

2.0 m

10 cm

35 cm

35 cm

10 cm organic matter

Fig. 1. Triangular double row planting.

Fig. 2. Hole size/depth.


Fertilization

KindMonth

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Organic Fertilizer (kg/plant) 2

Complete Fertilizer (g/plant) 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

Urea (g/plant) 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26

Muriate of Potash (g/plant) 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23

Total 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 23 23

Recommended Fertilizer Application per Plant

1. Fertilizer recommendation • Apply 250-30-350 kg NPK per ha per year of inorganic fertilizer which is

equivalent to 214 kg complete fertilizer, 488 kg Urea, and 533 kg Muriate of potash plus 3.6 tons organic fertilizer.

2. Time of application • Apply the needed fertilizer before the irrigation.• Apply the organic fertilizer at planting.• Follow the fertilization schedule (Recommended Fertilizer Application per Plant).

3. Method of application • Apply fertilizer by ring method:

- 1st to 6th month: 20 cm from the plants. - 7th to 10th month: 40 cm from the plants.• Cover the fertilizer with soil after application.


Other Cultural Management Practices1. Weeding

• Remove trash and grass around the base of the mat within a radius of 0.60–0.75 m

• Do not cut or damage the mother plant and the suckers

• Clean the plant’s base and ring weed before fertilization, desuckering, and stem and mat spray operation

2. Mulching• Put mulches of any readily available material (rice

straw, cut banana leaves, etc.) on the base of the plants

3. Desuckering • Select the healthy suckers three months after

planting• Remove developing suckers at three weeks interval

4. Stem and mat sanitation • Remove old, diseased leaves and bracts• Deleaf when more than 50% of the leaf blade is

not functional due to senescence

Water Management1. Water management

• Irrigate with ready source of water (shallow tube well, river, creeks, etc.)

• Use calibrated power sprayer in water distribution (if necessary)

2. Drainage systems (if necessary) • Construct canal in between rows of about 0.75 m

(width) x 0.5 m (depth) (Fig. 3)• Keep ditches clean and free of weeds

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Secondary Canal0.75 (width) m x 0.5 m (depth)

Primary Canal

Mai

n C

anal

Fig. 3. Dranaige system.


breaking, bending, and toppling caused by strong wind, corm borer damage, nematodes, etc.

• Use double bamboo prop

Pest and Disease Management1. Common pests and diseases

• Diseases – BBTV, Fusarium wilt, Sigatoka• Insects – aphids, mites, mealy bugs

2. Treatment and control • Use tissue-cultured

planting materials • Do regular weeding

and cleaning operations

• Inspect regularly for occurrence of pests and diseases

• Control aphids and mealy bugs by spraying infested plants with synthetic pyrethroids

• Eliminate immediately plants infected with BBTV and Fusarium wilt

• Cut Sigatoka infected leaves when 50% of the leaf area is infected

• Cut all non-functional and disease-infected leaves. This is necessary when strong typhoon is coming

• Put the cut leaves along the base of the plants to serve as mulches. Diseased leaves must be burned

5. Debudding, bagging, fruit protection, and fruit labeling• Debudding is done by

removing the bell as soon as the false hand appears

• Remove fruit obstruction like spadices, flag leaves, and relocate the props that touch the bunch

• Bag fruits to protect them from pest damage and injuries after debudding

• Tie specified colored strips or ribbons on the bunch at the time of bagging for fruit age management

6. Propping • Put props to

provide ample support on developing fruits. This operation is done to avoid fruit loss due to


• Place a 3 ft x 3 ft urethane foam on the hauler’s shoulder to serve as cushion in carrying the bananas to the packing shed

Postharvest Handling1. Dehanding

• Use dehanding tools and avoid bruising the fruits. This is usually done before transporting

• Leave as much crown as possible in the hand

2. Washing and sorting • Use washing/delatexing tank• Dip the dehanded fruits in a water solution with

alum (10 g of alum per liter of water)• Remove/cull fruits with bruises, scabs, scars,

oversized or undersized fruits, and small or malformed fingers

3. Weighing • Weigh the harvested fruits carefully

Harvesting System1. Age of harvesting

• Harvest fruits on the basis of age (ribbon color) and grade (caliper size-check industry standard)

• Harvest fruits at full three quarters or full stage depending on the target market

• Lakatan is usually harvested at 12–14 weeks after shooting (physiological maturity)

2. Harvesting • Harvest the bunches

preferably in the morning• Cut the pseudostem slowly

and partially, about 1/3 from the top for the bunch to fall slowly. Use a knife, bolo, or sickle

• Hold the tail end of the bunch before it touches the ground

• Cut the peduncle, leaving about 30 cm of the stalk, for easy handling

• Put pile of dried banana leaves on the ground that will serve as cushion for the newly harvested bananas


Preparation for Packing, Transport, and Market1. Packaging materials

• Use either soft wood crates or cartons (18–20 kg capacity)

2. Packaging methods• Line the inner

portion of the box with any of the following: cool and durable leaf sheaths from the pseudostem; banana leaves; polyethylene plastic sheets; or newspaper


Panama Disease (Fusarium Wilt)Symptoms. The yellowing of the oldest lower leaf leads to its drying up. The upper leaves show the same symptoms one after the other until eventually, all the leaves wilt. The pseudostem may crack at the base but remains standing for several weeks until it decays and falls. When cut horizontally, the pseudostem shows brown-to-purple discoloration of the vascular tissue with reddish tinge. The discoloration may extend throughout the pseudostem including the fruit stalk without any symptom observed on the fruit.

Control. An economical method to eliminate the fungus from infected soil is not yet available. The remedial measure is to implement strict quarantine procedures to prevent the transfer of diseased planting materials into new areas. Infected banana plants, including those within 6-meter radius, must be immediately eradicated to minimize the spread of the disease.

Source: PCARRD. Banana Production Manual. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD-DOST, 2004.

Diseases

Causal organism: Fungus (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense [E.F. Smith])

Description. The soil-borne fungus enters only through the roots. It grows and sporulates abundantly in the xylem vessels. The spores move upward through the transpirational stream affecting the entire vascular system. The growth of the fungus blocks the vascular system causing the plant to wilt.

The most common means of spreading the pathogen is through infected rhizomes. The fungus can also spread in the soil, in running water, and from farm implements. The root tips are the natural, initial sites of infection.


Black Leaf Streak (BLS) or Sigatoka Symptoms. Tiny brown streaks (lines) appear around the stomata a few weeks after infection. The streaks enlarge, turn blackish, and become brown oval spots with yellow margins. Under highly favorable conditions (frequent, heavy rainfall with temperature above 20oC) and in the presence of abundant inoculum (spores from streaks and spots), streaks may group together, causing the leaf to turn black and dry-up prematurely. When few leaves are left on the plant at harvest, the fruits may ripen prematurely in the field or while in transit to the market.

Control. For commercial planting, if the infection is very alarming, the application of contact fungicides (e.g., Dithane M-45 and Bravo 720) to kill fungal spores on the leaf surface and systemic fungicides (e.g., Tilt, Calixin, and Benlate) to kill fungal growth inside the leaf can be done. For smallhold planting, removal of Sigatoka infected leaves can be done when 50% of the leaf area is infected.


Causal organism: Fungus (Mycosphaerella fijiensis)

Description. The fungus produces two types of microscopic spores (seeds) called conidia and ascospores. Conidia form dark-brown and black streaks on the banana leaf. These emerge from the leaf stomata and are disseminated by wind. Ascospores develop massive brown spots

inside the portions of the leaf. These are released into the air when the leaf gets wet. When the spores land on the unfurling (opening) ear leaf and/or the first fully opened leaf (the most susceptible leaf of bananas), these germinate when covered with a film of water. The fungus then grows over the leaf surface for several days before it enters the stomata and infects the leaf cells.


Causal organism: Banana Bunchy Top virus

Description. The banana aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa Coq. acquires the virus as it feeds on virus-infected plant and transmits it to a healthy plant as fast as two hours after feeding. When introduced to the plant, the virus multiplies and infects the plant.

The vector. The aphids are found in colonies in the crown of the plant, around the base of the pseudostem, and in between sheaths of the outer leaf and the pseudostem. The wingless aphids reproduce for 7–10 generations and then alate (winged) adults are produced. These are similar in color to the wingless generations and have dark-brown to black wing veins. The alate aphids disperse to new host plants.

Symptoms. The affected leaves show green streaks on the secondary veins on the underside of the lamina and on the midrib and petiole. The streaks are about 0.75 mm wide and vary in length up to 2.5 mm. The dark-

Banana Bunchy Top green streaks can be clearly seen on the midrib and petiole when the powdery bloom is rubbed off. The streaks vary from a series of dark green dots to continuous dark-green line with ragged edge.

The other leaves subsequently show similar symptoms as that in the first affected leaf. The plant is stunted and shows marginal chlorosis and curling. The affected leaves are brittle and the petioles are incompletely elongated. As the disease progresses, the subsequent leaves unfurl prematurely but slowly. In this case, several leaves unfurl at the same time, resulting in smaller leaves, and eventually producing stunted leaves on the crown of the plant.

The infected plants seldom bear fruit and if they do, the hands are deformed and the fingers are reduced in size.

Control• Do an early detection survey of initial symptoms and

eradicate promptly.• Do a weekly survey of symptoms when incidence

reaches epidemic proportion. Tolerable degree of incidence should be one case per hectare per survey schedule.

• Enforce strict quarantine measures by preventing the movement of virus-infected materials into new areas.



Mealybug(Dysmicoccus noebrevipes Beardsley)

The nymph is pinkish-yellow in color. The adult has soft body with white powdery wax. Both nymph and adult are found inside the leaf sheaths and fruit bunches. These stay in colonies, suck plant sap, excrete honeydew, and move very slowly.

The sooty mold grows and develops on honeydew secreted by mealybugs, which produces an unsightly appearance on the peel of the fruits.

Recommendations1. Bag the bunches with Lorsban-impregnated polyethylene.

Use only newly extruded polyethylene bags. Do not stock for more than a month. Store the bags in a tight, well-sealed container.

2. Do selective control for stem and mat spray during outbreaks of mealybugs in pinpointed critical blocks.

3. Do stem sanitation to expose mealybug colonies to the sun and rain to reduce their population.


Pests


Banana Aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa Coq.)

The aphids form colonies in the crown of the plant, around the base of the pseudostem, and between the sheaths of the outer leaf and the pseudostem. Adult wingless aphid reproduces for 7–10 generations and then alate (winged) adults are produced. Alate adults are similar in color to the wingless adults and have dark-brown to black wing veins. These migrate to new host plants where they feed, multiply, and or transmit the bunchy top virus (BBTV).

Damage Symptoms. The aphids do not directly cause significant injury to the banana plant. They transmit the bunchy top virus, while they suck the juice of the plant and consequently inejct the virus into the plant system. This results in banana bunchy top virus disease, a very deadly disease that makes the banana plant totally nonproductive.

Control• Use disease-free planting materials, preferably tissue-

cultured plantlets.• Practice good sanitation in the plantation.• Stem and mat spray by using recommended botanical

biocides (e.g., neem extracts and tubli).• Properly eradicate infected plants. Spray them,

including the surrounding healthy-looking plants, first with insectidices prior to eradication.



Production and Distribution Flowof Banana Planting Material

standards for healthy and disease-free planting materials.In the production of fresh and cooking types of bananas, it is important that the planting materials used are healthy and disease-free. Though these are not immune from diseases after planting, these may help in initially establishing a healthy and disease-free banana farm. If farms established from these planting materials can maintain good sanitation and adopt the recommended package of technologies for the crop, higher yields may be attained. Figure 4 presents the production and distribution flow of TC banana plantlets used in the S&T-based banana farms in Cavite and Batangas.

Banana has many known diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi that can remarkably reduce yield. Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) is one of the most destructive of the diseases. Under this condition, the use of suckers as planting materials and plantlets, as well as those from unreliable tissue culture (TC) laboratories and nurseries, does not guarantee healthy and disease-free banana plantation.

However, there are TC laboratories producing banana meriplants that use acceptable protocols and standards. These laboratories maintain virus-free mother plants in a contained nursery as sources of explants. Regular virus indexing on the explants is conducted to ensure production of clean and disease-free meriplants. In the Philippines, there is no known small registered nursery for TC bananas due to limitations presented by a set of standards used as basis for the registration and certification of small nurseries. However, large commercial banana TC laboratories and nurseries in Mindanao produce meriplants using their own set of

Tissue-cultured Banana Plantlets


Tissue Culture Laboratories (SUCs and Commercial farms)

Commercial Nursery of TC Bananas

Small Nurseries of TC Bananas in SUCs

Small Private Nurseries of TC Bananas

Commercial Farms/ Plantations

Smallhold Farms and Backyard Plantings

Figure 4. Production and distribution flow of planting materials.


Name Of Tissue Culture Laboratory

Contact Person/Designation

Address Tel/Fax/Mobile Number/Email

Lapanday Tissue Culture Laboratory

DOLE/MUSATECH Phil. Tissue Culture Laboratory

Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB) Tissue Culture Laboratory

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University (DMMMSU) Tissue Culture Laboratory

Hortech Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory and Nursery

Nueva Viscaya State University (NVSU) Tissue Culture Laboratory

Mr. Nestor G. FabellarResearch and Development Manager

Ms. Rosalinda Rufino-Kimpton Administrative and Finance Officer

Dr. Olivia P. DamascoUniversity Researcher

Dr. Angelina EsguerraAssociate Professor

Mr. Gilbert DamascoProduction Manager

Dr. Ma Cecilia SalasVice-President for Research, Development and Extension

Maryknoll Drive, Bo. Pampanga, Lanang, Davao City

Alejal, Carmen, Davao del Norte

Crop Science ClusterIPB-UPLB, College, Los Baños, Laguna

DMMSUBacnotan, La Union

No. 470, Bgy. Mamatid, Cabuyao, Laguna

NVSUBayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

Tel.: 082-300-3321Fax: 082-300-3321Mobile: 0918-9258254Email: [email protected]

Tel.: 082-234-0241 loc 4036Mobile: 0918-904-5994Email: [email protected]

Tel.: 049-5362512/2339Fax: 049-5363438Mobile: 0915-4453272Email: [email protected]

Tel.: 072-8885354Fax: 072-8885354Mobile: 0920-9285272

Tel.: 049-5455828Mobile: 0917-9810136

Tel.: 078-8051287/8051453

Banana Tissue Culture Laboratories


Name Of Tissue Culture Laboratory

Contact Person/Designation

Address Tel/Fax/Mobile Number/Email

Lapanday Tissue Culture Laboratory

DOLE/MUSATECHPhil. Tissue Culture Laboratory

Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB) Tissue Culture Laboratory

Cavite State University (CvSU) Nursery of TC Banana

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University (DMMMSU) Tissue Culture Laboratory

Hortech Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory and Nursery

Quirino State College, Banana Nursery

Mr. Nestor G. FabellarResearch and Development Manager

Ms. Rosalinda Rufino-Kimpton Administrative and Finance Officer

Dr. Olivia P. DamascoUniversity Researcher

Dr. Simeon S. CrucidoVice-President for Research and Extension

Dr. Angelina EsguerraAssociate Professor

Mr. Gilbert DamascoProduction Manager

Ms. Fredisminda DolojanAssistant Professor

Maryknoll Drive, Bo. Pampanga, Lanang, Davao City

Alejal, Carmen, Davao del Norte

Crop Science ClusterIPB-UPLB, College, Los Baños, Laguna

CvSU, Indang, Cavite

DMMSUBacnotan, La Union

No. 470, Bgy. Mamatid, Cabuyao, Laguna

Quirino State University, Diffun, Quirino

Tel.: 082-300-3321Fax: 082-300-3321Mobile: 0918-9258254Email: [email protected]

Tel.: 082-234-0241 loc 4036Mobile: 0918-904-5994Email: [email protected]

Tel.: 049-5362512/2339Fax: 049-5363438Mobile: 0915-4453272Email: [email protected]

Tel.: 046-8620850Fax: 046-4150012Email: [email protected]

Tel.: 072-8885354Fax: 072-8885354Mobile: 0920-9285272

Tel.: 049-5455828Mobile: 0917-9810136

Tel.: 078-6947056Fax: 078-6947056Mobile: 0927-5027995Email: [email protected]

Nurseries


Name Expertise Designation/Address Contact InformationAguilar, Edna A., PhD

Angeles, Domingo, PhD

Ballesteros, Florenda, PhD

Crucido, Simeon S., PhD

Garcia, Jose Nestor, PhD

Layaoen, Heraldo, PhD

Loquias, Virgilio I.

Neri, Felino, PhD

Recel, Modesto R., PhD

Cropping Systems

Production, Propagation, and Multiplication

Production and Extension

Production

Farming Systems, Soil Conservation Environmental Science

Production

Production

Production

Soil and Plant Nutrition

University Researche Agricultural Systems Cluster, College of Agriculture (CA)-UPLB, College, Laguna

Associate Professor, Crop Science Cluster, CA-UPLB, College, Laguna

Assistant Professor, Isabela State University Echague, Isabela

VP for Research and Extension, Cavite State University (CvSU), Indang, Cavite

University Researcher Agricultural Systems Cluster; Farming Systems and Soil Resources Institute, CA-UPLB, College, Laguna

Professor, Mariano Marcos State University, Batac, Ilocos Norte

Senior Agriculturist, Bureau of Plant Industry- Davao National Crop Research and Development Center (BPI-DNCRDC) Bago-Oshiro, Davao City

Associate Professor,Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University Bacnotan, La Union

Lot 34 Block 17 Villa Paraiso, Visayas Village Tagum City

Tel: 049-536-3229; Fax: 049-536-3229Mobile: [email protected]

Tel: 049-536-2478/3537; Fax: 049-536-2478; Mobile: 09192755539 [email protected]

Tel: 078-672-2032Fax: 078-672-2032 Tel: 046-862-0850; Fax: [email protected]

Tel: 049-536-2459; Fax: 049-536-5282Mobile: 09209277476; [email protected]

Mobile: 09167098057

Tel: 082-293-0108; Fax: 082-293-0107; Mobile: 0917-756-3245 [email protected]

Tel: 072-888-5352; Fax: 072-888-5352Mobile: 0916-603-6856 [email protected]

Tel: 084-217-2755Mobile: 09177585907 [email protected]

Crop Production ExpertsBanana Experts


Crop Protection ExpertsName Expertise Designation/Address Contact Information

Ardales, Edna Y., PhD

Calora, Feliciano B., PhD

Dalisay, Teresita U., PhD

Dolojan, Fredisminda

Esguerra, Angelina, PhD

Eusebio, Jocelyn E., PhD

Fabellar, Nestor

Herradura, Lorna E.

Magnaye, Lydia

Plant Pathology

Entomology

MycologyPlant Pathology

Plant Pathology

Plant Pathology

Entomology

Plant Pathology

Virus Management

Disease Management

Assistant Professor, Crop Protection ClusterCA-UPLB, College, Laguna

Technical Consultant, PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna

Assistant Professor, Crop Protection ClusterCA-UPLB, College, Laguna

Assistant Professor, Quirino State College Diffun, Quirino

Associate Professor, Don Mariano MarcosMemorial State University, Bacnotan, La Union

Director, Crops Research and Development Division, PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna

Research and Development Manager, Lapanday Agricultural and Development Corporation Maryknoll Drive, Bo. Pampanga

Agricultural Center Chief, BPI–DNCRDC, Bago-Oshiro, Davao City, 125 Silver Right, San Rafael Subd., Davao City

Retired Employee, (BPI-DNCRDC), Sitio Basak, Mintal, Davao City


Mobile: 09212251012

Tel: 049-536-2617; Fax: 049-536-3534 Mobile: [email protected]

Tel: 078-694-7056; Fax: 078-694-7056Mobile: 09275027995 [email protected]

Tel: 072-888-5354; Fax: 072-888-5354Mobile: 0920-928-5272

Tel: 049-536-0014 to 20; Fax: 049-536-0016; [email protected]


Tel: 082-293-0107/0108/293-1065 Fax: 082-293-0107Mobile: 0917-242-4091 [email protected]

Mobile: 0916-301-6946


Name Expertise Designation/Address Contact InformationMolina, Agustin B., PhD

Natural, Marina P., PhD

Navasero, Marcela

Opina, Oscar S., PhD

Pedrosa, Anacleto, PhD

Raymundo, Asuncion K., PhD

Soguilon, Concepcion E.

Tepora, Teddy, PhD

Production, Disease Management

Plant Pathology (Bacterial Wilt)

Entomology

Disease Management

Plant Pathology (Fusarium Wilt)

Microbiology

Mycology/Phytobacteriology

Production, Disease Management

Regional Coordinator, Bioversity International3F Kush Hall, IRRI, Los Baños, Laguna

Associate Professor, Crop Protection ClusterCA-UPLB, College, Laguna

University Researcher, Crop Protection Cluster CA-UPLB, College, Laguna

Associate Professor, Crop Protection Cluster Department of Plant Pathology, UPLBCollege, Laguna

Del Monte Fresh Produce (Philippines) Inc., Davao City 8000

Associate Professor, Institute of Biological Sciences, CAS, UPLB, College, Laguna

Supervising Agriculturist, BPI–DNCRDCBago-Oshiro, Davao City

Assistant ProfessorCvSU, Indang, Cavite




Tel: 049-536-3534/2617; Fax: 049-536-3534; Mobile: 0918-935-5498 [email protected]

Tel: 049-536-2893 [email protected]


Tel: 046-415-0010/0011 Fax: 046-415-0012Mobile: 0919-408-1256

Crop Protection Experts


dela Cruz, Felipe S. Jr.,PhD

Espino, Rene Rafael, PhD

Pascua, Orlando C.

Sotto, Rachel, PhD

Temanel, Billey E., PhD

Valmayor, Ramon V., PhD

Germplasm Conservation

Crop Improvement, Breeding

Banana Germplasm Curator

Taxonomy

Crop Production

HorticultureTaxonomy

University Researcher, Crop Science Cluster IPB-UPLB, College, Laguna

Associate Professor, Crop Science ClusterCA-UPLB, College, Laguna

Supervising Agriculturist, BPI–DNCRDCBago-Oshiro, Davao City

University Researcher, Crop Science ClusterIPB-UPLB, College, Laguna

Associate Professor, Isabela State UniversityEchague, Isabela

President, Phil. Agriculture and Resources Research Foundation, Inc. PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna

Tel: 049-536-2512/2339/536-3304 Fax: 049-536-3438Mobile: 0921-719-9696 [email protected]


Tel: 082-293-0108Fax: 082-293-0107Mobile: 0919-552-4372 [email protected]

Tel: 049-536-2512/2339/536-3304Fax: [email protected]

Tel: 078-672-2032Fax: 078-672-2032Mobile: 0921-829-8455

Tel: 049-536-0014–20Fax: [email protected]

Crop Improvement, Taxonomy, and Germplasm Conservation ExpertsName Expertise Designation/Address Contact Information


Economics, Agribusiness, and Research ManagementName Expertise Designation/Address Contact Information

Anit, Edna, PhD

Aquino, Albert P., PhD

Domingo, Alberto R., PhD

Lantican, Flordeliza, PhD

Mojica, Loida, PhD

Quicoy, Cesar B., PhD

Production, Research Management

Agricultural EconomicsPolicy Analysis and Advocacy

Agricultural Economics

Agricultural Economics and Marketing

Agricultural Managment

Agricultural Economics

Senior Science Research SpecialistPCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna

Director, Socio-economics Research DivisionPCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna

Vice President, Isabela State University Echague, Isabela

Professor, College of Economics and Management, UPLB College, Laguna

Professor, College of Economics and Management, UPLB, College, Laguna

Associate Professor, College of Economics and Management, UPLB, College, Laguna

Tel: 049-536-0014 to 0020 Fax: 049-536-0016Mobile: 0921-770-6265 [email protected]


Tel: 078-672-2020Mobile: 0920-893-4382 [email protected]

Tel: 049-536-2452/3292/ 049-536-2715Fax: [email protected]

Tel: 049-536-2715Fax: 049-536-4750



Name Expertise Designation/Address Contact InformationCarreon, Celso R.

Damasco, Olivia P., PhD

Fabregar, Emily G.

Laurena, Antonio C., PhD

Pateña, Lilian F.

Sales, Emma K., PhD

Vida, Edna A., PhD

Zamora, Alfinetta B.

Tissue Culture

Tissue Culture

Horticulture

Biotechnology

Micropropagation (Tissue Culture)

Biotechnology, Tissue Culture

Tissue Culture

Tissue Culture

Agriculturist II, BPI-DNCRDC Bago-Oshiro, Davao City


Research Director, Lapanday Foods Corp.Davao City


Researcher, Crop Science Cluster, IPB-UPLB, College, Laguna

Associate Professor, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato

Assistant Professor, CvSU, Indang, Cavite

Retired Researcher (UPLB), 3349 Aguila St., Rhodas Subd., Los Baños, Laguna


Tel: 049-536-2512/2339/536-3304 Fax: 049-536-3438Mobile: 09154453272 [email protected]

Tel: 082-562-7117 [email protected]


Tel: 049-536-2512/2339/536-3304 Fax: 049-536-3438 Mobile: 0917-807-5397 [email protected]


Tel:046-415-0010/0011; Fax: 046-415-0012; Mobile: 0918-643-8373

Tel: [email protected]

Micropropagation Experts


Name Expertise Designation/Address Contact InformationEsguerra, Elda B., PhD

Maunahan, Matilde DV.

Nuevo, Perlita A., PhD

Tanafranca, Daisy

Postharvest Handling



Food Processing/ Packaging

Postharvest Horticulture Training & Research Center (PHTRC), Crop Science Cluster CA-UPLB, College, Laguna

University Researcher, Crop Science Cluster PHTRC, UPLB, College, Laguna

University Researcher, Crop Science Cluster PHTRC, UPLB, College, Laguna

Researcher/Manager,Packaging Center Industrial Technology Development Institute, Department of Science and Technology Bicutan, Taguig, MM

Tel: 049-536-3138/2444/536-3259; Fax: 049-536-3259Mobile: [email protected]

Tel: 049-536-2444/3259/049-536-5283; Fax: [email protected]; [email protected]

Tel: 049-536-2444/3259/536-5283; Fax: 049-536-3259 Tel: 02-837-7530/3167/837-0032Fax: 02-837-3167/0032Mobile: 0915-582-1146 [email protected]

Postharvest Handling, Packaging, and Processing Experts


Banana Suitability Statistics in the Philippines

Zamboanga del Sur 18,038.47 Zamboanga Sibugay 8,760.58X Bukidnon 1,985.08 Lanao del Norte 9,391.02 Misamis Occidental 10,883.56 Misamis Oriental 5,294.60XI Compostela Valley 284.74 Davao del Norte 35.76 Davao del Sur 18,479.69 Davao Oriental 2,691.82XII North Cotabato 17,036.67 Sarangani 9,038.30 South Cotabato 56,192.48 Sultan Kudarat 5,944.87ARMM Basilan 4,336.98 Lanao del Sur 3,021.94 Maguindanao 10,626.11 TOTAL 239,410.03

Source: Dr. Esteban Godilano.

Region Province Hectares

CAR Apayao 299.13 Kalinga 6,859.87II Cagayan 921.35 Isabela 305.12IV-A Batangas 3,178.11 Cavite 1,836.27 Laguna 204.57IV-B Palawan 1,363.28V Masbate 276.07VI Negros Occidental 17,535.25VII Bohol 1,023.24 Cebu 1,476.67 Negros Oriental 14,198.59VIII Southern Leyte 62.78IX Zamboanga del Norte 7,827.09

Region Province Hectares


Land Bank of the Philippines

Cooperative Lending ProgramA wholesale credit facility available to agricultural cooperatives, which can either, be relending to individual members as production loans or utilized to implement income-generating cooperative projects

Eligible Borrowers• Agricultural cooperative composed of a majority of

Small Farmers who are actual tillers of not more than five hectares of agricultural land

• Non-farmers’/credit coops composed of market vendors, employees, teachers, rural workers, women, etc.

Eligible Borrowers• Agricultural production such as crop, poultry, fishing

and livestock • Other agri-based projects

Loan Purpose• Agricultural Production Loan (APL)

- Short/medium/long term loans (depending upon the

gestation period of the crop/project) for relending to cooperative members intended to finance crop production, livestock and poultry raising/breeding, fishery and aquaculture projects and other aqua-related projects, including cottage industries which utilize excess farm labor

• Working Capital (WCL) - Intended to finance coop activities requiring

operating capital for the purchase of raw materials, processing and trading of inputs and /or finished products and the operation of fixed assets

• Fixed Asset Acquisition Loan (FAL) - Purchase of fixed assets to be used in the coop’s

operation• Rediscounting Line (RL)

- Rediscounting of promissory notes of members of cooperatives

Loanable Amount1. Depends on the project needs or loan ceilings for

traditional and high-value crops which should not exceed 80% of the project cost

2. For rediscounting – maximum of 85% of face value of the sub-promissory notes

Credit Facilitiesfor Banana


Loan Maturity• For APL - normally less than two years, except for

long-gestating crops • For WCL - not more than one year • For FAL - three years and above

Interest Rate * Prevailing interest rates at the time of availment Current interest rates

- 12% p.a. for APL/WCL - 14% p.a. for FAL

Fees and Charges- Supervision Fee of 2%

Repayment Terms1. APL/WCL - lump sum depending on crop cycle and/or

project cashflow2. RL - co-terminus with the maturity dates of batch of

sub-promissory notes rediscounted but not exceeding one year

3. FAL - equal quarterly, semi-annual or annual amortizations depending on the financial projections and production cycle of the project

Coop Eligibility Requirements• Must be duly registered with the Cooperative

Development Authority (CDA)

• Minimum of 60 members composed of small farmers/fisherfolk and non-farmers

• Minimum paid-up share capital of P30,000.00• All members should have attended the pre-

membership education seminar (PMES)• With a core management team composed of qualified,

duly bonded part-time or full-time Treasurer/Cashier and qualified full-time Bookkeeper and Manager

• With an on-going savings mobilization program resulting to an annual average increase of savings of at least P500/member

• With an on-going capital build-up program resulting in annual incremental equity equivalent to P500/member

• With written policies, systems and procedures on membership management, capital build-up and savings mobilization, credit, accounting and budgeting and written plans and programs

• With duly installed books of accounts• At least break-even in its operations• Must be conducting periodic performance review of

operations• Has risk asset ratio of not less than 10%• Past due ratio of not more than 15% for credit coops

and not more than 25% for Bank-assisted cooperatives (BACs)/Newly accessing cooperatives (NACs)


Collateral Requirementsa. For PL

- Deed of Assignment of Philippine Coop Insurance Corporation insurance/guarantee coverage

- Deed of Assignment of Produce - Deed of Assignment of Sub-borrowers’ PNs

b. For WCL and FAL - Real Estate Mortgage (REM) - Chattel Mortgage (CM) - Mortgage on Objects of Financing- Continuing Mortgage on Stocks

c. Other acceptable collaterals- Hold-outs- Assignments- Real Estate Mortgage- Guarantee Coverage- Joint & Several Signatures

Documentary Requirements• Certified true copy of the Certification of Registration

with Articles of Cooperation and By-Laws • Information Sheet of the Board of Directors and

Officers • Cooperative Board Resolution authorizing the

cooperative to borrow and designating at least two officers to negotiate and sign loan documents with their specimen signature and pictures

• Audited Financial Statements for the last three years or interim financial statements (FS) for new cooperatives plus latest interim FS at the time of Application

• Loan Application • Project Proposal

Marketing UnitsAll LandBank Branches and Lending CentersNote:

1. Coops applying for a loan should be accredited by LandBank

Checklist of Documents for Accreditationa. Board Resolution requesting for accreditationb. Basic information sheet/coop profilec. Accreditation checklist (to be prepared by LBP)d. Cooperative Categorizing Scoring Worksheet

(CCSW) (to be prepared by LBP)e. Certificate of registration from CDAf. Certificate of good standing from CDA (awaiting

for the CDA issuance of Certification of Good Standing)

g. Master list of members with address and corresponding paid-up capital and savings

h. Certificate from the Education and Training Committee (ETC) that all members have undergone PMES


i. List of officers and Core Management Team (COMAT)

j. Bio-data of officers and COMATk. Articles of Cooperation and by-lawsl. Bond of Treasurerm. Financial Statement for the last three years n. Cooperative action plan (for consideration next

year)2. Amount of loan adopted for a coop project shall be

properly evaluated in consultation/ coordination with agencies i.e. DA, PCC, PUC, NAFC and other authorized government agencies. The Farm Plan and Budget should be evaluated by the concerned agencies.

Quedan and Rural CreditGuarantee Corporation (Quedancor)

A. Program for Self Reliant Team (QP-SRT)

ObjectiveProgram aims to provide financial assistance to farmers, fisherfolks and urban and rural poor for production, processing, trading/marketing of agricultural produce,

fishery, livestock and other livelihood projects to increase their income.

Qualifications• 18 years and above but not over 64 years old• Permanent resident of the barangay for at least one

year• With enough knowledge and experience about the

project• Agrees to become a member of the SRT-AFBO/

Cooperative after obtaining two consecutive loans with good credit standing

• Endorsed by a government agency or companies with agreement with Quedancor

• Attended the “Values Orientation Seminar” of Quedancor

• Passed the “Background and Credit Investigation”

How to avail of the loans?Create a group or “Self-Reliant Team” coming from one barangay with 3–15 members and assign one “Team Leader (TL)” The TL should:

- Open a “Checking Account” in his name- Issue a “post-dated check/s” (PDC) that will

serve as assurance to the loans of his members to Quedancor


- Remind his group member to their obligations to Quedancor

- Collect payments from his group members and deposit it in his “checking account”

Loanable AmountShall depend on the project needs as identified by the Quedancor Credit Assessment Group (CAG)

Interest Rate • 16% per annum for production loans• 2% per month for working capital loans

Rebate • 1% rebate/incentives for the principal loan and

additional 1% for the TL base on the principal loan of the group

Service Fee• 2% per transaction for loans that will mature in less

than a year• 3% per annum for loans with one or more years of

maturity

Maturity Depends on the income of the project identified by Quedancor CAG

Mode of PaymentWeekly, Monthly, every 3 months, 6 months or yearly to be identified by Quedancor CAG

*Approved loans will be given in “cash/check”

Collaterals1. Joint and Several Signatures (JSS)2. Deed of Assignment of Receivables supported by

Marketing Contract/Agreement, if needed3. Post-Dated Check/s (PDC)4. Group Credit Line Insurance5. Loan guarantee from LGU, Buyer Firm or Input

Supplier (for loans P50,000 and up)

Requirements1. Loan application2. 2 I.D. Pictures3. Barangay Certificate of Residency at Community Tax

Certificate (CTC/Cedula)4. Two valid IDs

Other Fees1. Group Credit Life Insurance2. Documentary Stamps3. Notarial Fee4. Gross Receipt Tax


B. Program for Agri-Fishery Small and Medium Enterprises

Purpose of LoanTo provide direct credit access to individuals who are engaged or will engage in the production of agri-fishery commodities, forestry-based projects and livelihood activities.

Clientele• Sole proprietors• Partnerships• Corporations/Cooperatives/Federations/Pos/NGOs• LGUs

Eligible Projects• Production of grains, fisheries, livestock and poultry,

high value crops• Retailing, wholesaling, marketing/trading/distribution,

packaging, processing/ manufacturing or agri-fishery products

• Acquisition/fabrication and upgrading/repair of agri-fishery facilities and equipment

General Eligibility Requirements• Must be registered/licensed by an appropriate

government agency

• Must not have an outstanding past due loan with any lending entities and/or Quedancor

• Must be duly accredited by Quedancor• Must have sufficient knowledge/experience or willing

to undergo training on the project• Must be willing to enter into a Memorandum of

Agreement/Contract Growing Agreement, if applicable• Must own the project site or must have a lease

agreement with the owner of the project site

Additional RequirementFor Sole Proprietor

- Must be 18–64 years old at the time of application- Must be a Filipino Citizen

Partnerships- Must be 100% Filipino-owned

Corporations/Cooperatives/Federations/POs and NGOs- Must have juridical personality with authority to

contract/borrow/lend money- Must be good standing with the Cooperative

Development Authority (CDA) (for cooperatives)- Must have current officers of good moral character

For LGUs- Must have an authority from the Sanggunian Bayan

signed by all members authorizing the LGU to apply and enter into a loan


- Must be willing to provide training, technical and other support needed by its constituents

Loanable AmountShall depend on the borrower’s project cost/financial condition as determined by Quedancor CAG, but not to exceed P5 Million

Term and Mode of PaymentSix months to seven years depending on the cash flow of the project payable in monthly, quarterly, or semi-annual amortizations, as determined by Quedancor CAG

Interest• 16% per annum – for production of agri-fishery

products and acquisition/repair of machinery and equipment

• 2% per month – for purely retailing/wholesaling of agri-fishery products

Service Fee (SF)2% per transaction for loans with a term of one year and 3% per annum for loans with a term of more than one year

SF for the first year shall be deducted from the loan proceeds while payment forthe succeeding year/s shall be collected every anniversary date of the loan.

Other Fees• Group Credit Life Insurance• Documentary Stamps• Accreditation Fee• Notarial Fee• Appraisal Fee (if necessary)

Security Arrangement• At least 80% REM or 80% combination of REM. Non-

Interest Bearing Cash Trust Fund, Bank/Time Deposits, LandBank/Government Bonds/Securities and similar investments

• Deed of Assignment of Receivables supported by a Marketing Contract/Agreement, if applicable

• Borrower must have an equity equivalent to at least 20% of the total project cost

• Chattel Mortgage of agri-fishery machinery and equipment

• Post Dated Checks (PDCs), except for LGU, National Government Agencies and Government Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCC)

General Documentary Requirements• Application for loan and accreditation with 2x2

pictures of the authorized representative/s• Current Permits/Licenses/Registration (NFA, Municipal,

SEC, DTI, etc.)


• Project Proposal/Project Feasibility Study or Marketing Contract/Agreement or Farm Plan and Budget or Construction Plan or Projected Cash Flow whichever is applicable

• Board Resolution, Articles of Incorporation/Cooperation/Partnerships, By-Laws if applicable

• Affidavit of no past due loan with any of Quedancor or any other lending institution’s loan program

• Certified copy of latest income and business tax returns and tax clearance, audited Financial Statement, if applicable

• Photocopies of collaterals/security offered

Collateral Documents• Transfer Certificate of Title/Original Certificate of Title• Tax Declaration• Latest Tax Payments receipts/Tax Clearance• Lot plan/Vicinity map• Picture of property offered as collateral• Special Power of Attorney (SPA), if collateral is not

owned by the applicant• Government bond/securities/shares of Stocks or bank

deposits and placements• Certificate of registration (chattel) and/or substitute

documents

Quedancor CenterNo. 34 Panay Ave., Quezon CityTel Nos.: (02) 373-9711; 373-9453Telefax: (02) 373-9452Websites: www.quedancor.gov.ph www.geocities.com/pio_quedancor

Activities June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Activities June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug.

Lakatan Growth Stages and Management Practices/Activities

Vegetative Stage Flowering/Fruiting Stage Harvesting Stage Vegetative Stage Flowering/Fruiting Stage Harvesting Stage

Procurement of Planting Materials

Land Preparation (includes Layouting, Digging of Holes)

Field Planting

Fertilization

Water Management

Weeding

Desuckering

Harvesting

Pest and DiseaseManagement

Debudding

Bagging, Fruit Protection, and Fruit Labeling

Propping


Packaging, Transport, and Marketing

Crop Stages

Crop Stages