BIOTECHNICAL AND SOIL BIOENGINEERING SLOPE STABILIZATION A Practical Guide for Erosion Control Donald H. Gray Professar of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Un iversity of Michigan Robbin B. Sotir President, Robb in B. Sotir & Associates, !ne. A Wiley-Interscience Publication JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. New York • Chichester • Brisbane • Toronto • Singapore
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BIOTECHNICAL AND SOIL BIOENGINEERING SLOPE STABILIZATION
A Practical Guide for Erosion Control
Donald H. Gray Professar of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan
Robbin B. Sotir President, Robbin B. Sotir & Associates, !ne.
A Wiley-Interscience Publication
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
New York • Chichester • Brisbane • Toronto • Singapore
CONTENTS
l Introduction to Biotechnical Stabilization
1.0 The Biotechnicai/ Soi1 Bioengineering Approach to Slope Protection and Erosion Contro! l
1.1 Historica1 Development 3 1.2 Rationale for Biotechnical Approach 6 1.3 Hedgerows as Quintessential Biotechnical Structures 8 1.4 Extent and Severity of Soil Erosion and Mass Movement
10 1.4.1 So il Erosi o n l O 1.4.2 Mass Movement 12
1.5 Scope and Organization of Book 16 1.6 References Cited 17
l
2 Surficial Erosion and Mass Movement 19
2.0 Introduction 19 . 2. 1 Definitions 19
2.1.1 Surficial Erosion 19 2.1.2 Mass Movement 20 2.1.3 Salient Characteristics and Differences 20
2.2 Nature of Surficial Erosion 21 2.2.1 Agents and Types of Erosion 2 1 2.2.2 Mechanics of Erosion 22
2.3 Principal Determinants of Erosion 23
2.3. 1 Rainfall Erosion 23 2.3.2 Wind Erosion 25
2.4 Types of Water Erosion 27 2.5 Soil Loss Predictions 30
2.5.1 Historical Deve1opment 30 2.5.2 Applications of USLE 31 2.5.3 Limitations of USLE 35
2.6 Erosion Contro! Principles 36 2.7 Nature of Mass Movements 37
2.7.1 Types of Slope Movements 37
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viii CO!\TEI\TS
2.7.2 Causes of Slope Failure 38 2.7.3 lndi cators of Slope 1nstabi li ty 39
2.8 Slope Stabi li ty Predictions 4 1
2.8.1 Approaches to Analysi 4 1 2.8.2 Limit Equilibrium Analy is 41 2.8.3 Shear Strength Paramctcr 43
Total Stress Analy. is 43 Effective Stress Analy is 44
2.8.4 Translational Slope Failurcs 45 Selection of So i l Parameters 48 Stability of Road Fi ll s 48
2.9 Contro] of Mass Wasting 51 2. l O References Cited 5 l
3 Role of Vegetation in the Stability of Slopes
3.0 lntroduction 54 3. 1 Inftuence on Surfìcial Erosion 55
4 Principles of Biotechnical and Soil Bioengineering Stabilization
4.0 4. 1 4.2
4.3
Introduction l 06 Classifìcation of Different Approaches 106 Conventional Approaches to Slope Protection and Erosion Contro! 107 4.2.1 Inert Construction 107
Retaining Structures l 08 Revetment Systems 108 Ground Covers l 08
4.2.2 Live Construction 109 Mixed Construction Systems 11 O
6.3 Selection and Source of Plant Materials 185 6.3 .1 Plant Materia! Spectrum 185 6.3 .2 Native versus Introduced Species 186 6.3.3 Plant Succession 186 6.3.4 Selection Criteria 188
Site Conditions 188 Stabil ization Functions and Objectives 189 Suitabili ty for Slope Stabilization 19 1 Suitability for Soil Bioengineering Construction 191
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178
xii CO!\TEI'\TS CO!\TENTS xiii
6.3.5 Sources of Plant Materials 191 7.1 Live Staking 215 Seeds and Tran plants 191 7 .l. l Description 215 Cuttings 191 7 .1.2 Uses 216
6.4 Site Preparation 192 7 .1.3 Preparati o n 216 6.4. 1 Grading and Shaping 192 7. l .4 Installation 217
6.6 Installation and Establishment of Li ve Cuttings 208 7.4.3 Installation 229 6.6.1 lnstalling Cuttings 208 7.5 Brushlayering 231
Installation Time 208 7.5.1 Description 23 1 Planting Medium 208 Fili Slopes 231 Soil Tests and Preparation 209 Cut Slopes 232
6.6.2 Inspection and Quality Contro! 209 7.5.2 Uses 233 Preconstructi on 210 7.5.3 Preparati o n 235 During Construction 210 7.5.4 Installation 235 Establishment Period 210
7.6 Vegetated Geogrids 237 Final lnspection 2ll 6.6.3 Maintenance and Aftercare 21 1 7.6.1 Description 237
6.7 Special Merhods for Structures 212 7.6.2 Uses 237 7.6.3 Materials and Preparation 238