Animal Genomics and Biotechnology Education Biotech Beef and Cloned Cows: Progress in Translational Genomics Alison Van Eenennaam, Ph.D. Cooperative Extension Specialist Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Department of Animal Science University of California, Davis [email protected](530) 752-7942 Twitter: @biobeef animalscience.ucdavis.edu/animalbiotech
59
Embed
Biotech Beef and Cloned Cows: Progress in Translational … · 2012. 9. 5. · Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education Both are important!! The ‘homozygous’ bull is a source
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Animal Genomics and Biotechnology Education
Biotech Beef and Cloned Cows:
Progress in Translational
Genomics Alison Van Eenennaam, Ph.D. Cooperative Extension Specialist
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Department of Animal Science
1. Using DNA information to identify carriers of recessive traits (coat color, horns, disease)
2. Marker-assisted selection
3. Genome-enabled or genomic selection
4. Cloning
5. Genetic engineering
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
This is a picture
of D _ A.
B N C L
0% 0%0%0%
1. B
2. N
3. C
4. L
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Given this information……
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
Which do you think is my dog?
1 2 3 4
0% 0%0%0%
1 2
3 4
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
1. Using DNA information to
identify carriers of recessive traits Images from an article by David S. Buchanan, NDSU http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/williamscountyextension/livestock/genetic-defects-in-cattle
The ‘homozygous’ bull is a source of favorable form of the genetic variant. Can eventually be used to create homozygous calves
The other bull contributes other favorable genes, which will improve the other genes affecting the trait.
Breeding the marker-associated form of the gene into the bull that has no copies should improve the trait by combining all of the good forms of the genes together in one animal Van Eenennaam CalPoly 3/10/11
Compare dwarfism response in the 50s to the response to curly calf (AM)
An early '50's
advertisement that
superimposed a
measuring stick in the
picture of this bull
who was nick-named
"Short Snorter."
Based upon his height
and age, he was less
than a frame score 1.
Image from https://www.msu.edu/~ritchieh/historical/shortsnorter.jpg
One of these genes is expressed at a crucial time in the development of nerve and muscle tissue. The mutation results in no protein being produced from this gene and therefore it is unable to carry out its normal function so homozygotes show phenotype
Dr. David Stefan of the University of Nebraska and Dr. Jon Beever of the University of Illinois worked to develop a genetic test from September – October, 2008
Animal Genomics and Biotechnology Education
From September 8 – December, 2008 identified genetic problem, developed test, and released carrier status of 736 bulls!
From: Buchanan, D.S. Genetic Defects in Cattle. http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/williamscountyextension/livestock/genetic-defects-in-cattle
In the 10 months following the release of the test, the AAA posted the results of tests for AM on about 90,000 cattle.
These AM test costs less than $30 (~2.7 million).
Of these, almost 5,000 bulls and more than 13,000 heifers have tested as carriers of AM. That leaves more than 22,000 bulls and more than 50,000 heifers which tested as free of AM.
Tests for quantitative traits – before 2010 10-100 SNPs
Van Eenennaam CalPoly 3/10/11
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Which would you rather have???
1 2
0%0%**
1. A bull that is ‘homozygous’ or two stars for a trait who also has an EPD of +3, or
2. A bull carrying no copies of that genetic variant with an EPD of +3
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Both are important!!
The ‘homozygous’ bull is a source of favorable form of the genetic variant. Can eventually be used to create homozygous calves
The other bull contributes other favorable genes, which will improve the other genes affecting the trait.
Breeding the marker-associated form of the gene into the bull that has no copies should improve the trait by combining all of the good forms of the genes together in one animal Van Eenennaam CalPoly 3/10/11
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
What is wrong with this model?
A few markers are not sufficient to account for much (>10%) of the additive genetic variation – so little obvious relationship between phenotype and DNA-test results and little genetic progress likely to result from MAS
Markers do not exist for many important traits
Early adopters of genotyping for MAS in livestock have not experienced sufficient value capture i.e. they are too expensive !
Van Eenennaam CalPoly 3/10/11
Challenge for breeders is to identify those individuals that have the best
true breeding values
ΔG (rate of genetic gain)
= intensity of selection X
accuracy of selection X
genetic standard deviation
generation interval
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
3. Mooving onto Genomic Selection
Training 1: Old Progeny Tested Bulls
Validation: New Progeny Tested Bulls
Application: New Sire Candidates
r0
r1
Training 2: Old & New Progeny Tested Bulls
Slide courtesy of Marc Thallman, US MARC
Degree of genetic relationship between
populations (ideally similar)
Van Eenennaam CalPoly 3/10/11
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Young sire Parent Average
x
AS AD
Mendelian Sampling ?
Accuracy 0.20
Breeding value prediction in Dairy Sires
5 years; >>>> cost
x
AS AD
Mendelian Sampling
Young sire Progeny Test
Accuracy 0.80
x
AS AD
Mendelian Sampling
Accuracy 0.65
Young sire Genomic Selection
?
Birth Birth; <<<< cost
Slide courtesy of Gonzalo Rincon, UC Davis
Genomic selection can help breeders identify animals with superior
breeding values at a young age
ΔG = intensity of selection X
accuracy of selection X
genetic variation in the population /
generation interval)
Van Eenennaam CalPoly 3/10/11 Animal Genomics and Biotechnology Education
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Dairy industry suited to WGS
• High use of AI
• Clear selection goal
• One breed used extensively
• Large number of high accuracy A.I. sires for training
• Extensive, uniform collection of data on traits
• Central evaluation (AIPL) receiving genotypes
• Obvious way to increase rate of genetic gain
• AI companies funding the genotyping because they
The Holstein association of America has registered 2319 embryo split clones (ETS) through October 2002 – probably
the most widely recognized were DUPLICATE and DIVIDE.
Van Eenennaam CalPoly 3/10/11
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Dolly (1996), the first
adult SCNT clone
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Dolly rapidly became entangled with the debate over human cloning
Ensuing discussion failed to elaborate on the reasons as to why cloning was developed
Van Eenennaam CalPoly 3/10/11
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Who’s Buying?
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
On January 15th, 2008 the FDA published its final 968-page risk assessment on animal cloning. This report, which summarizes all available data on clones and their progeny are as safe to eat as food from conventionally bred animals
Are the milk and meat from SCNT clones safe for human
consumption?
Van Eenennaam CalPoly 3/10/11
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education Van Eenennaam CalPoly 3/10/11
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Animal cloning regulations in Denmark and Norway
prohibit cloning for food and agricultural purposes.
January 2007: The European Food Standards Agency is seeking urgent legal advice after farmers announced the birth of a calf whose genetic mother is the clone of an American prizewinning dairy cow.
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Do you oppose the genetic
modification of animals?
Yes N
o
0%0%
1. Yes
2. No
0
30
Van Eenennaam CalPoly 3/10/11
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
56% of Americans oppose scientific research
into the genetic modification of animals http://pewagbiotech.org/research/2005update/2005summary.pdf
bearing a single copy of the α-form of the opAFP-GHc2 rDNA
construct at the α-locus in the EO-1α lineage.
Claim
Significantly more of these Atlantic salmon grow to at least 100 g
within 2700 deg C days than their comparators.
Limitations for Use
These Atlantic salmon are produced as eyed-eggs for grow-out only
in the FDA-approved physically-contained fresh water culture facility.
Van Eenennaam CalPoly 3/10/11 Alison Van Eenennaam , Ph.D., UC Davis
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education Van Eenennaam CalPoly 3/10/11
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Retrieved from “AquAdvantage” image search on web
Van Eenennaam CalPoly 3/10/11
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
CASE STUDY: MASTITIS
inflammation of the mammary gland
Van Eenennaam CalPoly 3/10/11
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
1. Conventional: Antibiotic therapy
Van Eenennaam CalPoly 3/10/11
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
2. Natural: alternative therapy
“An infected cow should be given an extra tablespoon of dolomite night and morning until the infection clears. Hydrogen peroxide; 10 ml squirted straight into the affected quarter has cured black mastitis in hours.”
Van Eenennaam CalPoly 3/10/11
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
The use of 50,000 or more SNP markers across the entire genome enables an estimation of genetic merit
3. Genomic Selection (DNA-informed
selective breeding on a grand scale)
Can be used to predict genetic merit for mastitis resistance
“We have recently advanced our knowledge of genetics to the point where we can manipulate life in a way never intended by nature. We must proceed with the utmost caution in the application of this new found knowledge.”
LUTHER BURBANK, 1906 Creator of over 800 new plant varieties through plant breeding.
Van Eenennaam CalPoly 3/10/11
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education
“to fail to apply the best available technologies to the
solution of contemporary and future food shortages
would be morally reprehensible.”
Fahrenkrug et al. 2010. Precision Genetics for Complex Objectives in Animal Agriculture. J. Anim Sci. 88 (7): 2530-2539.
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics Education Van Eenennaam CalPoly 3/10/11