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BULLETIN OF THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION

FOR SEPTUAGINT AND COGNATE STUDIES

No. 14 Fall, 1981

In Memoriam Henry Snyder Gehman

Minutes of the IOSCS Meeting, Vienna

Minutes of the IOSCS M e e t i n g , ~ D a l I a sFinancial Report

News and NotesRecord of Work Published or in Progress

The Discovery of the Missing Part

of Margolis' Edition of Joshua

Emanuel Tov

Computer Assisted Tools for

Septuagint Studies

Robert A. Kraft and Emanuel Tov

Septuagint Abstracts

1

2

6

9

1013

17

22

41

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BULLETIN IOSCSPublished Annually Each Fall by

The International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies

OFFICERS AND EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

President

Albert Pietersma

Dept. of Near Eastern Studies

University of Toronto

Toronto, Ontario M5S lA ICanada

Vice PresidentRobert Hanhart

Septuaginta. Unternehmen

FriedHinderweg 113400 Gottingen

West Germany

Secretary

Leonard Greenspoon

Dept. of History

Clemson University

Clemson, Sou b Carolina29631

Treasurer

Melvin K. H. PetersDept. of Religious Studies

Cleveland State UniversityCleveland, Ohio 44115

Associate Editor

Claude Cox

Dept. of Religious Studie sBrandon University

Brandon, Manitoba, R7 A 6A9Canada

Editor

Honorary President

Harry M. Orlinsky

Hebrew Union College·

Jewish Institute of ReligionOne W. Fourth Street

New York, NY 10012

. Immediate Past PresidentJohn Wm Wevers

Dept. of Near Eastern Studies

University of Toronto

Toronto, Ontario M5S lA I

Canada

Members-at-Large

George Howard

Dept. of Philosophy and

Religion

University of Georgia

Athens, Georgia 30602

Robert A. Kraft

Dept. of Religious Studies

University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania

19174

Emanuel Tov

Dept. of Bible

Hebrew UniversityJerusalem

Israel

Eugene UlrichDept. of Theology

University of Notre Dame

Notre Dame, Indiana 46556

IN :MEMORIAM

HENRY SNYDER GEHMAN

June 1, 188g - May 13 , 1981

A.B., A.M. (Franklin and Marshall College);Ph.D. (Universi ty o f Pennsylvania); S,T.B.,S.T.D. (Divinity School, Protestant EpiscopalChurch, Philadelphia), Teacher and P r i n c ~ p a l ,Pennsylvania public schools ; InstructorGreek, Latin , German, and Spanish; Founder

an d Pastor Tabor Reformed Church, 1917-21;Assistant in Latin , 1913-14, ,and in Sanskrit ,1920-21, University of P e n n s y l v a n i ~ ; I n ~ t r u c t o rin Semit ic Languages, Princeton Unlversl ty ,1929-35, Lecturer, 1935-58; Acting Professoro f Ol d Testament 1931-34, Professor of Ol d

Testament Literature, 1934-58; Chairman of

th e Department of B ib l i ca l Studies, 1942-58;Guggenheim Fellow, 1954; William Hen:y Green

Emeritus Professor of Old Testament L ~ t e r a t u r e ,Princeton Theological Seminary, 1958-81;Honorary Pres ident of th e lOSeS, 1968-81.

P r o f e ~ s o r Gehman was th e las t o f the Ehiladelphia three,th e North American counterpart of th e Lagarde-Rahlfs

Ziegler school of Septuaginta1 studies . Monts;omery,

M a r g o 1 i ~ , Gehman ~ who does no t know and adffi1re Mont

gomery's DanieZ-, Margolis' Joshua-, and Montgomery

Gehman's Books o f Kings IBut i t wa s as my teacher that I knew hi m be s t -

an d loved him. He was a master of many l a n g u a g e ~ , as

h is publ ications demonstrated, but he enjoyed teachingthem, particularly to eager s tudents . He was a 1 ~ a ¥ spat ient with my crudi t i es , and urgent fo r my s t r ~ ~ l n g s ,always demanding just a more than I could del lver .

He was impatient with the lnexact, and asked fo r perf ect ion . I s hal l never forget him.

John WIn Wevers

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MINUTES OF THE Ioses MEETING

August 22-23, 1980

University of Vienna

Programme

F r i d a y ~ August 15:00-18:00 John Wm Wevers presid ing

Panel on "The Hebrew an d Greek Texts of Samuel: The MT,

4QSam a , b ,c an d th e LXX"

M. H. Goshen-Gottstein, Israel : The Book of Samuel, Hebrew

and Greek - - Hindsight of a Centenary

D. B a r t h e l e m y ~ Switzerland: La qualite du Texte Massoretique

de Samuel

F. M. Cross, USA: The Ammonite Oppression of the Tribes of

Gad an d Reuben: Missing Verses from 1 Samuel 11 Found in

4QSamueia

E. Ulrich, USA: The Old Latin Translation of th e LXX and

th e Hebrew Scrolls from Qumrarr

E. Tov, Israel : Determining the Relationship between th e

Qumran Scrolls and th e LXX; Some Methodological Issues

R. Nysse, USA: An Analysis of th e Greek Witnesses to th e

Text of th e Lament of David

19:00-21:00 John Wm Wevers pres id ing

R. Sollamo, Finland; Repetitions of Possessive Pronouns in

th e Greek Pentateuch

U. Quast, W. Germany: Zur Beziehung von A zu B in Leviticus

J . R. Busto Saiz, Spain: Der Theodotion-Text von Daniel und

di e Symmachus-Ubersetzung

2

MINUTES 3

S a t u r d a y ~ August 9:00-11:00 Eugene Ulrich presid ing

J . Lust, Belgium: The Sequence of Ez 36--40 an d th e Omission

of Ez 36,23c-38 in Pap. 967 and in Codex Wirceburgensis

I. Soisalon-Soininen, Finland: 8V fu r ELb in der Septuaginta

R. Martin, USA: A Computer ~ e n e r a t e d Descriptive Lexicon of

th e LXX and Theodotionic Texts of Daniel

14:00-16:40 w. Baars presid ing

J . de Waard, France: "Homophony" in th e Septuagint

O. Munnich, France: P r o b l ~ m e s de methode poses pa r l ' emploi

du concept d'anthropomorphisme dans les-etudes septant i s tes

A. Aejmelaeus, Finland: Part ic ipium coniunatum as a· Criterion

of Translation Technique

A. van de r Kooij, Netherlands: On the Place of Origin of th e

Old Greek of th e Psalms

19:00-20:20

C. Cox, Canada:

James Barr presid ing

A Report on th e Crit ical Edition of the

Armenian Old Testament

N. Fernandez Marcos; Spain: Die Theodoretus-Ausgabe von

"Quaestiones in Reges et Paralipomena"

Business Meeting

20:20-21:05 Called to order by the Pres ideni3

John Wm Wevers

1. Professor Wevers extended th e thanks of the Organization

to Professor Kornfeld of th e University of Vienna and to

th e off ic ia l s of th e city of Vienna fo r hosting th e meeting

of th e loses.

2. Professor M. J . Mulder of Leiden ha s acted as treasurer

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4 BULLETIN loses

fo r lOSeS members in th e Netherlands fo r e ight years.

Prof . Wevers acknowledged th e Organizat ion's grati tude to

him fo r his_years of service and announced tha t Dr. A.

va n de r Kooij ha s agreed to continue providing th is con-

venience.

3. The quest ion of a possible reissue of Rahlfs ' Verzeichnis

had been raised a t th e Gottingen Congress in 1977. Prof.

Wevers noted both tha t copies of th e Verzeichnis ar e s t i l l

available (see News an d Notes), precluding the necessi ty

of a repr in t , an d that th e Verzeichnis is kept up-to-date

a t th e Septuaginta-Unternehmen in GBttingen. I t i s re

quested tha t a l l contr ibute to keeping th e Verzeichnis

up-to-date by report ing new manuscript finds to Professor

Hanhart.

4. The Editor reported that Bullet in 13 was already in press .

He noted the increasing financial di f f i cul t i es due to

inflated publishing costs an d said that attempts ar e being

made to counteract these di f f i cul t i es in hopes of avoiding

fur ther increases in subscr ipt ion prices.

5. A question was raised concerning th e ses Monograph Series ,

an d a proposal was made tha t th e editorial committee of

th e ser ies continue to ref lec t th e international character

of th e Organization.

6. Dr. Tov reported that progress continues to be made in

planning the Lexicon Project . (See Bullet in 12 [1979]

14-16. )

7. Pere Barthelemy, in l ight of the favorable react ion to the

Panel on th e Text of Samuel, offered to host a seminar

MINUTES 5

which would carry the discussion forward. The suggestion

is to explore th e interrelationship between textual cr i t i -

cism and l i t e rary crit icism, with all_papers focusing upon

this question and upon one text , probably the Goliath

nar ra t ive in th e Hebrew an d Greek texts of 1 Sam 17 . The

seminar, which wil l be organized by P. Barthelemy an d Dr .

Tov, would take place in Fribourg, probably in th e summer

of 1982 or 1983. The motion was made an d carried tha t ,

although th e seminar wil l no t be an off ic ia l meeting of

th is Organization, th e lOSeS sponsor it and announce it

in th e Bullet in.

8. Professor M. J , Mulder, expressing the feel ings of the

audience, thanked Professor Wevers both fo r his work in

arranging the loses Program fo r th e Vienna meeting. an d

especially for his leadership in developing th e Organiza

t ion over th e past years . Hi s sentiment was heart i ly

endorsed by th e assembly.

Eugene Ulrich

fo r th e Secretary

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MINUTES OF THE IOSCS MEETING

November 8, 1980

2,00-5,00 p.m.

Loews Anatole Hotel (Peridot Room), Dallas

Prog:r>amme

John Wm W e v e r s ~ P:r>esident o f loses, p:r>esiding

Lester L. Grabbe, Ambassador College

"Aquila ' s Transla t ion an d Rabbinic Exegesis"

John G. Gammie, University of Tulsa

"The Angelology an d Demonology in the Septuagint of th e

Book of Job"

M. K. H. Peters , Cleveland State University

"Problems in th e Preparation of a Coptic Crit ical Edition"

David Paul McCarthy, University of Wisconsin

"Jerome, Vi r T:r>ilinguis, an d th e Iuxta Hebraeos"

Business Meeting

Called to order by th e P r e s i d e n t ~ John Wm Wevers

1. Hinutes of th e New York meeting of the lOSCS, November 15 ,

1979, were approved as recorded in Bullet in 13 , pages 2-4.

2. Report of the President

a. The lOSCS wil l meet in conjunction with th e SBL in San

Francisco, December 19-22, 1981.

b. The lOSCS wil l again meet in conjunction with the lOSOT

in Salamanca, in August 1983.

6

MINUTES 7

c. Pere Barthelemy has offered to host a further seminar

on th e Hebrew and Greek texts of Samuel in Fribourg in

1982 or 1983 (see 1t7 in th e minutes of the Vienna

meeting, above).

d. The lOSCS i s gra teful to Professor M. J. Mulder fo r

his service during the past e ight years as treasurer

fo r IOSCS members in th e Netherlands-. Dr . A. van de r

Kooij ha s offered to continue to provide this service .

3. Treasurer ' s Report: Dr. Peters submitted th e duly audited

report , l i s t ing th e November 8, 1980, balance at $922.41.

Acceptance moved an d carried.

4. Report of th e Edi tor ia l Committee: Professor Orlinsky

reported that SCS volume 10 by Dr . Burke is in press.

Acceptance moved and carried.

5. Report of th e Editor of th e Bullet in: Dr. Ulrich reported

that Bullet in 13 ha d been published an d distributed.


6. Report of th e -Nominating Committee: The Nominating

Committee (Profs. Howard, Orlinsky, Ulrich) unanimously

proposed the following candidates:

President

Immediate Past President

Vice President

Secretary

Treasurer

Editor

Associate Editor


Albert Pietersma

John Wm Wevers

R. Hanhart

Leonard Greenspoon

Melvin K. H. Peters

Eugene Ulrich

Claude Cox

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8 BULLETIN loses

[The President-Elect , in accord with Bul let in 7

(1974) 3, appointed as members-at-large of th e Executive

Committee: Professor George Howard, Professor Robert A.

Kraft , an d Dr. Emanuel Tov.]

7. Professor Howard moved that Professor Harry M. Orlinsky

be named Honorary President. Carried.

Eugene Ulrich

fo r th e Secretary

FINANCIAL REPORT

November 8, 1980

BALANCE ON HAND, Nov. 14 , 1979

(Bul le t in 13 , p.5)

INCOME

Subscriptions 11/14/79 - 11/8/80In te res t on Savings

EXPENSES

Bullet ins 12 & 13Duplicating an d PrintingPostage and Supplies

IncomeExpenses

NET GAIN

Balance on hand, Nov. 14 , 1979Net gain to Nov. 8, 1980

BALANCE ON HAND, November, 8, 1980

$922.2272.20994.42"

822.45165.009li7:45

994.42987.45--o:rJ7

915.446.97

922.4T

$915.44

$922.41

Melvin K. H. PetersCleveland State UniversityTreasurer, roscs

Auditors: James E. Royster, Ph.D.

Nina C. Pykare, Ph.D.

9

Department ofReligious StudiesCleveland StateUniversity

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NEWS AND NOTES

Monsignor Patrick William Skehan, professor emeritus of

Semitic Languages a t th e Catholic University of America, and

author of th e lead art ic le in th e l a s t volume of BIoses, died

on September 9, 1980. A t r ibute to him, written by Alexander

Di LelIa , was published in th e Cathol ic Bibl ica l Quarter ly

42 (1980) 435-7. Two major tasks ha d occupied hi s mature

years. He was th e Old Testament text editor of th e New

American Bible , which appeared in 1970. And he was one of

th e original in terna t ional team of eight scholars appointed

in 1953 to publish th e edi t i o princeps of th e approximately

400 manuscripts discovered in Cave 4 Qumran. The manuscripts

al lo t t ed to him included th e palaeohebrew scrolls of th e

Torah, th e Isaiah and Psalms scrol l s , th e three Septuagintal

scrol l s , an d several miscellanea. His editions of most of

th e scrol ls were nearly complete fo r his volume in th e series

Discoveries in th e Judaean Desert . Eugene Ulrich ha s been

appointed to complete th e editions an d prepare th e volume

for publication.

Professor D. Barthelemy an d Dr. Emanuel Tov ar e organi

zing a seminar on th e text of Samuel (see Minutes of th e

Vienna Meeting, #7, pp.4-5). Those interested may write to

th e conveners.

10

NEWS AND NOTES

The theses re la ted to the Septuagint an d th e Targum

directed by Harry M. Orlinsky ar e on f i le at Hebrew Union

College-Jewish Ins t i tu te of Religion.

Leonard Greenspoon is writ ing a volume on Max L.

11

Margolis fo r th e SBL' s "Bibl-l.cal Scholarship in North America"

ser ies . Anyone with information that might prove valuable i s

urged to write him a t th e Department of History and Religion,

Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA.

IOSCS members" in th e Netherlands may send the i r annual

dues to Dr. Arie van de r Kooij (see back cover), who succeeds

Professor Mulder in offer ing this service .

The University of Pennsylvania Armenian Texts an d

Studies ser ies wil l gladly consider manuscripts on th e

Armenian version of the Bible or on associated topics.

Enquiries should be addressed to Michael E. Stone, Department

of Religious Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadel

phia, PA 19104, USA.

Rahlfs' Verze iehnis i s "available as a Kraus repr int from

Kraus-Thomson, FL-949l, Nendeln, Liechtenstein; or from Kraus

Thomson Organization, Ltd., Route 100, Millwood, NY 10546, USA.

Recently available also as a repr in t is F. C. Conybeare

an d St . George Stock, A Grammar o f th e Septuagint (Grand

Rapids: Zondervan, 1980) = repr in t of pp. 25-100 of Selec t ions

from th e Septuagint (Boston: Ginn and Company, 1905). $5.95

from Zondervan Publishing House, 1415 Lake Drive S.E .• Grand

Rapids, MI 49506, USA.

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IiI.

12 BULLETIN loses

Papers from th e roses panel in Vienna ar e published in

E. Tov (ed.) , The Hebrew an d Greek T ex t s o f SamueZ (Jeru

salem: Academon, 1980). The contents include a ll th e papers,

except that of Prof. Goshen-Gottstein, read a t the panel (see

p . 2) plus r ep r in t s of E. Ulrich, "4QSamc : A Fragmentary

Manuscript of 2 Samuel 14-15 from the Scribe of th e Berek

Hay-yaJ:;.ad (lQS) , 11 an d of E. Tov. "The Textual Aff i l i a t ions

of 4QSama ." The book may be obta ined fo r approximately $7.50

plus postage from: A. I . Weinberg Book Agency, 3/ 1 Kiryat

Moshe (9 Ben-Dor Avenue), Jerusalem, Israel . E. Ulrich ha s

a few copies on hand fo r North American members avai lable

for $8.00, including postage.

In th e interests of economy, at tent ion should be drawn

to Vision Press, A Scholar ' s Microfiche Service. I t se l l s

scholarly works in microfiche form, specializing in th e

disciplines of th e ancient Near East , classical ant iquit ies,

rel igion an d related f ields, including Septuagintal studies.

The complete se t of current volumes of th e Gottingen Septua

gint , fo r example, is l i s ted a t US$lOO.OO, with individual

volumes averaging about $6.00 each; th e entire Cambridge

Septuagint is l isted a t $22.00. The address is : Vision

Press , 15781 Sherbeck, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA;

tel., (714) 892-4318.

RECORD OF WORK

PUBLISHED OR IN PROGRESS

Aejrnelaeus, Annel i . " Para t ax i s in th e Septuagint . A Studyof th e Renderings of th e Hebrew Coordinate Clauses inth e Greek Pentateuch and Related Problems." Disser tat ion in progress (director: I . Soisalon-Soininen).

Auld, A. "Joshua: The Hebrew and Greek Texts," VTSup 30

(1979) 1-14.

Barr, James. (1) "The Meaning of EIIAKOYQ and Cognates inth e LXX 11 JT S 31 (1980) 67-72. (2 ) Th e Typology o f

Li te ra l i sm in An c ien t Bibl ic a l Transla t ions. Mittei l-ungen des Septuaginta-Unternehmens XV. G6ttingen:Vandenhoeck un d Ruprecht, 1979.

Brock, S. P. "Bibelhandschriften I. Altes Testament," p'p.

109-14; an d Bibelubersetzungen (AT) in "Die alten Ubersetzungen des Alten und Neuen Testaments," pp . 161-216 inTheologische Realenzyklopadie VI/1-2. Berlin/New York:

Cox,

Walter de Gruyter, 1980.

Claude. (1) Th e Armenian Transla t ion o f Deuteronomy.

University of Pennsylvania Armenian Texts an d Studies 2.Chico: Scholars Press, 1981. (2) "E(ou:u.ouwand "EnaJ.touwin th e Greek Psalter ," Bi b l i ca 62 (1981) 251-8.(3) "The Purpose of Koriun's Life of Mashtots," pp .303-11 in Christ ian Teaching: Studies in Honor o fLeMoine G. Lewis, ed . E. Ferguson. Abilene, TX:Abilene Christian University Book Store, 1981.

De Lange, N. R. M. "Some New Fragments of Aquila on Malachiand Job?" VT 30 (1980) 291-4.

Delling, G. "Alexander de r Grosse als Bekenner des jiidischenGottesglaubens," JS J 12 (1981) 1-51.

Fernandez Marcos, N.Doce Profetas,"

!lEI texto griego de la Complutense enSefarad 39 (1979) 3-25.

Fischer, B. and E. Ulrich. Edition of Vetus Latina manu-script 115, Palimpsestus Vindobonensis (Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale, codex la t . 1), and others fo r th e booksof Samuel [i n . 'progress] .

Greenspoon, Leonard. "Ars Scribendi: Max Margolis' Paper'Preparing Scribe's Copy in th e Age of Manuscripts, ,,,JQR 71 (1981) 133-50.

13

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14 BULLETIN loses

Howard, G. (1 ) Review: "The Qumran Text o f Samuel an d

Josephus, by E. C. Ulrich, J r . It in BASOR [ in pre s s ] .(2 ) "Revision Toward th e Hebrew in th e Septuagint Textof Amos," Eretz Israe l : H. M. Orlinsky Festschr i f t[ in press] .

Hui, Timothy. "A Cr i t i ca l Analysis of the Six th Column of

Origen 's Hexapla in 1 Kg 2 2 - 2 Kg 25 ." Mas t e r ' s t he s i s ,Dallas Theological Seminary, 198-1 (director: '\11. Bodine),

I ns t i tu t fu r Neutestamentliche Textforschung und Rechenzentrum Universitats Munster, under th e special supervision of H. Bachmann and W. A. Slaby (eds. ) . Computer

Konkordanz Bum Navum Testamentum Gpaeee [von NestleAland, 26 . Auflage un d zum Greek New Testament, 3rded i t ion] , Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter , 1980.

Kle in , H. L. The FY'agment-TaX'gums o f the Pentateueh AeeoY'dingto the i r Extant Sourees , 2 vo ls . Analecta Bib l ica 76 .Rome: Bibl i ca l I n s t i t u t e Press , 1980.

Kooij , A. va n der . Di e al ten Textzeugen de s Jesajabuehes:Ei n BeitY'ag zur Textgesehiehte des AZten Testaments.Orbis Bib l i cus e t Orienta l i s 35. Freiburg, Schweiz:Unive rs i ta t sve r lag ; Gott ingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht,1981.

Maloney, E l l i o t t C. Semit ie InteY'feY'enee in Marean Syntax[ in pres s ] .

McCrystaII , A. P.of Daniel ."

S. Brock).

Monsengwo-Pasinya,Sep tan t e : Gen

357-76.

J . "Studies in th e Ol d Greek TranslationD.Phi l . t he s i s , Oxford, 1980 (director :

L. "Deux t ex te s messian iques de la

49,10 e t Ez 21 ,32 ," Bibliea 61 (1980)

Pie t e r sma , A. (1 ) Phileas Bishop o f Thmuis [ready fo r p ress ] .

(2 ) wi th Susan Turner Comstock, "Cephalon, a New CopticMar ty r , " [ in pres s ] . (3) Review of: J . R. Busto Saiz ,

La t radueoion de Bimaeo en e l l ibra de lo s Balmos in

JBL [i n pre s s ] .

Proulx, P. an d J . O'Cal1aghan, "L a Iec tu ra de l salmo 88,2Ib(LXX) en 1 Clem. 18 ,1 , " Bibl iea 61(1980) 92-101.

Scha l le r , B. (1 ) "Das Testamentum Hiobs un d d ie LXX-Uber

se tzung de s Buches Hiob," Bibl iea 61 (1980) 377-406.(2 ) "Zum Textcharakter de r Hiohzita te im paulinischen

Schr i f t tum," ZNW 71 (1980) 21-6.

Sollamo, Rai j a . "Repeti t ions t ypica l of Hebrew with the i rGreek render ings in th e Penta teuch" (e . g ., suf f ixes ,

prepos i t ions , resumptive pronouns, i n f i n i t i ve abso lu t e

p lus f i n i t e verb) [i n progress ] .

_ _

RECORD OF WORK 15

Stone, Michael E. (1) "Armenian Canon Lis t s IV - The Lis t

of Gregory of TaT'ew (14th Century) ," HTR 72 (1979) 237-44. (2) "Concerning th e Seventy-Two Translators: Arme

nian Fragments of Epiphanius, On Weights an d Measures"HTR 73 (1980) 331-6. (3 ) with Nira Stone, "A n I l lumina ted Armenian Gospel Manuscript in th e National an dUniversi ty Library, Jerusalem," Revue des Etudes Armeniennes 14 (1980) 435-41. (4 ) Signs o f th e J u d g e m e n t ~Onomastica Sacra an d The Generations from Adam. Univers i t y of Pennsylvania Armenian Texts an d Studies 3 .Chico: Scholars Press , 1981. (5) Armenian ApoeryphaRe la th lg to PatriaY'chs and PY'ophets. Jerusalem: I s r ae l

Academy of Sciences, 1981 [i n press ] .

Torp-Pedersen, Drake H. TlAn Examinat ion of the Sixth Column

of Origen 's Hexap1a fo r Charac te r i s t ic s of th e KaigeRecension in th e Book of Deuteronomy." Maste r ' s t he s i s ,

Dallas Theological Seminary, 1981 (director : W. Bodine) .

Tov, Emanuel. (1 ) "Biblia Hebraica Btut tgar tens ia" (reviewa r t i c l e , Hebrew), Shnaton 4. Jerusalem/Tel Aviv, 1981.(2 ) "Tekstgetu igen en Tekstgeschiedenis va n he t Oude

en Nieuwe Tes tament , A. De Tekst va n het Oude Testament,"pp . 214-59 in A. S. va n de r Woude ( ed . ) , Bi jbe l s HandboekI. Kampen, 1981. (3) "The Temple Scro l l an d TextualCri t ic i sm," EY'etz I s rae l : H. M. Or1insky Fes t schr i f t [ i npress ] . (4 ) "Some Aspects of the Textual an d Li te ra ry

History of th e Book of Jeremiah," in P.-M. Bogaert ( ed . ) ,Ephemerides Lovanienses [ in p ress ] . (5 ) "The Represent a t ion of th e Causative Aspects of the Hiph ' i1 in th e

LXX: A Study in Translation Technique," Bi b [ in p ress ] .

T r ebo l l e , Jul io . (1 ) "Espias contra consej eros en 1a revue I tade Absa16n ( I I Sam., XV, 34-36): His to r ia de la recensi6n

como metoda," RB 86 (1979) 524-43. (2 ) Salomon y Jeroboan: Historia de la recension y redaee ion de 1 Reyes2 __ 12 ; 14 . Bib l io theca Salmant icensis Disse r ta t iones 3.Salamanca/Jerusalem: Universidad Pont i f i c i a , 1980.

(3 ) "Testamento y muerte de David: Estudio de h i s t o r i ade la recensi6n y redacci6n de I Rey. , I I , " RB 87 (1980)87-103.

Tsevat , Hat i t iahu . "Common Sense an d Hypothesis in Ol d Testament Study," VTSup 28 (1975) 217-30.

Ul lendor f f , Edward. "Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek: Th e VersionsUnder ly ing Ethiopic Translations of th e Bible an d In t e r t e s t amen ta l Li te ra ture ," pp . 249-57 in The Bible f.lorld:

Essays in Honor o f Cyrus H. Gordon. New York: KTAV an dNew York Univer s i t y , 1980.

Ulrich, Eugene. (1) See Fischer, above. (2) Completing fo r

pub l ica t ion in DJD th e ed i t ion of th e sc rol l s from Cave

4 Qumran most ly prepared by th e l a t e Pa t r ick H. Skehan:th e palaeohebrew an d Sep tuag in t a l sc rol l s of th e Pentat euch an d th e sc rol l s of I sa iah and Psalms [i n progress] .

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16 BULLETIN loses

VanderKam, James C. Review of : E. C. Ulrich, The Qumran Text

o f Samuel and Josephus in JBL 99 (1980) 599-601.

Wevers, John Wm. "A Study in Vatapediou 600 in Numbers," pp.705-20 in Melanges Dominique Barthelemy: Etudes bib l ique s

o f f e r t e s a l ' o cca s i o n de son 60 ea n n ive I ' s a i r e , ed . P.

Casett l , O. Leel et A. Schenker. Orbis Biblicus e t Oriental is 38. Fribourg/Gottingen, 1981.

Ziegler, Joseph. The G6ttingen edit ion of Job [ready fo rpress ] .

Zipor , Hoshe. "The Greek Chronicles" (review a r t i c l e of L. C.

Allen, Th e Greek Chronicles I - I I ) , Bi b l i ca 61 (1980)561-71.

Zlotowitz, Bernard M. Th e S ep tu a g in t Transla t ion o f th e

Hebrew Terms in Rela t ion to God in th e Book o f Jeremiah .New York: KTAV, 1980.

...

THE DISCOVERY OF THE MISSING PART OF

MARGOLIS' EDITION OF JOSHUA

Emanuel Tov

Hebrew University

(1980-81: University of Pennsylvania

and DropsieUniversity)

Th e Four PubZished FaseieZes

Margolis ' edit ion of th e LXX of Joshua was released fo r

publ icat ion between 1931 and 1938 (according to S. Jel l icoe ,

Th e S ep tu a g in t an d Modern Study [Oxford 1968], p. 278), al

though th e front page of a l l four fascicles l i s t s 1931 as

th e year of publ icat ion:

Max L. Margolis, The Book o f Joshua in Greek aceord-

in g to the Cr i t ieaZZy Res tored Text with an

Apparatus Containing the Var iants o f th e Prina ipaZRecens ions an d o f the IndividuaZ Witnesses , I-IV,Publ icat ions of the Alexander Kohut MemorialFoundation (Librairie oriental iste Paul Geuthner,Par is , 1931).

The edit ion is no t complete. I t contains in four fascicles

(384 pages) th e text of Joshua 1: 1 up to 19:38, ending in th e

middle of a sentence.

From a publisher 's point of view, this edit ion i s unique,

insofar as it contains a photomechanical reproduction of a

hand-written text. The script i t s e l f is very clear.

The contents, too, are unique. Pr ior to Margolis, some

attempts had been made to reconstruct the or ig ina l text of

17

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18 EMANUEL TOV

th e LXX through an eclect ic procedure (see especially P. A.

de Lagarde, Genes is , 1868; Psalms, 1887; Judges 1--16, 1891;

an d Rahlfs , Ru th , 1922; Genes is , 1 ~ 2 6 ) . Bu t Margolis t r ied

to solidify th e eclect ic procedure by th e employment of

certain principles established by de Lagarde, viz . , to re-

construct th e or iginal text of th e LXX from th e three major

recensions, r e l a t i ve ly wel l at tes ted an d access ib le , in~ v h i c h

th e t rans la t ion was t ransmit ted.

As a f i r s t s tep, Margolis prepared a working copy of

th e t ext of the three major recensions of th e LXX, viz . , th e

Egyptian, Syrian, an d Palestinian recensions. The text of the

centra l representatives of these three recensions was printed

in para l le l columns, with the counterpar t of th e MT printed

adjacent to th e Greek text . I t has been surmised by Dr.

Greenspoon that such a manuscript must have exis ted (see

BIoses 12 [1979] 54) , so tha t it was no surprise that it

ha s now been found by th e present author in the archives of

Dropsie Univers i ty in Philadelphia . I t should be remembered

tha t Margolis taught fo r many years a t Dropsie University

(then Dropsie College); see especially H. M. Orlinsky,

"Margolis ' Work in th e Septuagint ," pp . 35-44 in Max Leopold

M a p g o Z i s ~ Scholap an d Teachev (Philadelphia 1952).

In i t ia l ly , Margolis may have intended to publ ish h is

text of Joshua as a three-column edit ion, bu t a t a l a te r

s tage he recognized the complexity of th e textual trans

mission. In h is f inal edit ion, therefore, he reckoned with

four dif ferent recensions. In that edit ion, Margolis di d

not publ ish th e text of the recensions as running t ex ts bu t

DISCOVERY OF MARGOLIS' EDITION 19

quoted individual readings from th e reconstructed recensions

in th e f i r s t apparatus whenever they differed from th e re-

constructed or iginal t rans la t ion. In th e Prefatory Note

printed ins ide th e cover he described the system of notation

used in his edit ion as follows:

The Text as i t appears on the top of th epage i s th e nearest approach to the Greek or iginal

asit

l e f t th e hands of th e t ranslator(s) . I t ha sbeen arrived at a f te r a comparison of th e remainders in th e principal recensions, when once th erecensional pecul iar i t ies in each have been subt rac ted , an d an ascertainment of th e form of th etext to which the recensions lead and which mustbe pur i f ied of th e corrupt ions antecedent to thema l l . . . .

Below th e Text is printed th e Apparatus. I tc o ~ s ~ s t s of (1) th e variants of th e principal re-c e n s ~ o n s : g ( ~ ) ; (2) under th e head of eachof these th e evidence fo r i t s readings in thepurer members arid the defa lcat ions on th e par t ofthose given to mixture (impure members)' (3) th evariants within th e basic form of any r ~ c e n s i o n '(4) marginal readings in th e manuscripts p r i n c i ~pally touching th e l a te r Greek t rans la tors . . . .

In the Prefa tory Note Margolis remarked tha t "the fu l l

Introduct ion wil l be issued with th e l as t part" (i n enter

pr i ses of this kind, introduct ions are usual ly wri t ten a t

th e end), bu t it ha s never appeared. Since the l as t par t of

th e edi t ion i t s e l f was lost in th e 1930s, it was often sur

mised that th e Introduct ion a lso was los t . Many introductory

remarks, however, were included in Margolis ' "Specimen of a

New Edit ion of th e Greek Joshua," pp . 307-23 in Jewish Studies

in Memovy o f IsvaeZ Abvahams (New York 1927, repro 1980).

In addi t ion, Margolis wrote some introductory s tudies which

may have been intende'd as sect ions of a larger Introduct ion.

These ar e now being analyzed by Dr. L. Greenspoon of Clemson

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20 EMANUEL TOV

Univers i ty, who is devoting much time to the study of th e

Nachlas8 of Margolis, now with Prof. Or1insky of the Hebrew

Union Colleg'e in New York. Fo r a f i r s t published sample of

such an introductory chapter , se e L. Greenspoon, "Max L.

Margolis on th e Complutensian Text of Joshua," BI08CS 12

(1979) 43-56. The edit ion i t se l f , however, remains ou r main

source fo r understanding th e principles whichguided Margolis

in composing his eclect ic text .

The Missing Part o f th e Edi t ion

Since th e four th fasc ic le of Margolis ' edit ion ends in

th e middle of a verse (19;38), it is clear that th e edit ion

is no t complete an d was never intended to end a t tha t point .

The or iginal manuscript was probably lost in Europe, or in

th e 'words of S. Je l l icoe (The Septuagint and Modern Study,

p. 27S),

The remainder of the manuscript (Part V and th eIntroduct ion) must be numbered, i t would seem,among th e l i t e rary casualt ies of the Second WorldWar, since repeated inquiries have failed toe l i c i t any trace of it in Paris an d it must bepresumed to have been i r re t r ievably los t or de stroyed. (Note: The wri ter [Je l l icoe] owes th is

information to Dr. Orlinsky.)

For similar remarks, se e L. Greenspoon in a very recent

ar t i c le , "Ars Scribendi: Max Margolis ' Paper 'Preparing

Scribe's Copy in th e Age of Manuscripts, '( ! JQR 71 (1981),

p. 139, n.S.

The missing par t (pp. 385-475 of the book = fasc ic le V)

ha s now been found by th e present author in the archives of

Dropsie Univers i ty. To be sure, th e recent ly discovered

manuscript does not represent the or ig ina l manuscript which

- - - - - - ~ ~ - ~ -

DISCOVERY OF MARGOLIS' EDITION 2+was probably los t , but an excel lent copy which _ with th e

a id of photography - ca n now be published according to Mar

gol i s ' or ig ina l plan. Since photocopy machines di d not yet

exis t in Margolis ' days, he - or th e publisher - ha d a f ine

copy made in negative on hard photographic paper. Dropsie's

archives contain such a se t of photographs of th e complete

edit ion, including th e par t which ha s never been published.

The present author intends to publ ish fascicle V to

gether with an introduct ion descr ibing Margolis' system on

th e basis of both published and unpublished (Dropsie's

archives) mater ia l .

[The fol lowiug ar t ic le was produced "camera-ready" on th e computer and

is presented here vi r tual ly unchanged by th e edi tor so tha t the reader

may se e di rect ly what th e computer i t s e l f ca n p r o d u ~ e . -Ed. ]

~ ~

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COMPUTER ASSISTED TOOLS FOR SEPTUAGINT STUDIES

Robert A. Kraft and Emanuel Tov

University of Pennsylvania an d The Hebrew University

Hjstory Qf ~ Proiect . --After years of planning an d

priming, the lOSCS-sponsored project to create an up-to-date

lexicon of Jewish t rans la t ion Greek ("Septuagint Lexicon")

is f inal ly underway in a fully committed and concrete

fashion, with a s igni f icant ly revised format and overall

conception. For persons who have been associated with the

lOseS and i t s Bulletin over th e years , the recent background

of th i s project i s well known. When, in 1968, ou r late

colleague Sidney Je11icoe in consul ta t ion with a number of

other scholars in teres ted in things "septuaginta l" took th e

in i t i a l s teps towards founding th e 10SCS, he sent out a

quest ionnaire asking prospective members to identify various

desidera ta in the study of th e Septuagint. At th e top of th e

result ing l i s t were (1) a bibliography of modern scholar ly

works dealing with Septuagint s tudies and (2) a Lexicon of

Septuaginta l Greek (see ~ BuJJetin 2, p. 15) . Other

desirable too ls mentioned in the returned questionnaires

included a new concordance, better edit ions of certain parts

of th e Old Greek scr iptures , and grammatical investigations

of the materials.

22

TOOLS FOR SEPTUAGINT STUDIES 23

The bibliography fo r septuaginta l s tudies was provided

by th e combined efforts of Je l l icoe , Sebastian Brock (now a t

Oxford), and Charles Fritsch (Princeton Seminary), and

published by Bri l l of Leiden in 1973. Meanwhile,

negot ia t ions were in i t i a ted with th e Committee fo r Research

of th e Lutheran Church, Missouri Synod, to develop a Lexicon

Project . Much of th i s story is avai lable elsewhere (see

Kraft 1972, 16-17). Although th e considerable efforts of

Jack Reumann (for IOSCS) and Lorman Peterson (for the

Lutheran Committee) were no t successful in obtaining funding

for the projec t , th e roses committed i t s e l f to th e formal

establishment of th e project an d created an advisory board

consis t ing of John Wevers (Toronto, president of lOSCS a t

that time) as chairman, Frank Cross (Harvard), ' Moshe

Goshen-Gottstein (Jerusalem), and Robert Hanhart

(Gottingen), with Emanuel Tov (Hebrew Univers i ty, Jerusalem)

as editor designate,pending th e availabi l i ty of adequate

funding (see.l.O..S..C.S B\llJetin 7, p. 4, an d 8, pp. 1-2) , IOSCS

alsosponsored

a symposiumjo int ly with th e SBL Seminar on

Lexicography in 1972, to discuss the problems an d prospects

of creating a "Septuagint Lexicon"--the volume enti t lerl

Septllagi ntaJ Lexjcography (ed. Kraft) provided th e basis fo r

th i s sess ion.

Thus lOSCS found i t s e l f with an important project on

which considerable thought and ef for t ha d been expended, bu t

no funding. Backing for the project also was strengthened,

on paper, when the Society of Biblical Literature included

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24 TOOLS FOR SEPTUAGINT STUDIES

i t on a l i s t of recommended pr ior i t i es submitted to th e

National Endowment for the Humanities (NEB) in th e mid

19708. Thus i t was decided tha t loses would seek major

funding from th e NEH Program for Research Tools and

Reference Works, and Robert Kraft agreed to coordinate th is

ef for t (see.l.O..S..C..S. BulJetin 10, p. 2).

Kraft was convinced tha t th e only efficient and

rea l is t ic way in which to approach th e problem of th e

project i t s e l f , and of obtaining funding fo r i t , was to

explore how to es tabl ish a computer generated base from

which the necessary work of concordancing, e tc . , eQuId be

done. Feasibi l i ty and planning grants were obtained from th e

NEH in 1978/79 and (t o t es t theory in actual applicat ion on

computer) in 1980/81. Thanks to the generosity of th e NEH

and i t s willingness to allow the project personnel

considerable f l exibi l i ty in the use of the funds provided,

there is now a project office a t the University of

Pennsylvania in which materia ls are being prepared and

analyzed on computer as steps towards th e ultimate goal of a"Septuagint Lexicon" as well as other tools of value fo r

Septuagint and cognate studies. As wil l become clear from

what follows, the project team is committed to th e

continuation of the project along these l ines and is

seeking th e necessary funding from th e NEH and other

sources. The hurdle of t enta t iv i ty l i es behind; computer

ass is ted study of th e Septuagint and other re la ted mater ia ls

i s a rea l i ty and promises to continue in a number of


exci t ing directions.

Current support .a.rul personneJ.--Funding from th e NEB,

with formal ins t i tu t ional support from the University of

Pennsylvania and i t s Department of Religious Studies as well

as scholarly sponsorship by IOSCS and SBL, have been crucia l

fo r establ ishing th e project in i t s present form. The

1980/81 NEB grant made it possible fo r th e project to

purchase th e machine-readable tape of Rahlfs' edition of th e

Septuagint prepared and distributed by th e Thesaurus Linguae

Graecae (TLG) project directed by Theodore Brunner a t th e

University of California in Irvine. But a number of other

key factors have also been a t work, both with regard to th e

economics of th e s i tuat ion and with regard to th e personnel

inVOlved. Through a fortuitous combination of developments

in spring and summer of 1980, i t became possible to begin to

put theory into act ion.

Kraf t ' s research ass is tant for the 1978/79 feas ib i l i ty

study funded by NEH had been John Abercrombie, then a PhD

student in the Religious Studies program a t Penn. Upon

graduation from Penn, Abercrombie accepted an appointment in

the Religious Studies department a t Waynesburg College in

western Pennsylvania where he was able to experiment with

and develop relevant computer programs on th e Waynesburg PDP

11/70 computer, with considerable support and encouragement,

and a t no cost to th e project. Abercrombie has experimented

with aligning th e Greek and Hebrew texts in paral le l (both

horizontal ly and ver t i ca l ly) , with entering Greek textual

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il 26 TOOLS FOR SEPTUAGINT STUDIES

variants, with bilingual concordancing (both Greek-Hebrew

an d Hebrew-Greek), and with various other computer aspects

of th e project . He is current ly developing printing

capabi l i t ies in Greek and Hebrew on th e Waynesburg

Printronix matrix equipment (see Exhibit 3) . I t is to a

large extent due to Abercrombie's enthusiastic and energet ic

par t ic ipat ion that th e project has been able to proceed so

effect ively to i t s present s ta tus .

Another important development in early 1980 was th e

successful conclusion of negot ia t ions to make it possible

fo r Emanuel Tov, now associa te director of the projec t , to

spend th e 1980/81 academic year a t th e University of

Pennsylvania as a visi t ing Associate Professor and Wexler

Fellow under th e Penn-Israel exchange program. Thus Tov and

Kraft have been able to work together no t only in developing

th e theore t ica l and t radi t ional ly academic aspects of th e

projec t , bu t also to t es t the i r ideas on th e avai lable

computer fac i l i t ies a t Waynesburg and a t Penn, and to t rain

a team of qualif ied s tudents . The deta i l s of th e long range

and short range projects described below were worked ou t an d

writ ten up in a 110-page proposal submitted to th e NEB.

Meanwhile, i t was learned that th e Ins t i tu te fo r

Advanced Studies in Princeton (about 50 miles from

Philadelphia) had purchased th e "IBYCUS System" developed by

th e class ic i s t David Packard fo r computer study of ancient

Gr,eek and Latin texts . Negotiations with Director Woolf a t

th e Ins t i tu te an d with David Packard le d to th e instal lat ion


of a Hewlett-Packard 2640B terminal (modified to display

Greek; Hebrew characters were added later by David Packard)

a t Penn, connected by direct telephone l ine (1200 baud rate)

to th e Hewlett-Packard HP 21l3E cent ra l processor a t

Princeton. Thus, for the monthly cost of the dedicated

telephone l ine and a contr ibut ion to maintenance expenses a t

Princeton, th e project 's IBYCUS terminal is "on linen

twenty-four hours each day. The Princeton Ins t i tu te ha s

agreed to allow this arrangement to continue a t leas t

through 1982. To overcome th e l imitation tha t "hard copy"

(pr inted m ater ia l) could only be produced remotely on th e

Princeton Teletype l ine-printer , then mailed to

Philadelphia , a Nippon Elect r ic Company (NEC) Spinwriter

5520 (with Greek as well as English "thimbles") has been

ins ta l led a t th e project off ice , again thanks to David

Packard's good services and good will . Thus we ar e able to

display an d pr int both Roman and Greek characters (with

accents) , and to display on th e screen Hebrew (unvocalized

a t present) , a t th e project office on th e IBYCUS System

equipment.

After Abercrombie's move to Waynesburg, another

advanced PhD candidate, William Adler ha s become th e

coordinator of computer activi t ies fo r th e project a t th e

University of Pennsylvania. This ha s involved him no t only

in learning to use th e IBYCUS system equipment, bu t in

learning the specia l language called n BEX" which David

Packard created fo r th i s application of computers to

7/28/2019 bioscs14



class ica l texts . Adler has also become th e primary l ia i son,

with loca l computer capabi l i t ies a t th e University, and th e

director of th e act iv i t i es of a team of students involved in

th e work.

The project i s also developing l ines of cooperative

support with a number of other persons and projects. When

Tov re turns to th e Hebrew University in Jerusalem, he wil l

di rec t th e work there and explore fur ther th e computer

poss ibi l i t i es in I s rae l fo r th is sor t of research. In th e

Philadelphia area, th e fact tha t both Tov and Adler taught

courses a t Dropsie University in Spring 1981 has opened th e

door to involving tha t University in th e project. At

present , Dropsie students ar e actively participating in the

work on Ruth (see below). Similar ly , Albert Pietersma and

his students a t the University of Toronto wil l function as

another sub-team within the larger project, working on th e

book of Psalms and i t s textual problems in Greek. A

cooperative agreement has been establ ished with th e

University of Michigan project fo r computer assisted

bibl ica l studies (co-directed by H. Van Dyke Parunak and D.

Noel Freedman), fo r exchange of data and of relevant

programs, as appropriate.

with regard to Hebrew materials, an important agreement

i s under negotia t ion with the Centre d'Analyse e t de

Traitement Automatique de la Bible e t des Tradit ions

Ecr i tes , directed by Gerard weil in France (under th e

auspices of the Centre National de la Recherche


Scientifique: =CNRS/CATAB), to obtain the i r machine-readable

tapes of the Hebrew Bible in exchange for the expanded

Septuagint tapes (with variants and morphological analysis)

as well as other tangible resul ts produced by ou r projec t .

Similar discussions are underway with other relevant

projec ts ; indeed we ar e most grateful to Francis I . Andersen

(Queensland, Australia) and Dean Forbes (Los Angeles) fo r

permitting us access to the i r Hebrew tape of 2 Kings fo r

experimental purposes. Other contacts of special note

include Paul Miller ' s GRAMCORD projec t (grammatical

concordancing package developed fo r New Testament

applications) and discussions with th e Maredsous-8repols

(Belgium) mult i- l ingual biblical concordance project

directed by F. Poswick. Arthur Baird of the Biblical

Research Associates (wooster, Ohio) ha s also been a welcome

source of information and encouragement.

Aima -2f ~ project .--In th e long run, th e project aims

a t creat ing a comprehensive and flexible computer "data

bank" available fo r efficient scholarly research on

virtual ly a l l aspects of Septuagintal s tudies- - textcr i t i ca l ,

lexical , grammatical, conceptual, t rans la t ional ,

bibliographical. The precise schedule for achieving these

goals must be adjusted from time to time pending avai lable

funding, data and personnel. At present th e project ha s a t

i t s disposal a machine-readable text of Rahlfs' edi t io ~LXX (prepared by th e TUG project) to which David Packard 's

program fo r automatic morphological analysis i s being

7/28/2019 bioscs14


i

" i


applied plus other programs fo r concordancing and lexical

searches. We also have computer tapes for a few Hebrew

scr iptura l books from various sources. Before th e end of

1981 we hope to accomplish the following:

(1) Complete morphological analysis of th e Rahlfs' LXX

t ext using Packard 's MORPH program, under th e direction of

Kraft and Adler, with par t i a l funding from th e Packard

Foundation in Los Angeles. Work on Ruth and Genesis was

begun in April 19B1, with excel lent resul ts (see Exhibit 4) .

After s l ight adjustments of Packard 's program fo r th e

applicat ion to septuagintal Greek, th e remaining materia ls

wil l be analyzed. Completion of this sub-project wil l

improve the automatic alignment of Greek with Hebrew texts ,

and wil l make possible th e efficient applicat ion of various

types of concordance programs. When th e Greek textual

variants have been entered (see below), they wil l also be

subjected to th e MORPH analysis.

(2) A p i l o t study of th e book of Ruth, directed by

Kraft and Tov, in order to t es t and ref ine the various

computer aspects of the larger project and to make th e

project known in a tangible form to the scholarly world (see

Exhibit 2) . Various formats fo r entering th e Greek variants,

aligning the Hebrew and Greek texts, producing Greek-Hebrew

and Hebrew-Greek concordance l i s t s , ident ifying

character is t ic t rans la t ional features , e tc . , wil l be tested

and applied to this book. Results of th is nmini-project n

wil l be published direct ly from th e computer output, with

TOOLS FOR SEPTUAGINT STUDIES

appropriate edi tor ia l commentary.

(3) Entering variants from th e "Lucianic" group

boCr)c2e2 (and the i r congeners) in 2 Kings by Abercrombie

and his team in close conSUltation with Kraft and Tov (see

Exhibit 3). Recreation of the running text of boc2e2 plus

the generation of Greek and Greek-Hebrew concordance l i s t s

of this materia l wil l follow, as a step towards more

comprehensive work on th e textual problems of th e books of

Samuel-Kings.

31

(4) Entering Greek variants to th e T L G / R ~ h l f s ' text of

Psalms by Pietersma and his team a t Toronto in connection

with hi s work on th e Byzantine text of the Psalter wil l also

begin.

The next stages of th e project, as presently conceived,

wil l be carried ou t a t various centers :

(1) At the University of Pennsylvania (Adler) and a t

Waynesburg College (Abercrombie), Kraft and hi s teams wil l

concentrate on entering th e Greek variants into th e

TLG/Rahlfs' text of the Pentateuch and of Samuel-Kings, with

appropriate subsequent computer analyses.

(2) At th e Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Tov and his

students wil l work on th e alignment and correspondences

between th e Greek and Hebrew texts for the Pentateuch and

Samuel-Kings.

(3) Pietersma and th e Toronto team wil l continue the

massive work on Psalms, in i t s various dimensions.

We expect tha t , as progress is demonstrated and

7/28/2019 bioscs14



procedures are ref ined, the cooperative base wil l be

expanded appropria te ly and th e f inal stages in creat ing th e

comprehensive data bank wil l be great ly f ac i l i t a t ed . Once

th e bank is available--Greek text with variants and

morphological ana lys is aligned with a s imUar ly analyzed

Hebrew paral lel text - - the various scholar ly projects

( lexicographical , grammatical, tex tc r i t ica l , etc. ) can

proceed accordingly.

Products .a.D..!J procedures .- - In addi t ion to th e specific

publicat ions and computerized data mentioned above, th e

project wil l attempt to provide a service to scholarship by

refining, documenting and making avai lable information on

th e programs tha t ar e being developed and/or used in this

research--e.g. :

(1) Variant entry programs as appl ied to th e

TLG/Rahlfs' text ;

(2) Packard's MORPHological analysis program as

modified for septuaginta l Greek (see Packard 1973

an d 1977 for the ear l i e r development of this

approach; Exhibit 4);

(3) Program for semi-automatic alignment of th e Greek

an d Hebrew texts in order to es tabl ish "formal"

(not n e c e s s a r i l y ~ ) equivalences between th e

Greek mater ia ls and th e preserved Hebrew.

(4) Programs for searching and reorganizing

t extcr i t i ca l data in various configurat ions .

From th e completed data bank, various too ls ca n be


created (and, i f appropriate , published) such as word l i s t s ,

analyqes, and concordances, with or without variants to th e

Greek and with or without Hebrew paral le ls (Exhibi t 1 ha s

three types of example). On the basis of such too ls ,

carefully control led reconstruct ion of selected elements in

th e presumed parent text (Vorlage) of th e Greek wil l be

possible . This sor t of reconstruct ion wil l require great

care and discipline (see e.g. , Margolis in Kraf t 1972, and

Tov 1981) bu t i s a necessary preparatory stage towards a

sa t i s fac tory concordance and lexicon of septuaginta l Greek,

or towards systematic study of th e Greek syntax, as well as

being a s igni f icant prodUct in i t s own r ight .

NQ!E: As th i s ar t ic le reached completion, i t was learnedthat the National Endowment for the Humanities wil l no t fundth e project in 1981/82 as was hoped, bu t has encouraged us

to reapply for 1982/83. In th e meantime, other fundingsources wil l be sought and work wil l continue, although a t areduced ra te .

[ this ar t ic le was prepared on th e IBYCUS system and printedon th e NEC Spinwriter 5520, except for Exhibit 3]

I

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REFERENCES and BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ellison, John W.

1967 "Computers an d th e Testaments," in Computers inHumanistic Research (ed. E. A. Bowles), 160-69.

Kraft , Robert A.

1970 "Jewish Greek Scriptures and Related Topics:

Reports on Recent Discussions,"New

TestamentStudies 16 (1969/70) 384-96, and 17 (1970/71)

488-90.1972 Septuaginta l Lexicography (=SCS 1). Missoula:

Scholars Press .1979 "Lexicon project: Progress Report," IOSCS Bulletin

12 , 14-16.

Packard, David W.

[1973] "Computer-Assisted Morphological Analysis ofAncient Greek," in Proceedings of th e 1973International Conference on ComputationalLinguis t ics (Pisa , August 1973). [I n proofs .]

[19771 "Appendix" to th e 1973 ar t i c le . [I n proofs.]

Si lva , Moise

1978 "Describing Meaning in th e LXX Lexicon,"IOSCS Bulletin 11 , 19-26.

Smith, Kent L.

1970 "Data Processing th e Bible: A Considerationof th e Potential Use of th e Computer inBibl ica l Studies ," IOSCS Bulletin 3, 12-14.

Tov, Emanuel

1976a "Some Thoughts on a Lexicon of th e LXX,"IOSCS Bulletin 9, 14-46.

1976b nThree Dimensions of LXX Words,n RevueBiblique 83, 529-44.

1981 The Text-Crit ical Use of th e Septuagint inBibl ica l Research. Jerusalem [i n press] .


Exhibit 1COMPUTER GENERATED LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL SEARCHES

The following samples show computer generated l ex ica l andgrammatical searches of data not avai lable or readilyavai lable from any existing concordance. This mater ia l ha sbeen produced by means of th e avai lable LEX programdeveloped by David Packard. On th e screen th e text i sdisplayed in Greek characters with the key word(s) enhancedfo r visual focus. Futu re output can be adapted to th eprojec t ' s special needs.

0) Search for the verb J - ~ a ' - - . L ~ e - - - 1 - - - I n L construed withth e preposi t ion pro S

& l a l & #pros# (=command to computer, find both ~ stemandpros)

kai ekalesen Agar to onoma kuriou {Gen.16.13}to u 1 a 1 0 !1 n t 0 6 pro 6 au t en Su ho theos ho epidonme: hot i eipen Kai ga r enopion eidon ophthenta moi.

en to eniauto to hetero. {Gen.17.22}sunetelesen de 1 a 1 6 D pro S auton ka i anebe ho theosapo Abraarn. %_%

hopos an epagage kurios ep i Abraarn panta, {Gen.18.20}hosa e J a J e 6 e D p r Q 5 auton. eipen de kurios KraugeSodomon

d i ' autous. {Gen.18.27}ka i apokri theis Abraam eipen Nun erksamen J ale S a ipro S ton kurian, ego de eimi ge ka i spodos: ean de ela t -

tessarakonta pente. {Gen.18.29}

kai prosetheken e t i 1 a ] e 5 apr 5 au t on ka i eipenEan de heurethosin ekei tessarakonta? ka i eipen Ou

kurios ekt r ipsa i auten. {Gen.19.14}ekselthen de Lot ka i e 1 ale 6 e nautou tous ei lephotas ta s thugateras

te s ges, tois huiois KHet, {Gen.23.8}

pros tous gambrousautou kai eipen

ka i e 1 a J e sen p r Q 5 autous Abraam legen Ei ekhetete psukhe humen heste thapsai to n nekron mou ap o

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Exhibi 1 (cont inued)

(2) This sample shows th e juxtaposi t ion ofth e verb p j p t B an d th e noun pro 5 8 P Q 0

& #pipto# & iprosopon# (= both/and command to th e computer)

he stasis to u pbeggous kuklothen. haute he horasis{Ez.1.2B}

homoiomatos dokses kuriou: ka i eidon ka i p j p t B ep ipro S B P Q 0 mOll ka i ekousa p h 6 n e ~ lalountos.

horasis ka i kathBs he doksa, he n eidon epi tou {Ez.3.24}potamoll to u KHobar, ka i pip t 8 ep i pro s 8 p Q n mOll.

ka i ,Hthen ep '

kai egeneto {Ez.9:8}en to koptein autous ka i pip t a ep i p r .n s .n p 0 n mouka i aneboesa kai eipa Oimmoi, kurie , eksaleLphels su tous

kataIoipous to u

ka i egeneto en to propheteuein me ka i {Ez.II.13}PHaltias ho tou Banaiou a p e t h a n e n , ~ k a i PAiAD t a ep ipro sop 0 n mou ka i %_% aneboesa phone megale ka i eipa

Oimmoi oimrooi, kurie , eis sunte-

hou eidon, kataep i to u potamouprosOpoD

ten horasin, heD eidonto u KHobar: ka i p j pta

mou. ka i

{Ez.43.4}

ep i

borran katenant i to u oikou, kai eidon kai {Ez.44.5}idou pleres dokses ho oikos kurioll, kai pip t a ep ipro sap 0 n mou. ka i eipen kurios pros me Uhie

anthropou, takson e is te n kardian

ka i en to el thein auton ethambethen ka i {Dan'.B.17}

p j p t B ep i pro 5 a p 0 n mou, kai eipen pros meSunes, huie anthropou, e t i ga r eis kairou peras he horasis .

ka i en to la le in au t on met ' {Dan' .B.IB}emou pip t a ep i pro 5 B non mOll epi teo gen. ka ihepsato mou ka i %_% estesen me ep i podas

TOOLS FOR SEPTUAGINT STUDIES

Exhibit 1 (continued)

(3) This sample l i s t s ~ and tI ibQa in paral lel

& io d & #tr ib (= both/and command to th e computer)

hBsei ka i mia phule en I s r a e l ~ {Gen.49.171kai genethet8 Dan aphis epb ' h d O l legkathemenos ep i t r j b 0 !l •

daknBn pternan hippou,

Samegar huiou Anath, en hemerais lae1 {lud.5.6}ekselipon basi le is kai eporeuthesan t rib 0 !l S

eporeuthesan b d 0 !l 5 diestrammenas.ekselipen phrazon en to I s rae l , ekselipen,

ka i kateuthunan {Regl.6.12}

37

ha i boes en te ~ e is b don Baithsamus, en t r j b 0heni eporeuonto ka i ekopion ka i ou methistanto deksia oudear i s te ra :

to n theon ka i par ' autou ai teson hopos ha i {Tob.4.19}b d 0 i sou eutheia i genontai , ka i pasai ha i t r j b 0 i

ka i boulai euodothosin: diot i pa n ethnos ouk ekhei boulen,al Ia autos ho kurios

pantes hoi anomountes di a kenes. %_% {Ps.24.4}ta s h d 0 !l S sou, kurie , gnorison moika i ta s t r j b 0 !l S sou didakson me.hodegeson me ep i te n ale theian soukai didakson me, hoti" su ei ho theos ho soter mall,

ho de kurios proselabeto me. {Ps.26.1Unomotheteson me, kurie , te ~ so u

ka i hodegesonme

en t r j h a eutheia heneka to n ekhthronmou.me pa r ados me eis psukhas thl ibonton me,

ouk apeste eis ta opiso he kardia hemon: {Ps.43.20}ka i ekseklinas ta s t r j h 0 !l S hemon apo te s b il n !l

sou.hot i etapeinosas hemas en topo kakoseos,

esaleuthe ka i entromos egenethe heen te thalasse he h d 0 s sou,ka i ha i t r j b 0 j so u en hudas ika i ta ikhne so u ou gnosthesontaL

ge . {Ps.76.20}

pol lois ,

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I38 TOOLS FOR SEPTUAGINT STUDIES

E xhib i t 2HEBREW/GREEK PARALLEL TEXTS, VERTICAL FORMAT

Sample (Ruth 1.8-11): col.l=MT, col.3=Old Gk., col.2=t en ta t ive reconstruction of elements in th e Vor lage of th eGreek.

v+t%mr

njroy1+wt yklvtyh

lknhwbnh%whl+byt

%mhyjwh$yhvhjrnkm

xcdk+%wrjwytm

jmh+mtymv+jmdy.yt nyhvh

1kmv+m3%nmnvxh%whby t%ywhv+twq

1+hnv+tw%nh

gvlnv+tbkynhv+t%mrnh

1hky%tknwvbl+jmkv+t%mrnjrny

wbnhbnvty

1mht lknhjmyh+jvd1y

I- J

I - I

[v+l

KAI\ + EI)=PEN 1 .8*NWEMIN

TAI=S

NU/MFAIS + AU)TR=S

POREU/ESQE + DH\A) POSTRA/FHTEE(KA/STHEI) S + 01 ) =KONMRTRO\S + AU)TR=SPOIR/SAIKU/RIOSMEQ + U(MW=NE)/LEOS

KAQW\SE)POIH/SATEMETA\TW=N + TEQNHKO/TWNKAI\ + MET + E) MOU=.Dw/IH 1 .9

KU/RIOSU(MI=NKAI\ + EU (/ROITEA)NA/PAUSINE(KA/STHE)N + OI)/KWIA)NDRO\S + AU)TH=S.KAI\ + KATEFI/LHSENAU)TAlSKAI\ + E)PH=RAN

TH\N+

FWNH\N+

AU)TW=NKAI\ + E)/KLAUSAN.KAI\ + EI)=PAN 1.10AU)TR=I

META\ + SOU=E)PISTRE/FOMENEI)S + TO\N + LAO/N + SOU.KAI\ + EI)=PEN 1.11

*NWEMIN)EPISTRA/FHTE + DR/QUGATE/RES + MOU

KAI\I (/NA + T I/POREU/ESQEMET + E)MOU=MH\ + E) /T IMOl


E xhib i t 3

Sample pr in tou t of ve r t i ca l ly -formatted Greek an d Hebrewparal lel aligned texts , prepared by John Abercrombie on th eWaynesburg College PDP 11/70 processor from his RUNTXTprogram and printed on th e waynesburg Printronix equipment.2 Kings 1.1-2 .

=-r:;,

01010101010101010101010101010102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102

0102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201020102010201[12

Correc t ions must be inser ted in verse 2 at l ine s 10 ,18 , 25 , 30 , and 33 .

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E xhib i t 4COMPUTER ASSISTED MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF GREEK TEXT

The following sample (Gen 1.1ff) represents a direct applicat ionto th i s materia l of David Packard 's MORFH program (developed fo rClass ica l Greek t ext s ) . The program ident i f ies ambiguities with"? " an d th e output requires minor modif ica t ions which have beencarr ied out in th i s sample. Most of the abbreviations ar es tandard: N(oun) , l(st dec lo ) , D(a t . ) , 8(9 ' ) ' F(em.) ; V(erb} , A I

( s p e c i f i c t y p e ) , A ( c r . l , ACct .) , I ( n d i c . l , 3( rd l 8(9 . ) ; e tc .

lEN P lEN

A) RXH=I Nl DSF A) RXHI

E) POI/HSEN VAl AAI3S POIE/W

O( RA NSM O(

QEO\S N2 NSM QEO/S

TO\N RA ASM O(

OU)RANO\N N2 ASM OU)RANO/S

KAI\ c KAII

TH\N RA ASF O(

GH=N. Nl ASF GH=

H ( RA NSF O(

DE \ X DEIGH= Nl NSF GH=

H)=N V9 IAI3S EI)MII

A)O/RATOS A NSM A)O/RATOS

KAI\ C KAII

A1KATASKEU/ASTOS A NSM A)KATASKEU/ASTOS

KAI\ C KAII

SKo/TOS N3E NSN SKo/TOS

E)PA/NW D E)PA/NW

TH=S RA GSF O(

A) BU/SSOU, N GSF A) IBUSSOS

KAI\ C KAII

PNEU=MA N3M NSN PNEU=MA

QEOU= N2 GSM QEO/S

E) PEFE/RE'lO V II IMI3S FE/RW E)PI [=prefix}

E)PA/NW D E)PA/NWTOU= RA GSN O(

U(/DATOS. N3 GSN U</DWR

EI)=PEN VBI AAI3S EI ) =PON

O( RA NSM O(

QEO/S N2 NSM QEO/S

GENHQH/TW VC APD3S GI/GNOMAI

FW=S. N3T NSN FW=S

KAI\ c KAII

E)GE/NETO VBI AMI3S GI/GNOMAI

FW=S. N3T NSN FW=S

KAI\ C KAII

EI)=DEN VX XAI3S 01 ) =DA

O( RA NSM O(

QEO\S N2 NSM QEO/S

' s

SEPTUAGINT ABSTRACTS

Vienna M e e t i n g ~ 22-23 August 1980

Most of th e papers from th e panel are published in fu l l

in E. Tov (ed.) , The Hebrew and Greek Texts o f Samuel (see

pp. 2, 12 , above).

Raija S o Z Z a m Q ~ F i n Z a n d . ~ "Repet i t ions o f Possessive

Pronouns in th e Greek Pentateuch"

The theme of repet i t ions was chosen in order to i l lus-

t ra te th e t rans la t ion techniques used by dif ferent t rans la tors

o f th e Greek Pentateuch. The present paper deals only with

those repet i t ions an d non-repet i t ions of possessive pronouns

which occur with coordinate nouns. This includes (1) th e

Hebrew cases of repeated possessive suff ixes (referring to

th e same owner) and the i r Greek renderings and (2 ) th e Greek

cases where the possessive pronoun occurs against th e Hebrew

in connection with coordinate items. Since th e Hebrew pos-

sessive suff ixes are pract ica l ly always repeated, while the

Greek possessive pronouns do no t normally need to be repeated,

th e theme is expected to i l lust ra te translation-technical

differences between dif ferent t rans la tors .

The s t a t i s t i c a l data show clear ly that the possessive

pronoun i s general ly repeated in th e Greek Pentateuch, in

50-77% of a l l cases in th e dif ferent books, Exodus having th e

lowest percentage and Numbers th e highest. The books of th e

Greek Pentateuch seem to divide in to two groups: Gen an d Exod

41

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,1. 1iiiI·. ,1

42 BULLETIN roses

rep resen t approximately th e same t r ans la t ion technique,

whereas Num an d Deut ar e more s lav ish t r ans la t ions . Le v

comes closer to the technique of Num and Deut, with only th e

relat ively high number of ser ies with no possessive a t a l l

corresponding to th e f reer technique of Exod.

Examination of th e reasons behind th e dif ferent trans la -

t ion techniques demonstrates tha t th e t rans la t ions do no t

conform to any hard an d fas t rules. The materia l displays

l i t t l e more consistency in th e t ranslators ' techniques than a

general adherence to th e Hebrew text as regards the use and

non-use of the possessive pronoun in the various series of

coordinate items. However, th e non-repet i t ions ar e most

l ikely to occur in cases where the coordinate items belong

semantically closely together and form a homogeneous and sym-

metrical ser ies on th e level of expression.

The position of th e possessive pronoun in connection

with coordinate nouns in th e Greek Pentateuch i s , almost

without exception, immediately af ter th e re levant noun (and

before the following adject ive at t r ibute) . When the posses-

sive pronoun appears only once in a ser ies of two coordinate

nouns, it is sometimes p ~ a c e d af ter th e f i r s t item, sometimes

af ter th e second. Both patterns ar e ra ther evenly at tes ted

in th e dif ferent books of the Pentateuch, although the posi-

t ion a f t e r th e f i r s t noun is sl ightly preferred to tha t af ter

th e second. This seems to be in keeping with profane paral

le ls , at leas t with Polybius. When the possessive pronoun is

used only once or twice in a ser ies of three or more coordi

nate i tems, it is usually placed af ter th e f i r s t item(s) and

•

ABSTRACTS 43

then l e f t unrepeated. The opposite patterns also appear, but

only in one th i rd of the cases, an d no t a t a l l in Deut.

u. Q u a s t ~ W. Germany: "Zur Beziehung von A zu B in

Lev i t icus"

Nach Abschluss der Kollationen fur Leviticus lassen sich

hins icht l ich de r al tes ten Zeugen fur dieses Buch zwei Fest

stellungen t ref fen: (1) Die Codices A und B sind im Gegensatz

zu anderen ?entateuchblichern flir den grossten Tei l des Buches

Lev di e al tes ten Zeugen; umfangreichere Papyri fehlen.

(2 ) Gegenuber Num und Deut hat s ich das Verha1tnis von A und

B zueinander geandert: in Num und Deut vertreten sie ver-

schiedene Texttypen, in Lev f a l l t di e grosse Zahl von Lesarten

auf, di e A und B gemeinsam bezeugen. - Daraus ergibt sieh eine

zvleitei1ige Frage: (a) I s t das Zusannnengehen von A und B als

mehr "zufa l l ig" zu bezeichnen, weil beide an den betreffenden

Stellen den ursprlinglichen LXX-Text bewahrt haben? (b) Sind

gemeinsame Varianten flir A und B nachzuweisen, so i s t di e

Frage nach ihrer weiteren Bezeugung zu s te l len .

Die Untersuchung de r Frage ergibt : (1) Von den zah1-

reichen Lesarten, di e nu r von A,B und wenigen anderen Zeugen

geboten werden (sehr of t von Hs 121, di e wi e in Num, Deut

sehr eng mit A verwandt i s t ) , sind viele nicht als ursprling-

l ich anzusehen. A und B vertreten also gemeinsam einen

bestimmten Texttyp. (2 ) Eine genauere Untersuchung de r ein-

zelnen Stellen in Lev, an denen A und B mi t wenigen Einze1-

zeugen oder wenig en Textgruppen Varianten uberliefern,

ergibt , dass fu r A B 121 wohl ei n gemeinsamer Archetypus zu

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44 BULLETIN IOSCS

vermuten i s t . Weiterhin darf fes tgehal ten werden, dass Vari

anten in A und B oft von de r x-Gruppe, in geringerem Masse von

den Gruppen b n und y mitbezeugt werden. Die Verwandtschaft

zwischen A, B. und x i s t so eng, dass A B x in Lev wahl a1s

Textgruppe bezeichnet werden darf . Eine endgultige Klarung

dieser Frage kann aber ers t eine eingehende Untersuchung des

Charakters der Varianten in den Zeugen A B 121 x ergeben.

J. R. Busto S a i z ~ Spain; "Der Theodotion-Text vo n Daniel

und di e Symmachus-Uberset3ung"

This ar t ic le derives from th e hypothesis formulated by

A. Schmitt in 1966. Schmitt asked whether the deuterocanoni-

cal sections of th e Theodotionic tex t of Daniel could come

from Symmachus. This question is re la ted , on th e one hand,

to Schmitt 's assertion that both deuterocanonical an d proto

canonical sections do no t belong to th e same t ranslator , and,

on th e other hand, to th e evidence, recently underlined in

some ar t ic les , of the possibi l i ty timt tex ts no t belonging to

Symmachus be taken as Symmachian.

The col la t ion of th e Theodotionic tex t of Daniel in i t s

deuterocanonical sections with th e Septuagintal text and with

th e peculiar Symmachian character is tics ha s drawn me to th e

following conclusion: these sections are th e work of a

recensionist of th e Septuagintal text (and this is what Theo

dotion i s , as Barthelemy has shown) an d no t th e work of an

independent t ranslator , as Symmachus is . The recensionist

who produced th e Theodotionic tex t of Daniel worked in two

dif ferent ways on the protocanonica1 and on th e deuterocanoni-

ABSTRACTS 45

ca l sect ions, and this was due to a very simple reason: fo r

th e l a t t e r sections he lacked a Semitic Vorlage, while in th e

former he worked with this Vorlage before him in addition to

the Septuagintal text. These tex ts , moreover, offer us no

peculiar syntactical or lex ica l charac ter i s t ics which could

assign them to Symmachus in a special way or which could

distinguish them from the protocanonical Theodotionic tex t of

Daniel.

J. L u s t ~ Belgium: "The Sequence o f Ez 36-40 and th e

Omission o f Ez 36 J 23c-38 in Pap. 96 7 and in Codex Wirce

burgensis"

Pap. 967 i s th e ear l i es t witness of th e prehexaplaric

Septuagint of Ezekiel. Together with th e Vetus Latina Codex

Wirceburgensis it omits 36,23c-38 an d has a dif ferent ordering

of chapters 36-40. In th e discussions on th e absence of 36 ,

23c-38, this reordering is usual ly overlooked. I t i s ou r

intention to show th e l ink between th e omission and th e

changed order.

Our main conclusions can be summarised as follows:

(1 ) The omission of Ez 36,23c-38 in Pap. 967 i s no t due

to parablepsis . The fac t that this passage is missing ha s to

be understood in re la t ion to th e sequence of chapters 36-40

in th e same papyrus.

(2 ) Ez 36,23c-38 was no t found in th e ear l i es t Septuagint

text, no r in i t s Voplage. The special l inguist ic character of

these verses shows this.

(3 ) Ez 36,23c-38 was composed as a transition between

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46 BULLETIN roses

chapters 36 an d 37 . The piece would have had no function in

an ear l ie r edit ion of th e text in which chapter 37 followed

39 , no t 36.

(4 ) In Pap. 967 th e sequence of the chapters i s th e most

logica l and also the most original: 36, 38 . 39, 37, 40-48,

Tlmari S o i s a Z o n - S o i n i n e n ~ Finland: I rE \ ) fu r Eil : in del'

Sep tuag in ta" [wird in Vetus Testamentum publiziert .]

R. A. M a r t i n ~ USA: IIA Computer Generated Descript ive

Lexicon o f th e LXX an d Theodot ionic Texts o f Daniel ll

This paper continues th e development of a plan and

rat ionale fo r a study currently in progress which seeks to

generate descriptive lexica of th e Greek and Hebrew/Aramaic

texts of th e Old Testament.

Each word of the LXX, th e Theodotionic and th e Hebrew/

Aramaic texts of Daniel 2:1-8 together with i t s meanings was

read into th e computer. The computer was then programmed to

group these meanings into a to ta l summary of the meanings fo r

each Greek, Hebrew and Aramaic word as found in these verses

of Daniel, classifying th e Greek meanings according to th e

meanings of th e Hebrew/Aramaic words being translated, p r i n t ~ing out a t th e same time the context of each Greek word and

below it the context of the Hebrew/Aramaic word being trans

la ted.

Such individual lexica are envisioned as an intermediate

s tage which hopefully wil l be found to fac i l i ta te the eventual

production of A _Lexicon o f the Septuagint .

ABSTRACTS 47

J. de W a a l " d ~ France: "'Homophony I in the Septuagint t

No t only is th e term "homophony" of ten wrongly t rans-

ferred to the inter-lingual level, bu t so is i ts def in i t ion ,

with th e implication that Greek equivalents resembling th e

sound of the i r Hebrew-Aramaic counterparts should dif fer in

meaning. I f , however, no homophony is involved, difference

in meaning ca n no longer be employed as '8 c r i t e r ion of

class i f ica t ion.

The item, however, should be dealt with under th e more

appropriate label of phonological translation. A certain

number of ins tances of phonological t rans la t ion of poetry in

the Septuagint of Isaiah ar e discussed in th e paper. The ai m

of the discussion i s to analyze in which way phonological

translation has affected lexical and/or grammatical trans

la tion.

The cases under discussion permit th e following class i -

fication: (1) Neither l ex ica l no r grarmnatical translation

has been affected, or only grammatical; (2) A shif t of com-

ponents of meaning ha s taken place with or without a gram

matical change; (3) One component of meaning ha s been re

tained and one d e l e t e ~ or one component of meaning has been

retained an d one added; (4) A specific rendering has been

given ins tead of a generic one; (5) A synecdoche has

resulted from phonological t rans la t ion .

Linguistic facts make th e l i t e rary device of phono

logical translation necessarily a marginal phenomenon.

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48 BULLETIN loses

Oliv ie r Munnich, Franee: Irproblemes de methode poses paY'

l ' e mploi du aoncept d'anthropomorphisme dans le s e tudes

septant i s t es"

On s ' e s t propose de revenir , au sujet de la LXX du

Psaut ie r , su r Ie t ra i tement des anthropomorphismes pa r G (I e

traducteur). Qu'on affirme qu ' i l est g@ne pa r cette f igure

(F . w. Mozley, M. Flashar) ou qu'on soutienne qu ' i l ne l ' e s t

pa s CA. Soffer , il. 1a suite de H. M. Orlinsky) , dans un ca s

c-omme dans l ' autre , on lu i pr@te une consc ienae de t 'anthropo-

morphisme. Or, une te l le assertion, au mains a propos du

Psaut ie r , semble impropre.

Reperer un anthropomorphisme dans un texte suppose que,

comme pour un e metonymie, on rapporte la part ie au tout et

implique done que, dans 1 espr i t du locuteur , un te l "tout"

existe; en somme, que Ie vocabulaire du corps y consti tue

une classe lexicale homogene. En ce qui concerne G, rien ne

permet de l 'aff irmer. Aussi, toutes le s conclusions d 'ar t i c les

qui pas sent en revue la traduction de s quinze au vingt

"anthropomorphismes" d' un l ivre septantis te , re s tent suspendues

au probleme de l a va l id i t e qu ' i l y a a isoler l 'e tude de ce s

tennes.

Pa r ai l l eurs , si l 'on examine l ' a t t i t ude de G par rapport

a 1 anthropomorphisme, il faut se fonder su r ce que veut d ire

Ie traducteur; cela ne correspond pas n ~ c e s s a i r e m e n t avec ce

que d it Ie texte effectivement. La recherche pa r G d'un

synonyme pour eviter une repetition, donne 1a mesure de ce

decalage: a propos de Dieu, G t raduit par t E £ Y E C P 8 ~ V mais

a LXX Ps 34,23 ( ~ ~ ~ W n l n ~ ~ p n 1 n l ~ y n / 8 E £ y E p a n ' ~ . ' .waC n p 6 a X 8 ~ ,f j

ABSTRACTS 49

n p C a E ~ ~ o o ) e t a LXX 58,5-6 ( b ~ l ) n I ~ IvB' n ~ ~ v n ~ n H 1 P I nliV /

eEEyc:p-8rrn e:tb cruvciv-rnOLv lJ.OU •• • np6axEb 1:0U £TtLO){El.jJacraaL n:&:v"m.

. a £{]vn) , i1 rend ce terme pa r npoaEXELv: alors m@me qu ' i l

ee r i t , au su je t de Dieu, tEEYELP£LV, G en tend npOOEXEL"V.

Parler , dans un cas , de "maint ien de l' anthropomorphisme"

au , dans l ' au t re , d' ' 'antianthropomorphisme'' revient a [email protected]

au traducteur les sens a t t e s t e s par la langue, les diction

na i res . G'est ignorer que, pour lui , Ie texte redefini t ce s

sens, fa i t langue. L'exemple precedent ainsi que plusieurs

autres montrent que, pour G, Ie rapprochement du mot Dieu e t

d'un terme devolu a l'homme ahoutit a l ' annexion du second a

la sphere semantique du divin plutOt qu'a l ' ass imi la t ion du

premier a celIe de l 'humain.

S i l 'on veut etudier les intentions de G a l 'egard de ce

que nous nommons anthropomorphismes, on doi t , sans crainte de

"psychologisme," se placer sur Ie plan de sa semantique, non

de la notre . Pour la definir , le s ~ E " a a O A a C auxquelles ilreeourt afin d 'evi te r un e repetition, consti tuent un cr i t e re

part ieul ierement eclairant. A etudier ee s synonymes, propres

a G, il appara£t que, dans l 'exerciee de sa t raduct ion, i1 ne

resout pas de te l le ou te l le f a ~ o n Ie prob1eme de l 'anthropo

morphisme mais, simplement, ne se Ie pose pas.

Annel i Aejmelaeus . Fin tand: "Participium coniunctum as

a CriteY'ion o f TY'anslation Teahnique"

Part icipial construct ions , which are qui te prodigally

used in original Greek writings, form a translation-technical

problem in th e Septuagint fo r th e simple reason that Hebrew

-

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50 BULLETIN loses

possesses no exactly corresponding and common expression which

could be automatically rendered by them. Being character is t ic

of genuine Greek usage and a t th e same time rare in th e Sep

tuagint , th e paptia ipium aoniunetum may be expected to serve

as a cr i t e r ion of t rans la t ion technique.

The following Hebrew expressions are rendered by th e

part ia ip ium aoniune tum: (1) th e inf in i t ive absolute , result

in g in a Hebrais t ic expression; (2 ) iDK? before direct dis

course, a large group with l i t t l e t rans la t ion- technical sig-

nificance; (3) th e f i r s t one of an asyndetic pair of verbs;

(4 ) th e par t ic iple in various functions; (5 ) th e infini t ive

construct with (6) asyndetic and subordinate clauses and

various nominal phrases in free renderings; and (7) coordi

nate clauses . S ~ n c e expressions (3)-(6) ar e ra ther sporadic,

expression (7) with i t s 740 occurrences is th e most signifi

cant group, warranting more considerat ion.

The analysis of the cases of par t . con i . used to render

coordinate clauses shows tha t in almost three quar ters of th e

cases th e verb rendered with th e par t ic iple and th e main verb

belong close together , forming an idiom typical of Hebrew("enumerative Redellieise"), characterized as pleonast ic or

modal. Temporal cases of part . coni' . form one quarter , whereas

causal , condi t ional , and concessive cases are qui te sporadic.

The H e b r e ~ v text offers dif ferent s tar t ing points to th e dif

ferent t rans la tors in tha t th e dis t r ibut ion of th e pleonast ic

and modal idioms is uneven, Gen with i t s 200 cases having th e

r iches t s tore of them.

ABSTRACTS 51

The us e of the par t . con i . in th e Septuagint deviates to

some extent from genuine Greek usage. The cases in th e Sep

tuagint show less variety in form, word order , an d funct ion.

We may venture to sa y tha t in some cases th is genuine Greek

structure i s used as a disguise for a Hebrais t ic idiom. On

th e other hand, the frequent occurrence of th e par t . ooni . -

and par t icular ly good examples of it - does indicate freedom

of t rans la t ion technique and t es t i fy both to the t rans la tor ' s

abi l i ty to master larger uni ts than a couple of words an d to

his aspir ing towards good s tyle ; however, th e absence of th e

par t . oon i . may no t without reservat ion be considered to

demonstrate th e opposite . The class i f ica t ion of the various

books on the basis of th e part . con i . is in keeping with

Thackeray's class i f ica t ion in general. Different cr i te r ia ,

however, reveal dif ferent aspects of t rans la t ion technique,

which also here resul ts in th e dis locat ion of cer ta in books

to lower posi t ions in th e class i f ica t ion.

A. va n der Kooi j . NetherLands: "On th e pLace o f Orig in

o f th e OLd (Jreek o f th e PsaLms"

The thesis of D. BarthiHemy of a "Pales t inian" kaige

recension dating from th e beginning of th e f i r s t century A.D.

ha s been widely accepted.

Some years ago, H. J . Venetz wrote a book on th e kaige

recension of Psalms (Vie Quinta de s P s a Z t e r i u m 8 ~ 1974). In

th is book, he reached the conclusion tha t no t only Theod-Ps

bu t also the Quinta-Ps, are to be considered as belonging to

th e kaige group. In dealing with these texts of the· Greek Ps ,

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52 BULLETIN loses

he has pointed out several s t r ik ing connections between some

speci f ic Greek renderings of the kaige texts of Ps and those

of th e Old Greek of Ps . He adduces, then, Borne arguments in

support fo r his thes is that th e Old Greek of P S t in a l l

probabi l i ty , di d no t originate in Egypt bu t in PaLestine

(a s th e kaige texts did) . In my view, these arguments -

speci f ica l ly the use of~ a p h b

' for t ress ' fo r 11DiH which

point s to Syria-Pales t ine and not to Egypt - ar e ra ther

convincing.

In connection with this thes is , I deal with the super

scr ipt ions of th e Greek Ps s which refer to some day of th e

week (see LXX Pss 23,1; 47,1; 91,1; 92,1; 93,1) . From

Jewish t radi t ion (e .g . , Mishna, Tamid 7.4) we know tha t these

psalms were sung by Levites when th e dai ly burnt offer ings

were presented in th e temple of Jerusalem. Therefore, these

superscr ipt ions ca n be regarded as l i turgica l notes and seem

to point to Pales t ine (Jerusalem). The problem, however, is

tha t it i s d i f f i c u l t to prove tha t these l i turgica l super

scriptions belonged to th e original Old Greek of Ps . I t ha s

to be examined whether th e Old Greek of Ps originated in

temple ci rc les of Jerusalem.

eZaude C o x ~ Canada: "A Report on th e Cr i t i eat Edit ion

o f th e Armenian o td Testament"

The inadequacy of existing edi t ions (1666. 1805) of th e

Armenian aT (and Bible general ly) ha s made it desirable tha t

a new c r i t i c a l edit ion be produced. Progress in such areas

as the cataloguing of MSS and th e improvement of fac i l i t i es

ABSTRACTS 53

a t manuscr ipt l ibrar ies ha s made it more feas ible than ever

before to carry ou t such a task. The off ic ia l project to

prepare a cr i t ica l edi t ion of th e Bible was launched in

Yerevan in 1969. Editions have been prepared there of Genesis

and Maccabees, though these are not expected to appear unt i l

1982. Outside Armenia edit ions of IV Ezra (Stone) and

Deuteromony (Cox) have been made.

N. Fel'nandez M a l ' a o s ~ Spain: I/Die Theodol'etus-Ausgabe von

'Quaest iones in Reges e t Paratipomena 'l l

After the edit ion of Theodoret's "Quaestiones in Octa

teuchum," ou r team in Madrid judged it appropriate to extend

th e edi tor ia l work to the "Quaestiones in Reges e t Paral ipo

mena." In th is paper I describe the principal reasons we

found to jus t i fy th is decision: the outstanding importance

of th e Lucianic text in these books, th e presence in some

Theodoret manuscripts of paragraphs ascribed to Theodoret yet

missing in the pr inted edit ions, th e fac t that Theodoret i s

th e only church fa ther who wrote questions on Chronicles,

etc . I explainalso

th epresent

s ta te of theedit ion:

almost

th e whole of th e manuscr ipt t radi t ion is already collated, and

th e main groups of manuscripts are described, so that in two

years we could have th e text and apparatus ready fo r pr int .

In re la t ion to th e bibl ica l text employed by Theodoret,

the quotations fo r 3- 4 Kings are analysed according to th e new

evidence, and I point ou t over one hundred correct ions to th e

apparatus of Brooke-McLean-Thackeray. The resul ts ar e tha t

most of Theodoret's pecul iar readings disappear and th e pro-

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54 BULLETIN loses

portion of readings with bOC 28Z increases .

Finally, there is a considerat ion of both the poss ibi l i ty

of edi t ing in the near future th e Lucianic text of Kings and

th e advantages tha t such an edit ion would have, no t only as

completion of th e Lagardian aim, bu t also from th e point of

view of th e remarkable textual plural ism in these books.

DatZas M e e t i n g ~ 8 November 1980

Lester- L. G I ' a b b e ~ Ambassador Col lege: IIAquila '8 Trans-

lat ion an d Rabbinic- Exegesi s I

The old theory, more recent ly ampl i f ied?y D. Barthelemy,

that Aquila produced his t rans la t ion/ revis ion under th e in

f luence of R. Aqiva seems to have gone unchallenged. However,

a prel iminary investigation indicates that th e theory ca n be

ca l led into question in several areas:

(1 ) Biographical t radi t ions in rabbinic l i t e ra ture

ass ign Aquila to other teachers as well as to Aqiva.

(2 ) Despite his l i t e ra lness , Aquila is s t i l l often very

f ree , so tha t the underlying Hebrew i s no t clearly indicated.

(3 ) Rabbinic t radi t ions about Aqiva's exegesis have to

be re-evaluated in th e l ight of s tudies by J. Neusner and

his students.

(4 ) Aquila ' s t rans la t ion of Hebrew nH does no t show an

"inclusive" in terpre ta t ion of th e par t i c le as claimed.

(5 ) A l i t e r a l t rans la t ion generally does no t presuppose

a part icular mode of in terpre ta t ion.

(6 ) Passages interpreted by Aqiva and other rabbis in a

ABSTRACTS

way which might be re f lec ted in translation ar e in fac t not

general ly re f lec ted in Aquila ' s t rans la t ion .

These caveats indicate that further adumbration of

theories in th e area should be curtailed unt i l a fu l l study

55

of a l l th e Minor Versions is made in th e l ight no t only of

recent insights in rabbinic s tudies but a lso of the exeget ica l

techniques in th e ent i re range of ear ly Jewish l i t e ra ture .

John G. G a m m i e ~ Universi ty o f Tu"lsa: "The Ange"lo"logy an d

Demonology in the Septuagint o f th e Book o f Job!!

(1) Methodology. Some past s tudies (Dillman, Gard) made

judgments on the ideology/theology of th e Greek t rans la tor of

th e Book of Job on th e basis of what he ha d putatively omitted

from th e Hebrew text . This approach is methodologically un

sound. Accordingly, in th is study assessments of th e t rans-

la tor 's ideology ar e based only on a consideration of th e

unasterisked text .

(2 ) Angels. In many passages the UYYEAOL of the LXX of

Job perform functions virtual ly ident ica l to th e b)JH7D of th e

Mr. In th e LXX of Job 33:23-24, however, the angels ar e con-

ceived to be "death-bear ing," ra ther than "spokesmen" as in

th e lIT. The number of passages, moreover, where th e LXX ren

ders UYYEAOL on th e basis of an MT tha t contains no act iv i ty

of angels is in tens i f ied by th e t rans la tor (Job 20:15-19; 40:

11), and th e t rans la tor adhered to, or found himself a t home

in , a universe in which angels were believed to function (Job

40,19; 41,25) .

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56 BULLETIN loses

(3) Demons. Although there is evidence tha t 6 6 ~ a e O A O ~i s viewed by th e t ranslator as an angel (LXX Job 1:6) , th e

term was probably deliberately chosen to avoid th e clearly

demonic 0 E a c a V a ~ who is ident i f ied with Beliar in th e Testa-

ments o f th e T ~ e l v e Patr iarchs . The enigmatic B n p ~ u and

6paxwv of th e second speech of God (Job 40:19-41:26) have

mythicdimensions in th e

LXXsince both

were"made to

be

mocked a t by his (my) angels ." The mythic-demonic aspect of

th e former, however, is no t developed. The treatment of

6puxwv paradoxically shows both a demythologization and an

an d an intensif icat ion of mythologization (cf. Job 26:13).

In sum, th e demonology of th e LXX of Job i s rather bland,

ambiguous, and relat ively uildeveloped, in comparison wi-th

tha t of other works such as 1 Enoch, Jubi l ees , and Testaments

o f th e T ~ e l v e Patr iarehs .

The Following Contributions are Invited:

1. Record of work published or in progress. (Please print or

type in publishable bibliographic format.)

2. Record of Septuagint theses and dissertations completed or

in preparation.

3. Reports significant for Septuagint and cognate studies. Items

of newly discovered manuscripts or of original groundbreak

ing research will be given primary consideration. Reports

should be brief and informative and may be written in

English, French, or German. Greek and Hebrew need no t

be translitereated.

4. Abstracts of Septuagint papers read before international,

national, regional, and local academic meetings. Abstracts

should be previously unpublished, no t more than one page

(8%" by 11"; 22 by 28 em.), double-spaced, including the

time, place, and occasion of the presentation.

All materials should be in the hands of th e editor by March 1 to

be included in that year's Bulletin.

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BULLETIN SUBSCRlPTION I IOSCS MEMBERSHIP

Send name, address, and US$3 to M. K. H. Peters, Treasurer.

In the Netherlands, send subscription price to Dr. Arie

van der Kooij, Tortellaan 34, 3722 WD Bilthoven, Holland.

Giro: 742325.

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