Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski http://genome.tugraz.at • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple structures, unicellular (size 1÷10 μm). Most numerous and widespread organisms. Rapid reproductive rate (<20 min per cell division). • Escherichia coli (E. coli): DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) with molecular mass of 2.5_10 9 Daltons. Encodes ~3000 proteins (of which ~1000 have been identified). Molecular composition of E. coli Component Percentage by weight H 2 O 70 Protein 15 Nucleic acids: DNA 1 RNA 6 Polysaccharides and precursors 3 Lipids and precursors 2 Other small organic molecules 1 Inorganic ions 1 Prokaryotes
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Biomolecules
Zlatko Trajanoski
http://genome.tugraz.at
• (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut)
• Various types of bacteria, relatively simple structures, unicellular(size 1÷10 μm). Most numerous and widespread organisms. Rapidreproductive rate (<20 min per cell division).
• Escherichia coli (E. coli): DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) withmolecular mass of 2.5_109 Daltons. Encodes ~3000 proteins (ofwhich ~1000 have been identified).
Molecular composition of E. coli
Component Percentage by weight
H2O 70
Protein 15
Nucleic acids:
DNA 1
RNA 6
Polysaccharides and precursors 3
Lipids and precursors 2
Other small organic molecules 1
Inorganic ions 1
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes
• Greek, eu, good or true+ karyon, kernel, nut)
• Diameter 10 to 100 μm. Uni- or multicellular with nucleus
incorporating DNA.
• Eukaryotes: morphological diversity on cellular and organismal
levels. Classification into fungi, plants, and animals.
• Endocytosis, exocytosis.
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
Biomolecules
Biomolecules
Biomolecules
The origin of life
The unique properties of carbon• The most abundant components of Earth’s crust: O, 47%, Si, 28%, Al,
7.9%, Fe, 4.5%, and Ca, 3.5%.
• Elemental composition of the human body
Element Dry weight (%) Elements present in
trace amounts
C 61.7 B
N 11.0 F
O 9.3 Si
H 5.7 VCa 5.0 CrP 3.3 Mn
K 1.3 Fe
S 1.0 CoCl 0.7 Cu
Na 0.7 Zn
Mg 0.3 SeMoSn
I
The origin of life
• Carbon has the unique ability to form a virtually infinite number of
compounds as a result of its capacity to make as many as four highly
stable covalent bonds (including single, double, and triple bonds)
combined with ability to form covalently linked C_C chains of unlimited
extent.
• ~ 13 million chemical compounds: 90% are organic (carbon-
containing).
• Amino acids are the monomeric units of proteins, energy
metabolites, and essential nutrients.
1 Amino acids
1 Amino acids
1 Amino acids
1 Amino acids
1 Proteins
Structural hiearchy of proteins.
1 Proteins
The primary structure of bovine insulin.
1 Proteins
Planar trans-peptide group.
1 Proteins
A polypeptide chain.
1 Proteins
A portion of the polypeptide chain.
1 Proteins
Examples of helices.
1 Proteins
The right-handed helix.
1 Proteins
sheets.
1 Proteins: Fibrous Proteins
The macroscopic organisation of hair and structure of keratin.
Globular proteins: sperm whale myoglobin with 8 helices.
1 Proteins: Globular Proteins
The structures of (a) deoxyHb and (b) oxyHb.
1 Proteins
2 Sugars and Polysaccharides
2 Sugars and Polysaccharides
2 Sugars and Polysaccharides
A structural model of cellulose.
2 Sugars and
Polysaccharides
Starch.
3 Lipids and Membranes
Symbol Common name Systemic name Structure mp (°C)