Summer Project Report, 19 October 2016 Summer Project Report Science without Borders through Nanoengineering Materials at Chemical – Bio Interfaces for Mechanical Repair of Concrete and Human Bone Professor Paul Sermon Iman Al-Timimi Tenório Itiro Fukushima Feliciano da Silva Student Number: 1406170 1. INTRODUCTION – Biomimetic Material After 1950’s, when Otto Schimdt related biology with technology transfers as biomimetic (Vicent, 2006), this area became an important field for researchers for the fact that these kind of materials provides innovative solutions for the design of a new generation of bio inspired functional materials ( [2] , website). Natural materials display a wealth of structures and fulfil a variety of functions. Hierarquial structuring is one of the keys to providing multifunctionality and to adapting to varying needs of an organism. (Paris, 2010). Organic syntheses were the initial realm of biomimetic chemistry (Breslow, 1972) but its impact has progressed to bioinorganic interfaces with benefits to materials design. With evolution many living plant and animal species have constructed species-specific bio composite structures (Sarikaya, 2003) that have nano-architectures whose green processing is the envy of materials scientists (Mann, 2008). In Biomimetic Material, researchers develop and replicate these nature’s three- dimensional self-assembled biotemplates. Over the years, nature compounds will be gradually replaced by a systematic approach involving the study of natural tissues in materials laboratories, the application of engineering principles to the further development of bio-inspired ideas and the generation of specific databases.
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SummerProjectReport,19October2016
Summer Project Report Science without Borders through Nanoengineering Materials at Chemical – Bio Interfaces
for Mechanical Repair of Concrete and Human Bone
Professor Paul Sermon
Iman Al-Timimi
Tenório Itiro Fukushima Feliciano da Silva
Student Number: 1406170
1. INTRODUCTION – Biomimetic Material
After 1950’s, when Otto Schimdt related biology with technology transfers as biomimetic (Vicent,
2006), this area became an important field for researchers for the fact that these kind of materials
provides innovative solutions for the design of a new generation of bio inspired functional materials
( [2] , website). Natural materials display a wealth of structures and fulfil a variety of functions.
Hierarquial structuring is one of the keys to providing multifunctionality and to adapting to varying
needs of an organism. (Paris, 2010).
Organic syntheses were the initial realm of biomimetic chemistry (Breslow, 1972) but its impact has
progressed to bioinorganic interfaces with benefits to materials design. With evolution many living
plant and animal species have constructed species-specific bio composite structures (Sarikaya,
2003) that have nano-architectures whose green processing is the envy of materials scientists
(Mann, 2008). In Biomimetic Material, researchers develop and replicate these nature’s three-
dimensional self-assembled biotemplates. Over the years, nature compounds will be gradually
replaced by a systematic approach involving the study of natural tissues in materials laboratories,
the application of engineering principles to the further development of bio-inspired ideas and the
generation of specific databases.
SummerProjectreport,19October2016
2 | P a g e
2. LABORATORY METHODOLOGY
The experimental procedure was realised at Bragg Building, Wolfson Centre, Brunel University as a
complement of researches developed by Iman Al-Timimi.
First of all, spores from mushroom (PMS), usually found in markets, were collected. The mushrooms
were left in a glass container for some days and the deposited spores were harvested.
Secondly, solutions of calcium nitrate tetra-hydrate Ca(NO3)2 and ammonium phosphate dibasic
(NH4)2HPO4, were prepared in four different concentrations: 1M, 0.1M, 0.01M and 1mM, resulting in
eight solutions.
The pHs of each solution are shown in table 1.
Table 1. pH of solutions in different concentrations
Concentration pH
Calcium Nitrate Tetra-hydrate Ca(NO3)2
Ammonium Phosphate dibasic (NH4)2HPO4
1M 6.43 8.21 0.1M 6.79 8.12
0.01M 6.87 8.12 0.001M 6.60 8.10
2.5 mg of PMS were inserted in 2ml of each solution and let them react, resulting on eight samples.
The eight samples (solutions + PMS) in addition to the sample with PMS in water were analysed in
optical microscopy and some of them in Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Experimental Techniques Centre (ETC) provided these equipment.
Spores were placed in calcium nitrate solution and after ammonium phosphate solution in order to
produce Hydroxyapatite with the reaction between Ca2+ and PO43+ in the following proportion