Biomimetic approaches for studying membrane processes Raz Jelinek* and Liron Silbert Received 8th April 2009, Accepted 13th May 2009 First published as an Advance Article on the web 25th June 2009 DOI: 10.1039/b907223n This short review focuses on recent innovative systems and experimental approaches designed to investigate membrane processes and biomolecular interactions associated with membranes. Our emphasis is on ‘‘biomimetics’’ which reflects the significance and contributions of the chemistry/biology interface in addressing complex biological questions. We have not limited this review to discussion of new ‘‘sensors’’ or ‘‘assays’’ per se, but rather we tried to review new concepts employed for analysis of membrane processes. 1. Introduction The plasma membrane constitutes a critical platform for diverse biological processes such as ligand recognition, 1 drug action, vesicle fusion 2 and endocytosis 3 pore-formation by membrane- active peptides, 4 and others. Numerous studies have been conducted to decipher structural, functional, and mechanistic aspects pertaining to membrane processes. Due to the complexity of physiological membranes, a wide variety of model membrane systems has been developed over the years to provide insight into biological processes occurring on membrane surfaces or within membrane lipid bilayers. Several reviews on varied aspects of model membrane assemblies and their applications for studying membrane processes were recently published. 5,6 2. Model membranes and reconstituted membrane assemblies Model membrane assemblies have been used in biochemical studies for several decades already. Small and large multilamellar and unilamellar vesicles have been extensively used in membrane studies, 7 as well as Langmuir phospholipid monolayers. 8 Giant vesicles (GVs) have attracted interest due to their larger size, which is close to cell dimensions. 9 Indeed, the lower curvature of GVs as compared to conventional small or large vesicles has been proposed as an important parameter that distinguishes membrane events occurring on GV surface. 10 Beside conventional application of GVs as biomimetic membranes, these assemblies have been also used in innovative biosensing approaches, such as templates for conducting polymer biosensor assemblies. 11 These researchers used GVs as templates for assembly of polypyrrole, further forming elongated tubules and wires of the polymer. Artificial membrane assemblies have been essential tools for pharmaceutical screening and development. The parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA), tradition- ally prepared by impregnating a porous filter with lipid mixtures, has been a well-known ‘‘work-horse’’ in pharmaceutical research and development. 12 This assay is generally used for predicting drug permeability through membranes, but often its simplicity and generic nature some- what mask shortcomings in term of stability, predictability, Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel. E-mail: [email protected]Raz Jelinek Currently at the department of chemistry at Ben Gurion University, Israel, Raz Jelinek obtained his BSc in chemistry from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, and his PhD from the University of California, Berkeley. He was a Cancer Research Institute post-doctoral fellow at the University of Pennsylvania, and is currently a Visiting Professor at the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Johns Hopkins University. Professor Jelinek has over 80 scientific publications and 10 patents to his name, and has received several scientific awards, including the Roger–Siegel–Brown Award of the Israeli Academy of Science and the Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award of the National Institutes of Health, USA. Liron Silbert Liron Silbert was born in Beer Sheva (Israel) in 1978. She received her MSc in chemistry from Ben Gurion University of the Negev (Israel) in 2006. She currently pursues her PhD studies in biophysical chemistry in the laboratory of Prof. Raz Jelinek at the Ben Gurion University. Her re- search focuses on the use of biomimetic chromatic vesicles as membrane biosensors. This journal is c The Royal Society of Chemistry 2009 Mol. BioSyst., 2009, 5, 811–818 | 811 REVIEW www.rsc.org/molecularbiosystems | Molecular BioSystems
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Biomimetic approaches for studying membrane processes
Raz Jelinek* and Liron Silbert
Received 8th April 2009, Accepted 13th May 2009
First published as an Advance Article on the web 25th June 2009
DOI: 10.1039/b907223n
This short review focuses on recent innovative systems and experimental approaches designed to investigate
membrane processes and biomolecular interactions associated with membranes. Our emphasis is on
‘‘biomimetics’’ which reflects the significance and contributions of the chemistry/biology interface in
addressing complex biological questions. We have not limited this review to discussion of new ‘‘sensors’’ or
‘‘assays’’ per se, but rather we tried to review new concepts employed for analysis of membrane processes.
1. Introduction
The plasma membrane constitutes a critical platform for diverse
biological processes such as ligand recognition,1 drug action,
vesicle fusion2 and endocytosis3 pore-formation by membrane-
active peptides,4 and others. Numerous studies have been
conducted to decipher structural, functional, and mechanistic
aspects pertaining to membrane processes. Due to the complexity
of physiological membranes, a wide variety of model membrane
systems has been developed over the years to provide insight into
biological processes occurring on membrane surfaces or within
membrane lipid bilayers. Several reviews on varied aspects of
model membrane assemblies and their applications for studying
membrane processes were recently published.5,6
2. Model membranes and reconstituted membrane
assemblies
Model membrane assemblies have been used in biochemical
studies for several decades already. Small and large
multilamellar and unilamellar vesicles have been extensively
used in membrane studies,7 as well as Langmuir phospholipid
monolayers.8 Giant vesicles (GVs) have attracted interest due
to their larger size, which is close to cell dimensions.9 Indeed,
the lower curvature of GVs as compared to conventional small
or large vesicles has been proposed as an important parameter
that distinguishes membrane events occurring on GV
surface.10 Beside conventional application of GVs as
biomimetic membranes, these assemblies have been also used
in innovative biosensing approaches, such as templates for
conducting polymer biosensor assemblies.11 These researchers
used GVs as templates for assembly of polypyrrole, further
forming elongated tubules and wires of the polymer.
Artificial membrane assemblies have been essential tools for
pharmaceutical screening and development. The parallel
ally prepared by impregnating a porous filter with
lipid mixtures, has been a well-known ‘‘work-horse’’ in
pharmaceutical research and development.12 This assay is
generally used for predicting drug permeability through
membranes, but often its simplicity and generic nature some-
what mask shortcomings in term of stability, predictability,Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev,Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel. E-mail: [email protected]
Raz Jelinek
Currently at the department ofchemistry at Ben GurionUniversity, Israel, Raz Jelinekobtained his BSc in chemistryfrom the Hebrew University ofJerusalem, Israel, and hisPhD from the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley. He wasa Cancer Research Institutepost-doctoral fellow at theUniversity of Pennsylvania,and is currently a VisitingProfessor at the Departmentof Chemical and BiomolecularEngineering at Johns HopkinsUniversity. Professor Jelinek
has over 80 scientific publications and 10 patents to his name,and has received several scientific awards, including theRoger–Siegel–Brown Award of the Israeli Academy of Scienceand the Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award ofthe National Institutes of Health, USA.
Liron Silbert
Liron Silbert was born in BeerSheva (Israel) in 1978. Shereceived her MSc in chemistryfrom Ben Gurion University ofthe Negev (Israel) in 2006.She currently pursues herPhD studies in biophysicalchemistry in the laboratory ofProf. Raz Jelinek at the BenGurion University. Her re-search focuses on the use ofbiomimetic chromatic vesiclesas membrane biosensors.
This journal is �c The Royal Society of Chemistry 2009 Mol. BioSyst., 2009, 5, 811–818 | 811
(dSTORM), and it is based upon the photoswitchable
properties of several carbocyanine dyes. Essentially, the
excitation-induced transformation of the dye between a
fluorescent and non-fluorescent state allows localization of
the molecule through stochastic analysis.80 Through
application of the dSTORM technique, the authors have
achieved sub-diffraction spatial resolution of down to 20 nm
of antibodies labeled with fluorescently labeled dye, which
were targeted to the mitochondrial membrane.79
Membrane properties were studied by imaging ellipsometry,
an imaging technique based upon solid-supported monolayer
thickness measurement.81 The researchers analyzed inter-
digitation of lipid molecules composing a lipid film and the
effect of lipid mixing upon the monolayer phase transitions.
The technique was further employed to determine the effect of
cholesterol, a prominent modulator of membrane organization
and fluidity, on the extent of acyl-chain mixing.
6. Conclusions and future directions
The convergence of chemistry and biology in recent years has
led to considerable conceptual and technical advances for
better understanding membrane processes. This trend will
most likely continue, with the increasing sophistication of
nano-technological methodologies expected to continue to
contribute to membrane studies. In particular, biomimetic
chemistry and biomimetic systems will continue to play
significant roles in the development of innovative approaches
for elucidation of important biological events occurring at, or
associated with the cellular membrane.
Manipulation of lipid assemblies, either bilayers or
monolayers, has been the mainstay for experimental
approaches designed to elucidate membrane processes. The
introduction of lipid bicelles, nanodiscs, lipid/polymer
assemblies, and similar systems was aimed to both mimic
cellular membranes, as well as allow studying specific structural
and functional parameters. Furthermore, the introduction
of new chemical platforms for studying membrane processes
generally goes hand-in-hand with the dramatic progress in the
capabilities of advanced bioanalytical techniques, such as mass
spectrometry, microscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and others.
Fig. 3 Ligand–receptor interactions studied via immobilized lipid
nanodiscs. Discoidal assemblies attached to a SPR chip allows detec-
tion of specific ligand binding, see text.
816 | Mol. BioSyst., 2009, 5, 811–818 This journal is �c The Royal Society of Chemistry 2009
Sophisticated measurement techniques will remain pivotal in
determining future experimental directions, involving both
living cell systems, as well as new artificial models.
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