Biomass Utilization The South’s Industry of the Future Dr Liam E. Leightley FUTURE TRENDS FOR FORESTRY MS SAF ANNUAL MEETING, JACKSON, MARCH 2005.

Biomass UtilizationBiomass Utilization

The South’s Industry of the The South’s Industry of the FutureFuture

Dr Liam E. LeightleyDr Liam E. LeightleyFUTURE TRENDS FOR FORESTRYFUTURE TRENDS FOR FORESTRYMS SAF ANNUAL MEETING, MS SAF ANNUAL MEETING, JACKSON, MARCH 2005 JACKSON, MARCH 2005

BIOMASS AND ITS CONTRIBUTION BIOMASS AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR TO RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR

AMERICAAMERICA

As a source of energy Biomass is the largest As a source of energy Biomass is the largest domestic source of renewable energy providing domestic source of renewable energy providing over 3% of total U.S. energy consumption, and over 3% of total U.S. energy consumption, and surpassing hydropower. surpassing hydropower.

US DOE and USDA support biomass fuels and US DOE and USDA support biomass fuels and products as a way to reduce oil and gas products as a way to reduce oil and gas imports and support the growth of agriculture, imports and support the growth of agriculture, forestry, and rural economiesforestry, and rural economies

BIOMASSBIOMASS

Any organic matter that is available on a Any organic matter that is available on a renewable or recurring basis , including renewable or recurring basis , including agricultural crops and trees, wood and wood agricultural crops and trees, wood and wood wastes and residues, plants ( including aquatic wastes and residues, plants ( including aquatic plants), grasses, residues, fibers, and animal plants), grasses, residues, fibers, and animal wastes, municipal wastes, and other waste wastes, municipal wastes, and other waste materials. Biomass is generally produced in a materials. Biomass is generally produced in a sustainable manner from water and carbon sustainable manner from water and carbon dioxide by photosynthesis. There are three dioxide by photosynthesis. There are three main categories of biomass – primary, main categories of biomass – primary, secondary and tertiary. secondary and tertiary.

A GOAL OF 30% DISPLACEMENT OF A GOAL OF 30% DISPLACEMENT OF CURRENT PETROLEUM CURRENT PETROLEUM CONSUMPTION AND THE CONSUMPTION AND THE PRODUCTION OF 1 BILLION TONS PRODUCTION OF 1 BILLION TONS OF BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK PER OF BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK PER YEAR?YEAR?Trick or treat?Trick or treat?

Answer from USDA and DOE is that Answer from USDA and DOE is that

1 Billion dry tons of Biomass feedstock can be 1 Billion dry tons of Biomass feedstock can be produced per year.produced per year.

So what is the deal for Forestry and the current So what is the deal for Forestry and the current state of play?state of play?

BIOMASS FROM THE BIOMASS FROM THE FOREST RESOURCEFOREST RESOURCE

52 MM tons fuel wood52 MM tons fuel wood 144 MM dry tons of residues from wood 144 MM dry tons of residues from wood

processing mills and pulp and paper millsprocessing mills and pulp and paper mills 47 MM dry tons of urban wood wastes47 MM dry tons of urban wood wastes 64 MM dry tons logging and site clearing64 MM dry tons logging and site clearing 60MM dry tons of biomass from fuel 60MM dry tons of biomass from fuel

reductionreduction Net - 368 MM dry tons.Net - 368 MM dry tons.

CURRENT BIOMASS CURRENT BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK CONSUMPTIONFEEDSTOCK CONSUMPTION

Slightly more than 75% of biomass Slightly more than 75% of biomass consumption – 142 mm tons, comes from consumption – 142 mm tons, comes from forestlandsforestlands

2003 – biomass contributed nearly 2.9 quads 2003 – biomass contributed nearly 2.9 quads BTU to the nations energy supply ; ~ 3% of the BTU to the nations energy supply ; ~ 3% of the Nations energy consumption of ~ 98 quads. Nations energy consumption of ~ 98 quads.

More than 70% of this biomass comes from More than 70% of this biomass comes from wood residues and pulping liquors generated wood residues and pulping liquors generated from the forest products industry.from the forest products industry.

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE TALK ABOUT FOREST WE TALK ABOUT FOREST RESOURCES AS BIOMASS?RESOURCES AS BIOMASS?

PRIMARYPRIMARY – logging residues; fuel – logging residues; fuel treatmentstreatments

SECONDARYSECONDARY – primary wood – primary wood processing mill wastes; secondary mill processing mill wastes; secondary mill wastes; pulping liquorswastes; pulping liquors

TERTIARYTERTIARY – Urban wood wastes – Urban wood wastes

RESOURCE ASSESMENTRESOURCE ASSESMENT

Forests are expected to provide multiple use –Forests are expected to provide multiple use –benefits, including wildlife habitat, recreation, benefits, including wildlife habitat, recreation, and ecological and environmental servicesand ecological and environmental services

US Timberland – 29% publicly owned. 13% US Timberland – 29% publicly owned. 13% forest industry and 58% privately ownedforest industry and 58% privately owned

Fuel wood – 35 MM tons of current Fuel wood – 35 MM tons of current consumption for residential and commercial consumption for residential and commercial use and electrical utility use.use and electrical utility use.

What about short rotation woody crops? ( Grow What about short rotation woody crops? ( Grow on Agricultural lands).on Agricultural lands).

OUR FOREST RESOURCEOUR FOREST RESOURCE

WHAT IS THE SIZE OF THE WHAT IS THE SIZE OF THE RESOURCE?RESOURCE?

Major decline in Mississippi’s natural pine Major decline in Mississippi’s natural pine stand acreage stand acreage

By the year 2040 decrease to 2.15 million By the year 2040 decrease to 2.15 million acresacres

By the year 2040 plantation acreage will By the year 2040 plantation acreage will be 5.54 million acres – an 88% increase be 5.54 million acres – an 88% increase from 1994 level of 2.95 million acresfrom 1994 level of 2.95 million acres

AREA OF PLANTATION PINE AREA OF PLANTATION PINE STANDS IN MISSISSIPPI STANDS IN MISSISSIPPI

THROUGH 2040THROUGH 2040

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Year

Are

a(m

illio

n ac

res)

USDA, FOREST RESOURCE RPT #24, 1988

AREA OF PINE PLANTATIONS BY AREA OF PINE PLANTATIONS BY OWNERSHIP IN THE STATE OF OWNERSHIP IN THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI THROUGH 2030MISSISSIPPI THROUGH 2030

7%2%

47%

44%

National Forest

Other Public

Forest Industry

Non-industrial Private

ROSSON, 2001

TIMBER REMOVALS OF TIMBER REMOVALS OF PLANTATION PINE IN PLANTATION PINE IN

MISSISSIPPI THROUGH 2030MISSISSIPPI THROUGH 2030

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040

Year

Vol

ume

(mill

ion

cubi

c fe

et)

FOREST GROWTH AND FOREST GROWTH AND INCREASE IN DEMAND FOR INCREASE IN DEMAND FOR FOREST PRODUCTSFOREST PRODUCTS

Current trends in the demand and supply of Current trends in the demand and supply of forest products could increase the potential forest products could increase the potential contribution of forest biomass by contribution of forest biomass by 89 MM tons /pa89 MM tons /pa

The rate of increase in primary and secondary The rate of increase in primary and secondary forest biomass will be tempered by product forest biomass will be tempered by product substitution, recycling and reuse and improved substitution, recycling and reuse and improved manufacturing efficiencies manufacturing efficiencies

HEALTHY FOREST HEALTHY FOREST RESTORATION ACT ( HFRA) RESTORATION ACT ( HFRA) 20032003

Removal of forest fuel.Removal of forest fuel. This will include pre-commercial This will include pre-commercial

thinningsthinnings Most of this biomass would come from Most of this biomass would come from

privately held landsprivately held lands

Intensive management of Plantation forests is widely practiced in the Southern States of the USA resulting in a significant amount of thinnings destined for pulp mills as pulpwood

US pulpwood consumption has decreased in the South since the 1990’s

Decrease can be attributed to higher costs: Changing paper demand High labor costs High fiber costs High tax rates

CURRENT IMPACTS ON FOREST PRODUCTS

CONSUMPTION

UTILIZATION OF FOREST UTILIZATION OF FOREST RESOURCESRESOURCES

What will happen to the significant volumes of pulpwood which are increasing daily in the Southern States?

What will happen to the significant volumes of merchantable stems which will become available over the next 10 years?

How could forest residues be utilized more effectively for bioenergy and products?

A BIOMASS INDUSTRY FOR A BIOMASS INDUSTRY FOR THE SOUTHERN STATESTHE SOUTHERN STATES

The Southern States of the USA needs a The Southern States of the USA needs a Biomass – Based IndustryBiomass – Based Industry

New industry would create high-volume , non-cyclical New industry would create high-volume , non-cyclical markets for biomass (trees, forest thinning, logging markets for biomass (trees, forest thinning, logging residue, under-story vegetation, mill residue ).residue, under-story vegetation, mill residue ).

New jobs will be created , lost jobs restored and existing New jobs will be created , lost jobs restored and existing jobs retainedjobs retained

214 million acres of forestland in the 13 southeastern 214 million acres of forestland in the 13 southeastern states.states.

Nation has 338 million acres of farmland, of which 128 Nation has 338 million acres of farmland, of which 128 million are in the southeastmillion are in the southeast

Feedstocks - Conversion-UsesFeedstocks - Conversion-Uses

ConversionConversionProcessesProcesses

Trees Agricultural Crops Forest residues

USESUSES

Fuels:– Ethanol– Renewable Diesel

Power:– Electricity– Heat

Chemicals– Plastics– Solvents– Adhesives– Acetic Acid– Carbon black– Paints– Dyes, Pigments, and Ink– Detergents

Food and Feed

- Enzymatic Fermentation- Gas/liquid Fermentation- Hydrolysis to Oil- Gasification- Combustion- Co-firing

BiomassBiomassFeedstockFeedstock

ENERGY AND PRODUCTS ENERGY AND PRODUCTS FROM WOODFROM WOOD

Consider the future for production of energy Consider the future for production of energy and high value chemicals from woodand high value chemicals from wood

The South is rich in lignocellulosic materialThe South is rich in lignocellulosic material Wood material can come from wood waste and Wood material can come from wood waste and

also forest thinningsalso forest thinnings Wood could be specifically grown for Wood could be specifically grown for

conversion to energy and chemicalsconversion to energy and chemicals The future for energy and high value chemical The future for energy and high value chemical

products is with lignocellulosic products products is with lignocellulosic products

ENERGY AND PRODUCTS ENERGY AND PRODUCTS FROM WOODFROM WOOD

UTILISING WOODY MATERIAL THAT OTHERWISE UTILISING WOODY MATERIAL THAT OTHERWISE WOULD BE BURNT TO WASTE OR LANDFILLEDWOULD BE BURNT TO WASTE OR LANDFILLED

HIGH TEMPERATURE AND NO OXYGEN TURN THE HIGH TEMPERATURE AND NO OXYGEN TURN THE

WOOD INTOWOOD INTO BIOOIL BIOOIL

WOODWOOD ( (waste or chipped thinnings)waste or chipped thinnings)

BIOOILBIOOIL

HIGH VALUE ADD CHEMICALS e.g. flavorings, building blocks for adhesives, wood protection chemicals

WASTE FOR BURNING AS FUEL

BIOOIL PRODUCTIONBIOOIL PRODUCTION

BIOOIL FROM FLASH BIOOIL FROM FLASH PYROLYSISPYROLYSIS

Biooil can be burned directly in engines Biooil can be burned directly in engines or mixed with diesel oilor mixed with diesel oil

Need to solve technical issues – acidity, Need to solve technical issues – acidity, immiscibility and viscosityimmiscibility and viscosity

ROI technology, 30% of the capital ROI technology, 30% of the capital required by competitorsrequired by competitors

Competitive with #2 Fuel oil Competitive with #2 Fuel oil

BIOREACTOR FOR BIOREACTOR FOR PRODUCING CHEMICAL PRODUCING CHEMICAL

PRODUCTS FROM WOODPRODUCTS FROM WOOD

ADVANTAGES OF ROI ADVANTAGES OF ROI PYROLYSIS EQUIPMENTPYROLYSIS EQUIPMENT

Small, modular and transportableSmall, modular and transportable Mobility reduces transportation costs. Mobility reduces transportation costs. Woody biomass for fuel study in New Woody biomass for fuel study in New

Hampshire - $16/wet ton to cut, skid, chip and Hampshire - $16/wet ton to cut, skid, chip and truck low grade wood chips. Owners - $0.50 to truck low grade wood chips. Owners - $0.50 to $1.50/ton stumpage$1.50/ton stumpage

Reduction of harvesting costs. Alternative Reduction of harvesting costs. Alternative harvesting systems for 10 – 12 year old timber harvesting systems for 10 – 12 year old timber thinningsthinnings

CHEMICALS FROM CHEMICALS FROM BIOMASSBIOMASS

WHAT NEXT FOR WHAT NEXT FOR BIOMASS UTILIZATION?BIOMASS UTILIZATION?

US DOE and USDA committed to expanding US DOE and USDA committed to expanding role of biomass as a source of energy and role of biomass as a source of energy and chemicalschemicals

View this as a way to support new industries in View this as a way to support new industries in the form of biorefineries manufacturing fuels, the form of biorefineries manufacturing fuels, chemicals and other productschemicals and other products

Additional work is required to develop Additional work is required to develop appropriate conversion technologies and to appropriate conversion technologies and to determine the impact of Forest Biomass determine the impact of Forest Biomass Utilization on traditional Forest Products Utilization on traditional Forest Products markets markets