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• AR5 WGIII IPCC 2014 – Unprecedented emphasis on development and deployment of technologies with negative CO2 footprint to achieve below 450 ppm by 2100.
• ETI’s ESME toolkit’s least-cost options for meeting UK’s energy demand and emissions targets to 2050, identify biomass CCS as vital with large, negative emissions, a high option value and high persistence
• IEAGHG, 2011: Despite its strong GHG reduction potential, there is a considerable dearth of information for biomass CCS as compared to fossil CCS
• APGTF, 2011/2012: RD&D strategic themes and priorities - whole system : focus on virtual system simulation and optimisation - capture technologies: focus on economics, efficiency penalty, co-fired biomass,
2nd and 3rd generation technologies
• EBTP/ZEP 2012: Accelerate deployment of advanced biomass conversion processes
• Global sensitivities take into account the input parameter variation range
• Sensitivity of the production cost of algal-derived Diesel decreases in the following order: – algal oil content – algal specific annual productivity – plant capacity – Carbon price increase rate – PBR unit CAPEX
• Crude oil and carbon price increase rates influence long term ROI substantially, as compared to the negligible impact on short-term ROI.
• Plant solely producing algal biodiesel not commercially feasible; needs
supplementary revenue from producing additional value-added products.
Plant-wide techno-economic model parameter estimation: CAPEX, OPEX, LHV efficiency and emissions as a function of scale, co-firing and extent of capture
• MoDS™ toolkit combined with process systems engineering applied to screen and analyse biomass (includes biopower and biofuels) CCS technologies
• For BioPower CCS, to date, setbacks from cancellation of planned projects and little activity at industrial scale
• For the eight BioPower CCS technologies varying over a wide range of current TRLs, from TRL 4
to TRL 7, the range of techno-economic parameters are the following: • ~ 6% to 15% : Range of the efficiency drop • ~ 45% to 130%: Range of the increase in specific CAPEX (£/MWe)
with CO2 capture • ~ 4% to 60%: Range of increase in OPEX (£/yr) with carbon capture
• CAPEX, LCOE: Generation scales and fuel costs the main drivers
• BioPower CCS attractive for small (50 MWe), intermediate (250 MWe) and large (~600 MWe)
scales. At large scales, the issue of “sustainable biomass procurement” and LUC need careful consideration.
• Incentivising negative CO2 emissions via the capture and storage of biogenic CO2 under the EU emissions trading scheme (ETS) is highly important.