Government of Nepal Ministry of Population and Environment Biomass Energy Strategy 2017 January 2017
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Government of Nepal
Ministry of Population and Environment
Biomass Energy Strategy 2017
January 2017
Government of Nepal
Ministry of Population and Environment
Biomass Energy Strategy 2017
January 2017
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1. Overview
Though the biomass energy in Nepal has been considered as one of the important resources, its utilization and management have not been done in a proper and sustainable manner. The current socio-economic situation of Nepal shows that the use of biomass energy will continue to dominant for a quite some time in the near future. In order to promote the effective and efficient use of renewable energy including biomass energy, the Government of Nepal established the Alternative Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC) in 1996. AEPC since then is providing financial and technical assistance for the promotion of biomass energy among others through its programmes. AEPC has been implementing various programmes with the support from different external development partners in cooperation and collaboration with private sector, non-governmental organizations, local communities and other governmental organizations.
In Nepal, despite the abundant potential of hydropower, the supply of electricity has not been sufficient and reliable. The electricity is largely being used for lighting in rural areas whereas in urban areas, it is also being used for cooking in some extent. The over dependency on hydropower alone or some other source of energy in the longer term may result in the wastage of other energy resources or their reduced uses, which may cause serious problems related to conservation of energy resources, efficiency, optimum use and sustainability.
Looking at the deforestation caused by the excessive use of firewood, the National Energy Strategy of Nepal under draft version has aimed for focusing on biomass energy to fulfill the energy needs on short and medium term and on the longer term energy needs to be met by electricity reducing the consumption of biomass energy. It is also necessary to keep in mind that the reduction of import of fossil fuel will enforce the increased dependency on firewood collected from forest which may cause the environmental and economic losses. Though the electricity for longer term has been strategically considered as the main-energy, there will be a consumption of biomass energy in some form and quantity which need to be managed sustainably and environment-friendly manner. Biomass energy is an important part of our living. Proper consideration for public health and socio-economic life, through promotion of technology and positive attitude towards the effective management, sustainable and efficient use of biomass energy seems necessary.
2. Past Efforts
National Agricultural Policy, 2006 aims towards supporting the control of deforestation through the development of agro-forestry as well as conservation, promotion and proper use of natural resources, environment and biodiversity. This prohibits the forest destruction, promotes forest protection and appropriate use of natural resources, environment and bio-diversity by developing agriculture forest system.
Rural Energy Policy, 2006 has targeted poverty reduction and environment conservation in rural areas by incorporating the different sources of energy used in the rural household, socio economic purposes into rural energy sources and enhancing access to clean, appropriate, sustainable and reliable energy. The policy has proposed for the preparation of separate action plans for the promotion and use of biogas, firewood, briquette, biofuel, biomass gasification and improved
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cooking stoves. Various action plans have been prepared and implemented as envisaged by the policy.
Forest Policy, 2015 includes different activities like afforestation in public and private land; private forest for the private sector; provision of necessary technology and different financial instruments like subsidy, credit and insurance facilities for promoting forest enterprises and commercial nurseries; financial and technical support to the users of alternative energy, biogas, bio-briquettes, improved cooking stoves, biofuel etc.
Renewable Energy Subsidy Policy, 2016 has provisions of subsidies for the promotion of biomass energy technologies such as biogas, improved cook stoves, gasifiers, etc. Subsidy provision for biogas has been made for domestic biogas and energy from wastes (energy from commercial, institutional, community and municipal wastes). Similarly, subsidy has been provisioned for metallic improved cooking stoves, gasifiers for cooking, room heating, drying for fruits, vegetables and grains at domestic, institutional, and commercial level; and also for electrification through biomass energy. From gender equality and social inclusion point of view, additional subsidy has been provisioned for the groups identified for necessary support.
The Government of Nepal has been implementing various programmes related to renewable energy with support from different development partners. Apart from these, it has adopted the policy of mixing of ethanol in petroleum fuels; reducing the import of diesel through the biofuel programme by generation and use of biodiesel from inedible oils like Jatropha and creating income generation opportunities at local level by promoting energy crops in barren land.
3. Current scenario
About 77% of energy consumption of Nepal is supplied by traditional biomass energy, which includes the firewood, cattle dung and agricultural residues. As per the National Census 2011, nearly 4 million out of 5.4 million households in Nepal are still using the traditional biomass energy including firewood for cooking.
Reduction in the use of biomass energy has been a concern of all, as it results in the adverse effect on the human health and environment. According to the report published by World Health Organization (WHO) in 2012, indoor air pollution is the fourth major cause of the deaths amongst the poor and least developed countries. According to a study, about 7,500 people die in Nepal annually due to different diseases caused by the indoor air pollution. Studies have shown that women and children who spend their time in kitchen for long hours are most affected by this. On one hand, excessive consumption of timber results in depletion of forest resources whereas on the other hand, increased work load of woman for the collection of firewood. Moreover, use of traditional cook stoves consumes excessive firewood, emits excessive smoke and slow cooking has made women always busy. In order to get rid of such situation, the Government of Nepal through AEPC has been focusing on the promotion and expansion of use of clean energy technologies like improved cooking stoves (ICS), biogas, solar-cooker/dryer.
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According to the recent report of ‘National Living Standards Survey’, about 3 million households in Nepal have only access to ICS. Studies carried out by AEPC in 2009 and 2010 have revealed that the use of ICS resulted in the reduction of indoor air pollution by 62 %. Similarly, the consumption of firewood was reduced by 43% on an average together with the significant reduction in the time spent by the women in the kitchen by the use of ICS in rural area. So far, ICS have been installed in about 1.3 million households and biogas in about 365,000 households and solar cooker in about 600 households in Nepal and have been using renewable energy for cooking. The Government of Nepal with support from the development partners has been implementing the National Rural and Renewable Energy Programme as an integrated programme in renewable energy sector. For development and promotion of renewable energy, a subsidy has been provisioned through the mobilization of internal and external resource including carbon trade. For additional expansion of renewable energy technology, fulfillment of the United Nation’s “Sustainable Energy for All” and “Sustainable Development Goals”, a campaign called “clean cooking solutions for all” has been initiated to make all the households indoor air pollution free by providing clean cooking technologies. National action plan and investment prospectus are being formulated for enhancing access to clean and sustainable energy for all. Apart from this, a separate agroforestry policy is being formulated incorporating various aspects of agroforestry.
4. Problems and Challenges
4.1 Problems
The latest and improved technologies in biomass energy have not been developed due to low awareness level and economic condition. There is a lack of coordination, integrated viewpoint and action plan among stakeholders of energy sector. Allocation of financial resources for the biomass energy which contributes more than two thirds of the country’s total energy demand is not proportional. Attention has been lacking for the proper management of forest sector by effective use of biomass energy. There is also a lack of adequate information on the possible generation of energy through the use of locally available residues of different products. Sufficient identification and effective management of all traditional energy resources have not been done. The interest on the improved cooking stoves is still limited and the improved technologies have not been easily available despite the provision of subsidy.
Since the sectors related to biomass energy resources like forestry, agriculture and animal husbandry are under different agencies, coordination among these bodies have not been adequate. There is a lack of human resources and other resources in the local bodies for effective management and efficient use of biomass energy. There has been lack of adequate awareness on environmental degradation caused by the excessive use of biomass energy and application of appropriate measures to prevent such degradation. Due to the social psychology towards the differences in types of energy used by the poor and rich class, the focus of the poorer communities has been concentrated into getting LPG connection rather than using the locally available biomass energy efficiently.
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There has not been necessary measures for identification of a suitable species and land/area for cultivation of energy crops. Similarly, adequate studies and researches on the adverse impacts of cultivation of energy crops on food security have not been carried out. On the basis of regional and international experiences, the promotion, generation, distribution and utilization of bio-diesel and bio-ethanol have not been effective. Likewise, the mechanism for partial substitution of petrol and diesel by the liquid biofuel, like quality control, standards, laboratory, production and sales distribution network has not been established yet.
4.2 Challenges
The energy consumption pattern has been changing due to rapid development, population growth and increase in income. There is an increased dependency on imported LPG for cooking in urban areas. Availability of biomass energy resources is not same in all geographical regions of Nepal. There is a degradation of forest resources due to increased pressure in the areas where there is less availability than needs and the areas with surplus of forest resources the proper utilization of biomass has not been achieved. There is a need of proper management of biomass energy resources due to its regional imbalance in availability.
It has been difficult to assess the impacts and effectiveness of biomass energy promotion programmes due to lack of adequate data related to operational status of the biogas plants and ICS installed as a result of biomass energy promotion initiatives. It has been also a challenge to increase awareness on effective use of biomass energy with utilization of appropriate modern technologies. Availability of modern technologies in affordable price for many people is even more challenging due to their low purchasing power. Therefore, effective implementation of the campaign of “Clean Cooking solutions for All” by making every household free from indoor air pollution by providing clean energy solutions seems challenging.
5. Rationale of the Strategy
In order to replace LPG or kerosene currently being used as domestic fuel by the biomass energy, it has been necessary for effective and efficient utilization of biomass energy. Furthermore, in the near future, the biomass energy cannot be completely replaced by other energy resources. In this context, it was necessary to formulate specific strategy and working policies in order to reduce the excessive consumption of petrol and diesel by optimum use of biofuel and to promote biodiesel/ bioethanol in effective manner.
This strategy is formulated to address the need of an appropriate strategy for supporting the environment conservation through the sustainable production of biomass energy for proper and efficient utilization of available biomass resources and thereby contributing to forest conservation; for reducing the import of fossil fuel by reducing the increasing dependency on LPG; for contributing to appropriate energy mix by developing modern biomass energy; for supporting the management of municipal waste by generating energy from the waste; for encouraging the energy supply services; and for reducing the existing regional imbalances prevailing in the supply and demand of biomass energy.
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6. Vision, Mission and Goals
6.1 Vision
To promote the biomass energy as reliable, affordable and sustainable energy resource to address the increasing energy demand of Nepal.
6.2 Mission
To enhance the living standards of people by modernizing the use of biomass energy through research and studies on biomass energy; through creating public awareness; through market development, technology transfer and capacity development in biomass energy; as well as through efficient use of biomass energy.
6.3 Goal
To increase the access to biomass energy and hence contributing to the environment conservation by transforming traditional biomass energy use into modern, sustainable and clean energy.
7. Objective
The objectives of strategy are mentioned as follows:
7.1. To contribute to energy supply and energy security by generating energy through management of agriculture forest residues and organic wastes from municipal urban and industrial areas.
7.2. To support the employment and income generation through the entrepreneurship development in biomass energy; and to reduce the existing dependency on imported energy through effective, efficient production and utilization of biomass energy.
8. Strategy
To achieve above mentioned objectives, the following strategic measures will be adopted:
8.1. To increase production of sustainable biomass energy by utilizing agriculture, forest residues and organic wastes.
8.2. To contribute to increased access to clean cooking technologies to all Nepalese households through the means of modern biomass energy.
8.3. To increase effectiveness and efficiency in the utilization and production of biomass energy.
8.4. To partially substitute the utilization of diesel and petrol by bio-diesel and bio-ethanol.
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9. Working Principles
For the implementation of aforementioned strategic measures, the following working policies will adopted, the action plans of which are given in Schedule -1:
9.1. To increase production of sustainable biomass energy by utilizing agriculture, forest residues and organic wastes
9.1.1. To arrange appropriate contributions from the government, private sector and beneficiaries/ consumers in order to make the production and utilization of biomass energy reliable and sustainable; to provide financial and technical assistance and easy loan for the production and utilization of modern, affordable and efficient technologies.
9.1.2. To promote biomass energy together with sustainable forest management; to encourage plantation of trees with shorter life cycle for increasing production and productivity; and to enhance the transparency and simplicity in production, sales and commercialization of biomass energy related forest products.
9.1.3. To ensure necessary capacity building, promotion and technology transfer for the production and commercialization of biomass energy through the utilization of biomass energy from the municipal and industrial wastes; and forest, agriculture and animal residues.
9.1.4. To utilize the gas produced from waste management site (landfill) to generate energy.
9.1.5. To encourage private sector for production and marketing of improved and modern biomass energy technologies (e.g. biogas, ICS, gasifier, briquettes/pellets, cogeneration, waste to energy, etc.).
9.2. To contribute to increased access to clean cooking technologies for all Nepalese households through the means of modern biomass energy
9.2.1. To make indoor air pollution free Nepal by 2022 through the promotion of clean cooking technologies in all households ; and by 2030 , to ensure the availability of modern clean energy in all the households using solid biomass.
9.2.2. To adopt and implement one door policy for different ongoing programmes being implemented under the Government of Nepal with financial support from other external agencies; and to enhance coordination and cooperation between concerned agencies in clean energy.
9.2.3. To formulate and revise timely, as per need, quality standards of biomass energy technologies for their quality assurance.
9.3. To increase effectiveness and efficiency in the consumption of biomass energy
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9.3.1. To provide technical and financial assistance for research and study on modern efficient, and affordable biomass energy technologies (biogas, ICS, gasifier, briquettes, pellets, industrial boiler, cogeneration, waste to energy etc.) for determining their feasibility, goals, quality control, emission standards, technology development and improvements.
9.3.2. To carry out public awareness and promotional activities with the participation of local stakeholders for effective and efficient use of biomass energy and for expansion of modern, efficient and affordable technologies.
9.3.3. To develop appropriate system and market for commercialization of biomass energy and to ensure the sales and distribution of sales of the produced biomass energy and hence benefit.
9.3.4. To ensure the participation in the production, collection and commercialization of biomass energy for the general public, women, indigenous people, dalits, disaster victims and the people from the marginalized areas, as well as ensure their access to the benefits of the same.
9.4. To partially substitute use of diesel and petrol by bio-diesel and bio-ethanol
9.4.1. To provide land for the cultivation of energy crop by identifying appropriate land and ensuring that it does not adversely impact on the biodiversity and food security.
9.4.2. To manage for the production, distribution and plantation of the seedlings of the oil-bearing plants like jatropha, andi, etc., energy cultivation and seed collection, commercialization, processing, quality control and blending with diesel. Also, to encourage the production of biodiesel from used cooking oil and animal fat.
9.4.3. To encourage generation of bio-ethanol from molasses produced from sugar mill and blending it with petrol.
9.4.4. To develop physical infrastructure, institutional structure and human resources for the production, processing, commercialization and utilization of biodiesel and bioethanol; develop and implement the concept of public and private partnership for the same.
9.4.5. To ensure the sales, distribution and benefit of the locally produced biodiesel and bioethanol; and to establish a mechanism for the procurement and marketing of the same even if locally produced biodiesel and bioethanol are up to 10% more expensive than the imported diesel and petrol.
9.4.6. To provide necessary financial incentives (customs and value added tax exemption, etc.), subsidies and credit facilities for the production, processing and marketing of bio-diesel and bio-ethanol.
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9.4.7. To carry out the research and studies for the feasibility of the liquid biofuel including biodiesel and bioethanol as well as for the production, processing, quality control, promotion and dissemination of liquid biofuels.
10. Institutional Structure
For the implementation of the Biomass Energy Strategy, there will be important roles to play by the relevant government agencies related to forestry, agriculture, energy, supplies, environment and local development in collaboration, coordination and support of the envisaged activities. The following institutional mechanism has been envisaged for the implementation of the Biomass Energy Strategy:
10.1. Formation of the Central Coordination Committee
In order to coordinate among the relevant agencies associated with the promotion and development of biomass energy, the following Central Coordination Committee has been formed:
a) Secretary, Ministry of Population and Environment Coordinator
b) Joint Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture Development Member
c) Joint Secretary, Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development Member
d) Joint Secretary, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation Member
e) Joint Secretary, Ministry of Energy Member
f) Joint Secretary, Water and Energy Commission Secretariat Member
g) Joint Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture Development Member
h) Executive Director, Alternative Energy Promotion Centre Member
i) Executive Director, Solid Waste Management and Technical Support Centre Member
j) Joint Secretary, Ministry of Population and Environment Member - Secretary
10.2. Implementation and Monitoring Unit
In order to implement this Strategy, there will be Biomass Energy Strategy Implementation and Monitoring Unit established at the central level each in the Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture Development, Ministry of Population and Environment, Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development, Ministry of Energy, Water and Energy Commission Secretariat, and Alternative Energy Promotion Centre. Similarly, the
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implementation at the local level will be the responsibility of the local level authorities with assistance from AEPC.
11. Financial Aspect
For the successful and effective implementation of this strategy, additional financial resources are required. Necessary financial resources will be managed by mobilizing financial and technical assistance from international development partners and national sources for such additional financial resources.
12. Legal Aspect
The policies, acts, regulations and all other legal provisions related to the promotion and development of biomass energy will be reviewed. The roles of the biomass will be elaborated in the national energy strategy. In order to address the legal issues for the promotion and development of biomass energy, the existing laws within the energy, forest, solid waste and agriculture sectors will be studied; and necessary revisions to them will be made to make them biomass energy friendly.
13. Research and Development
For the production and utilization of various forms of biomass energy and for making the biomass energy technologies and implementation process efficient, effective, affordable, appropriate and result-oriented; an emphasis will be given for necessary research, studies, technology transfer and development/expansion. Agencies implementing the programs related to the biomass energy will be encouraged to carry out the applied research collaborating with the educational and research institutions.
14. Monitoring and Evaluation
Monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of this strategy will be the responsibility of the implementing and monitoring units. The central coordination committee will review the monitoring and evaluation carried out by these units; will provide necessary instruction from time to time; and will arrange for the publication of the monitoring results.
Uno
ffici
al T
rans
latio
n
I
Uno
ffici
al T
rans
latio
n
I
Sche
dule
1: B
iom
ass E
nerg
y St
rate
gy Im
plem
enta
tion
Act
ion
Plan
Stra
tegi
c A
rea
Act
iviti
es
Cur
rent
Si
tuat
ion
(Yea
r 20
17)
Goa
l
(Yea
r 20
30)
Maj
or
Res
pons
ible
A
genc
y Su
ppor
ting
Age
ncy
Tim
elin
e
1. T
o in
crea
se
prod
uctio
n of
su
stai
nabl
e bi
omas
s ene
rgy
by u
tiliz
ing
agri
cultu
re a
nd
fore
st r
esid
ues
and
orga
nic
was
tes
1.1
To a
rran
ge a
ppro
pria
te
cont
ribut
ions
from
the
gove
rnm
ent,
priv
ate
sect
or a
nd
bene
ficia
ries/
con
sum
ers i
n or
der
to m
ake
the
prod
uctio
n an
d ut
iliza
tion
of b
iom
ass e
nerg
y re
liabl
e an
d su
stai
nabl
e; to
pr
ovid
e fin
anci
al a
nd te
chni
cal
assi
stan
ce a
nd e
asy
loan
for t
he
prod
uctio
n an
d ut
iliza
tion
of
mod
ern,
aff
orda
ble
and
effic
ient
te
chno
logi
es.
Exis
ting
supp
ort i
s on
ly fo
r bi
ogas
, m
etal
lic
impr
oved
co
okin
g st
oves
, and
ga
sifie
r.
Prov
ide
finan
cial
as
sist
ance
to
biog
as,
met
allic
st
oves
, br
ique
tte,
pelle
t, co
gene
ratio
n et
c.
Min
istry
of
Popu
latio
n an
d En
viro
nmen
t, A
ltern
ativ
e En
ergy
Pr
omot
ion
Cen
tre
Min
istry
of F
inan
ce,
Min
istry
of F
ores
t an
d So
il C
onse
rvat
ion,
M
inis
try o
f A
gric
ultu
ral
Dev
elop
men
t, M
inis
try o
f Fed
eral
A
ffai
rs a
nd L
ocal
D
evel
opm
ent
Con
tinuo
us
from
201
7
1.
2 To
pro
mot
e bi
omas
s ene
rgy
toge
ther
with
sust
aina
ble
fore
st
man
agem
ent;
to e
ncou
rage
pl
anta
tion
of tr
ees w
ith sh
orte
r lif
e cy
cle
for i
ncre
asin
g pr
oduc
tion
and
prod
uctiv
ity; a
nd
to e
nhan
ce th
e tra
nspa
renc
y an
d si
mpl
icity
in p
rodu
ctio
n, sa
les
and
com
mer
cial
izat
ion
of
biom
ass e
nerg
y re
late
d fo
rest
pr
oduc
ts.
Min
istry
of
Fore
st a
nd S
oil
Con
serv
atio
n
Min
istry
of
Popu
latio
n an
d En
viro
nmen
t, A
ltern
ativ
e En
ergy
Pr
omot
ion
Cen
tre
Con
tinuo
us
from
201
7
.
Uno
ffici
al T
rans
latio
n
II
Stra
tegi
c A
rea
Act
iviti
es
Cur
rent
Si
tuat
ion
(Yea
r 20
17)
Goa
l
(Yea
r 20
30)
Maj
or
Res
pons
ible
A
genc
y Su
ppor
ting
Age
ncy
Tim
elin
e
1.
3 To
ens
ure
nece
ssar
y ca
paci
ty
build
ing,
pro
mot
ion
and
tech
nolo
gy tr
ansf
er fo
r the
pr
oduc
tion
and
com
mer
cial
izat
ion
of b
iom
ass e
nerg
y th
roug
h th
e ut
iliza
tion
of b
iom
ass e
nerg
y fr
om
the
mun
icip
al a
nd in
dust
rial
was
tes;
and
fore
st, a
gric
ultu
re a
nd
anim
al re
sidu
es.
Cur
rent
ly,
activ
ities
ta
rget
ing
clea
n co
okin
g fu
els
are
bein
g co
nduc
ted.
Act
iviti
es
targ
etin
g m
oder
n an
d af
ford
able
te
chno
logi
es in
bi
omas
s ene
rgy
will
hav
e be
en
cond
ucte
d .
Min
istry
of
Popu
latio
n an
d En
viro
nmen
t, A
ltern
ativ
e En
ergy
Pr
omot
ion
Cen
tre
Min
istry
of F
inan
ce,
Min
istry
of F
ores
t and
So
il C
onse
rvat
ion,
M
inis
try o
f Agr
icul
ture
D
evel
opm
ent,
Min
istry
of
Fed
eral
Aff
airs
and
Lo
cal D
evel
opm
ent,
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Te
chni
cal A
ssis
tanc
e C
entre
Con
tinuo
us
from
201
7
1.
4 To
util
ize
the
gas p
rodu
ced
from
was
te m
anag
emen
t site
(la
ndfil
l) to
gen
erat
e en
ergy
.
Cur
rent
ly, t
here
is
no
prov
isio
n of
bio
gas
colle
ctio
n an
d st
orag
e at
the
land
fill s
ites
and
all t
he
met
hane
pr
oduc
ed fr
om
the
solid
was
te
is e
mitt
ed in
to
the
atm
osph
ere.
All
the
solid
w
aste
land
fill
site
s to
be
esta
blis
hed
will
be
mad
e as
sa
nita
ry la
ndfil
l si
tes a
nd a
pr
ovis
ion
of
colle
ctio
n an
d st
orag
e of
bi
ogas
will
hav
e be
en m
ade.
Min
istry
of
Fede
ral
Aff
airs
and
Lo
cal
Dev
elop
men
t
Min
istry
of P
opul
atio
n an
d En
viro
nmen
t,
Alte
rnat
ive
Ener
gy
Prom
otio
n C
entre
, Sol
id
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Te
chni
cal A
ssis
tanc
e C
entre
Con
tinuo
us
from
202
0
Uno
ffici
al T
rans
latio
n
II
Uno
ffici
al T
rans
latio
n
III
Stra
tegi
c A
rea
Act
iviti
es
Cur
rent
Si
tuat
ion
(Yea
r 20
17)
Goa
l
(Yea
r 20
30)
Maj
or
Res
pons
ible
A
genc
y Su
ppor
ting
Age
ncy
Tim
elin
e
1.
5 To
enc
oura
ge p
rivat
e se
ctor
for
prod
uctio
n an
d m
arke
ting
of
impr
oved
and
mod
ern
biom
ass
ener
gy te
chno
logi
es (e
.g. b
ioga
s, IC
S, g
asifi
er, b
rique
ttes/
pelle
ts,
coge
nera
tion,
was
te to
ene
rgy,
et
c.).
Cur
rent
ly, 4
bi
o-ga
sifie
r pl
ants
and
1
biog
as p
lant
fr
om th
e w
aste
ar
e in
op
erat
ion;
and
fe
asib
ility
st
udie
s are
on
goin
g in
ad
ditio
nal 1
0 m
unic
ipal
ities
.
To g
ener
ate
elec
trici
ty
thro
ugh
the
solid
w
aste
m
anag
emen
t in
thos
e m
unic
ipal
ities
w
ith g
arba
ge
prod
uctio
n of
m
ore
than
1
tonn
e; a
nd to
ge
nera
te 1
0 M
W
of e
lect
ricity
fr
om b
io-
gasi
fier.
Min
istry
of
Popu
latio
n an
d En
viro
nmen
t, A
ltern
ativ
e En
ergy
Pr
omot
ion
Cen
tre
Min
istry
of E
nerg
y,
Min
istry
of F
eder
al
Aff
airs
and
Loc
al
Dev
elop
men
t, W
aste
M
anag
emen
t Tec
hnic
al
Ass
ista
nce
Cen
tre
Con
tinuo
us
from
201
8
Uno
ffici
al T
rans
latio
n
III
Uno
ffici
al T
rans
latio
n
IV
Uno
ffici
al T
rans
latio
n
IV
Stra
tegi
c A
rea
Act
iviti
es
Cur
rent
Si
tuat
ion
(Yea
r 20
17)
Goa
l
(Yea
r 20
30)
Maj
or
Res
pons
ible
A
genc
y Su
ppor
ting
Age
ncy
Tim
e
2. T
o co
ntri
bute
to
incr
ease
d ac
cess
to
clea
n co
okin
g te
chno
logi
es
for
all
Nep
ales
e ho
useh
olds
th
roug
h th
e m
eans
of
mod
ern
biom
ass
ener
gy
2.1
To m
ake
indo
or a
ir po
llutio
n fr
ee
Nep
al b
y 20
22 th
roug
h th
e pr
omot
ion
of c
lean
coo
king
tech
nolo
gies
in a
ll ho
useh
olds
; an
d by
203
0 , t
o en
sure
the
avai
labi
lity
of m
oder
n cl
ean
ener
gy in
al
l the
hou
seho
lds u
sing
solid
bio
mas
s.
To
pro
mot
e of
3 m
illio
n im
prov
ed
cook
ing
stov
es ta
rget
ing
hous
ehol
ds
usin
g so
lid b
iom
ass f
or c
ooki
ng.
To
inst
all 6
00,0
00 d
omes
tic b
ioga
s pl
ants
usi
ng c
attle
dun
g.
To
reac
h th
e an
nual
pro
duct
ion
of
20,0
00 m
etric
tonn
es o
f pel
lets
, br
ique
ttes b
y en
hanc
ing
the
prod
uctio
n ca
paci
ty.
So fa
r, 1.
3 m
illio
n im
prov
ed
cook
ing
stov
es;
380,
000
biog
as p
lant
s;
and
7,00
0 m
etric
of
briq
uette
, pe
llet p
er
year
.
To p
rovi
de
clea
n co
okin
g te
chno
logi
es
of a
t lea
st
tier -
3 to
all
hous
ehol
ds.
Min
istry
of
Popu
latio
n an
d En
viro
nmen
t, A
ltern
ativ
e En
ergy
Pr
omot
ion
Cen
tre
Min
istry
of F
ores
t and
So
il C
onse
rvat
ion,
M
inis
try o
f Agr
icul
ture
D
evel
opm
ent,
Min
istry
of
Fed
eral
Aff
airs
and
Lo
cal D
evel
opm
ent,
Min
istry
of E
nerg
y
From
the
Yea
r 201
7 to
203
0
2.
2 To
ado
pt a
nd im
plem
ent o
ne d
oor
polic
y fo
r diff
eren
t ong
oing
pr
ogra
mm
es b
eing
impl
emen
ted
unde
r th
e G
over
nmen
t of N
epal
with
fina
ncia
l su
ppor
t fro
m o
ther
ext
erna
l age
ncie
s;
and
to e
nhan
ce c
oord
inat
ion
and
coop
erat
ion
betw
een
conc
erne
d ag
enci
es in
cle
an e
nerg
y.
Cur
rent
ly,
stan
d-al
one
prog
ram
mes
ar
e be
ing
impl
emen
ted.
To
Impl
emen
t pr
ogra
mm
es
on th
e ba
sis
of si
ngle
do
or p
olic
y.
Min
istry
of
Popu
latio
n an
d En
viro
nmen
t, A
ltern
ativ
e En
ergy
Pr
omot
ion
Cen
tre
Min
istry
of F
inan
ce,
Min
istry
of F
ores
t and
So
il C
onse
rvat
ion,
M
inis
try o
f A
gric
ultu
re
Dev
elop
men
t, M
inis
try
of F
eder
al A
ffai
rs a
nd
Loca
l Dev
elop
men
t, M
inis
try o
f Ene
rgy
Con
tinuo
us
from
201
7
.
Uno
ffici
al T
rans
latio
n
V
Stra
tegi
c A
rea
Act
iviti
es
Cur
rent
Si
tuat
ion
(Yea
r 20
17)
Goa
l
(Yea
r 20
30)
Maj
or
Res
pons
ible
A
genc
y Su
ppor
ting
Age
ncy
Tim
e
2.
3 To
form
ulat
e an
d re
vise
tim
ely,
as p
er n
eed,
qua
lity
stan
dard
s of b
iom
ass e
nerg
y te
chno
logi
es fo
r the
ir qu
ality
as
sura
nce.
Ther
e ar
e gu
idel
ines
on
stan
dard
s and
qu
ality
co
ntro
l for
bi
ogas
, and
im
prov
ed
cook
ing
st
oves
.
The
guid
elin
es
on st
anda
rds
and
qual
ity
cont
rol f
or a
ll bi
omas
s ene
rgy
tech
nolo
gies
w
ill b
e de
velo
ped
and
enfo
rced
.
Min
istry
of
Popu
latio
n an
d En
viro
nmen
t, A
ltern
ativ
e En
ergy
Pr
omot
ion
Cen
tre
Min
istry
of I
ndus
try,
Nep
al A
cade
my
of
Scie
nce
and
Tech
nolo
gy,
Uni
vers
ities
Con
tinuo
us
from
201
7
3. T
o in
crea
se
effe
ctiv
enes
s an
d ef
ficie
ncy
in th
e co
nsum
ptio
n of
bio
mas
s en
ergy
.
3.1
To p
rovi
de te
chni
cal a
nd
finan
cial
ass
ista
nce
for r
esea
rch
and
stud
y on
mod
ern
effic
ient
, an
d af
ford
able
bio
mas
s ene
rgy
tech
nolo
gies
(bio
gas,
ICS,
ga
sifie
r, br
ique
ttes,
pelle
ts,
indu
stria
l boi
ler,
coge
nera
tion,
w
aste
to e
nerg
y et
c.) f
or
dete
rmin
ing
thei
r fea
sibi
lity,
go
als,
qual
ity c
ontro
l, em
issi
on
stan
dard
s, te
chno
logy
de
velo
pmen
t and
impr
ovem
ents
.
Min
istry
of
Popu
latio
n an
d En
viro
nmen
t, A
ltern
ativ
e En
ergy
Pr
omot
ion
Cen
tre
Min
istry
of F
inan
ce,
Min
istry
of F
ores
t and
So
il C
onse
rvat
ion,
M
inis
try o
f Agr
icul
ture
D
evel
opm
ent,
Min
istry
of
Fed
eral
Aff
airs
and
Lo
cal D
evel
opm
ent,
Min
istry
of I
ndus
try,
Nep
al A
cade
my
of
Scie
nce
and
Tech
nolo
gy,
Uni
vers
ities
Con
tinuo
us
from
201
7
Uno
ffici
al T
rans
latio
n
V
Uno
ffici
al T
rans
latio
n
VI
Stra
tegi
c A
rea
Act
iviti
es
Cur
rent
Si
tuat
ion
(Yea
r 20
17)
Goa
l
(Yea
r 20
30)
Maj
or
Res
pons
ible
A
genc
y Su
ppor
ting
Age
ncy
Tim
e
3.
2 To
car
ry o
ut p
ublic
aw
aren
ess a
nd
prom
otio
nal a
ctiv
ities
with
the
parti
cipa
tion
of lo
cal s
take
hold
ers f
or
effe
ctiv
e an
d ef
ficie
nt u
se o
f bio
mas
s en
ergy
and
for e
xpan
sion
of m
oder
n,
effic
ient
and
aff
orda
ble
tech
nolo
gies
.
Onl
y on
e-th
ird o
f the
to
tal
targ
eted
ho
useh
olds
ar
e aw
are.
Aw
aren
ess t
o be
mad
e to
all
of th
e to
tal
targ
eted
ho
useh
olds
.
Min
istry
of
Popu
latio
n an
d En
viro
nmen
t, A
ltern
ativ
e En
ergy
Pr
omot
ion
Cen
tre
Min
istry
of F
ores
t and
So
il C
onse
rvat
ion,
M
inis
try o
f Agr
icul
ture
D
evel
opm
ent,
Min
istry
of
Fede
ral A
ffai
rs a
nd L
ocal
D
evel
opm
ent
Con
tinuo
us fr
om
2017
3.
3 To
dev
elop
app
ropr
iate
syst
em a
nd
mar
ket f
or c
omm
erci
aliz
atio
n of
bi
omas
s ene
rgy
and
to e
nsur
e th
e sa
les
and
dist
ribut
ion
of sa
les o
f the
pr
oduc
ed b
iom
ass e
nerg
y an
d he
nce
bene
fit.
Com
mer
cia
lizat
ion
with
pr
ivat
e se
ctor
s has
be
en
initi
ated
.
App
ropr
iate
m
echa
nism
will
ha
ve b
een
deve
lope
d an
d im
plem
ente
d.
Min
istry
of
Popu
latio
n an
d En
viro
nmen
t, A
ltern
ativ
e En
ergy
Pr
omot
ion
Cen
tre
Min
istry
of F
ores
t and
So
il C
onse
rvat
ion,
M
inis
try o
f Agr
icul
ture
D
evel
opm
ent,
Min
istry
of
Fede
ral A
ffai
rs a
nd L
ocal
D
evel
opm
ent
Con
tinuo
us fr
om
2018
3.
4 To
ens
ure
the
parti
cipa
tion
in o
f th
e pr
oduc
tion,
col
lect
ion
and
com
mer
cial
izat
ion
of b
iom
ass e
nerg
y fo
r the
gen
eral
pub
lic, w
omen
, in
dige
nous
peo
ple,
Dal
its, d
isas
ter
vict
ims a
nd th
e pe
ople
from
the
mar
gina
lized
are
as, a
s wel
l as e
nsur
e th
eir a
cces
s to
the
bene
fits o
f the
sam
e.
Min
istry
of
Popu
latio
n an
d En
viro
nmen
t
Min
istry
of F
inan
ce,
Min
istry
of F
ores
t and
So
il C
onse
rvat
ion,
M
inis
try o
f Agr
icul
ture
D
evel
opm
ent,
Min
istry
of
Fede
ral A
ffai
rs a
nd L
ocal
D
evel
opm
ent,
Min
istry
of
Ener
gy, A
ltern
ativ
e En
ergy
Pro
mot
ion
Cen
tre
Con
tinuo
us fr
om
2018
Uno
ffici
al T
rans
latio
n
VI
Uno
ffici
al T
rans
latio
n
VII
Stra
tegi
c A
rea
Act
iviti
es
Cur
rent
Si
tuat
ion
(Yea
r 20
17)
Goa
l
(Yea
r 20
30)
Maj
or
Res
pons
ible
A
genc
y Su
ppor
ting
Age
ncy
Tim
e
4. T
o pa
rtia
lly
subs
titut
e us
e of
die
sel
and
petr
ol
by b
io-
dies
el a
nd
bio-
etha
nol
4.1
To p
rovi
de la
nd fo
r the
cu
ltiva
tion
of e
nerg
y cr
op b
y id
entif
ying
app
ropr
iate
land
and
en
surin
g th
at it
doe
s not
adv
erse
ly
impa
ct o
n th
e bi
odiv
ersi
ty a
nd fo
od
secu
rity.
Abs
ence
of
land
use
po
licy
for
culti
vatio
n of
ene
rgy
crop
s.
The
land
s for
th
e en
ergy
cr
oppi
ng w
ill
have
bee
n id
entif
ied
and
used
for
culti
vatio
n of
en
ergy
cro
ps.
Min
istry
of
Land
Ref
orm
s an
d M
anag
emen
t
Min
istry
of F
ores
t and
So
il C
onse
rvat
ion,
M
inis
try o
f Agr
icul
tura
l D
evel
opm
ent,
Min
istry
of
Fed
eral
Aff
airs
and
Lo
cal D
evel
opm
ent,
Min
istry
of P
opul
atio
n an
d En
viro
nmen
t
Con
tinuo
us
from
201
7
4.
2 To
man
age
for t
he p
rodu
ctio
n,
dist
ribut
ion
and
plan
tatio
n of
the
seed
lings
of t
he o
il-be
arin
g pl
ants
lik
e ja
troph
a, A
ndi,
etc;
ene
rgy
culti
vatio
n an
d se
ed c
olle
ctio
n,
com
mer
cial
izat
ion,
pro
cess
ing,
qu
ality
con
trol a
nd b
lend
ing
with
di
esel
. Als
o, to
enc
oura
ge th
e pr
oduc
tion
of b
iodi
esel
from
use
d co
okin
g oi
l and
ani
mal
fat.
Pilo
ts
prog
ram
mes
ar
e un
der
oper
atio
n.
Pilo
t pr
ogra
mm
es
will
be
exte
nded
and
ex
pand
ed.
Min
istry
of
Indu
stry
, M
inis
try o
f Po
pula
tion
and
Envi
ronm
ent,
Alte
rnat
ive
Ener
gy
Prom
otio
n C
entre
Min
istry
of S
uppl
ies,
Min
istry
of F
ores
t and
So
il C
onse
rvat
ion,
M
inis
try o
f Agr
icul
ture
D
evel
opm
ent,
Min
istry
of
Fed
eral
Aff
airs
and
Lo
cal D
evel
opm
ent
Con
tinuo
us
from
201
7
4.
3 To
enc
oura
ge g
ener
atio
n of
bio
-et
hano
l fr
om th
e m
olas
ses p
rodu
ced
from
suga
r mill
and
ble
ndin
g it
with
pe
trol.
Min
istry
of
Indu
stry
M
inis
try o
f Sup
plie
s, M
inis
try o
f Pop
ulat
ion
and
Envi
ronm
ent,
Nep
al
Oil
Cor
pora
tion,
and
A
ltern
ativ
e En
ergy
Pr
omot
ion
Cen
tre
Con
tinuo
us
from
201
7
Uno
ffici
al T
rans
latio
n
VII
.
Uno
ffici
al T
rans
latio
n
VIII
Stra
tegi
c A
rea
Act
iviti
es
Cur
rent
Si
tuat
ion
(Yea
r 20
17)
Goa
l
(Yea
r 20
30)
Maj
or
Res
pons
ible
A
genc
y Su
ppor
ting
Age
ncy
Tim
e
4.
4 To
dev
elop
phy
sica
l in
fras
truct
ure,
inst
itutio
nal s
truct
ure
and
hum
an re
sour
ces f
or th
e pr
oduc
tion,
pro
cess
ing,
co
mm
erci
aliz
atio
n an
d ut
iliza
tion
of
biod
iese
l and
bio
etha
nol;
and
deve
lop
and
impl
emen
t the
con
cept
of p
ublic
an
d pr
ivat
e pa
rtner
ship
for t
he sa
me.
Min
istry
of
Supp
lies
Min
istry
of F
inan
ce,
Min
istry
of P
opul
atio
n an
d En
viro
nmen
t, N
epal
Oil
Cor
pora
tion,
A
ltern
ativ
e En
ergy
Pr
omot
ion
Cen
tre
Con
tinuo
us
from
201
7
4.
5 To
ens
ure
the
sale
s, di
strib
utio
n an
d be
nefit
of t
he lo
cally
pro
duce
d bi
odie
sel a
nd b
ioet
hano
l; an
d to
es
tabl
ish
a m
echa
nism
for t
he
proc
urem
ent a
nd m
arke
ting
of th
e sa
me
even
if lo
cally
pro
duce
d bi
odie
sel a
nd b
ioet
hano
l are
up
to
10%
mor
e ex
pens
ive
than
the
impo
rted
dies
el a
nd p
etro
l.
Bio
-die
sel
and
bio-
etha
nol
are
curr
ently
no
t in
use.
10%
of t
he
tota
l co
nsum
ptio
n of
pe
trol a
nd
dies
el
cons
umed
in
Nep
al w
ill h
ave
been
repl
aced
by
bio
dies
el &
bi
oeth
anol
.
Min
istry
of
Supp
lies
Min
istry
of F
inan
ce,
Min
istry
of P
opul
atio
n an
d En
viro
nmen
t, N
epal
Oil
Cor
pora
tion,
A
ltern
ativ
e En
ergy
Pr
omot
ion
Cen
tre
Con
tinuo
us
from
201
8
Uno
ffici
al T
rans
latio
n
VIII
Uno
ffici
al T
rans
latio
n
IX
Stra
tegi
c A
rea
Act
iviti
es
Cur
rent
Si
tuat
ion
(Yea
r 20
17)
Goa
l
(Yea
r 20
30)
Maj
or
Res
pons
ible
A
genc
y Su
ppor
ting
Age
ncy
Tim
e
4.
6 To
pro
vide
nec
essa
ry fi
nanc
ial
ince
ntiv
es (c
usto
ms a
nd v
alue
add
ed
tax
exem
ptio
n, e
tc.),
subs
idie
s and
cr
edit
faci
litie
s for
the
prod
uctio
n,
proc
essi
ng a
nd m
arke
ting
of b
io-
dies
el a
nd b
io-e
than
ol.
Cur
rent
ly,
no su
bsid
y
polic
y is
in
plac
e.
Cre
dit
faci
litie
s, su
bsid
y po
licie
s, m
echa
nism
fo
r the
ex
empt
ion
of
cust
om d
uty
and
VA
T w
ill
have
bee
n es
tabl
ishe
d.
Min
istry
of
Popu
latio
n an
d En
viro
nmen
t
Min
istry
of F
inan
ce,
the
Supp
ly M
inis
try,
Nep
al O
il C
orpo
ratio
n,
Alte
rnat
ive
Ener
gy
Prom
otio
n C
entre
, ba
nks a
nd fi
nanc
ing
inst
itutio
ns
Con
tinuo
us
from
201
8
4.
7 To
car
ry o
ut th
e re
sear
ch a
nd
stud
ies f
or th
e fe
asib
ility
of t
he li
quid
bi
ofue
l inc
ludi
ng b
iodi
esel
and
bi
oeth
anol
as w
ell a
s for
the
prod
uctio
n, p
roce
ssin
g, q
ualit
y co
ntro
l, pr
omot
ion
and
diss
emin
atio
n of
liqu
id b
iofu
els.
Min
istry
of
Popu
latio
n an
d En
viro
nmen
t, A
ltern
ativ
e En
ergy
Pr
omot
ion
Cen
tre
Min
istry
of I
ndus
try,
Supp
ly M
inis
try, N
epal
O
il C
orpo
ratio
n, N
epal
A
cade
my
of S
cien
ce
and
Tech
nolo
gy,
Uni
vers
ities
Con
tinuo
us
from
201
7
Uno
ffici
al T
rans
latio
n
IX
Government of NepalMinistry of Population and Environment
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
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