Biology M3 Food Storage in flowering plants

INTRODUCTION

FOOD STORAGE EXPLAINED

LONG TERM FOOD STORAGE

ORGANS

SHORT TERM FOOD STORAGE

ORGANS

WHY STORE FOOD?

FOOD TESTS

FOOD STORAGE IN LIVING THINGS

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Module 3 Unit 8 Lesson 1 1

Food Storage in

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Introduction

Plants which grow in places that have a prolonged dry period, either in the winter or in the summer, or where there is too much competition for other necessities of life at certain times of the year such that there is the likelihood of dying, often store food in underground storage organs.

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Objectives

You should be able to:1. describe the importance of storage of

food materials in living organisms.2. accurately identify and describe the

external structure of various storage organs in flowering plants.

3. give examples of food materials stored in specific plant organs.

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Food Storage in ‘Higher’ Plants

• ‘Higher’ (flowering) plants make food (sugars) during photosynthesis.

• Sugars are translocated to other plant parts, converted to starch, lipids and proteins and stored.

• Some of the food is used for growth and development and in activities that require energy.

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Food Storage

• Because their purpose is to conserve food, mainly to be used by a newly growing plant until it can make its own food, the storage areas are all relatively large and fleshy.

• The storage areas are usually plants parts modified as under-ground storage organs, but other plant parts above ground can also act as storage organs.

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Food Storage Organs

There are several types of underground storage organs formed from modified stems or roots, and they are often found in monocot plants. To review food storage organs, go to the menu on the left and point and click on the buttons LONG TERM FOOD STORAGE ORGANS and SHORT TERM FOOD STORAGE ORGANS.

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Long-term storage organs

• Most stem and root-storage organs store foods so that the plant can use it when it reproduces itself after a period of adverse conditions.

• All long-term storage organs therefore function as perennating or vegetative reproductive organs.

• Go the next slide to see examples on long term food storage organs.

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Examples of Long-term Storage Organs

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A. Underground stem storage organs Examples: Tubers, Rhizomes, Corms

B. Underground storage leaves Example: Bulbs

C . Aboveground storage organs Example: Swollen stems

D. Special storage roots Example: Tubers, Swollen Tap roots

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A. Underground stem storage organs

Example 1: Stem Tuber• A tuber is a fleshy storage organ formed

from a stem (or a root).• A potato tuber is formed at the end of

the underground stem, and can produce new shoots from ‘eyes’ or buds on its surface.

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Long-term Storage Organs

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Example 1: Stem Tuber – Irish Potato

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Example 1: Stem Tuber – Irish Potato

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Example 2: Rhizome• A rhizome is a stem bearing leaves and

roots, which grows horizontally on or just below the soil surface. It becomes swollen with stored food.

• A rhizome is similar to a corm, but new rhizomes are not produced annually. Instead, the older parts die off and the tips of the rhizome grow longer.

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Example 2: Rhizome - Rhizome of Ginger

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Example 2: Rhizome Rhizomes usually have scaly reduced leaves along their surface, which have resting buds in the axils.

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Example 3: Corm A corm is formed from the under-ground base of the stem swollen with stored food. Buds form at the top of the stem, and there may also be smaller secondary buds on the outside of the corm. Roots grow out from the underside of the corm.

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Example 3: Corm – Gladiolus

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B. Underground Storage Leaves

Example 1: Bulb• A bulb is an underground storage organ.

The body of the bulb is made up of layers of fleshy scales which are modified storage leaves.

• At the bottom of the bulb is a thin, flat compressed stem (plate or disc) and the roots grow from the underside of this disc.

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Example 1: Bulb - Onion

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Example 1: Bulb• In the centre of the bulb is the apical

bud for the next year's flowering shoot. • There are usually also one or more

axillary buds found at leaf axil positions between the swollen leaves at points that would be nodes on a regular stem.

• The outer covering is a dry scale leaf that forms a tunic around the bulb.

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Example 1: Bulb - Garlic

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C. Above ground storage organs

Example : Storage stems - Sugar cane • Because all of these long-term storage

organs are stems, they have scale leaves and buds which can grow into new plants when environmental conditions are favourable.

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C. Above-ground Storage stem

Example: Storage stems -Sugar cane stems

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D. Special Storage Roots

• They do not have buds, but adventitious buds may develop and grow into new plants.

• Root tubers e.g. Sweet potato, are adventitious roots in which starch is stored.

• Swollen tap root, such as Carrot, is a main root in which sugars are stored.

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Example 1: Root Tubers – Sweet Potato

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Example 1: Root Tubers – Cassava

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Example 2: Storage Tap roots - Carrot

More examples of Long-term Storage Organs

http://www.google.com.jm/imgres?imgurl=http://www.peopletv.org/fuelmedia/FUEL_Media_Videos/Images/CarrotBnch.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.peopletv.org/fuelmedia/FUEL_Media_Videos/CarrotsAndMyLastFight.html&h=826&w=667&sz=98&tbnid=sWm9CPGnAnv-vM:&tbnh=144&tbnw=116&prev=/images?q=a+photo+of+a+carrot&usg=__9uw05OgEbaVAdt0CbyCtc8d4I-U=&sa=X&ei=9kwJTIDVHoWBlAfy4KihDg&ved=0CB0Q9QEwAw

http://www.google.com.jm/imgres?imgurl=http://www.peopletv.org/fuelmedia/FUEL_Media_Videos/Images/CarrotBnch.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.peopletv.org/fuelmedia/FUEL_Media_Videos/CarrotsAndMyLastFight.html&h=826&w=667&sz=98&tbnid=sWm9CPGnAnv-vM:&tbnh=144&tbnw=116&prev=/images?q=a+photo+of+a+carrot&usg=__9uw05OgEbaVAdt0CbyCtc8d4I-U=&sa=X&ei=9kwJTIDVHoWBlAfy4KihDg&ved=0CB0Q9QEwAw

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• Example 2: Storage Tap roots


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Radish Turnip


http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/extension/Texascrops/root_tuber/radish.jpg

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Activity: Look at each storage organ labelled A-F and indicate what type of storage organ it is by clicking on one of the letters A-F. A “bomb” sound indicates an incorrect response. A “tick” indicates a correct response. Click the CHECK button for additional feedback.

An example of a corm is:

An example of a rhizome is:

An example of a bulb.

An example of a root tuber.

An example of a stem tuber.

An example of a swollen tap root.

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A B C D FE

A B C D E F

A B C D E F

A B C D E F

A B C D E F

A B C D E F

A B C D E F

CHECK


C

D

B

E

F

A

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Feedback on Activity

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An example of a corm is C, which represents a corm with storage base of stem e.g. Dahlia An example of a rhizome is D, which represents an underground horizontal storage stem e.g. Ginger. An example of a bulb is B, which represents a bulb with storage leaves e.g. Onion. An example of a root tuber is E, which represents storage adventitious roots e.g. Sweet potato. An example of a stem tuber is F , which represents an underground storage stem tip e.g. Irish Potato. An example of a swollen tap root is A , which represents a swollen tap root e.g. Carrot.

A B C D FE


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Short-term Storage Organs

• Fruits and Seeds store food for short periods.

• Stored foods attract birds, insects and other animals including humans who aid in dispersal of the seeds when they eat the fleshy fruits and discard the seeds.

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Short-term Storage Organs - Fruits

Example 1: Fleshy fruits - Apple

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“American” Apple

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Example 1: Fleshy fruits Cherries Mangoes

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• Some fruits are eaten green or unripened as vegetables because of the food nutrient(s) they store.

• Humans eat these ‘vegetables’ as food because they are a rich source of vitamins, minerals and also carbohydrates.

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For the plants, they are storage organs rich with food to nourish the embryos when seeds begin to germinate.

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Example 2: Vegetables with fleshy storage tissue

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X.S Pumpkin

L.S. Cucumber

X.S. Tomato

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Short-term Storage Organs - Seeds

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String beans Peas

Example: Vegetable with food stored in seeds

http://www.hcda.or.ke/images/french-beans.jpg

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• Seeds may also store foods to be used by the embryo during germination for its for development and energy-requiring activities until the new plant can make its own food.

• The food is stored in the cotyledon/s and sometimes also in the endosperm.

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Peanut (seeds) and pods (left)

One Cotyledon with stored food and embryo plant (right)

Example: Food stored in seeds

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Seeds can store food as liquid or solidThe Coconut has a rich store of foods in the liquid and the solid endosperm.

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Think about this …

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From their taste, what foods are stored in each of these fruits?

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Tests for food nutrients

1. Carry out food tests on a variety of food samples from plants and animals.

2. Use a different set of samples than your classmates on either side, then compare your results.

3. Present your collective results in tabular form.

Activity-Testing a leaf for starch

1. Dip a leaf into boiling water for about a minute (to soften it).

2. Turn off the Bunsen burner.3. Put the leaf into a test-tube of

ethanol (to remove chlorophyll).4. Stand the test-tube in a beaker of

hot water for about 10 minutes.5. Wash the leaf in cold water.6. Spread the leaf out flat on a petri

dish and cover it with iodine solution (tests for starch).

7. If the leaf goes blue-black,starch is present.

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Why do ‘higher’ plants store food?

• So that they do not always have to make, seek for or take in food.

• To withstand adverse growing or environmental conditions.

• Provides food for the embryo.• Used for energy-requiring activities.• It helps with dispersal of seeds.

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Summary

Plants make and store food for their own use and especially to ensure the survival and continuity of their species.

Animals, such as humans who cannot make their own food, must rely on plants - either directly or indirectly – for their stored food to meet the animal’s metabolic requirements.

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Credits

• Slide 2: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph9.htm• Slide 2 Cashew

http://www.cardochem.com/images/cashew-fruit.jpg• Slide 1 Potato :

http://www.tajagroproducts.com/countries/images/flags%20countries_taj%20agro/potato%20plant.jpg

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http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph9.htm

http://www.cardochem.com/images/cashew-fruit.jpg



Biology M3 Food Storage in flowering plants

Education

food tests food storage

store food

food sugars

food tests objectives

storage areas

importance of storage

food tests introduction

examples of food materials