Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Glencoe BiologyChapter 9 Cellular Reproduction
Section 1: Cellular Growth
9.1 Cellular Growth
Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction
Cellular Reproduction
As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area.
The cell might have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling enough waste products.
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter 9
Cellular Communications
The need for signaling proteins to move throughout the cell also limits cell size.
Cell size affects the ability of the cell to communicate instructions for cellular functions.
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
9.1 Cellular Growth
The Cell Cycle
Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large.
It also is the way the cell reproduces so that you grow and heal certain injuries.
Cellular Reproduction
Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the cell cycle.
Chapter 9
9.1 Cellular Growth
Making New Cells
.
How did you get from there to
here?
– one celled organisms (clones)
• for repair – replace cells that die from
normal wear & tear or from injury
amoeba
starfish
Interphase is the stage during which the cell grows, carries out cellular functions, and replicates.
Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide.
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
9.1 Cellular Growth
Cytokinesis is the method by which a cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell.
Cellular Reproduction
The Stages of Interphase The first stage of interphase, G1
The cell is growing, carrying out normal cell functions, and preparing to replicate DNA.
Chapter 9
The cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division.
Chapter 9
The cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.
Chapter 9
Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere.
Spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm.
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
Spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids.
Chapter 9
Metaphase
Sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell.
They line up in the middle of the cell.
Chapter 9
The sister chromatids separate.
Chapter 9
The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax.
Two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear.
The spindle apparatus disassembles.
In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch, the cytoplasm.
In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell plate, forms.
Chapter 9
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
Quality Control Checkpoints
The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints that monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong.
Spindle checkpoints also have been identified in mitosis.
Chapter 9
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells.
Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function.
Chapter 9
Causes of Cancer
The changes that occur in the regulation of cell growth and division of cancer cells are due to mutations.
Various environmental factors can affect the occurrence of cancer cells.
Chapter 9
Programmed cell death
Cells going through apoptosis actually shrink and shrivel in a controlled process.
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
Stem Cells
Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions
Chapter 9
Embryonic Stem Cells
After fertilization, the resulting mass of cells divides repeatedly until there are about 100–150 cells. These cells have not become specialized.
Chapter 9
Adult Stem Cells
Found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue
Less controversial because the adult stem cells can be obtained with the consent of their donor
Chapter 9
Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.
Chapter 9
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which is the first phase of mitosis?
Cellular Reproduction
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
A. interphase B. metaphase C. anaphase D. telophase
During what phase do the sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell?
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which is not a phase of the cell cycle?
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and expel waste products?
A. larger cells B. smaller cells C. cells with lower surface
area to volume ratio D. cells shaped like a cube
9.1 Formative Questions
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
At what stage does a cell spend most of its life?
A. cytokinesis B. interphase C. mitosis D. synthesis
9.1 Formative Questions
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
What happens in the cell during cytokinesis? A. The cell grows and carries
out normal functions. B. The cell copies its DNA
and forms chromosomes. C. The cell’s nucleus and
nuclear material divide. D. The cell’s cytoplasm
divides.
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
In what stage of the cell cycle does the cell’s replicated genetic material separate?
A. cytokinesis B. interphase C. mitosis D. prophase
9.2 Formative Questions
C. D. 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
A B
0%0%
At the end of mitosis the nuclear material is divided and two new cells have formed.
9.2 Formative Questions
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
What are the “key and ignition” that start the various activities in the cell cycle?
A. chromatin and chromosomes
spindle fibers D. protein and ribosomes
9.3 Formative Questions
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
Which of these cancer-causing substances or agents is impossible to avoid completely?
A. chemicals such as asbestos B. food and drinks that
the FDA warns may contain carcinogens
C. tobacco and second-hand smoke
D. ultraviolet radiation from the Sun
9.3 Formative Questions
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
9.3 Formative Questions
What is the term for the programmed death of cells that are damaged beyond repair or have harmful changes in their DNA?
A. apoptosis B. carcinogens C. cytokinesis D. mitosis
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
9.3 Formative Questions
Which cells are not locked into becoming one particular kind of cell and are capable of developing into specialized tissues?
A. apoptotic cells B. cancer cells C. prokaryotic cells D. stem cells
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Chapter Assessment Questions
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
A. apoptosis B. anaphase C. necrosis D. cyclins
Chapter Assessment Questions
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
A. to control the movement of microtubules
B. to signal for the cell to divide
C. to stimulate the breakdown of the nuclear membrane
D. to cause the nucleolus to disappear
Chapter Assessment Questions
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
Which cell has the lowest ratio of surface area to volume?
A B C
Standardized Test Practice
A B C
0% 0%0%
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
Standardized Test Practice
At what stage of interphase does the cell take inventory and make sure it is ready for the division of its nucleus?
A. G1
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
Standardized Test Practice
Which occurs in plant cells but not animal cells during the cell cycle?
A. formation of a cell plate B. formation of microtubules C. formation of a cleavage
furrow at the equator of the cell
D. movement of chromosomes to the poles of the cell
1. A 2. B
A B
0%0%
Multiple changes in DNA are required to change an abnormal cell into a cancer cell.
A. true B. false
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
Standardized Test Practice
Which is not a condition that can result in cancer? A. a failure in the control
mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle
B. a failure in the repair systems that fix changes or damage to DNA
C. a failure of the spindle fibers to move chromosomes during mitosis
D. mutations or changes in segments of DNA that control protein production
Cellular Reproduction
Cellular Reproduction
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
Why do cells divide…
Section 1: Cellular Growth
9.1 Cellular Growth
Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction
Cellular Reproduction
As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area.
The cell might have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling enough waste products.
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter 9
Cellular Communications
The need for signaling proteins to move throughout the cell also limits cell size.
Cell size affects the ability of the cell to communicate instructions for cellular functions.
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
9.1 Cellular Growth
The Cell Cycle
Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large.
It also is the way the cell reproduces so that you grow and heal certain injuries.
Cellular Reproduction
Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the cell cycle.
Chapter 9
9.1 Cellular Growth
Making New Cells
.
How did you get from there to
here?
– one celled organisms (clones)
• for repair – replace cells that die from
normal wear & tear or from injury
amoeba
starfish
Interphase is the stage during which the cell grows, carries out cellular functions, and replicates.
Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide.
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
9.1 Cellular Growth
Cytokinesis is the method by which a cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell.
Cellular Reproduction
The Stages of Interphase The first stage of interphase, G1
The cell is growing, carrying out normal cell functions, and preparing to replicate DNA.
Chapter 9
The cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division.
Chapter 9
The cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.
Chapter 9
Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere.
Spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm.
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
Spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids.
Chapter 9
Metaphase
Sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell.
They line up in the middle of the cell.
Chapter 9
The sister chromatids separate.
Chapter 9
The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax.
Two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear.
The spindle apparatus disassembles.
In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch, the cytoplasm.
In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell plate, forms.
Chapter 9
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
Quality Control Checkpoints
The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints that monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong.
Spindle checkpoints also have been identified in mitosis.
Chapter 9
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells.
Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function.
Chapter 9
Causes of Cancer
The changes that occur in the regulation of cell growth and division of cancer cells are due to mutations.
Various environmental factors can affect the occurrence of cancer cells.
Chapter 9
Programmed cell death
Cells going through apoptosis actually shrink and shrivel in a controlled process.
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
Stem Cells
Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions
Chapter 9
Embryonic Stem Cells
After fertilization, the resulting mass of cells divides repeatedly until there are about 100–150 cells. These cells have not become specialized.
Chapter 9
Adult Stem Cells
Found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue
Less controversial because the adult stem cells can be obtained with the consent of their donor
Chapter 9
Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.
Chapter 9
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which is the first phase of mitosis?
Cellular Reproduction
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
A. interphase B. metaphase C. anaphase D. telophase
During what phase do the sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell?
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which is not a phase of the cell cycle?
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and expel waste products?
A. larger cells B. smaller cells C. cells with lower surface
area to volume ratio D. cells shaped like a cube
9.1 Formative Questions
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
At what stage does a cell spend most of its life?
A. cytokinesis B. interphase C. mitosis D. synthesis
9.1 Formative Questions
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
What happens in the cell during cytokinesis? A. The cell grows and carries
out normal functions. B. The cell copies its DNA
and forms chromosomes. C. The cell’s nucleus and
nuclear material divide. D. The cell’s cytoplasm
divides.
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
In what stage of the cell cycle does the cell’s replicated genetic material separate?
A. cytokinesis B. interphase C. mitosis D. prophase
9.2 Formative Questions
C. D. 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
A B
0%0%
At the end of mitosis the nuclear material is divided and two new cells have formed.
9.2 Formative Questions
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
What are the “key and ignition” that start the various activities in the cell cycle?
A. chromatin and chromosomes
spindle fibers D. protein and ribosomes
9.3 Formative Questions
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
Which of these cancer-causing substances or agents is impossible to avoid completely?
A. chemicals such as asbestos B. food and drinks that
the FDA warns may contain carcinogens
C. tobacco and second-hand smoke
D. ultraviolet radiation from the Sun
9.3 Formative Questions
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
9.3 Formative Questions
What is the term for the programmed death of cells that are damaged beyond repair or have harmful changes in their DNA?
A. apoptosis B. carcinogens C. cytokinesis D. mitosis
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
9.3 Formative Questions
Which cells are not locked into becoming one particular kind of cell and are capable of developing into specialized tissues?
A. apoptotic cells B. cancer cells C. prokaryotic cells D. stem cells
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Chapter Assessment Questions
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
A. apoptosis B. anaphase C. necrosis D. cyclins
Chapter Assessment Questions
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
A. to control the movement of microtubules
B. to signal for the cell to divide
C. to stimulate the breakdown of the nuclear membrane
D. to cause the nucleolus to disappear
Chapter Assessment Questions
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
Which cell has the lowest ratio of surface area to volume?
A B C
Standardized Test Practice
A B C
0% 0%0%
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
Standardized Test Practice
At what stage of interphase does the cell take inventory and make sure it is ready for the division of its nucleus?
A. G1
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
Standardized Test Practice
Which occurs in plant cells but not animal cells during the cell cycle?
A. formation of a cell plate B. formation of microtubules C. formation of a cleavage
furrow at the equator of the cell
D. movement of chromosomes to the poles of the cell
1. A 2. B
A B
0%0%
Multiple changes in DNA are required to change an abnormal cell into a cancer cell.
A. true B. false
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
Standardized Test Practice
Which is not a condition that can result in cancer? A. a failure in the control
mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle
B. a failure in the repair systems that fix changes or damage to DNA
C. a failure of the spindle fibers to move chromosomes during mitosis
D. mutations or changes in segments of DNA that control protein production
Cellular Reproduction
Cellular Reproduction
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
Why do cells divide…
Related Documents
