Biology A2 Coursework about Algae

8/8/2019 Biology A2 Coursework about Algae

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Figure 1: diferent species o algae ound at Bembridge, Is

How does the species richness and

abundance o algae (Seaweed change rom

the middle to the upper shore!

"bstract:

The investigation was completed to discover whether the species richness

and abundance of algae on the middle shore and upper shore are aected

by any factors. The investigation was done at the same time during the

day to avoid bias results. From this investigation, the result was that the

species richness diered between the upper shore and middle shore. The

middle shore had a higher species richness than the upper shore.

However the abundance of algae was similar on the middle shore and

upper shore as I didn’t nd a signicant dierence.

#esearch and rationale:

The investigation is about how the species richness and abundance of

seaweed algae! varies between the middle shore and upper shore. I

found about twelve dierent seaweed species between the middle and

upper shore. The dierent seaweed species that I found are"

#! $%aw &rac'’ ( Fucus serratus)! $*epper +ulse’ ( Laurencia pinnatifda! $-ornet Thuret’ ( Gelidium latiolium/! $-ornet Thuret’ ( Gelidium sesquipedale0! $%ea 1ettuce’ ( Ulva lactuca2! $%hepherd’s *urse &art &eed’ ( Gracillaria bursa-pastoris3! $4oral &eed’ ( Corallina spp5! $%ea 6are’s tail’ (

Halurus equisetiolius7! $False Irish 6oss’ (

Mastocarpus stellatus#8! $Irish 6oss’ (

Chondrus crispus##! $9reen Fern’ (

Cladophora rupestris#)! $4law &eed’ (

Ceramium rubrum#! $%piral &rac'’ (

Fucus spiralis

The middle ledge is

dominated by %aw wrac'

Fucus serratus. :ther

species present were thered algae Irish moss



Figure $: diferent green algae %&'

Figure &: diferent brown algae %&'

Chondrus crispus and 4law weed Ceramium rubrum. The upper ledge is

dominated by %piral wrac' Fucus spiralis. %&'

The %hepherd’s purse wart weed Gracillaria bursa-pastoris is a rare and

unusual species which is found on the middle shore. There were only a few

of this species of algae in -embridge.

$The e;tensive intertidal limestone ledges have

been a focus for most of the studies on

seaweeds and marine animals. The relatively <at

topography helps to retain shallow standing

water at low tide creating large pools. This

enables some species that normally found lower

on the shore, to survive at higher tidal levels’.

%eaweed need inorganic salts and carbon dio;ide

to photosynthesise through the green pigmentchlorophyll which is mostly in their leaves! and

live and grow. The seaweed on land obtain

carbon dio;ide from the air and draw water

containing minerals from the ground through the

roots. =s water is much denser than air therefore

seaweed underwater is more rigid than outside

the water. That would mean that the algae in the

middle shore is more rigid than the upper shore

as the middle

shore is coveredwith water 2

hours in the #)

hour cycle,

however the upper shore is only covered

with water for hours in the #) hour

cycle. %eaweed on both the middle and

upper shore carry out photosynthesis

mostly when the tide is out. For algae

underwater light is a limitation as at least

#8 percent of sunlight is re<ected orrefracted from the water’s surface. %1, &'

%eaweed are classied into green, brown

and red algae according to the pigments.

9reen algae are green as their

chlorophyll is pure and isn’t covered by

other pigments. %ometimes they are

bleached white. = type of green algae

found at the -embridge harbour is the

%ea lettuce Ulve lactuca which is a$broad, fairly tough, crumpled membranous frond about #88>88 mm



Figure ): *he pattern o species distribution on shores %$'

across, attached by a small holdfast to roc' or stones at all tidal levels?

tolerates brac'ish conditions. *ale to dar' green, white>edged after

discharge of se;ual products.’ -rown algae are brown as the green colour

of chlorophyll is covered by a brown pigment. = type of brown algae found

is the %piral wrac' Fucus spiralis which is a $prominent midrib, no gas

bladders. The frond has a tendency to twist spirally, but this is not a

reliable character. @eproductive bodies from rounded swollen tips to

branches, usually in pairs, each having a narrow rim as a continuation of

the <at frond around its eAuator, olive brown. #08>)88 mm long.’ @ed

algae are red as the green chlorophyll is covered by a red pigment. = type

of red algae present at -embridge is the Irish moss Chondrus crispus

which is $a <at frond dividing dichotomously several times to form wedge>

shaped branches? very variable, usually 38>#08 mm long. @eproductive

bodies are small swellings on upper parts, usually only on one side. +ar'

red but becomes green or even pale yellow in brightly lit situation? tips

may have a violet iridescence when in water. =ttached to roc' on lower

parts of most types of shore.’ %$'



Figure +: ses or seaweed - Sha

Figure /: ses or seaweed - soil ertili

=n investigation carried out before on -embridge showed that $there is a

distinct bare edge Bupper shoreC where seaweed, which grows well over

the rest of the shore’. Their hypotheses showed that this happens due four

reasons"

#! The waves rip the seaweed o.

)! The edge is higher which means that it’s drier so seaweed can’t growsuccessfully.

! The substrate isn’t suitable for seaweeds./! =nimals e.g. limpets! graDe the seaweed.

There are many dierent uses for seaweed, some are below"

#! Food and health products for humans" they are rich in vitamins - and

4, also some minerals.)! %oil conditioner and fertiliser" cast or cut seaweed are gathered from

along the coasts.

! =gar" seaweeds are the raw material, red algae are used./! =lginates" brown algae are used.0! *harmaceutical and cosmetics industries2! Energy source3! *ollution control" seaweeds are used in

treating sewage reducing the amount of

to;ic chemicals. =Auariums and ponds are

ltered using algae.5! -ioremediation" they coloniDe silicone

resins.

7! *igments" pigments from algae can beused instead of chemical dyes and

colouring agents.#8! %tabiliDing substances" carrageenan from red algae is used as a

stabiliDer in mil' products. %$,&,'

0ull Hpothesis:

The species richness and abundance of seaweed on the middle shore and

upper shore are the same.

Hpothesis:



Figure 2: 3rid or in4estigation

Figure 5: 36S de4ice

Figure 1.: $ tpes o 7uadr

Figure 11: #uler

Figure 1$: 8ight microscope

The species richness of the seaweed on the middle shore would be higher than

the species richness on the upper shore. I predict this as the middle shore is

covered by water 2 hours in the #) hour cycle, the upper shore is covered with

water only hours in the #) hour cycle. The abundance of species would be

similar on the middle and upper shore as the species on the upper shore don’t

have to compete much with other species as there aren’t many of them.However, there are many dierent species of seaweed on the middle shore

therefore they would have to compete for survival. -ut there are many more

types of species so there would be more of them.

9ethod:

#! *lace the tape measure to ma'e a #8m #8m grid

to place the Auadrats in. =s the weather is

e;tremely windy, place roc's on the tape measure

to hold it in place so that it doesn’t move or <y away.)! Gse a 9*% device or a phone to nd out the 9*% location and

record it on a piece of paper. This is for further reference to the

precise location of the investigation.! Gse a 8.0m 8.0m uadrat to measure the species richness of

the seaweed, place the uadrat using random sampling e.g.

wal' 0 steps and place the Auadrat! in #8 dierent places in the#8m #8m grid then write the results in a table.

/! Gse a gridded 8.0m 8.0m uadrat to measure the abundance

of the seaweed, place the uadrat using random sampling e.g. wal' 0 steps

and place the Auadrat! in #8 dierent places in the grid

then write the results in a table.0! Gse a temperature probe to measure the temperature

under the water in the grid where the investigation is

ta'ing place. This is to chec' if the temperature of the

water aects the species richness or abundance of

seaweed.

2! Gse a conductivity meter to measure the salinity in thegrid where the investigation is ta'ing place. This is to chec' if the salinity of

the water aects the species richness or abundance of seaweed.3! Gse a ruler to measure the depth of the water in the grid where the

investigation is ta'ing place. This is to chec' if the depth of the water

aects the species richness or abundance of seaweed.5! Gse the auto level to measure the height dierence from the location

of the sample to the upper shore.7! @epeat the steps above at ) dierent locations in the middle shore

and ) dierent locations in the upper shore.#8! Ta'e some samples of dierent species of

seaweed to identify them bac' at the lab.



Figure 1&: Wash hands %1&

Figure 1: 3oing into the beach with othe

Figure 1): Same time clocs (samples taen around the

##! Gse the seaweed guide to gure out the dierent species.

#)! Gse a light microscope to help identify the species of the seaweed.

#is assessment:

1 If wor'ing on the middle shore or lower shore where

there is deep water, do not be alone. This is because if

anyone falls down and hits there head on a roc' and

becomes unconscious they could drown. However if

someone else is there they could help or call for help.$ =fter doing the investigation on the beach, wash your

hands before eating. This is as there is bacteria on the

seaweed, roc's and dierent things touched during

the investigation.

& High winds could blow you away which could lead toyou falling and hurting yourself on the roc's. ou could also fall in deep

water and drown. High winds could also blow sand or

anything into your eyes. ou should

wear anything to protect your eyes

such as sunglasses or close your eyes.

ou could also loo' the other way so

that nothing blows into your eyes. If

anything enters your eyes you could

fall down and get inJured.) If wor'ing in areas with seaweed, you

could slip and fall down and get hurt.

ou need to be cautious and wal'

slowly on it and not run.+ If wor'ing during summer or when the

sun is out, wear a sun hat and put sun lotion on./ &or' near a member of sta as there are many strangers that wal'

past which could be unsafe if alone. =ny stranger passing by may be

suspicious and may 'idnap you.

;ontrolled <ariables:

#! Kot placing the Auadrat

in the grid randomly

could produce biased

results as you would be

choosing where to

place the Auadrat. For

e;ample do random

samples by wal'ing a

few steps then placingthe Auadrat.



Figure 1+: 6hotosnthesis %1)

)! The siDe of the grid where the investigation is done should be the same

in each sample. This is to prevent biasness as a larger area could mean

higher or lower abundance.! Ta'e all the samples on the middle shore and upper shore around the

same time and not at dierent times of the day or dierent days. This

is because if they are ta'en at dierent times thetide would change which would give anonymous

results. =lso the temperature changes through the

day./! Humidity of the air could aect the salinity of the

water. =ir humidity aects the upta'e of water

through the roots of the algae which causes the

water to evaporate from the tips. 0! 4arbon dio;ide is the main raw material for

photosynthesis. The level of carbon dio;ide

determines the rate of photosynthesis so it should be controlled ormonitored and ta'en into account.

=ependent 4ariable:

The dependent variables in this investigation are the species richness and

abundance of species.

Independent 4ariable:

The independent variable in this investigation is the shore.

>7uipment:

"pparatus ;hoice o "pparatus

8.0m 8.0m uadrat This simple uadrat was used to

measure the species richness of

seaweed #8 times in a #8m #8m

grid on the middle shore and upper

shore.

8.0m 8.0m 9ridded uadrat The 9ridded uadrat was used tomeasure the species abundance of

seaweed in the grid on the middle

shore and upper shore. Tape measure = tape measure was used to ma'e a

#8m #8m grid. Temperature probe This allowed me to measure the

temperature under the water in the

area that I was doing my e;periment.#m @uler I used the ruler to measure the pool

depth in each area of the e;periment.

9*% device This gave me the 9*% location that Iwas ta'ing each sample.



4onductivity meter I measured the salinity of the water in

the grid in each area of the

e;periment.=uto level The =uto 1evel was used to measure

the height dierence from the location

of the sample to the upper shore.4amera This allowed me to ta'e pictures of

the dierent steps of my e;periment

e.g. dierent seaweed species,

eAuipment used, etc.!.@ecording data including eAuipment

such as calculator and pencil case

I used a pencil and paper to write

down my recordings in a table during

my investigation which I then typed

up when I got bac' to the lab.

6reliminar in4estigation:+uring the pilot study I practiced using the eAuipment and trying to do the

investigation so that when I do the main investigation I 'now what to do

and how to do it. I made a method to do a trial and I tried a #8m #8m

grid. The purpose of the pilot study was to test the method.

I set out a #8m #8m grid to measure the species richness of seaweed. I

put my 8.0m 8.0m uadrat randomly in the grid in #8 dierent

locations. I did this test twice on the middle shore and twice in the upper

shore in dierent places to test which place would be better to do my nal

e;periment in.

The table below shows the species richness in my rst sampled area on

the middle shore"

able !

%ample Kumber of%pecies

# 0

) 0

2

/ /

0 3

2 /3 0



was 8. This could be due to biasness as I chose where to place the Auadrat. +ue to this I made a change i

5

7 /

#8

The table below shows the species richness in my second sampled area on

the middle shore"

able "


# /

) 0

3

/ 2

0

2 0

3 0

5 2

7 /

#8 3

The table below shows the species richness in my rst sampled area on

the upper shore"

able #


# )

) )

)

/ #

0 #



2 )

3 #

5 8

7 )

#8 #

The table below shows the species richness in my second sampled area on

the upper shore"

able $


#

)

#

/ #

0 )

2 #

3 )

5 )

7 #

#8

The table below shows the species richness in my third sampled area on

the upper shore"

able %


#

)

0



are anomalous as they are outside the range of between and 0. This made me thin' that I may need to

/ 0

0 /

2 )

3

5 #

7

#8 8

;hanges to methodolog:

&hile ta'ing the results of the species richness on the middle shore and

upper shore I decided that I could also see the abundance of seaweed in

an area. Therefore I changed my title from $How does the species richness

of algae change from the middle to the upper shoreL’ to $How does thespecies richness and abundance of algae %eaweed! change from the

middle to the upper shoreL’. To measure the abundance I needed to add

another piece of apparatus to the list which was a 8.0m 8.0m gridded

Auadrat.

=fter thin'ing about the variables I decided that I would measure the

temperature of water, salinity of water, pool depth, gps location and the

height of location. I then as'ed the instructor what pieces of eAuipment I

would need to measure these dierent things and I found that I would

need to use a temperature probe, conductivity meter, ruler, gps device

and auto level.

-y the time I got on to ta'ing the samples on the upper shore I noticed

that the #8m #8m grid was too big and I decided that I would change it

to a 0m 0m grid.

=lso throughout the preliminary investigation I thought that I could learn

more about the dierent species of seaweed so I too' some samples of

each species to identify them in the lab. &hen we got bac' to the lab I

used dierent boo's and guides to nd out what each species of seaweed

was. %ometimes I had to use a light microscope to loo' and the cell of theseaweed to identify them.

#esults:

The tables below show the results from my actual investigation. Tables 2

and 5 show the species richness and abundance of seaweed on the middleshore. Tables 3 and 7 show the salinity, water temperature, pool depth,



gps location and height of location of each position on the middle shore.

Tables #8 and #) show the species richness and abundance of seaweed on

the upper shore. Tables ## and # show the salinity, water temperature,

pool depth, gps location and height of location of each position on the

middle upper.

able &

Sample Sample "Species

#ichness

"bundance

(?# 75) 0 72 / 7// / 730 0 77

2 / 723 2 75 0 707 2 75#8 / 77

9ean /.2 72.0

able '

Sample "Salinit @ )&A) mS*emperature @ 1$A1;6ool =epth @ 11cm36S 8ocation: SC +)2&5

2/5.&Height o location @

&A/)m

able (



Sample Sample BSpecies

#ichness

"bundance

(?# # 73) 0 75

75/ 0 770 #882 / 723 / 755 0 777 / 73#8 0 70

9ean .7 73.3

able )

Sample BSalinit @ )&A) mS*emperature @ 11A);6ool =epth @ 5cm36S 8ocation: SC +)22$

2/5$Height o location @

&A$2m

able !*

Sample Sample "Species

#ichness

"bundance

(?# ) 77) ) 52 # 7// 750 # 732 # 773 # 735 # #887 # #88#8 # #88

9ean #./ 73



able !!

Salinit @ )&A& mS*emperature @ 11A/;6ool =epth @ /cm

36S 8ocation: SC +)2$) 2/+2$Height o location @ $A+m

able !"

Sample Sample BSpecies

#ichness

"bundance

(?# ) #88) # #88

) 73/ # 7#0 # 7)2 753 ) 785 # 737 ) 7)#8 # 72

9ean #.2 70.

able !#

Salinit @ )&A$ mS*emperature @ 11A&;6ool =epth @ cm36S 8ocation: SC +)21/ 2/2&2Height o location @ $A2m

Statistical analsis:

The bar chart below shows the mean species richness of sample = andsample - on the middle shore and upper shore. The graph below suggests

that the middle shore has a higher species richness than the upper shore.



6iddle shore Gpper shore7/

7/.0

70

70.0

72

72.0

73

73.0

75

72.0

73

73.3

70.

=bundance of algae on the middle shore and upper shore

%ample = %ample -

%hore

*ercentage M!

The bar chart below shows the abundance of sample = and sample - on

the middle shore and upper shore. This graph suggests that there isn’t a

correlation between the middle shore and upper shore.

6iddle %hore Gpper shore8

8.0

#

#.0

)

).0

.0

/

/.0

0 /.2

#./

.7

#.2

%pecies richness of algae on the middle shore and

upper shore

%ample = %ample -

%hore

=verage number of species



;arring out a 9annDWhitne E test:

The 6ann>&hitney $G’ test is carried out to see if there is a signicant

dierence between the species richness and abundance of seaweed on

the middle shore from the upper shore. p N 8.80 is used to indicate a

signicant dierence, p O 8.80 indicates a non>signicant dierence.

Step 1: 1ist the data of each set in ascending order

9# / / / / / / / 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

# # # # # # # # # # # # ) ) ) ) ) )

Step $: @an' the two sets of data as if they were only one set of data

9 3 )

)

)

)

)

)

)

5

)

5

)

5

)

5

)

5

)

5

)

5

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 7.

0

7.

0

@#P

07

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 #2.

0

#2.

0

#2.

0

#2.

0

#2.

0

#2.

0

)) )) @) P

))3

Step &: 4alculate the $G’ values using the eAuations"

G# P )8 )8 Q 8.0 )8! )8 Q #! ( ))3 P 5

G) P )8 )8 Q 8.0 )8! )8 Q #!! ( 07 P #3

n# P the number of samples in %et $6’!

n) P the number of samples in %et $G’!

Step : *ic' the smaller value for G and compare with the critical value

on the critical value table for the 6ann>&hitney $G’ test.

To have a signicant dierence the value for G obtained from the test

must be smaller than the critical value. The critical value is #)3 which is

much higher than the smallest $G’ value which is #3. This means that

there is a signicant dierence between the two sets of values? the null

hypothesis doesn’t stand and the position middle shore or upper shore!

aects the species richness. However for the abundance the nullhypothesis is proven to be correct and there isn’t a signicant dierence.

G# P n# n) Q 8.0 n)! n)

Q #!! ( @)



This means that the position doesn’t aect the abundance of seaweed.

The smallest $G’ value is #32.0 which is much bigger than the critical

value from the test.

;onclusion:

From my results of the investigation and the statistical data which

supports the hypothesis, it clearly shows that there is a dierence in the

species richness and abundance of seaweed on the middle shore and

upper shore. The species richness is higher on the middle shore than theupper shore as there are factors that increase the growth of dierent

species of seaweed. However the abundance of seaweed is similar on

both shores. The 6ann>&hitney G test critical value is #)3, showing that

my results for the species richness are indeed signicant and further

support the investigation carried out by the Isle of &ight Katural History

=rchaeological %ociety, whose results saw an increase in species richness

on the middle shore. %$' Evidence for my data re<ecting the results can be

proven by the tables I have produced and therefore the data collected in

my investigation.

>4aluation:



I found that for both areas investigated middle shore and upper shore!,

there is a dierence in the species richness. =s mentioned in the

hypothesis, the dierence could be due to the middle shore being covered

by water 2 hours in the #) hour cycle and the upper shore is only covered

about hours in the #) hour cycle. However, the abundance of seaweed

in the investigated areas on the middle shore and upper shore is similar.

=s stated in the hypothesis, this could be due to the species on the upper

shore not needing to compete with other species as there aren’t many of

them.

I mentioned in the introduction that on the middle shore the algae is more

rigid than on the upper shore. This is because the algae on the middle

shore is covered by water more than the seaweed on the upper shore and

water is much denser than air. I also said in the introduction that seaweed

need inorganic salts and carbon dio;ide for photosynthesis for the algae

to be able to grow. =nother thing is that the amount of sunlight theseaweed absorb aects the growth. The abundance is similar on the

middle shore and upper shore which could be because on the upper shore

the seaweed ta'e in more carbon dio;ide as they are e;posed to the air

more. However on the middle shore the seaweed are e;posed to air less

but they ta'e in more minerals and inorganic salts from the water.

The salinity on the middle shore and upper shore are similar which could

mean that salinity isn’t a factor aecting the species richness and

abundance. The average temperature of the water on the middle shore is

##.5o4 which is similar to the temperature on the upper shore ##.0 o4!.

This could mean that temperature also isn’t a factor. The pool is deeper on

the middle shore average of #8cm! than on the upper shore average

0.0cm!. This could show that as the middle shore is covered by more

water so it suggests that the amount of water covering the seaweed could

be a factor.



#eerencing:

%1' 4ollins, R.S., Herbert, @.S.H. 6allinson, S.S #778!.

The 6arine Fauna and Flora of -embridge and %t. Helens, Isle of &ight.

*roceedings of the Isle of &ight Katural History =rchaeological %ociety.

7"/#>50. Sournal I%%K 8#/8>3)7! Date accessed: 17/12/2014

%$'

http:GGwwwAmedina4allecentreAorgAuGp1./GresourceGBembridgeD

9arineD8ieG Date accessed: 22/01/2015

%&' Sea Shore of Britain and Northern Europe (Collins Pocket Guide), by Peter Hayward, ony

Nelson!S"ith, Chris Shields, (#$$%) Date accessed: 03/11/2014

%' http:GGenAwiipediaAorgGwiiG"lgaeses

Date accessed: 25/01/2015

%)'http:GGclc$Auniser4itAcomG3roup=ownloadFileAasp!

3roupId@&/))$#esourceId@$$+1&52


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=ate accessed: 1G.$G$.1)

%11' http:GGwwwAgiJmagAcomGneptuneDballsDseaweedD

insulationG$+)21G Date accessed: 14/02/2015

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the dierent uses of algae which was

the same on the other sources.

Therefore the Auality of this source was

acceptable to use in my investigative

research.%)'

http:GGclc$Auniser4itAcomG3roup=o

wnloadFileAasp!

3roupId@&/))$#esourceId@$$+1

&52

This web>based source isn’t very

reliable as it’s an investigation done on

seaweed and limpets by another school.

However the results of their

investigation corresponds with the

results of my investigation.%+' 1ewis, S 9? %tanley, K F? 9uist, 9 9

#755!. 7 4ommercial production of

algal hydrocolloidesU. In 1embi, 4.=?

&aaland, S.@. +lgae and Human +,airs.

4ambridge" 4ambridge Gniversity *ress.

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This source is very credible as it’s a

research carried out by one of the top

universities in the world ( 4ambridge.

=lso the research is peer reviewed and

published in a boo' which ma'es even

more reliable. I used this source to

conrm the research I made on

&i'ipedia about the uses of algae.%/' 4histi, 6ay(Sun )883!. V-iodiesel

from microalgae.V.iotechnolog

advances )0 !" )7/(82

This source is reliable as it’s an article

which has been published in a boo'

after being peer reviewed by scientists.

I used this source to conrm the

research I made on &i'ipedia about the

uses of algae.%2' 6cHugh, +ennis S. )88!. 7, :ther

Gses of %eaweedsU. = 9uide to the

%eaweed Industry" F=: Fisheries

Technical *aper //#. @ome" Fisheries

and =Auaculture +epartment, Food and

=griculture :rganiDation F=:! of the

Gnited Kations. I%-K 735>7)>0>#8/705>

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This boo' is reliable as it’s been

published by a 'nown scientist. I used

this source to conrm the research I

made on &i'ipedia about the uses of

algae.

%5' %imoons, Frederic' S #77#!. V2,

%eaweeds and :ther =lgaeV. Food in

China/ + Cultural and Historical 0nquir .

4@4 *ress. pp. #37(#78. I%-K 735>8>

727)>)7>#.

This boo' is reliable as it has been peer

reviewed by Telford press then

published by %imoons, Frederic S. I used

this source to conrm the research I

made on &i'ipedia about the uses of

algae.
















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