1 Biology 210 Chapter 5 Tissues By Jack Bagwell Edited by John McGill Based on the outlines by Beth Wyatt Last Updated: August 28, 2007 Tissues • Tissues are groups of cells working together to achieve a common function • Histology is the study of tissues. • Matrix – Intercellular (between cells) – nonliving material • Types of tissues include – Epithelial – Connective – Muscle – Nervous Tissues: 2 Types of Epithelial • Two types of epithelial tissues – Membranous • Forms Membranes That Cover and Line the Body – Membrane That Covers the Body’s Surface - Skin – Membranes That Line the Body » Membranes That Line Closed Body Cavities (Thoracic, Abdominal) » Membranes That Line Vessels (Blood and Lymphatic Vessels) » Membranes That Line Systems That Open to the Outside (Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive) – Glandular • Forms Glands
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Biology 210Chapter 5 Tissues
By Jack BagwellEdited by John McGill
Based on the outlines by Beth WyattLast Updated: August 28, 2007
Tissues
• Tissues are groups of cells working together to achieve a common function
• Histology is the study of tissues.• Matrix
– Intercellular (between cells)– nonliving material
• Types of tissues include– Epithelial– Connective – Muscle– Nervous
Tissues: 2 Types of Epithelial
• Two types of epithelial tissues– Membranous
• Forms Membranes That Cover and Line the Body– Membrane That Covers the Body’s Surface - Skin– Membranes That Line the Body
» Membranes That Line Closed Body Cavities (Thoracic, Abdominal)
» Membranes That Line Vessels (Blood and Lymphatic Vessels)
» Membranes That Line Systems That Open to the Outside (Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive)
– Glandular• Forms Glands
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Tissues: Functions
• Functions of Epithelial Tissues– ME, Protection – protects the body surface and cavities
(skin)– ME, Sensory functions – contains specialized structures that
play a sensory role (eye, ear, etc.)– GE, Secretion – glandular epithelium secretes hormones,
mucous, digestive juices and sweat– ME, Absorption – allows for absorption of nutrients from the
– Endocrine glands – discharge secretions directly into blood stream (SEE NEXT SLIDE)
• Pituitary gland– Exocrine glands – discharge
secretions into ducts• Sweat glands
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Endocrine Glands
Classification of Exocrine Glands
• Structural Classification of exocrine glands– Tubular – tube-like– Alveolar – sac-like– Tuboalveolar—both– Simple – have 1 duct leading to the surface– Compound – have two or more ducts leading to the surface
Classification of Exocrine Glands
• Functional Classification of exocrine Glands– Apocrine glands – secretory products are collected in the tip of the cell
and the tip of the cell pinches off• Mammary glands
– Holocrine glands – secretory products are collected within the cell and then the cell literally bursts
• Sebaceous glands (oil glands)– Merocrine glands – secretory products are secreted through the cell
membrane; most exocrine glands are of this type• Salivary glandshttp://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Epithelia/Epithel.htm#Classification
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Connective Tissue Functions
1. CONNECTS-Tissue to Tissue: CT Lies B/T Epithelial and
Muscle-Organ to Organ: Ligaments Connect Bone to
Bone; Tendons Connect Muscle to Bone• 2. SUPPORTS
– -Bone Tissue Forms Bones• 3. TRANSPORTS
– -Blood• 4. PROTECTS
– -Blood WBC’S
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
• MOST WIDESPREAD AND VARIED OF TISSUES– In/Around Most Organs– Exists in Many Forms
• MUCH MATRIX WITH FEWER CELLS– Matrix Predominates, Cells Widespread (Opposite From Epithelial Tissue)
• MATRIX OFTEN CONTAINS PROTEIN FIBERS (COLLAGENOUS, RETICULAR, AND/OR ELASTIC)
– Protein Fibers Produced By Cells in the CT– Most Common Protein Fibers– Collagenous: White, Strong– Reticular: Delicate, Present in Networks– Elastic: Stretchy
• MATRIX AND FIBERS (IF PRESENT) DETERMINE THE UNIQUENESS OF EACH TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
– CT’s Are Diverse B/C Matrix and Fibers in Each Type of CT Are Diverse– Examples:
• Matrix May Be Hard (as in Bone)• Gel-Like (as in Cartilage)• Liquid (as in Blood)• Protein Fibers: CT May Contain Just Collagenous Fibers
• Cartilage is covered by connective tissue, fibrous perichondrium (FPch)• Chondrogenic cells (ChL) are deep to the FPch• The outer-most (surface) layer of hyaline cartilage consists of active matrix-producing chondroblasts (ChB)• The cell becomes surrounded by matrix and then is located in a small "room" or lacuna (Lac), surrounded by matrix• Lacuna(e) Cartilage cells found deeper in the tissue may have given rise to "cell nests" (CN), and these cells are now less metabolically active and so
are referred to as chondrocytes (ChC).
Cartilage• There is only 1 cell type present: chondrocytes• Gel-like matrix• Cartilage is avascular; nutrients much reach the areas
by diffusion (damaged cartilage heals slowly)– Hyaline cartilage – Shiny, Most Prevalent
– Fibrocartilage - Strongest, Predominace of Collagenous Fibers
• Vertebral disks, symphysis pubis– Elastic cartilage-Stretchy, Predominace of Elastic
Fibers• External ear, eustachian tube
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Elastic Cartilage
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
• The stain for elastin brings out the dense bundles of elastin
Blood
• Liquid connective tissue.• Cell types
– Erythrocytes – red blood cells
– Leukocytes – white blood cells
– Thrombocytes - platelets
Red Blood Cells
White blood cell
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Blood Tissue
Muscle Tissue• Mainly for movement• Types of Muscle Cells
– Skeletal muscle• attached to bones; voluntary muscles;• Location: Composes Skeletal Muscles • Striated: "Cross Striations" (Stripes)• Voluntary: Under Conscious (Willed) Control
– Smooth muscle – found in organs; involuntary• Nonstriated: No "Cross Striations,"Looks Smooth Under Microscope)• Visceral: Located in the Viscera (Hollow Organs in Many Systems (i.e.,
Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive)• Involuntary: Not Under Conscious Control
– Cardiac muscle – makes up the walls of the heart• Location: Composes the Wall of the Heart• Striated Like Skeletal Muscle Tissue• Involuntary Like Smooth Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
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Muscle Tissue• Mainly for movement• Types of Muscle Cells
– Skeletal muscle• attached to bones; voluntary muscles;• Location: Composes Skeletal Muscles • Striated: "Cross Striations" (Stripes)• Voluntary: Under Conscious (Willed) Control
– Smooth muscle – found in organs; involuntary• Nonstriated: No "Cross Striations,"Looks Smooth Under Microscope)• Visceral: Located in the Viscera (Hollow Organs in Many Systems (i.e.,
Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive)• Involuntary: Not Under Conscious Control
– Cardiac muscle – makes up the walls of the heart• Location: Composes the Wall of the Heart• Striated Like Skeletal Muscle Tissue• Involuntary Like Smooth Muscle Tissue
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Muscle Tissue• Mainly for movement• Types of Muscle Cells
– Skeletal muscle• attached to bones; voluntary muscles;• Location: Composes Skeletal Muscles • Striated: "Cross Striations" (Stripes)• Voluntary: Under Conscious (Willed) Control
– Smooth muscle – found in organs; involuntary• Nonstriated: No "Cross Striations,"Looks Smooth Under Microscope)• Visceral: Located in the Viscera (Hollow Organs in Many Systems (i.e.,
Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive)• Involuntary: Not Under Conscious Control
– Cardiac muscle – makes up the walls of the heart• Location: Composes the Wall of the Heart• Striated Like Skeletal Muscle Tissue• Involuntary Like Smooth Muscle Tissue
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
• Rapidly regulate and integrate the activities of the different parts of the body.
• Types of cells– Neurons – conducting units of the system– Neuroglia – special connecting and supporting
cells
Neuron cell body
Nervous Tissue
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TISSUE REPAIR
• Tissues Have Varying Capacities to Repair Themselves– Epithelial and Connective Tissues have the
Greatest Capacity to Repair Themselves– Muscle and Nervous Tissues have a Limited
Capacity for Repair– Damaged Tissue Regenerates (Repairs) or is
Replaced by Scar Tissue• Regeneration: Growth of New Functional Tissue• Scar Tissue: Growth of Fibrous Connective Tissue
(Occurs When the Injury is Large and Deep)
Body Membranes
• Thin sheetlike structures. They cover and protect the body surface, line body cavities, and the surfaces of body organs