biology, 1876-81. - JScholarship - Johns Hopkins University

[THIS NUMBER IS ESPECIALLY DEVOTED TO BIOLOGY].

ONSU IVERSITY CIRCULARS.

Pub/isAedwit/i the approbationofthe BoardofTrustees.

No. 9.] BALTIMORE, MARCH, 1881. [PRIcE5 CENTS.

CALENDAR.

April 15—18. SpringRecess.May 2. Sessionof MarineLaboratoryatBeaufortBegins.J~une6-9. Examinationsfor Matriculation.June10. PresentTermof InstructionCloses.September20. Sixth AcademicYearBegins.September21—24. ExaminationsforMatriculation,September27. InstructionsResumed.

CONTENTS.PAGE. PAGE.

Calendar 101 ChesapeakeZoiilogical Laboratory: . . . . 111, 112Timesof Meetingof UniversitySocieties 101 Sessionof 1878 . 111AcademicStaff, 102 Sessionof 1879 111List of InstructorsandStudentsin Biology, . . . . 103 Sessionof 1880 illBiology, 1876-81: Announcementfor 1881, . . 112

IntroductoryNote, 104 ElementarySeasideSchool; Announcementfor 1881, . . 112GraduateInstructionandOpportunitiesfor Research, . . 104 List of Biological PapersPublished 113UndergraduateCourses, 105 List of Periodicals 114Specific Statements: 105—108 Journalof Physiology 115

Animal Physiology 105 Studiesfrom theBiological Laboratory, . . . . . 11~lAnimal Morphology 106 CoursesPreliminary to the Study of Medicine:Botany 107 Collegiate Course. 117, 118Libraries, 107 Matriculation 117Publications 107 Summaryof theCourse, 117SpecialStudents 107 Explanationof the Course, . ‘9 118Classesfor SchoolTeachers 108 Coursefor Non-MatriculatedStudents 118 119Demonstrationsto MedicalStudents 108 EntranceExamination 119Fellowships 108 Summaryof theCourse, 119Societies 108 Explanationof theCourse, 119Scheduleof Instructionfor Undergraduates, . . . 108 SpecialStudents, 119

Coursesof Lectures,1876—81 109, 110 Scientific Periodicals 120

1~L(EETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Scientific. First Wednesdayof eachmonthat 8 P. M. Next meeting,April 6.

E. H. Hall, Secretary.

Philological. FirstFriday of eachmonth,at 12 M. Next meeting,April 8.

M. Warren,Secretary.

]Jlietaphysical. SecondTuesdayof eachmonth,at 8 P. M. Next meeting,April 12.

Allan Marquand,Secretary.

Historical andPoliticalScience.ThirdFridayof eachmonth, at 8 P. M. Next meet-ing, March 18.

H. B. Adams,Secretary.

Mathematical. Third Wednesdayof eachmonth,at 8 P. M. Next meeting,March 16.

0. H. Mitchell, Secretary.

Yaturalists’ Field Club. ExcursionseachSaturdayduringtheSpringandAutumn. Regu-

lar meetingsfor the reading and discussion ofpapersoncea month.

E. M. Hartwell, Secretary.

JOHNSHOPKINS

ACADEMIC STAFF, 1880-81.ACADEMIC COUNCIL.

DANIEL C. GILMAN. PRESIDENT (IF THE UNIVERSITY.A. B., Yale College,1852, andA. H., 1855; LL. D., HarvardUniversity and St. JohnsCol-

lege, 1876; Professerin Yale College, 1863-72;Presidentof theUniversity ofCalifor-nia, 1872—75.

BASIL L. GILDEESLEEVE. Professorof Greek.A. B., PrincetonCollege, 5849, andA. N., 1812; Ph.D., University of Gdttingen,1853;

LL. D., Collegeof William and Mary, 1889; Professorof Greekis the University ofVirginia, 1838-76;Professorof Latin in the Universityof Virginia, 5861-68.

H. NEWELL MARTIN. Professorof Biology.M. B., Universityof London,1871, andDr. Se., 1872; A. 13., University ofCambridge,1874,

and A. III., 1877; Fellow, and late Lecturer on Natural History iii Christ College,Cambridge;Fellowof University College,London.

CHARLES D. MORRIS. ((‘ollegiate) Professorof Latinand Greek.A. B., Lincoln College, Oxford, 1849, A. H., andFellow of Oriel College, Oxford, 1852;

Professorin theUniversity of New York, 1875-76.

IRA REMSEN. Professorof C~hemistry.Collegeof theCity of New York; H. D., Csllegeof PhysiciansandSurgeons,N.F., 1887;

Ph. D., University of Gdttiugen,1870; Professorof Chemistry in Williams College,1872—76,andpreviosslyAssistant in Chemistry in the University of Tilbingen.

HENRY A. ROWLAND. Professorof Physics.C. E.,RensselaerPelytechnicInstitute,Troy, 1870; AssistantProfessorin the same,1872—

75; Ph. D., JohnsHopkinsUniversity, 1880.

J.J.SYLVESTER. Professorof Alathematics.A. H., Universityof Cambridge;F. H. S., LondonandEdinburgh; CorrespondingMember,

lastituteofFrance;Memler,AcadenoyofSelencesin Berlin, t.idttinges,Napies,Milan,St.Petersburg,etc.; LL. D., Universityof Dublin, Universityof Edinburgh; P. C. L.,UniversityofOxford; HonoraryFellowsf85.JohnsCollege,C mbridge;lateProfessorol Mathematicsin theRoyalMilitary Academy,Woolwich.

LECTURERS, 1880—81.A. GRAHAM BELL. . Phonology.

Ph.D., National DeafMute College.1880.

S. P. LANGLEY. Physics.Directorof the AstronomicalObservatory,Allegheny,Pa.

SIDNEY LANIER. English Literature.

GEORGE S. MORRIS, History of Philosophy.A. B,, DartmouthCollege,1861,and A.H., 1864; lateProfessorintheUniversityofMichigan.

CHARLES S. PEIRCE. . Logic.A. B., HarvardUniversity, 1859,A. H., andS. B., 1863; of the U. S.CoastandGeodetic

Survey.

L~ONCE RABILLON. FrenchLiterature.Bach.ho Letlres, Universithdo France,1832,andLicencil enDroll, 1836.

ASSOCIATES.

HERBERT B. ADA~IS. History.A, B., Amherst College, 1872; Ph. D., University of Heidelberg,1876; Lecturer on His-

tory at SmithCollege.

HERMANN C. G. BRANDT. German.A. B., Hamilton College, 1872,and A. H., 1875; AssistantProfessorof ModernLasguages

in Hamilton College, 1874-76.

WILLIAM K. BROOKS. Biology.A. B., Williams College, 1870; Ph. D., Harvard University, 1875; Directorof ties Chesa-

peakeZollogicalLaboratory.

WILLIAM HAND BROWNE. Librarian.N. D., UniversityofMaryland,1850.

ALBERT S. CooK. s English.S. B., RutgersCellege,1872, andS.H., 1875.

THOMAS CRAIG. Mathematics.C. H., LafayetteCollege,1875; Ph.D., JohnsHopkins University, 1878; of theU. S. Coast

and GeodeticSurvey.

JOHN M. CROSS. New TestamentGreek.A. B., PrincetonCollege,1867,andA.H., 1870; Tutor ofGreekin PrincetonCollege,1873-76.

A. MARSHALL ELLIOTT. RomanceLanguages.A. B., IlaverfordCollege,1868,and A. H., 1878; A. B., HarvardUniversity, 1868.

CHARLES S. HASTINGS. Physics.Ph. B., Yale College,1870,andPh.D., 1873; Holderof the“Tyndall Scholarship in Paris,

1875.

HARMON N. MORSE. Chemistry.A. B., AmherstCollege,1873;Ph. D., Universityof Gdttingen,1875; Instructorin Chemistry

eelAmherot College,1875-76.

AUSTIN SCOTT. History.A. B., Yale College, 1869; A. H., University of Michigan, 1870; Ph.D., University of

Leipsic, 1873; lateInstructorin History atlice UniversityofMichig n.

HENRY SEWALL. Biology.S.B., WesisyanUniversity,1878; Ph.D., JohnsHopkinsUniversity, 1879.

WILLIAM E. STORY. Mathematics.A.II., harvardUniversity,1871; Ph.D., UniversityofLeipsic, 1875; Tutorof Malhcmasics

iii HarvardUniversity,18Z5-76.

PHILIP R. URLER. Natural History.LibrarianofthePeabodyInstitute,andPresidentoftheMaryland AcademyofScieieces.

MINToN WARREN. Latin.A~ ~1 TuftsCollege,1870; PhD., UniveysityofStrsseburg,1879.

ASSISTANTS.

HENRY C. ADAMS. Political Economy.A. B., Inca College,1874,and A. H., 1877; Ph.P., JohnshopkinsUceiveroity,1878. Lec-

turerat Cornell University,1879,andat theUniversily of Michigan,1881.

SAMUEL F. CLARKE. Biology.Pb. B., Yale Collcge, 1878; Ph.D., JohnsHopkins University,1879.

FABIAN FRANKLIN. Mathematics.Pie. B., ColumbianUniversity,1869; Ph.D., JohnsHopkinsUniversity,1880.

EDWIN H. HALL. Physics.A. B., Boedoin College, 1875; Ph.P., Johnshopkins University, 1880. Appointed tothe

“Tyndall Soholaroleip,’1880.

PHILIPPE B. MARCOU. French.A. B., HarvardUniversity, 1876,andA. H., 1879.

WILLIAM T. SEDGWICK. Biology.Ph. B., Yale College,1877.

GEORGE H. STOCKBRIDOE. Germanand Latin.A. B., BatesCollege, 1872,andA. H., 1875.

FELLOWS.

LOUIS BEVIER. Greek.A. B., RutgersCollege,1878.

MAURICE B LOOMFIELD.5 Philology

A. St., FurmanUcciversity, 1877; Fellowof Ibe JeSusHopkinsUniveroily, 1878-79,ecudPu.P., 1879; Studentot Philology at the University of Leipsic, 1880—81.

JAMES W. BRIGHT. TeutonicLanguages.A. B., LafayetteCollege,1877,and A. N., 1880.

BENJAMIN C. BURT. Philosophy.A. B., Universityof Michigan,1875,andA. N., 1879.

R. DORSEY COALE. . Chemistry.

SAMUEL C. DERBY.0 Latinand History.A. B., HarvardUniversity, 1866,andA. H., 1877; Professorin AntiochCollege, Ohio.

LAWRENCE B. FLETCHER. Physics.A. B., ColumbiaCollege,1877,andA. N., 1880; Fellow of ColumbiaCollege, 1877-80.

SPENCER H. FREEMAN. Physics.A. B., University of Rochester,1875,andA. N., 1878.

EDWARD M. HARTWELL. Biology.A. B., AmherstCollege, 1873,andA. H., 1876.

MITSURU KUHARA. . Chemistry.S.B., University of Tokis, Japan,1877.

ALLAN MARQUAND.5 Logic and Ethics.A. B., PrincetonCollege, 1874; Fellow of the JohnsHopkins University, 1878-80, and

Ph. P.,1880.

OSCAR H. MITCHELL. Mathematics.A. B., MariettaCollege, 1878,andA. H., 1878.

KAKICHI MITSUKURI. Biology.Ph. B., Yale College, 1879.

EDWARD L. NICHOLS.0 Physics.S. B., Cornell University, 1875; Ph.D., Universityof Ghttingen,1879; Fellow of IleeJohns

Hopkins University, 1879-80.

GEORGE F. NICOLASSEN. Greek.A. B., Universityof Virginia, 1879,and A. H., 1880.

BERNARD F. O’CONNOR. . RomanceLanguages.Bach.ho Leitres, Universithde France,1874.

CHASE PALMER. Chemistry.A. B., JohnsHopkinsUniversity,1879.

HERBERT M. PERRY. Mathematics.A. B., HarverdUniversity,1880.

ROBERT W. PRENTISS. Mathematics.S. B., RutgersCollege, 1878.

A. F. WILHELM SCHIMPER. Biology.Ph.P., University of Strasoburg,1878.

HENRY A. ShoRT.0 Greek.A. B., ColumbiaCollege,1880; now Fellowof ColumbiaCollege.

EDWARD H. SPIEKER. Greek.A. B., JohnsHopkinsUniversity,1879.

MORRISON I. SWIFT. Philosophy.A. B., Williams College,1879.

CHARLES A. VAN VELEER. Mathematics.S.B., Cornell University,1876.

EDMUND B. WILSON. Biology.Ph.B., Yale College, 1878.

* Follows by courtesy.

102 [No. 9.

MAR01!, 1881.1 UNIVERSITYCIRCULAPS. 103

INSTRUCTORSAND GRADUATE STUDENTSIN BIOLOGY, 1876-81.PROFESSORSAND INSTRUCTORSIN BIOLOGY, 1S~6—81.

H. NEWELL MARTIN. Professorof Biology.MB., Universityof London,1871, andDr. Sc.,1872; A. B., University of Cambridge,1874,

and A. M., 1877; Follow, and late Lecturer on Natural History in Christ College,Cambridge;Fellowof Usiversily College,London.

WILLIAM K. BROOKS. Associate,AssistantProfessor of GomparativeAnatomy,Director of theSeasideLaboratory.

A. 11., Williams College, 1870; Ph.D., HarvardUniversity,1875.

HENRY SIcWALL. (Assistant in Biological Laboratory, 1876—78.)Associate,AssistantProfessor of Animal Physiology.

S.B., WesloyanUniversity, 1876; Plo. D., JohnsHopkinsUniversity, 1879.

SAMUEL F. CLARKE. (Assistant in Biology, 1879—80.) Instructor ofElementarySummerSchool, 1880—81.

Ph. B., Yale College, 1878; Fellow in Biology, JohnsHopkins University, 1876-79,andPh.1)., 1879.

WILLIAM T. COUNCILMAN. Assistantin Biology, 1878—79.St.JohnsCollege; M. D., Universityof Maryland,1878.

CHRISTIAN SIllIER. . Assistantin Biology, 1879—80.Concordia, 1866; ~l. D., University of Michigan, 1871; Fellow in Biology, JohnsHopkins

University,1877-79,andPh.D., 1881.

WILLIAM T. SEDGWICK.Ph. B., Yale College, 1877.

Assistantin Biology, 1880—81.

LECTURERS IN BIOLOGY, 1S’16—81.

WILLIAM JAMES, M. ID., of Harvard University, on “the SensesandtheBrain.” (1878.)

WILLIAM G. FARLOW, M. D., of Harvard University, on “VegetalAeMorphology, etc.” (1879.)

FELLOWS IN BIOLOGY, 1876—81.

WILLIAM K. BROOKS, Ph. D.From Cleveland,Ohio; A. B., Williams, 1870; Ph. D., Harvard, 1874; Assistant,Boston

Society of Natural History, 1874-5;appointedAsoscialein Biology before enteringon the Fellowship. (1876.)

SAMUEL F. CLARKE, Ph. ID.From Geneva,Ill.; AssistantZodlogist, U. 5. Fish Commission,1874—75; Assistant in

Zodlogy in SheffieldScientific School,1874-76; Plo B., Yale,1878; Ph.0., JohnsHop—kino, 1879; Assistant in Biological Laboratory,1879—80; IoslrssclorofElemvolarsSass—ones School, 1880—81. (1876-79.)

EDWARD 1~1. HARTWELL, A. M.From sittloton. Mass.; PoblicL tin School, Boston,Mass.,1869; A.B., Amherst.1873, and

A, 31., 1876; vice Princie 1 of High School, Orange,N. J.. 1873—78; Instructor iii PoblicLatin School, Boston,1874-77; Studentin Miami Medical College, Cincinnati, Ohio,1877-78; GraduateStudentof Biology andChemistry,1878-79. (1879—81.)

KAKICHI MITSUKURI, Ph.B.From Tokis, Japan;Ph. B., Yale,1879; GraduateStudentof Biology, 1879-80. (1880—81.)

ISAAC OTT, N. ID.From Easton,Pa.; M. D., University of Pennsylvania,1869; ResidentPhysicianin St.

Marys Ilospital, Philadelphia,1870: Lecturer on RoperioneotalPhysiology in tueUniversity of Pennsylvania,1876-77; A. M., Lafayette, 1877; P/syoiciass,Ession,Pu. (1878-79.)

HENRY J. RICE, N. S.From Canessovia,N. Y.; B. S..Cornell,1876, and M. 5., 1880; Studentof Biology,Univer-

sity 01 France, Paris, 1878; Assistant,U. S. Fish Commission,1879: ProfessorofNulorulSciencesuS MichiganMaSOnryAcudomy, OrchardLa/ce,Michigan. (1876-78.)

A. F. WILHELM SCHIMPER, Ph. ID.From Strasobnrg,Germany;Gymnasiumat Strassbnrg,3864-1874;Ph.D.,Strassbnrg,1878;

Assistantand Provisional Director in the Museumof Natural History, Strasobsrg,1878-80. (1880-81.)

WILLIAM T. SEDGWICK, Ph. B.From Farmiisgtsn,Coun.; Ph. B., Yale, 1877; Studsntin Yale Medical School, 1877-78;

Instructor in Physiological Chesnietryand Toxicology in SheffieldScientific School,1878-79; Asoislunl in BaslogicalLaboratory. (1878—80.)

HENRY SEWALL, Ph. ID.From Baltimore; S. B., Wesloyan,1876; GraduateStudentof Biology, andAssistant in

Laboratory,1876-78; Ph.0., Johnsllspkins, 1879; Studentof Physiology,at Leipoic,1879-80; Associaleiso Biology. (1878—79.)

CHRISTIAN SIHLER, N. D., Ph.D.From Fort W yne,Lid ; Concordia,1863; 31. D, University of Ilichigon, 1871; Assistant

in Biological Laboratory,1879-80,andPh. D.,JohnoHopkins,1881; Plsyoiciais,C/ecelasd.Ohio. (1877—79)

CHARLES 0. WHITMAN, P11. ID.From NewtonIliglilonds, Mass.;A. B.. Bowdoin, 1868, andA. M., 1871; Plo. D., Leipsic,

1878; aplsointed Profsossrof Zoblogy at she Unsceroicy of Tokio, Japan, beforesisteringon theFellowship. . (1879.)

EDMUND BIcECLIER WILSoN, Ph. B.From Geneva,Ill.; Ph. B., Yale, 1878; Assiotantin Zoiilogv at Yale College, 1877-79.

(1879-81.)

GRADUATE STUDENTS IN BIOLOGY, 1S~6—S1.

Thefollowing list containsonly thenamesof graduatestudentswhohave, whil& attendingtheUniversity,givenmost of their time to biologi-calstudyor research. Physiciansin active practiceand merely taking acourseof instruction in Histology or Physiologyare not included in it,hut thosewho have given a considerableportion of their time to studywhile with us, or who have carried on researchesin the Laboratoryareenulnerated. The list of advancedstudentswho havestudiedat the sea-sidelaboratorywill befound on p. 111.

HOWARD E. AMES. (CornellUniversity; M. 13.,Universityof Maryland,1874.)JOSEPH C. ARTHUR. (S. B., Iowa A

0rieulturalCollege, 1872,and5. 31., 1879.)WILLIAM H. ARTHUR. (M.D., University of Maryland,1876.)ISAAC E. ATKINSON. (M. D., Univeroityof Maryland,1865.)WILLIAM ID. BOOKER. (M.D., University ofVirginin, 1867.)WILLIAM C. BOTELER. (M. D., University ofMaryland,1878.)SAM UEL F. CLARKE. (Ph.B.,Yale Colle0e,1878;Fellow in Biology, JohnsHopkins

University, 1876—79,andPh.D., 1879.)WILLIAM T. COUNCILMAN. (St. JohnsCollege; M. D., University of Maryland,

1878.)A. KERR BOND. (A.. B., JohnoHopkinsUniversity, 188e.)FRANK IDoNALDSON. (A. B., HarvardUniversity, 1879.)IDELANO S. FITZGERALD. (M. D.,University of France,1880.)EDWARD NI. HARTWELL. (A. B., Amloerot College,1873, and A. M. 1876; Fellow

in Biology, JohnsHopkinsUniversity, 1879—81.)WALTER B. JAMES. (A. B., Yale College,1879.)EDMUND A. JARVIS. (A. B., JohnsHopkinsUniversity,1880.)WILLIAM LEE. (M. D., University ofMaryland, 1864.)FRANK P. MCLEAN. (Ph. C., University ofCalifornia, 1875.)KAKICHI MITSIJKURI. (Ph.B., Yale College,1879; Fellowin Biology, JohnsHop-

kinsUniversity, 1889—81.)WILLIAM A. MOALE, J a. (M. D., Uloiveroity of Maryland,1879.)ISAAC OTT. (1,1. D., Universityof Pennoylvania,1869; A. M., LafayetteCollege,1877~

Fellow in Biology,JohnsHopkinsUtoiveroity, 1878-79.)HARRY F. RicID. (A. B., JohnsHopkinsUniversity, 1880.)HENRY ,J. RICE. (S.B., CornellUniversity, 1876; Fellowin Biology, JohnsIlopkins

University, 1876—78.)A. F. WILLI ELM SCHIMPER. (Ph. 13., University of Strasohurg,1878; Fellowin

Biology, JohnsHopkinsUniversity, 1880—81.)WILLIAM T. SEDGWICK. (Ph.B., Yale College,1877; Fellow lb Biology, 1879—80.)HENRY SEWALL. (S.B., WesloyanUniversity, 1876;Fellowin Biology, JohnsHop-

kinsUniversity, 1878—79,andPlo. D., 1879.)CHARLES C. SHIPPEN. (A. B., Harvard University, 1877; M. 13., University of

Maryland,1879.)CHRISTIAN SIBLER. (Concordia,1866; M.D., University of Miclai0an, 1871;Fellow

in Biology, JohnsHopkinsUniversity, 1877—79.)EDMUND B. WILSON. (Ph.B., Yale College,1878; Fellowin Biology, JohnsHop-

kinsUniversity, 1879—81.)HIRAM WooDS,Ja. (A. B., PrincetonCollege, 1879.)H. BOYD WYLIE. (M. 13., College of Physiciansand Snr0 s, [Baltimore], 1877;

NI. 13.,BellevueHospitalMedicalCollege.[N. Y.], 1878.)

The following Physicians,while not able to give up any largepro-portion of their time to study, have attended coursesof instructioB(mainly Animal Physiology or Histology) given in the BiologicalIDepartment.

JACOB ID. ARNOLD. (A. B., GeorgetownCollege,1873,andA.M., 1876; M. 13.,Wash-ingtonUniversity, [Baltimore], 1876.)

BOLLING W. BAICTON. (31. 13., Universityof Maryland,1866.)THOMAS R. BROWN. (M. 13.,Universityof Maryland,1866.)T. BARTON BRUNE. (M. 13.,Universityof Maryland, 1877.)JOHN IDIcKSoN. (M. 13.,Universityof Marylaiid, 1852.)FRANK D. GAvIN. (M. 13., University of Maryland,1874.)WILLIAM G. HARRISON. (31.13.,BellevueHospitalMedicalCollege,[N. Y.], 1864.)WiLLIAM C. JARvIS. (M. 13.,Universityof Maryland,1876.)JOHN 43. JAY. (31.13.,University of 3laryland,1871.)LEWIS W. KNIGHT. (M. 13., University of Maryland, 1866.)BENJAMIN F. LEONARD. (31. 13., University of Maryland, 1876.)

JOHN S. LEWIS. (31. 13., Collegeof Physiciansand Sorgeons,[Ballimere], 1879.)WiLLIAM F. LOCKWOOD. (31. 13, University of Virginia, 1876; Demonstratorof

Anatomy,Collegeof PhysiciansandSorgeons,[Baltimore].)THOMAS P. MCCoRMIcK. (31. 13.,Universityof Maryland,1877.)J. EDwIN MICHAEL. (A. B., Princeton College, 1871,and A. 31 , 1874;31. 13., Uni-

versity of 3laryiand, 1873, now Professorof Anatomyin the vame.)ROBERT B. MORRISON. (M. 13., University of 3laryland, 1874.)

WILLIAM E. MOSELET. (31. 13.,HarvardUniveroity, 1874.)RICHARD H. THo3iAS. (M. 13., University of 3laryland, 1876.)GUY F. WHITING. (31. 13., University of 3laryland, 1878.) .JAMES G. WII.TSsIileE. (M. 13., University of Maryland, 1869; Demonstratorof

Anatossoy,Collegeof Physiciansand Soorgeons,[Baltimore].)

104 JOHNSHOPKINS [No. 9.

BIOLOGY, 1876-81.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE.

In the organizationof this University, prominencewas given to the study of Biology, partlybecauseof its importanceas a science, consideredby itself and partly becauseof its fundamentalrelationsto thescienceof Medicine. The founder of theUniversity wasalso the founderof a Hospital,now in process of construction upon a wise and generous plan, and it was his wish, as it is thepurposeof his trustees,that the University and the Hospital should codperatein the promotion

of medical and sanitaryscience. Consequentlymuch thought has been given in the Johns HopkinsUniversity to the subject of medical education,and although the time has not yet come for theappointmentof a medical faculty or the announcementof professional courses of study, an efforthas been made to give a thorough foundation for such coursesby instruction in Physics,Chemistryand Biology, as well as in Mathematics and Language. Under the term Biology it is intendedto include Physiology and Morphology, both Animal and Yegetable.

A Professorof Biology, who had won many academichonors and was familiar with the methodsemployed and the principles recognizedin the best laboratoriesof England and the continent, wasappointedin 1876, and requestedto organizeamongus this departmentof instruction. An AssociateProfessorwasdesignatedsoonafterward,to whom the branchesof Morphologyand ComparativeAnatomywere assigned,thus leaving the Professorof Biology freer to direct the general administrationof thelaboratoryand to carry forward instructionand researchesin Physiology,in accordancewith his personalpreferences. OtherAssistantshave beenengagedfrom time to time, and threeof the Fellowshipshavebeen regularly allotted to studentsof Biology.

The following statementswhich come from the Biological Laboratory are printed for the infor-mation of all who are interestedin observing the resultsof our work; and also,particularly,to showto young men and their parents what facilities are offered for laying a suitable foundation for thesubsequentstudyof Medicine. It is also thought that abroadas well as at home the encouragementhere given to investigation and publication xviii be noticed with interest.

D. C. GILMAN.

President’sOffice,

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, March 10, 1881.

GRADUATE INSTRUCTION AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH.

In organizing the graduatework, in which more than half the studentsof the departmentare engaged,several factshad to be taken into consideration; foremost amongthem being the impossibility of immediately furnishing a completeequipmentfor the higheststudy in all the subdivisionsof biological sciencewithout such a (lisproportionateexpenditureof the funds of the University as would be unjust to other branchesof learning. Insteadof endeavoringto do everythingtolerably well, it was thought better to selecta few topics to begin with, and to attempt to afford the very best facilitiespossible in these, leaving others to be taken up successivelyas opportunity offered. The choice has been mainlydetermined,by two considerations(1) by the fact that the founder of the University especiallydesired it to co6peratewith the JohnsHopkins Hospital in advancing medical educationand science,and (2) by regard to the general policyof the University, in accordancewith ~vhich, when a choice is possible between two subjects in which to afford specialfacilities for the most advancedstudyand to encourageresearch,that one is selectedin which such facilities are less com-monly met with elsewherein the United States; in this way an attempt is made rather to complementthan to rival thework of other institt~tions giving higher instruction.

MARCH, 1881.1 UNIVERSITYCIRCULAPS.

UNDERGRADUATE COURSES.The University allows an undergraduatestudent to select his plan of study from any one of several scheduleswhich

are laid down by the authorities. Among the subjectswhich he may take up, after studying Physics and Chemistry, isBiology, and this study is recommendedto thosewho arepreparing themselvesto enter at a later period upon the profes-sional study of Medicine.

When the undergraduateenters the Biological Laboratory,he does not at oncebegin the study of Botany or Zoblogy,or anysul)division of these,but gives attention (luring the first year to GeneralBiology—to acquiring a general knowledgeof the forms assumedand the properties exhibited by living matter. For this purpose the student commenceswith thestudy of unicellular organisms; is next carried on through a series of types selectedfrom the higher Fungi, the crypto-

gamous,and the flowering plants; and is finally made to examine thoroughly a specimenfrom eachclass in the aulmalkingdom. These types form the texts for lectures and recitations upon general biological laws and the phenomenawhich they are selectedto illustrate; but the main work is done in the Laboratory,so that the instruction hasa firm prac-tical basis,and the various technicaltermsaremadeintelligible through their illustration by the observationsof the studenthimself. Having formed a good acquaintancewith a number of adult forms the student next takes up Embryology, thelectures on which are illustrated by a thorough pr~sctical study of the developmentof the chick, and a less extensiveone

of the developmentalhistories of some other animals. During this preliminary course the student also,with the aid of aselected series of skeletons,studies the main facts in Human and ComparativeOsteology. After its completion somespecialization of study is permitted, and the more advanceda student is the more is this encouraged; in the next year,he may select Animal Physiology with Histology, or Animal Morphology, for more detailed study; and it is hopedthat Botany will very soon be added to the list.

This undergraduatecourse, while primarily designedas a stepping stone for those who intend to becomeBiologists,is at the same time complete in itself, and believed to be the form of biological instruction best adapted for those whodo not expect to becomeeither Botanists, Zo6logists, or Physiologists,but who desire to acquire someknowledge of themethods and ideas of modern Biology, as one of the branches of general culture which they select among the studies

leading to the baccalaureatedegree.

SPECIFIC STATEMENTS IN RESPECT TO THE SUB-DIVISIONSOF BIOLOGICAL STUDY.

Animal Physiology.

The relationsof theUniversity to the Hospital seemedfromthe first to indicateAnimal Physiologyas asubjecthavingspecialclaims on us, and this opinion was confirmed by aconsiderationof the presentstatusof that sciencein this country. Notwith-standing a small number of brilliant physiological discoveriesmadein theUnited States,andthe fact thatseveraldistinguishedphysiological investigatorsare found here,it can hardly be saidthat America has taken her fair part in contributing to themodern advance of Physiology. The costliness and varietyof the accurateinstruments required for modern physiologicalresearchalmost preclude any but a well-endowed institntionfrom obtaining them: hencethe majority of medical students,evei had they time, havenot the opportunity of acquiring thatpracticalknowledgeof themethodsof physiologicalinquiry whichis so valuable an auxiliary in those therapeuticaland patho-logical researches,which, conductedon themodernexperimentalmethod,haveaddedso much in lateyearsto the list of remedialagentsat the disposal of the practising physician. Nnmer6usgoodteachersdo, no doubt,give instructionconcerningthosemainfacts already acquired which it is essentialfor the practitionerto know, but it seemedimportant to introducea graduatecourseto train men as specialistsin Physiology, so that they mightnot only be qualified to teach it, but to add to our knowledgeof the working of the living body, andto supply new facts forthe physician to utilize. While Chemistry has made good itsposition as a sciencewhich, though essentialto thosewho practicemedicine,has claim to a placein thecircle of sciencesapartfromthator anyother immediatepractical application,Physiologyhas

only recentlybegun to advanceinto that fortunate position andtQ bepursuedfor its own sake,asit now is in manyEuropeancoun~tries; as yet, in theUnited Statesit is but little studied,exceptin immediateconnectionwith a medical curriculum. Manifoldexperiencehas,however, shewedthat a sciencerarely makesim-portantadvanceswhen pursuedmerelyas ameansto somespecificendto which it is made secondary;and as modern advancesintheinvestigationof theactionof drugsandin thecomprehensionof pambologicalphenomenaare more and more arrived at byreasonings basedon physiological results and by experimentscarried on by physiological methods, the time seems to havearrived when, at least in certain centres,Physiology should bemadea subject of independentstudy.

Fdr the reasonsbriefly statedabove, Animal Physiologyhasformedoneof thesubjectsfor specialadvancedstudy selectedbythe Johns Hopkins University; and of its subdivisions moreattention is given to what is commonly known as “Experi-mental” than to “Chemical” Physiology,thelatterbeingalreadyfairly well providedfor in severalcolleges. Of Animal Histologythesamemay be said. rfherefore,while arrangementswere madeto enableanystudent to verify for himself the main points estab-lished in Animal Chemistryand Histology,thechiefendeavorhasbeen to provide special facilities in the so-calledExperimentalPhysiology,and the instrumentsbrought together for advancedstudyandresearchin thatbranchof knowledgearebelievedto bemore numei-ousand to cover a wider ground than thoseto befoandelsewherein this country. The Laboratoryis convenientlyarrangedfor advancedwork, the roomsoccupiedby thoseengagedin it beingshut off from the GeneralLaboratoryfitted up for thejunior students.

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JOHNSHOPKINS

As to themethodof selectinginstrumentsthe following state-mentsmay be of interest. Before the openingof theUniversitytheTrusteesplacedat thedisposalof ProfessorMartin, to whomwas entrustedthe organizationof the biological department,aconsiderablesum,which was mainly expendedin procuring theinstrumentsand appliancesessentialfor thevarious branchesofundergraduate biological work. For instance, a number ofmicroscopeswere purchased,so that each student should haveonefor his own use; alsotheapparatusnecessaryto enableeveryone to repeatfor himself, (as he is required to do whenpain toan animal is not involved), the more easyphysiologicalexperi-ments,andtheapparatusnecessaryfor thedemonstrationof suchfundamentalphysiological facts as are too difficult for the lessadvancedstudentsto carryout for themselves. Sincethattime the.Trusteeshaveyearlyprovided $1,000for the purchaseof new in-struments;of thesesomeareselectedfrom thosewhich havebeendescribedwithin theprecedingtwelvemonthsandseemof value,or which, though older, are of generalusefulnessin the labora-tory: the remainderare purchasedfor the execution of specialinvestigations,so that, within reasonablelimits as to cost, anyone engagedin aresearchcan havepurchasedor constructedforhim suchinsti~umentsas he may require. The collection of appa-ratus is, therefore, somewhatunique; starting with the generaloutfit of a~physiological laboratory,and growingby theconstantaddition of themore generallyuseful instrumentsfor demonstra-tion and class-work, it also contains many piecesof apparatuswhich xvereorderedfor specialends; and both groupsareaddedto yearly.

A competentmechanic,at work on thepremises,constructssomeof thenewapparatus,andalso,whichis more important,is alwaysat hand for the immediaterepair of anyinstrumentwhich maygetout of order.

Animal Morphology.

Arrangementshaving beenmadeto afford instruction andthemeansof researchin Animal Physiology,and very specialfacili-ties for advancedwork in someof its branches,thenext questionfor considerationwas what should be done to promotegraduatestudy in Zo&logy and ComparativeAnatomy. Here again thebestprincipleto adoptseemedto be, after arrangingto give theordinary undergraduateinstruction as well as someof the moreessentialappliancesfor advancedwork in all branchesof Zo6logy,to select for special effort and encouragementthe subdivisionwhich should appearto be leastcommonlyor efficiently promotedelsewhere.

Facilities for advancedwork in Systematic Zoillogy werealreadywell provided in manyeducationalinstitutions and alsoin connectionwith the National Coast and Territorial Surveys,and the National and State Fish Commissions. Of Compara-tive Anatomy, so far as adult forms are concerned,almost thesamemaybe said,but,with somewell known exceptions,thestudyof the developmentof individual animals, consideredin connec-tion with problems of generalAnimal Morphology, has recuivedlessattention; althoughtheAmericanFaunaaffordsmanyuniqueopportunities,and it is now generallybelieved that all scientificsystemsfor the classification of animals and the recognitionofhomologiesin theorgansof different species,genera,andclassesmustbe mainly basedon thestudyof thedevelopmentalhistoriesof inclividhals.

The University has accordinglynot undertakenthe formationof anyextensivemuseum; suchtypical specimensareprovided asare requisitefor the satisfactoryinstruction of ordinary students~f ZoiMogy, but therehasbeenno attempt to bring togetheravastcollectionsuchas specialistsin SystematicZo6logyrequirefortheir work. Suchcollectionsarefound in severalothereducationalcentres,and, therefore,in accordancewith the generalprinciplesof the University, were not consideredas of primary importancehere; while the fact that theNational Collectionsat Washingtonarewithin easyreachof personsresiding in Baltimore should any

[No. 9.

point needingreferenceto a larg-emuseumarise,madeit possiblefom~ the presentto postponethe foundingof a Museum of NaturalHistory. Whether the Universitywill ever undertakethis taskis aquestionfor future decision. No doubt readyaccessto an ex-tensivecollectionis of vastimportanceto everyzo~Mogist,amuseumbeingto him very much what a great library is to the philolo-gist. We may perhapshopethatwhatPeabodyhasdonein found-ing a great referencelibrary in Baltimore, which has freed theUniversity Trusteesfrom thenecessityof expendingtheir incomefor that purpose,may someday be supplementedfor the biolo-gists through theendowmentby somecitizen of a Natural His-tory Museum,the organizationof which shall be enti~ustedtoexperts,so that, while a sourceof recreationand instructiomi tothegeneralpublic, it shall also be availablefor scientific work.

After the selectionof ComparativeEmbryology as the subjectin which to make a special endeavorto afford opportunitiesforadvancedstudyand research,thenext questionwhich presenteditself to the authorities of theUniversity was how best to pro-vide these. A considerationof the results accomplishedin theprivatelaboratorymaintainedby Mr. AlexanderAgassizat New-port, anti in the Seaside Laboratories supported by severalEuro~eanstatesand universities,seemedto indicateas the bestthing the foundationof a Marine Laboratoryfor advancedstu-dents; andalso to make desirable its location as far south asconvenient,since the organized facilities for seasidezoillogicalstudy are at presentmuch greaterin the northern than in thesouthernpartsof theAtlantic seaboard. In thesummerof 1878sucha laboratorywas openedat FortressMonroe on thewesternshore of the Chesapeake,ProfessorMartin being immediatelyresponsibleto theTrusteesfor advisingits foundationandfor itsmanagementin accordancewith thegeneralplan of thebiologicaldepartment,though in justiceto Dr. Brooks,Associatein Biology,it is incumbentto state that theideaoriginatedwith him, that he,as its Director, hashadthe immediatecontrol of the organizationof the Marine Laboratory from the outset, and that to him isalmost entirely duethe successwhich hasattendedit. In 1879,the Marine Laboratorywasrei~penedat Crisfield, on the easternshore of the Chesapeake,and later in the seasonmoved to itspreviouslocation near FortressMonroe. In 1880, it was con-ducted at Beaufort, N. C., and will return there next season.

SeasideSummer Schoolsfor moreor less elementaryteachingin Zoi5logy have for someyears beenconductedin the UnitedStates,and the National Fish Commission has for sometimeannually afforded valuable opportunities to specialists,but thefoundationby aUniversity of aMarine Laboratory for advancedstudyand research,in commnectionwith whichno definiteteachingwasgiven but which afforded to qualifiedworkers opportunitiesfor original investigation,had not previouslybeenattemptedinthis country. The results of the experiment,concerningwhichsome detailswill be foundon a subsequentpage,havebeenverysatisfactory. A steamlaunch,fitted up for dredgingpurposes,has beenpurchased,microscopesand other necessaryapparatusareprovidedby theUniversity, andthosewho can shewthat theyalready possesssuch knowledge as may be exp.ectedto qualifythem for advancedstudy,arereceivedas studentson thepaymentof asmall fee.

Every year since the organizationof the Marine Laboratoryapplicationsfor admissionto it havebeenreceivedfrom rersonswho, on further investigation,were foundto be not fully fitted tooccupy a place imi a laboratoryprimarily designedfor researchand for advancedstudy. As several Summer Schools for ele-mentary instruction in Marine ZoiYlogy already existed in theUnited Statesno specialeffort was made to accommodatesuchcandidates. Lastsummer,however,severalof thejunior studentsof the Universityhaving expresseda desire to spendsome timein study at the seaside,a more elementarymarine laboratorywas organized under the superintendenceof Dr. S. F. Clarke,Assistantin theBiological Laboratory. The place selectedwasthatnearFortressMonroepreviouslyoccupied by the laboratoryfor advancedstudents,and which was known to afford good

106

MARCH, 1881.1 UNIVERSITY011WULARS.

opportunitiesfor study; as membersof theJohnsHopkins Uni-versity did not occupy all the accommodationavailable,severalpersonsfrom elsewherewere receivedas students. In future,thereis a strongprobability that if a sufficient desirefor summerteachingin Zo~1ogyis manifestedamong the undergraduatesoftheUniversity, asimilar classwill be organized,(seep. 112).

Botany.

The next subject taken up with a view to providing opportu-nities for advancedstudywill probablybe Botanyand, if possible,either ComparativeVegetable Morphology or Vegetable Phy-siology will be selectedfor special encouragement. Systematicand Structural Botanyarealreadyso well providedfor elsewhereand attract such a largeproportionof American botanists,thattheir claim is obviously less pressing.

At presentundergraduatesaretaught the fundamentalfactsofbotanical science,and, in connectionwith a Field Club, have theopportunity to acquirea knowledgeof the Floraof theBaltimoredistrict, the specimenscollected at each weekly excursionbeingsubsequentlyexaminedanddescribedunderthe directionof oneof theinstructors. During a part of theacademicyear 1878—79,ProfessorFarlow, of Harvard College, gave some advancedbotanical instruction.

Libraries.

The main referencelibrary of the biologicaFdepartment,asof all othersin theUniversity, is thatof the PeabodyInstitute,within three or four minutes walk. In it are containedcom-pletesetsof nearlyall themore important biological periodicalsandof the proceedingsof learned societies,as also other worksof reference.

Exceptin thecaseof bookslikely to be frequentlyrequiredforconsultationtheUniversity hasnot attemptedto duplicate thosefound in the PeabodyLibrary; and such biological works as itpossesseshavebeenselectedon thesameprinciple as thephysio-logical instruments. Thosewhich the majority of studentsarelikely to want frequentlyare purchasedfor the general library,and duplicatesof thosemost often neededareeither kept in thebiological laboratoryor areplaced therefrom time to time whenthe subject they treat of is being studied; for instance,mono-graphson thevariousvegetableand animal typeswhich under-graduatesstudy in the course of their first year’s work. Themore important biological journals, in various languages,aretaken regularly by the University, so that an advancedworkerhas, in a vacant half hour, only to walk a few steps to find theCurrent periodical literature in his own subject. A list of theperiodicals accessibleto thoseworking in Baltimore is given onp. 114.

Apart from the generalUniversity Library there is a specialbiological collection,consistingpartlyofthemoregenerallyneededworks of referenceandpartly of books,pamphlets,&c., purchasedin connectionwith special researchescarried on in the Labora-tory; the latter form alargepart of thecollection,as aneffort ismade to procure for anyone engagedin a particular investiga-tion all publicationsbearingon his work butnot readilyobtainable,as graduationtheses, occasionalpublications from various con-tinental laboratories,&c., &c. Like the physiologicalapparatus,the collection of books pertaining to Biology thus falls into twomain groups: those apt to be neededfor every day use, andthose purchasedfor some specific end and representingsomeresearch,completed,in progress,or contemplated:no work isbought becauseit seemslikely on vaguegeneralprinciples tobecomesomeday usefulto somebody,but as soon as it is wantedit is if possibleobtained.

In this connection,it is a pleasantduty to acknowledgethefriendly help of Dr. JohnS. Billings andtheother authoritiesofthe Library of the Army Medical Museum in Washington,whohavenot only afforded everyfacility to thosewho havegone toWashington to consultworks in that Library, but havesentto

Baltimore, from time to time, out of their unrivalled store ofphysiologicalworks, anywhichthey possessedandwhich we haverequesteda loan of for some specialpurpose. Through theircourtesy manyotherwise unattainabletreatiseshavebeenmadeavailableto us for study in thequiet of our own rooms,or for usein theLaboratory.

Publications.

In connectionwith its recognizedduty in promotingresearch,theUniversity almostnecessarilyassumedthe functionof publica-tion, andhasaccordinglyassisted,in onewayor another,Journalsof Mathematics,Chemistry,andPhilology. In thecaseof Biologyaspecial difficulty hasto be met, sincea large proportionof bio-logical researchesrequire for satisfactorypresentationmore orless numerousplates,the cost of which makestheir publicationcomparativelyexpensive. Physiological articles have hithertobeenprovided for in the Journal of Physiology, edited by Dr.Michael Foster,F. R. S., of Cambridge,England,and of whichProfessorMartin is one of the American Associate Editors.The publication of the morphological researchespresentedmoredifficulty, as they commonly require a greaternumber of platesand thoseoften colored and expensiveto produce; such articleshave accordinglybeen somewhatscattered,accordingas editorswduld agreeto take them. The scientific resultsof theSeasideLaboratory in 1878 were published by subscription of a num-ber of citizens of Baltimore; other morphological papers haveappearedin various journals,while otherswere published by theUniversity in a series of “Studies from the Biological Labora-tory,” which also containsreprintsof someof thearticlesby mem-bers of the University published elsewhere,as well as otherbiological articles by membersof the University not previouslypresentedto the scientific world.

In future, theJournalof Physiology,which is the only period-ical in the English language devotedsolely to the publicationof original physiological research,will be published in Americawith theaid of theJohnsHopkins University, andbe issuedfromit to subscribers. The “Studies from theBiological Laboratory“

will also be continuedto securethe publication of articleswhichwould otherwisebe delayed,and partlyalso to bring togetherinthe form of collected reprints the researchesyearly proceedingfrom theLaboratoryandscatteredin different periodicals.

Special Students.

Under this head maybe included a numberof persons,somegraduatesof a collegeand somenot, who havedesiredto gain aknowledge of certain departmentsof Biology, without carryingon suchprolongedstudy as isnecessaryto thosewho look forwardto becomingspecialists. The number of medical men, for ex-ample,who haveentered for a courseof instruction in Histologyor Animal Physiology hasbeenquite large, andeachyearseveralstudentsfrom medical schools in thecity have been admitted tostudy in the laboratory. In accordancewith the generalprin-ciple of the University, to be chary of its honorsbut liberal ofits benefits,suchpersons,though not candidatesfor a degree,arewillingly received when circumstances,such as the time whichcan be given to this work, shew that it is likely to be profita-ble.

A systematiccourseof instruction for studentswho have notmatriculatedandwho do not intend to take theB. A. degreehasbeenthrown open to thosewho intend hereafterto studyMedi-cine andwho can passan entranceexaminationdesignedto shewwhetherthey haveafair generaleducation. The studiesof thiscourse extendthrough threeyears; in the secondof thesethestudenttakesup (withcertainother subjects)GeneralBiology, andin the third, Animal Physiology and Histology, andVertebrateAnatomy. So far at least as Biology is concerned,we believethe facilities thus offered to thosewho intendto studymedicine,andwho, for various reasons,ai7e unable to takeafull collegiate

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108 JOHNSHOPKINS

course such as is requisite for attaining the B. A. degree,areof considerable importance. It practically extends the timeoccupied in medical studies, and gives the student a sound,ifelementary,scientific educationasa basis for his technicalstudies.Physiology in a medical school is, of necessity,nearly always“ Human Physiology,” which the experienceof late years hastaught us is as unscientific, studied by itself, as the socalled“PhysiologicalChemistry.” Medical Physiologyshould betaughton abroader basisof General Physiology,as MedicalChemistryon a previouslyacquired knowledgeof General Chemistry; it isonly then that the practical applicationsof physiological facts,which form the proper field of instruction in a medical school,are likely to be fully appreciatedor intelligently retained.

Classesfor School Teachers, and Demonstra-tions to Medical Students.

Efforts havealsobeenmade to extendinstructionto personswho could not derive immediatebenefitfrom theUniversity workunlessspecialarrangementsweredevisedfor them. In 1877,Pro-fessorMartin conducteda classfor theInstruction in Physiologyof School Teachers. The classmet on twentysuccessiveSatur-daysfrom 10 A. M. to 2 P. M. Eachmeetingcommencedwitha lecture on the topic of the day’s work, and the class thenadjournedto the Laboratory for practicalstudy. A syllabusofdirections for practicalwork wasdrawn up and printed, and anattempt was made to give those attendinga fair practical ac-quaintancewith Physiolo0.iealAnatomy andwith Histology, andalso to showthem how to performsuchphysiological experimentsas are suitablefor demonstrationin schools; a numberof otherfacts in Physiology were demonstratedwith the hope of givinga surer basis for intelligent instruction by the membersof theclass.

In 1878, Dr. Brooks conductedasimilar “Teachers’ Class”inZoi5logy, themembersof which dissectedunderhis supervisionanumberof typical Invertebrates;a printed syllabus of directionsfor dissectingthevarious animals studied wasalso drawn up fortheuseof this class.

In 1878—79 and 1879—80, ProfessorMartin conductedtwoseriesof twenty demonstrationsin Animal Physiology beforeaclass of studentsfrom the medical schoolsof the city, sev~ralphysiciansalso attending; in theseall the fundamentalphysio-logical experimentswereshewn.

Fellowships.

Of thetwenty Fellowshipsof theUniversity, eachyielding fivehuudreddollarsannually,andawardedamonggraduatesengagedin advancedstudy or in research,threeare commonly held bybiological students. A special announcementon this subject ismadeby theUniversity.

Societies.

The ScientificAssociationof theUniversity meetsmonthly andgives an opportunity for the discussionof recentscientific dis-coveries,andalsofor the presentationof resultsof theresearchesof membersof theUniversity. An abstract(f the proceedingsof the Association is published in the “University Circulars,”which areissuedat short intervalsduring the academicyear,andgive those engagedin original work an opportunity to securepriority for their discoverieswhile awaiting an opportunity topublish their researchesin more detail.

Periodical biological literature is so extensivethat theneedofsomesystematicdivision of the labor of keepingabreastwith itearlymade itself felt. To assistin this task a JournalClub hasbeenorganized,its membersbeingthe instructors and graduatestudentsof the biological departmentof the University. Thecurrent journals are parcelled out among the members, whoin turn report at the weekly meetings,the instructors exer-cisinga generaldirection as to which articles shall be fully re-ported and discussedand which more cursorily mentioned. Ageneral acquaittancewith biological advances,as published invarious languages,is thus made possibleto all themembers,andthoseworking at special topicslearnwhereanything likely to beof importance to them is to be found, without the necessityofundertakingthe somewhatlaborious task of themselveslookingover all the periodicalsand the transactionsof scientific bodies.

SCHEDULE OF THE BIOLOGICAL INSTRUCTION FOR UNDERGRADUATES.

Theregularcoursesin Biology for undergraduateshavehithertovaried somewhatfrom yearto year us theneedsof studentshavebecomemore manifestor the staff has beenincreased. As now organized the coursesgiven annually are as follows; no great

departurefrom this schememay he expectedin future, except as additions may be madeon theappointmentof teachersin subjects

not yet represented.

First Year’s Studies.

1. General Biology. PRoFESSoRMARTIN. Thrice weekly,from the commencementof the academicyear to the end ofMarch.

2. Embryology. PROFESSORMARTIN. Thrice weekly, fromthecommencementof April to the close of theacademicyear.

3. Hamanand ComparativeOsteology. Da. BRooKs. Thriceweekly, from thebeginningof Octoherto theendof April.

Second Year’sStudies.

4. Animal Physiology and Histology; Elementary Class.PROFESSORMARTIN. Thrice weekly during the academicyear.

In future Da. SEWALL will take chargeof this class.

5. Zo8logyand ComparativeAnatomy. DR. BROOKS. Thriceweeklyduring thefirst six monthsof theacademicyear.

TheLaboratoryis opendaily for practicalinstructionin connec-tion with theabovecoursesof lecturesandrecitations.

[No. 9.

MARCH, 1881.] UNIVERSITY CIJ?CULAPS.

COURSES OF LECTURES, 1876-81.

The following list containsthe titles of all the formal coursesof lectureswhich havebeengiven in connectionwith theBiologicalDepartmentup to the close of the past year. As will be seenmany of the courseswere annuallyrepeated,as they formed a partof the regular undergraduateinstruction; other more advancedlectureswere given on vnried topics from time to time as theneedsof graduatestudents made it desirable,but most of the graduate instruction, being necessarilyadapted to individuals engagedin specialadvancedwork in some one limited direction, is given by means of daily counsel and by informal intercourseand dis-cussion with the Instructors. In all .cases,except the coursesindicated as public lectures,the lecturesare supplementedby daily,systematic,practical laboratorystudy, the lectures themselvesbeing mainly designed to direct the reading and thought of thestudent, and to point out to him what are the important factswhich he should verify for himself. The specialtopics of the moreadvancedlecturesvary from year to year, but their generalscope and range may be gatheredfrom the list here given, and maybe expectedratherto. be increasedthan diminished in future.

18~’647.

1. Animal Physiology. PRoFESSoRMARTIN. Twice weekly,from Octoberto April.

This coursewas designedmainly for physiciansand others who hadalreadya generalacquaintancewith Human Physiology. The pointstowhich main attentionwas given were, accordingly,recentphysiologicaladvances,as the vasodilator nerves,the physiology of secretion, thelocalisationof cerebralfunctions,etc.

2. The Theoriesof Biology. DR. BROOKS. Sixteen publiclectures,commencingJannary 4.

This coursewasintendedto afford aneducatedaudiencetheopportunityof hearinga critical discussionof suchtopics as the Origin of Species,Darwin’s theoryof Pangenesis,Instinct in Animals, etc.

3. The Anatomy of Invertebrate Animals. DR. BROOKS.Thrice weekly, from Januaryto theendof theacademicyear.

In this course,designedto meet the needsof graduatestudents,theaiflnities of the broupsof Invertebrata, as indicatedby their develop-mentalhistory, were mainly considered. Those attendingthe lectureswerepresumedto havea fair knowledgeof the anatpmyof adult animalforms.

4. General Biology. PRoFESSoRMARTIN andDa. BRooKs.Thrice weekly, during April and May, 1877.

In this coursethe structureand physiology of a unicellular fungus,greenplant, and animal were studied; and then severalof the higherFungi, (Jryptogams, and Flowering Plants, and a typical InfusorianCcelenterate,Annulate, Mollusc, and Vertebrate. The coursewas in-tendedasan introduction to biology for thosewho had in earlierpartsofthesessiongainedsomeknowledgeof physics andchemistry.

5. The Developmentof the Chickx PROFESSORMARTIN.Tenlectures,May, 1877.

In this course,designedfor advancedstudents,the embryologyof the

bird wasconsideredin referenceto generalvertebratemorphology.

18~’-78.

6. Animal Physiology and Histology. PROFESSORMARTIN.Thrice weekly, from earlyin Octoberto theendof March.

This course,planned for undergraduatestudents,was adaptedto therequirementsof thosewho had alreadylearnt therudimentsof AnimalAnatomy andHistology thepreviousyear,(seecourse4), and alsohow tousea microscopeandto dissect.

7. ComparativeAnatomyan.dZo3logy. DR. BROOKS. Thriceweekly, from the beginningof Octoberto theendof March.

This course,like the preceding,was mainly designedfor studentswhohad followed the instruction in General Biology during the precedingacademicyear.

8. The Se.nsesandtheBrain, and their relation to Thought.PROFESSORWILLIAM JAMES, of HarvardUniversity. Ten publiclectures.

9. Elementary Biology. PROFESSOR MARTIN. Four timesweekly, in April andMay.

This coursewas a repetitionof course4.

10. Animal Embryology,with a specialstudy of thedevelop-ment of thechick. DR. BROOKS. Eight lectures,in May.

This coveredthesamegroundascourse5, above.

11. Instruction in Physiologyfor School Teachers. PRO-FESSOR MARTIN. Twenty fectures,with laboratorywork, on Sat-urdaysfrom 10 A. M. to 2 P. M, commencingOctober13.

In this coursethe fundamentalpoints of gross and microscopicstruc-ture, andthefunctionsof themore importantorgansand mechanismsofthemammalianbody were studied.

12. ChesapealeeZodlogical Laboratory, sessionof 1878. Da.BRooKs, Director in immediatecharge. Open atFort Wool, Va.,from June15 until the middle of August.

13. The Structureand Developmentof Boneand Tooth, withspecialreferenceto the cellular pathology DR. CHRISTIAN SIR-LER, Fellow of the University. Six public lectures,designedforPhysiciansandDentists,April, 1878.

18~’8- ~9.

14. GeneralBiology. PROFESSOR MARTIN. Twenty lectures,delivered in commonto a generalaudienceand to studentscom-mencingtheir biological studies. Four times weekly, commencingSeptember26.

Thegroundcoveredwaspracticallythesameasin course4.

15. Animal Morphology. Da. BROOKS. Twice weekly, fromOctober1 to April 8.

This course,delivered to advancedstudents, was devoted to theVertebrata.

16. Zoiilogy and Comparative Anatomy. DR. BROOKS.Twice weekly, from November4 until theendof April.

This coursewas designedto meettheneedsof undergraduateswho hadsuccessfullypassedthrough the instruction in General Biolo,~,y (course14 above)andwho desiredespeciallyto studyAnimal Morphology.

17. Animal Physiology and Histology, mainly with referenceto theHumanBody. PRoFESSoRMARTIN. Twice weekly, fromNovember5 to the endof the academicyear.

A coursefor undergraduates,who, whetherintending subsequentlytobecomemedical studentsor not, after taking theintroductorycourse14,wishedespeciallyto study Animal Physiology.

18. Human Osteology. Da. BROOKS. Twice weekly, fromNovember12 to theendof April.

This coursewasdesignedfor undergraduatesas an introduction to Ver-tebrateMorphology,thehumanskeletonbeingselectedasa startingpoint,as that from whichthegeneral terminology of VertebrateOsteologyhasbeen adopted,and alsoas the most accuratelyknown of all Vertehrateskeletons.

109

JOHNSHOPKINS

19. Instruction in Human Ilistologq for Medical Students.HENRY SEWALL, S. B , Fellow of the University. Sixteenprac~tical lessonsin Microscopic Anatomy,on WednesdayandSatur-dayafternoons,commencingMarch 22.

20. The Physiologyof Sensation. PROFESSORMARTIN. Tenlectures,commencingSeptember30.

21. The Physiologyand Histology of the Spinal Cord andthe Sporadic Canglia. PRoFEsSORMARTIN. Ten lectures,corn-mencingNovember11.

22. The Chemistryof Nutrition. PROFESSORMARTIN. Sixlectures,commencingJanuary6.

23. TheDevelopmentof the Tissues. PROFESSORMARTIN.Six lectures,commencingFebruary17.

Thefour precedingcourseswereplannedto meetthewantsof advancedstudentsin the Laboratory,and each memberof the classwas presumedto havealreadya fair text-bookknowledgeof thesubjectsdiscussed.

24. The Elementsof Embryology,HumanandComparative.PRoFESSoRMARTIN and DR. BRooKs. Twice weekly, from April18 to theendof theacademicyear.

25. Instruction in Zodlogyfor SchoolTeachers. DR. BROOKS.Fifteen lessons, with laboratorywork, 10 A. M. to 2 P. M., onSaturdays,commencingNovember16

26. Demonstrationsin Physiologyfor Medical Students.PROFESSORMARTIN. Wednesdayafternoons,commencing Oc-tober 9.

In this course,to which physiciansandmedicalstudentsin thecity whowerenot membeisof the JohnsHopkins University were adn~itted,thefundamentalfactsin MammalianPhysiologyweredemonstrated.

27. VegetableMorphology. PROFESSORFARLOW of HarvardUniversity. Twenty-four lectures,commencingApril 15.

28. SelectedBotanical Subjects. PROFESSORFARLOW. Sixpublic lectures,commencingMay 2.

29. ChesapeakeZodlogical Laboratory, sessionof 1879. DR.BRooKs, Director in immediate charge; DR. S. F. CLARKEFellow of the Johns Hopkins University, Assistant. Open atCrisfield and Fort Wool from June 25 until September13.

18~’9-SO.

30. General Biology. PRoFESSoRMARTIN. Thrice weekly,from thecommencementof the academicyear to theendof April.

In this course,which is an extensionof course4, undergraduatestu-dentsstudiedseveraladditional plants,and atypefrom eachclass,insteadof eachsub-kingdom,of animals.

31. Human and Comparative Osteology. DR BROOKS.Twice weekly, from the commencementof the academicyeartoApril.

An introductionto VertebrateMorphologyfor undergraduatestudents.

32. The Physiology of the Senses. PRoFEsSoR MARTIN.Twice weekly, from the beginningof Octoberto April.

In this course,designedfor advancedstudentsof Physiologyalreadyacquaintedwith thefundamentalfacts in thetopicsconsidered,more thanthree-fourthsof the lecturesweredevotedto theSenseof Sight, as afford-ing a speciallyavailablethemefor the generaldiscussionand illustrationof the Physiology of Sensation. In future years other senseswill beselectedfor the sameextendedtreatment.

33. Animal Morphology. DR. BROOKS. Lecturesor recita-tions four times weekly, from the commencementof theacademicyearto theendof April.

In this course,adaptedto advancedstudents,the Invertebratesweremainly considered.

[No. 9.

34. Vertebrate Embryology. PRoFESSoRMARTIN.

weekly, from April to the closeof theacademicyear.

This coursewas, in themain, a repetitionof course5, above.

Twice

35 The Structureand Developmentof theCrab and Oyster.DR. BRooKs. Four public lectures,in February.

36. Demonstrationsin Physiologyto Medical Students. PRO-FESSOR MARTIN. Fifteen experimental lectures, commencingOctober15.

This coursewas essentially a repetition of that described above,

asnumber26.

• 37. Instruction in Microscopic Anatomyfor Medical Stu-dents. DR. C. SIULER, Assistantin Biology. Eighteenpracticallessons,commencingMarch 6.

38. The ChesapeakeZodlogical Laboratory, session of 1880.DR. BRooKs, Director in immediatecharge. Open at Beaufort,N. C., for advancedstudy,from the beginningof May until Sep-tember15.

39. Elementary Summer Schoolfor the Studyof MarineZodlogy. DR. S. F. CLARKE, formerly Fellow and Assistant inBiology of theJohnsHopkinsUniversity, in charge. OpenedatFort Wool, Va., July 15, for asessionof six weeks.

1880-81.

The following list givesthecoursesof lectureswhich werecom-mencedin 1880, andalso thosewhich are, so far, plannedfor thatportion of theacademicyear which falls within 1881.

40. GeneralBiology. PROFESSORMARTIN. Two lecturesanda recitation weekly, from the commencementof the academicyear to theendof’ March.

Mr. Sedgwick,Ph. B., Yale, formerly Fellow of the JohnsHopkinsUniversity and nowAssistantin Biology, directsthedetailsof theLabor-atory work andconductstherecitations.

The courseis in essentialsa repetitionof 30 above.

41. Animal Physiology. PROFEsSORMARTIN. Two lecturesanda recitationweekly, throughouttheacademicyear.

Dr. Sewall,Associatein Biology andAssistantProfessorof Physiology,takeschargeof theweekly recitation andsupervisesthedaily laboratorywork. This courseis designedfor studentsin the secondyearof theirbiological studies.

42. Humanand ComparativeOsteology. DR. BRooKs. Fivelecturesor recitations weekly, from December 1 to the end ofMarch.

43. The Construction, Theory,and Employmentof Physio-logical Instruments. DR. SEWALL. Twentylecturesillustratedby the apparatusbelonging to the Biological Laboratory, com-mencingNovember1.

In thiscoursethemethodof usingthevarious instrumentsemployedinphysiologicalexperimentis illustrated the limits of error are discussed,and anaccountof themain resultswhich have beenarrivedat by theuseof variousinstrumentsis given.

Before the closeof thesession,PROFESSORMARTIN will lectureon Embryology, Da. BRooKs will give a short course on An-thropology, AUGUST SCHIMPER, Ph. D., Strassbnrg,Fellow ofthe University, will lecture on Vegetable Physiology, and Ma.SEDGWICK, Ph. B., Yale, Assistant in Biology, will conduct anelementary class in Systematicand Structural Botany in con-nection with theNaturalisrs’Field Club.

110

MARCH, 1881.] UN] VERSITYCIRCULARS.

CHESAPEAKE ZOOLOGICAL LABORATORY.

A marinestationor seasidedependencyof the Biological Departmentof the University has beenopen for advancedstudyand

researcheachsummersince 1878, under the immediatecharge of Dr. W. K. Brooks, Associateof the University and Assistant

Professorof ComparativeAnatomy.

Sessionof 18r8.

The SeasideLaboratory was opened on June 24th at FortWool, in HamptonRoads,Va., for a sessionof eight weeks. Theparty consistedof

W. K. BROOKS, Ph. D., Director.H. J. RIcE, S. B., Fellow, JohnsHopkins University.H. SEWALL, S. B., Assistantin Biology, JohnsHopkinsUniversity.C. SlIThER, M. D., Fellow, JohnsHopkins University.AUGUST SCHMIDT Teacherof Natural Science,Baltimore.N. B. WEBSTER,Principal,WebsterMilitary Academy,Norfolk, Va.T. B. WEBSTER,Norfolk, Va.

Theaboveremainedduringthewhole session;P. IR. UMLER, Associa.teof theUniversity and Presidentof the Maryland Academyof Sciences,and XV. D. BOOKER, M. D., werepresentfor a part of thetime.

The faunaof Hampton Roads proved to be very interesting,andit not only affordeda goo.d supply of material for elementarywork, which was preservedfor classusein Baltimore during theensuingwinter, but furnished ample opportunities for originalinvestigation.

Among theinterestingforms of life which weremostabundantthe following may be mentioned: Sagitta, Appendicularia,Tor-naria and Balanoglossos,Pilidium, Actinotrochaand other in-terestingtrochiclarvae, Squilla, Porcellana,Amphioxusand Lin-gula in all stagesof development,and many others of greatscientific interest.

An abundantsupply of material for work upon theadult struc-ture and the developmentof the Sponges, Hydroids, Medusac,Ctenophora,GephyL’eans, Annelids, Crustacca,Tunicates, Poly-zoa, Brachiopods,Lamellibranchs,Gasteropodsandlower Verte.brateswaswithin easyreach.

A number of papers,giving an accountof the scientificworkof theparty,werepublishedtogetheras “Scientific Resultsof theChesapeakeZoSlogical Laboratory, 1878,” forming part 3 ofVol. I of “Studiesfrom theBiological Laboratory,” underwhichheada list of them will be found. Two illustratedpaperson theStructureand Habits of Amphioxus werealso publishedby H. J.IRice in theAmericanNaturalist.

The experiencegainedin 1878 shewedthatsomeof thosethenreceived as studentswere hardlyfitted to carry on theadvancedwork for which the Marine Laboratory was designed; hencesomewhatmore carehassincebeenexercisedin selectionin orderto ensurethat thosereceivedarequalified to profit by theoppor-tunities offered.

Sessionof 18~9.

This yeartheUniversity cooperatedwith Major W. B. Fergu-son of theMaryland Fish Commission,in order to undertakethestudyof the oysterbedsof Tangier Soundon the easternsideofthe Chesapeake. The Laboratory was accordingly opened onJune25th at Crisfield, on threebargesprovidedby the MarylandFish Commissionand with the advantageof the useof theFishCommissionyacht,theLookout, for dredgingpurposes. Crisfield,while excellent for thespecialstudy of theoysterbeds,provedadisadvantageouslocality in other respects,and the Laboratory,on August 8th, removedto its former quartersat Fort Wool,where the session was continueduntil September15th.

The party consistedof

W. K. BROOKS, Ph. D., Director.S. F. CLARKE, Ph. D., Fellow, JohnsHopkinsUniversLy, Assistant.B. W. BARTON, M. D., Baltimore.EMIL BESSELS,M. D., SmithsonianInstitution.H. C. EvARTS, M. D., Academyof NaturalSciences,Philadelphia.K. MITsUKuRI, Ph. B., GraduateStudent,JohnsHopkins University.E. A. NUNN, Professorof Biology, WellesleyCollege.H. J. RICE, S. B., lateFellow, JohnsHopkins University.AUGUST SCHMIDT, Baltimore.C. SIRLER, M. D., Fellow, JohnsHopkins University.E. B. WILSON, Ph. B., Fell~w, JohnsHopkins University.

Among thesubjectsstudiedby the membersof the party werethe developmentand propagationof the Oyster; the structureand growth of Hydroids; the developmentof the Crabs; theembryologyof the Otenophora; the life history of the Squid;and the metamorphosisof Actinotrocha.

The fourth part of Vol. I of the “Studies from theBiologicalLaboratory,” with 13 plates,is madeup of two papersresultingfrom the work of this sessionof the Marine Laboratory; anotherpaper (The Developmentof the Squid) has beenprinted,withillustrations, in the Memoirs of the Boston Society of NaturalHistory, and other paperswill soon be published.

Sessionof 1880.

At the beginning of the third session the Marine Laboratorywas provided with a steam launch, which was built for the pur-pose.at Bristol, R. I.~ and arrangementswere madeto spendamuch longer periodat theseaside. The sessionwas openedonApril 23d at Beaufort,N. C., andclosedon September30th.

A housestandingcloseto thewaterwas hired, and fitted withworking accommodationsfor six itivestigators; andthe facilitieswhich it affordedwereusedby the following persons:

W. K. BRooKs,Ph. D., Director.K. MITSUKURI, Ph.B.,Fellow, JohnsHopkinsUniversity.E. B. WILSON, Ph. B., Fellow, JohnsHopkinsUniversity.F. W. KING, Professorof Natural Sciences,WisconsinState Normal

School.H. (2~ EVARTS, MI. .D., Academyof NaturalSciences,Philadelphia.H. F. OSBORNE, B. A., Fellow, Collegeof New Jersey.

Beaufort was selectedas being the nearestaccessibletown,south of Baltimore, favorably situated for marine zodlogicalstud?, and its Faunawas found to be unusuallyrich andvaried;almost everything which xvas found at Fort Wool was metwithhere,as well as very manyinteresting forms which do not occurfurther north.

Close to the town thereare large sand bars, exposed atlow tide, and aboundingiu animal life. These yielded an abun-dant supply of Amphioxus, Renill,a, Limulus, Balanoglossus,Sea Urchins, and a great variety of Molluscs and Crustacca.The mud flats furnished another fauna and yielded a greatvarietyof Anuelids, Gephyreans,Polyps, Ophiurids,Holuthuriansand Echini, and a seriesof species,ofMolluscs and Crustaceadifferent from those found on the sand bars. The large saltmarshesgavea third fauna and a short distanceinland large

111

JOhNShOPKINS

swampsof brackish and fresh water furnishedstill other condbtions and forms of life. As the town is situatedat thepointwhereGoreSoundconnectsPamlicoSoundwith Bogue Sound,alargesheetof land-lockedwater was within easyreach,and thisfurnisheda collecting anddredginggroundaboundingin Corals,Gorgonid~,Ascidians,Star Fishes,SeaUrchins, Ophinrids,andstill anothersetof Molluscs andCrustacea.

Thestonebreakwatersat Fort Maconandthewharvesat More-head City and Beaufort afford a proper habitat for sedentaryanimals,andyielded arich supply of ilydroids, Corals, AscidiansSeaAnemones,Sponges,Cirrhipeds,&c. The oceanbeach,withina shortdistanceof the town, furnishedstill anotherfauna; andagood locality for oceandredging could be reachedby asail ofthreemilesfrom the laboratory.

The greatestattraction of the locality is the richness of itspelagicfauna. The Gulf Streamis constantlysweepingoceanicanimals along the North Carolina coast,and as the tide flowsthroughBeaufortInlet to the Soundsthesefloating animalsarecarriedwith it. Such oceanic animalsas Porpita andPhysaliawere frequentlythrown, uninjuredandin perfecthealth, uponthebeachwithin twenty feet of thelaboratory.

Theseattractions,togetherwith the mild and uniform oceanicclimate which enablesthe student to work with perfectcomfortduring thehottest months of summer,fully justified theselectionof this locality.

During thesummerthe following abstractsof themore import-ant resultsof the season’swork were published in this countryand in Germany, and more detailed accounts are now inpreparation.

The Development of the Cephalopodaand the Homology of theCephalopodFoot, by W. K. BROOKS. AmericanJournalof Science.

The Developmentof Annelids, by E. B. WILsoN. AmericanJournalof Science.

The RhythmicalNatureof Segmentation,by W. K. BnooKs. Ameri-can Journalof Science.

The Origin of the Metamorphosisof Actinotrocha,by F. B. Wzason.AmericanAssocialion,Boslon meeling.

[No. 9.

Noteson the Medusnof Beaufort,by W. K. BRooKs. AmericanAsso-

cialion, Beebemeeling.

Buddingin free Medu~n,by W. K. BRooKs. AmericanNaluralist.

Developmentof Marine PolychaetousAnnelids, by E. B. WILsoN.ZoblogischerArizeiger, Leipzig.

Embryology and Metamorphosisof Lucifer, by W. K. B aoozs. Zoblo-giecherAnceiger.

TheEarly Stagesof Renilla,by E. B. WILsON. ZodlogischerAnceiger.

Announcementfor the Sessionof 1881.

The fourthsessionof the laboratorywill commenceat Be~iufort,May 2, and will continue until the end of August. Dr. W. K.BRooKs, Associatein Biology and Assistant Professorof Com-parativeAnatomy, will be in immediate chargeas Director.

The laboratory is provided with a steamlaunch; small boats,nets,dredges,aquaria,microscopes,reagents,anda small referencelibrary arealso supplied by theUniversity. For their use, thoseadmittedto theLaboratorywill be chargedafee of $ 25.

The Marine Laboratoryis designedfor advancedstudentsandfor thosequalifiedto carry on original investigation. Membersofthis University will have the first claim to accommodation,but afew other naturalists can probably be also received. Personsdesiringto join theparty arerequestedto sendapplicationsto Dr.H. Newell Martin, Professorof Biology, and, if not holding pub-lic positionswhich indicate the possessionof an adequateknow-ledge of Zodlogy, to supplementthe application by sucha state-ment as to previouswork or training as will makeit possibletodecide whethertheapplicantis qualified to profit by theopportu-nities offered. Suitable candidateswill be acceptedso far as theaccomodationsof theLaboratorypermit, andtickets of admissionwill be issuedon paymentof the fee to theTreasurerof theUni-versity in Baltimore. No definite coursesof instruction will begiven,as thepersonsreceived will be presumedto have sufficientknowledge to carry on their studies without such aid; Dr.Brooks will, however, exercisea general supervision,and controland direct the daily work of theLaboratory.

ELE1V[ENTARY SEASIDE SCHOOL.

Announcementfor 1881.

During aboutsix weeks of the coming summer, commencingearlyin July, therewill bean elementaryclassin Marine Zodlogy inconnectionwith thestationat Beaufort; daily lectureswill be givenand arrangementsmade for systematicwork in the laboratory.On everydaywhen theweatheris favorabletherewill be adredg-ing or collecting expedition, in which part of the elementary

classwill be allowed to join.The Director of the ChesapeakeZoi5logical Laboratory for

advancedstudentswill exercisepersonal supervisionof theworkof the elementaryclass,and will give a course of lectures onGeneralZodlogy, but the studentswill be underthemore imme-diateguidanceof Dr. S. F. CLARKE, formerly Fellow of theUni-versity and subsequentlyAssistantin Biology, who will lecturedaily upon the structure and habits of marine animals,andwillsuperintendthe work in the laboratory.

Applicants for admission to the elementaryclasswill be re-quired to satisfy ProfessorMartin, by examination or otherwise,that they arequalified for admission into the Biological Depart-ment of theUniversity, and they will be required to attendthe

wholecourse,andto devotethemselvesto study,although,bearingin mind that mostof thestudentswill probablyhavejust finisheda year’s collegiate study elsewhere,the work in the laboratorywill be so arrangedas to leave abundanttime for out-door life,and for the enjoymentof fishing, boating, and bathing.

The fee for instruction and for the use of apparatusand ofspecimensfor laboratorywork will be $25 for thecourseof fiveweeks,payableto the Treasurerof theUniversityin Baltimore;and his receiptwill serveas aticket of admissionto theclassatthe laboratory.

Shouldanyof the membersof this classbe found qualified forspecialwork in the laboratoryfor advancedstudentstheywill beallowed to study thereduring the rest of theseasonwithout extracharge.

Board and lodging can be obtained in the town of Beaufort,within ashort distanceof the laboratory,for from $20 to $30 amonth. The diversified fauna of this locality, togetherwith itsmild and uniform climate,rendersit a desirableplace for studyduring the hot months of summer.

112

MARCH, 1881.] UNI VEBSITY(‘lB CULABS.

LiST OF BIOLOGICAL PAPERS,Published by Members of the University.

September,1876, to December,1880.

Only articles publishedduringtheconnectionof the author with theBiological Departmentor basedon work carriedon in it are hereincluded.

B~ I. E. ATKINSON, M. P.The Botanical Relations of Tricophyton Tonsurans. (Yew York Medical

Journal,December,1878; Studiesfrom theBiological Laboratory,Vat.Ipt. 1, 1879,pp.15).

B~ W. D. BOOKER, M. D. SeeH. N. Mceriire.

B~ W. K. BROOKS,Pu. D.A RemarkableLife.History. (AmericanNaturalist,November,1876,pp.16).

A Provisional Hypothesis of Pangenesis. (AmericesoNaturalist, March, 1877,

pp. 4).Parthenogenesisin Vertebratesand Molluscs. (AmericanNaturalist, October,

1877, pp. 2).

PreliminaryObservationsupon the Developmentof the Marine Proso-branchiateGasteropods. (Studiesfrom the Biological Laboratory, Vol. I, p1. 1,1879, pp. 22; 1 plate).

The Developmentof Lingula and the Systematic Positionof the Bran-chiopoda. (Studiesfrom the Biological Laboratory, Vol.1, pt. 3,1879,pp.78; 6plates).

The Larval Stagesof Squilla Empusa. (Studiesfrom theBiological Laboratory,Vol. Ipt. 3,1879,pp.25; 5 plates).

Observationsupon the Early Stagesin the Developmentof the FreshWater Pulmonates. (StosdiesfronotheBiologicalLaboratory,Vol. Ipt. 2, lSSO,pp.32;

4 plates).

The Developmentof the Digestive Tract in Molluscs. (Proceedings,BostonSocietyof Natural History, 1879, Vol.XX pp.4.)

Abstractof Observationson the Developmentof the American Oyster.(Zo5logischerAnveiger,1879,pp. 2).

The Artificial Fertilization of Oyster E~gs and the Propagationof theAmerican Oyster. (AnoericanJoursoalof Sciesoce,1880, pp. 3).

The Developmentof the American Oyster. (Report ofthe Maryland Fish fJom-

misseon,1880; StudiesfromtheBiological Laboratory, Vol. Ipt. 4,,1880,pp.101; 10plates).

The Acquisition and Lo~s of a FoodYolk in MolluscanEggs. (StudiesfrosatheBiological Laboratory, Vol. 1,p1. 4,1880,pp.10; 1 plate).

The Developmentof the Cephalopodaand the Homologyof theCephalo-pod Foot. (AmericanJournalof Science,1880,pp. 3).

TheRhythmicalCharacterof Segmentation.(AmericanJournalofScience,1880).

Buddingin Free Medusae. (AmericasoNaturalist, 1880).

EmbryologyandMetamorphosisof Lucifer. (Zo5logischerAnseiger,1880,pp. 5).

The Early Stagesof the Squid. (Mesnorial Volume,BostonSocietyof NalseralIlls-tory, 1880, pp.20; 4 plates).

Br S. F. CLARKE, Pu. D.

Hydroids of Alaska. (Academyof Natural Sciesoces,Philadelphia, 1876; SmithooniasoJnslitutioso,1876).

Hydroidsof theGulf Streamand Gulf of Mexico. (Bulletin ofthe Museunoof

ComparativeZoology,Gassobridge,Mass., 1879).

Developmentof Amblystomapunctatum. Baird. (Studiesfrom theBiologicalLaboratory,Vol. I, pt. .2, 1880, pp. 21; 4 plates).

Br WALTER FAXON, Pu. D.

Descriptionof Lucifer typus. (Studiesfrom the Biologic 1 Laboratory,Vol. i pt. 3,1879, pp. 7; 1 plate.) Payerbasedon syocimeuoforwarded to ProfessorFaxon fromthe Marine Laboratory.

Br E. M. HARTWELL, A. M.The Legal Statusof Anatomical Science. (Journal efSocialScience,1880).

American AnatomyActs; six articles. (BostonMedical runt SurgicalJournal,1880).

TheEarliestEnglish andA,nerican Medical Acts. (BostonMedical and Surgi-

cal Journal, 1880).

elseseeH. N. Mrcs’iin.

Br WILLIAM LEE, M. D.The Effect of Stimulation on an Excised Nerve. (NewYork MedicalRecord,

1877, pp. 6).

Br PROFESSORMARTIN.

The Normal RespiratoryMcsvementsof the Frog and the Influence upon

its RespiratoryCentreof Stimulation of the Optic Lobes. (Josirnal ofPhysiology,1878;Studies/remtheBiological Laboratory,Vol. 1, pt. 1, 1879,pp.40; lplate).

A self-feeding ChronographPen. (Stustiesfrom theBiological Laboratory, Vol.I,pt. 2, 1880,pp. 3; with woodcsst).

Br PRoFEssoRMARTIN AND W. D. BOOKER, M. D.The Influence of Stimulation of the Midbrain upon the Respiratory

Rhythmof the Mammal. (Journal of Physiology,1878; Studiesfrono theBiolog-ical Laboratory,Vol. I, p1.1,1879,pp.7; 1 plate).

Br Paori~ssoaMARTIN AND E. M. HA.RTWELL, A. M.

On the Respiratory Function of the Internal Intercostal Muscles.(Journal of Physiology, 1879; Studiesfrom the Biological Labosetory,Vol. I, pt. 2,1880,pp.4; 1 plate).

Br IsAAc OTT, M. D.Sweat-Centres. The Action of Muscarin and Atropin on them. (Journal

of Physiology,1878,pp. 3).

Observationson the Spinal Cord. (Journalof Physiology, 1879; Studiesfrono the

Biological Laboratory, Vol. I, p1.2,1880,p . 24; 2 plates).

Br H. J. RICE, S. B.

Observationsupon the Hatching, Variation, and Developmentof theRaritan River Smelt, Osmeruseperlanus. (Report of Marylasod Fish Coin-

snission,1878).

Notes upon the Developmentof the Shad,Alosa sapidissima. (Reportofiiarylund Fish /Jomsnission,1878).

Observationsupon theHabits,Structureand Developmentof Amphioxuslanceolatus. (Aooes-ican Nalseratist, Janseary, Februsasy,.1880, pp. 42; 2 plates.

fIrassslated in Josernat de .illicrogs-aphie, Paris, 1880).

Br W. T. SEDOWICK, Ph. B.

The Influenceof Quinine upon the Reflex-excitabilityof theSpinal Cord.(Journalof Physiology,1880,pp. 16).

Br HENRY SEWALL, Pu. D.Developmentand Regenerationof Gastric GlandularEpitheliurn during

Frutal Life and after Birth. (Josernal of Physiology,1878; Studiesfm-emthe

Biological Laboratory,Vol. Ipt. 1,1879,pp. 14; 1 plate).

On the effect of Two SucceedingStimuli upon Muscular Contraction.(Jons-nalof Physiology,1879; Stsediesfranc the Biological Labos-atc.ry,Vol. I, pt. 1, 1880,pp. 27; 1 plate).

Br CHRISTIAN STilLER, M. D.On the so-calledHeat-Dyspncea. (Journal of Physiology,1879; Studiesfsosn the

Biological Laboratory, Vul.I,pt. 2, 1883,pp. 12).

Some Further Observationson Heat-Dyspnma. (Josesnalof Physiology,1880;

StudiesfsomtheBiological Laboratory, Vol. I, pt. 2, 1880,pp. 10).

Br P. R. UHLER.

List of Animals observed at Fort Wool, Va. (Studiesfrom theBiological Labo-

ratory, Vol.11 pt. 3,1879,pp. 18).

Br N. B. WEBSTER.

Partial List of the Land Plants found at Fort Wool, Va. (StudiesfreontheBiological Laboratory,Vol. I, pt. 3,1879,pp.2).

Br E B. WILSON, Ph. B.

PreliminaryAbstractof Observationson the Early Stagesof somePoly-chaetousAnnelides. (Zo8logischerAnseiger,1880,pp.2).

Notes on the Early Stagesof some PolychaetousAnm~elides. (Ames-iconJournalof Science,1880,pp. 2).

The Metamorphosisof Acti,vstrocha. (AnoericanAssaciation,Boston Meeting,1880; abstractin AmericanNatoeralist,1880).

The Early Stagesof Renilla. (AsuericanJasernalofSciouce,1880, pp.3; 1 plate).

113

114 fOilNS HOPKINS [No. 9.

LIST OF PERIODICALS.The following list contains an enumerationof the principal periodicals, devoted either wholly or partially to the publication of articles on biological

topics,which aretaken by the Library of the JohnsHopkins University, the Library of’ the PeabodyInstitute, and by the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of

Maryland; a perusalof it will shew thatnearly all important periodicalbiological literature is readily accessibleto Baltimore students.

The publicationsof learnedsocietiesareusuallygiven underthe nameof the placewhere the meetingsareheld, TheUniversity Libraryis designatedby

H, The PeabodyLibrary is designatedby P. The MedicalLibrary isdesignatedby M. A completesetis indicated by an asterisk; asH~, P*,

Americanassoc’nfor the advancementofsci.: Proceedings.Salem,&c. H. P.~Americanentomological society: Transactions..Philadelphia.Americanentomologist. New York. H.American gynecologicalsociety: Transactions. Boston. H.

5Americanjournal of conchology. Philadelphia. P.Americanjournal of insanity. Utica. M. P.~Americanjournal of medical sciences. Philadelpnia. M.Americanjournal of microscopy. New York. M.Americanjournal of obstetrics. New York. M.Americanjour. of scienceand arts. (Silliman & Dana.m New Haven. H. P.Americannaturalist. Bostonand PhiladelphL. H. P.~Americanpublic health association: Reports. New York.Annalesdessciencesnaturelles: Botaniquc. Paris. II. PA

Zoologieet paldontologie. Paris. H. PaAnnalsand magazineof natural history. London. PAAundescientifique: (Figuier). Paris H.5Annual record of scienceand industry. New York. H. PiArchiv fur anatomloundphysiologie. (Brauneu.Reymond.) Leipzig. H. P.~Archiv fur die gesammtcphysiologie. (Pflugcr.) Bonn. HArchiv fpr experimentellepathologie. Leipzig. IfArchiv fbr mathematikog naturvidenskab. Kristiania. HArchiv fmtr mikroskopischeanatomic. (Schultzc.) Bonn. H PArchly fPr naturgcschichte. Berlin. H P *Archly fur obrenheilkunde. Leipzig. HArchly fPr ophthalmologic. (Gracte.) Berlin. HArchiv fur pathologischcanatomic. (Yirchow.) Berlin. HArchives de biologic. Gandet Leipzig. HArchives de physiologicnormale. Paris. H PArchives de zoologie expdrimenta.leet gdndrale. Paris. H P *Archives of dermatology. New York. MArchives of ophthalmology. New York. M.Archives of otology. New York. M.Archivio perIc scienzemediche. Torino. H.

Berlin. Kdniglichc akad.d. wissensch:Monatsberichte. H. P.~Berliner klinischc wochenschrift. M.Boston. Society of natural history: Memoirs. Journal. Proceedings. P.*Bostonmedical and surgicaljournal. M.Botanicalmagazine. (Curtis.) London. P.5Botanischczeitung. Leipzig. H. P.5Brain. London. H.*Braithwaite’s retrospect. New York. M.British assoc’nfor the advancementof sci.: Proceedings. London. H. P.

Reports. London. H. P.5British medicaljournal. London. M.Brussels. Acaddmie royale(belge) dessciences:Bulletins. H. P.5

Memoires. P.Buffalo. Academyof science: Bulletin. P.5

California academyof natural science:-Proceedings. SanFrancisco. P.5Cambridge(Mass.) Museumof comparativezodlogy: Bulletin. p~5

Illust’d catalogues.P.5Canadiannaturalistand quarterly journalof science. Montreal. P.5Centralblattfur die medicinischenwissenschaften, Berlin. M. H.Chicago. Academyof science:Transactions. P.Chicagomedicaljournal and examiner. M.Chicagomedical times. M.Cincinnati lancetand clinic. M.Connecticutacademyof arts and sciences:Transactions. H. P.~Countrypractitioner. Beverly,N. J. M.5

Deutscheakademicder naturforscher: Nova acta.Dublin. Royal Irish acadesny:Transactions.Dublin medicaljournal.

Edinburgh. Royal society: Transactions.Edinburghmedicaljournal.Entomologischezeitung. Steatin.

France. Governmentpublications.

Gdttingem Kdnigliche gesellachaftderwissenschaften:Nachrichten.Gaillard’smedicaijournal. New York.Gazettedes hOpitaux.Gazettchebdomadairedem6dicine et de chimurgie. Paris.GreatBritain and Ireland. Governmentpublications.

Half-yearly compendiumof medical science. Philadelphia.Heidelberg. Untersucha.d. physiolog. institut.

Independentpractitioner. Baltimore.Index medicus. New York.Institutde France. Acade3moiode sciences:Cornptes rendus.

Mdmoires.

P.SP.SM.

H.P.M.P..

P.

H. P~M.M.M.P.

M.H.

M.M. H.H. P.~

P.S

Jahrbricherfur wissenschaftlichebotanik. Leipzig.Jahresber.uber die fortsch. der anat. und physiol. (Hofmann u.

Schwalbe.) Leipzig. (Contin. of Bcricht. Hensle.Meissner.)Jabresber.sAber die fortsch. in d- thier.chemic.Jabresber.uber die leistungenund fortschrittc in deranatomieund

physiologic. (Virchow und Hirsch.) Berlin.Jahresber.sAberdie leistungenund forschrittein d. gcsammt.medicin.Jenaisehezeitschrift fur naturwissenschaft.Journalde l’anatomieet physiologic. Paris.Journalde zoologie. Paris.Journal of anatomyand physiology. Cambridgeand London.Journalof conchology. London.Journalof mental science. London.Journalof nervous and mental diseases. Chicago.Journalof physiology. Cambridgeand Baltimore.Kos:nos. Leipzig.Lancet. London.Leonard’sillustrated medicaljournal. Detroit.Leyden. Nederlandschedierkundigevereen.: Tijdschrift.Liege: Societdroyale dessciences:Mdmoires.London. Anthropologicalinstitute: Journal.

Chirurgical society: Transactions.Entomologicalsociety: Transactions.Ethnologicalsociety: Journal.

Transactions.Guy’s hospital reports.Linneansociety: Journal.

Proceedings.Transactions.

Medico-chirurgical society: Transactions.New Sydenhamsociety: Publications.Obstetricalsociety: Transactions.Pathologicalsociety: Transactions.Ray society: Publications.Royal society: Philosophicaltransactions.

Proceedings.St. Bartholomew’shospital reports.Zoblogical society: Proceedings.

Transactions.London medical record.Maryland. Medical and chirurgical faculty: Transactions.Maryland medical journal. Baltimore.Medicaladvance. Cincinnati.Medical and surgical reporter. Philadelphia.Medicalgazette. New York.Medicalnews and abstract. Philadelphia.Medical record. New York.Medical summary. Lansdale,Pa.Medical times and gazette. London.Milan. Realeistituto Lombardodi scienzee lettere: Rendiconti.Monthly microscopicaljournal. London.Morphologischesjahrbuch. Leipzig.Moscow. Socidtd impdriale desnaturalistes: Bulletin.Munich. Kdnigliche akademiederwisscnschaften:

Abbandlungen. Sitzungsbcrichtc.Naples. Zoologisehestat-ion: Faunaund flora desgolfes v. Neapel.National boardof health: Bulletins. Washington.Natura. Fireuze.Nature. London.Naturalists’ advertiser. Salem.New Orleansmedical and surgicaljournal.New remedies. New York.New York. Academyof sciences:Annals.

Anthropological institute: Journal.New York medicaljournal.Niederitinditchesarchly fur zodlogie. Leiden undLeipzig.Paris. Ecole normalesupdricurc: Annales.

Institut de France.Musdumd’hist. nat. Archives, (now Nouvellesarchives.)Socidtdbotaniquede France: Bulletin.Soci6mddanthropologie: Bulletin. M6moires.SocidtdentomologiquedeFrance:Annales.Socidtdzoologiquedaccilmatation: Bulletin.

Philadelphia. Academy of naturalsciences:Journal.

Philadelphia medical times. - Proceedings.Popularsciencemonthly. New York.Popularsciencereview. London.Practitioner. London.

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Quarterlyjournal of microscopicalscience. London.Quarterlyjournal of science. London.

Recordof Americanentomology. Salem.Revuedescourssciontifiques. Paris.Revuedessciencesm~dicalesenFrance. Paris.Revuedes socidtdssavantes. Paris.Revueet magasinde zoologie. Paris.Rome. Realeaccademiadci Lincei: Atti. Transunti.

St. Louis. Academyof sciences:Transactions.St. Louis clinical record.St. Petersburg. Acad6mieimpdriale dessciences:

Bulletins. Mdlanges. M~moires.Salem,(Mass.) Essexinstitute: Bulletin. Collections. Proceedings.

Peabodyacademyof sciences:Memoirs.Sammlunggemeinverstand.wissen.vortrkge (Virchow u. Holtzen-

dorif.) Berlin.Saniterian. New York.Schmidt’sjahrbftcherdergesammtenmedizin. Leipzig.Science. New York.Sciencenews. Salem,Mass.SanFrancisco. California academyof natural science:Proceedings.San Franciscowesternlancet.Southernclinic. Richmond.Stettin. Entomologischerverein: Zeitung.

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Therapeuticgazette. Detroit.

Union m6dicale. Paris.

United States. GoVernmentpublications.Yienna. K. K. Akademieder wissenschaften:

Denkschriften.Sitzungsberichte.

Zoolog.botanischegesellschaft. Verhandlungen.Virginia medical monthly. Richmond.

Washington. Smithsonianinstitution: Contributions.Miscellaneouscollections.Annual reports.

United Statesgovernmentpublications.Wienerklinische wocbenschrift.Wiener medicinischepresse.Wtirzburg. Botanischeinstitut: Arbeiten.

Zoolog-zootom.institut: Arbeiten.

Zeitschrift fiXr biologie. Munchen.Zeitschrift ft~r parasitenkunde. Jena.Zeitsehrift fiXr physiologischechemie. StrassburgZeitschrift ftir wissenschaftlichezoologie. Leipzig.Zoological record, London.Zoologischeranzeiger. (darns.) Leipzig.Zurich. Soci6tdhelvdtique d. sci. naturelles: Mdmoires,

THE JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY.

Edited by Dr. MICHAEL FOSTER,F. R. S., of Trinity College, Cambridge,England.

With the co6peration in England of Prof. A. GAMGEE, F. R. S., Owens coileqe, Mianchester; Prof. W.RUTHERFORD, F. R. S., The University of Edinbargh; Prof. J. B. SANDERSON, F. R. S., University,’Golleqe, London.

And in America of Prof. H. P. BOWDITCH, Harvard Jijiledical School, Boston; Prof. H. N. MARTIN, JohnsII opicins University,Baltim~ore; Prof. H. C. Woon, Universityof Pennslllvania,Philadelphia.

This Journal,which is theonly onein theEnglish languagedevotedsolelyto thepublication of original physiologicalarticles, willin futurebe publishedin America with theaidof theJohnsHopkins University.

It is issuedin numberswhich appearnot at rigidly fixed times but at intervals,varying from two to threemonths,determinedbythesupply of material. Six numbers,in from four to six parts,form avolume of about five hundred pages. By this methodof publi-cationa high standardof excellenceis maintained,as thereis no necessityto acceptinferior matterwhich may cometo hand,so as tofill up a numberby a given date. As arule the issueof avolume coversabouta year.

A special featureof theJournalis alist of titles of hooks and paperson subjectsof physiological interestwhich appearsin eachnumber:andwhich it is endeavoredto make completefor all languages. This list is reprintedin a separateform at theendof eachvolume and given to each subscriber. A worker, awayfrom centres of physiological activity, is thus enabledto learnquickly whatothersaredoingin referenceto theparticular topic he may be interestedin; while theclassifiedreprints form a completephysiologicalbibliographyfor futurereference.

The subscriptionprice is $5 per volume when supplieddirbet to subscribers;after the completion of the presentvolume no reduc-tion will be madeto the trade. Americansubscriptionsshould be sentto ProfessorII. Newell Martin, JohnsHopkins University.

CONTENTS OF VOL. I, No. 1.

PRIEsTLEY,J. An AccountoftheAnatomy and Physiologyof BatrachianLymph-Hearts(mainly Bihilographical)

PRIESTLEY, J. Contrihutions to the Physiology of Batrachian Lymph-Hearts,(P1. I)

GAMOEE, A. andPRIESTLEY, J. Concerningthe Effectson the Heart01 theAlter-nateSt.hnulationofthevagi

TROTTER, COUTTI. Noteon “Fechners Law,STIIILING, W. On Ilyperplasiaof lisa MuscularTissueof the Lungs(P1.II)LANGLEY, J.N. SomeRemarkson the Formationof Fermentin the Submaxillary

Glandof the RabbitRINGER,SYOrsEY,and MURRELL, W. Concernin~the Effectson FrogsofArrest of

the Circulation,and an Explanation of the Action of PotashSaltson theAnimal Body ..

LANGLEY, J. N. On the Physiolo~yof the SalivarySecretionIlOwnITdH, H. P. Does the Apexof the HeartcontractautomaticallyGASKELL, W. H. Preliminary Note of further Investigamions upon the Yasomotor

Nervesof Striated MuscleList of Titles of Booksand Papersof PhysiologicalInterest, publishedsince Dec.

31st, 1877

1.

19

isoo66

68

7296

164

105

CONTENTS OF VOL. I, Nos. 2 AND 3.

KIlHNE, W., assistedby AYERS, W. C. On the StableColorsof the Retina 109MARTIN, H. NEWELL. The Normal RespiratoryMovements of ties Frog, and the

Influenceupon its RespiratoryCentreofStimulation of the Optic Lobes 131NORTH, xv. An AccountofTwo Experimentsillustrating the EffectsofSlarvation,

with and svitlsout SevereLabor, on theElimination ofUrea from the Body, 171KUISNE, W. Addilion to the Article “On theStable Colorsofthe Retina 159OTT, ISAAC, and FIELn, G.B. W. Sweat-Centres:the Effectof MuscarinandAtro-

pin onthens 193

BURDON-SANDERSON,I. A Report on Profes’or L. HermaunsRecentResearcheson theElectro-motivePropertiesof Muscle

List of Titles of Books and Papersof Pisysiological Interest,publishedsincetheappearanceof No. 1

196

xi

CONTENTS OF VOL. I, Nos. 4 AND 5.

RINGER, 5., and MURRELL, W. The Action of Arseniate of Soda and ArsenionsAcid on Frogs 213

RINGER,S., and MURRELL, xv. Concerningthe Action of Aconitia on theNervousandMtmscular Systemof Frogs 232

RINGER, S., and 1\IURRELL,xv. The Action of Tartar Emetic, Hydrocyanic Acidand Veratria on the Animal Body 241

NURN EMILY A. The Structural Chaisgesims the Epidermis of the Frog broughtabout by Poisoning with Arsenicandwith Antimommy 247

DOWDESWELL, G.F. On the Structural Changeswhich areproduced in the Liverunder the influence of the Saltsof Vanadium 257

GASEELL, W. II, Further Researcheson the Yaso-motor Nerves of OrdinaryMuscles 262

xvALTON, G.L. The Functionof the Epiglottisin Deblutitioms and Phonation 303SEWALL, H. The DevelopmentandRegenerationof the GastrieGlandularEpitbe-

lions during FretalLife and afterBirth 321STIRLING, xv., andSKINNER, D. On the Epithelium of the Cornea 333LANGLEY, J.N. On the Physiologyof theSalivary Secretion 339MARTIN, H. NEWELL, and BOOKER,xv. D. The Influence of Stimulation of the

Midbrain upon the RespiratoryRhytnmnof the Mammal 370RINGER, S., and MURRELL, W. On Pituri 377KEONECKER,H., andSTIRLING, xv. The Genesisof Tetanus 384KRONRCKRR,H., and STIRLING,W. On the so-called ‘Initial Contraction 421List of Titles of Booksand Papersof PbysiologicalInterest, publishedsince the

appearanceof Nos.2 and 3 xxvii

115

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JOHNSHOPKINS

CONTENTS OF VOL. 1, No. 6.

CUTLER,B. G., and BRADFORD,E. H. Changesof theGlobularRichnessofHumanBlood 427

VAUGHAN, V. C., assistedhy BILLS, HARRIETV. Estimation of LOnein the Shelland in the Interiorof the Egg, beloicand afterJsscnbation 434

RINGER,SIDNEY, and MOESHEAD, B. A. On the Physiological Action of Narcissia,an Alicaloid obtained from the Bulb of the Cousinon Daffodil (NarcissusPseslde-NarcisIIIs) 437

Rot, CIIARLEs S. On the Influences which Modify the Work of the Heart (P1.XV, XVJ,XVii) 452

List of Titlesof Books and Papersof PhysiologicalInterest,publishedsince theappearanceof Sos.4 and5 xliii

CONTENTS OF VOL. II, No. 1.LAUTENBACH, B. F. ThePhysiologicalAction of HeatRoy, CHARLESS. A New MicrotoineMARTIN, H. NEWELL, and HARTWELL, E. H. On the RespiratoryFunction of the

Internal IntercostalMuscles(P1. I)CHITTENDEN, R.H. Onthe Formationof Hypoxanthinefrom AlbuminNETTLESHIP, EDWARD. Observationsof Visual Purple in the HumanEyeOTT, ISAAC. Observationson the Physiology of the Spinal Cord lPl. II, III)Roy, CHARLESS. The Form of the Pulse-Waveasstudiedin the Carotidof the

Rabbit(P1. IV)GARLAND, G. M. PharyngealRespiration(P1.V)List of Titles of Books and Papersof Physiological Interest publishedsince De-

cember31st 1878

119

24281842

6682

i

CONTENTS OF VOL. II, No. 2.BoWDITesI,H.P., andGARLAND, G. M. OntheEffect of theRespiratoryMovements

on the PulmonaryCirculatlon 91LAUTENBACH, B. F. On Absorplion without Circulation 110GASIGRE, ARTISUR, and BLAHENSIORN, ERNEST. On Protagon 113RINGER, SYDNEY, and MURRELL, WSLLIAM. On aFew Further Experimentswith

Pituria . 132RINGER, SYDNEY, and MURRELL, WILLIAM, On the Anta~onism betweenPilocar-

pin aisdExtractof AnsanitaMuscaria 135GASIGEIc, ARTHUR. On someOld and New Experimentson the Fibrin-Ferment.... 143SEWALL, HENRY. On the Effect of two SucceedingStimuli upon Muscular Con-

traction 164List of Titles of Books and Papersof Physiological Interest, publishedsince the

- appearanceof No. 1 xvas

CONTENTS OF VOL. II, No. 8.SIRLER, CHRISTIAN. On theso-calledHeat-DyspnoeaBoivnlTetc, H. P. PhysiologicalApparattis in useat the Harvard Medical School,PUTNAM, JAMESJ. Descriptionof aModified Pendulum-MyojaphPUTNAM, JAMES J. On theReliability of Marey’sTainbourin Experimentsrequir-

ing AccurateNotations of TimeWARD, JAMES. SonseNotesott the Physiologyofthe NervousSystemofthe Fresh-

water Crayfish (AsteesIafiuvialifis)

191202206

209

214

PAGE, F.J. M. SomeExperimentsas to the Influenceof the SurroundingTem-peratureon the Dischargeof CarbotticAcid in the Dog 228

List of Titles of Books and Papersof PhysiologicalInterest, publishedsince theappearanceof No. 2 xxxiii

CONTENTS OF VOL. Ii, No. 4.RINGER, SYDNEY, and MORSHEAD, E. A. On the Relative Paralysing Action of

Arropia and Pilocarpin on the ileartRINGER,SYDNEY, and MORSHEAD, E. A Concerningthe Action of Common Salt,

Sulphateof Atropia,Bromide of Consa and Sulphate of Nicotine on Mus-cularIrritability

LANGLEY, J.N. On theChangesin SerousGlandsduring Secretion(P1.VII, VIII)LANGLEY, J.N., andSEWALL, H. On theChangesin Pepsin-formingGlandsdur-

ing Secretion(P1.IX)LAUTENBACH, B. F. ThePhysiologicalAchionof Heat,PartIIList of Titles of Boolts and Papersof Physiel%icalInterest,publishedsince the

appearanceof No. 3

235

232261

281302

xlix

CONTENTS OF VOL. II, Nos. 5 AND 6.ROY, CHARLES S.,and BROWN, J.GRAHAM. TheBlood-Pressureand its Variations

in the ArteriolesCapihariesand SmallerVeins P1. X) 323BIRCH,DR B. TheConstitutionand Relationsof Bone Lamnellm, Lacustre,and Ca-

naliculi,and someEffectsof Trypsin Digestionon Boise(P.XI, XII, XIII) 360BURDON-SANDERSON,J, and PAGE,F. J. H On the Time-Relationsof the Exci-

tatoryProcessesin theVentricle of the Heartof the Frog..... 384RINGER, SYDNEY. On the Antagonismsof Aconitia on theFro~’s Heart 436OTT, ISAAC. TheDilatation of the Pumpil asanIndex of the Path of the Sensory

Impulsesin theSpinal Cord 443Woon,H. C., and REICHUT, EDWARD T. Noteon the Action upon theCirculation

of CertainVolatile Oils 446List of Titles of Booksand Papersof PhysiologicalInterest,publishedsince the

appearanceof No. 4 lxv

CONTENTS OF VOL. III, No. 1.SIHLER,CmsaasTsAN. SomeFurtherObservationson Heat-DyspnoeaLANOL ‘x’, J.N. On theAntagonismof PoisonsSEnuwiest,WM. T. The Imiflutemice of Quininettpon theReflex Excitability of the

SpinalCordWALLER, AUGUSTUS. Note of Observationson the Rateof Propagationof the

Arterial Pulse-WaveGASKELL, W. H. Onthe Tonicityof the Heartand BloodvesselsCOUNCILMAN. WILLiAM. A Contributionto the Study of Inflamniation as Illums-

fistedby InducedKeratitisKOHNE, W, andSEWALL, H. Onthe Physiolo

5yof theRetinalEpithelinin

CONTENTS OF VOL. Ill, No. 2.VINES, S.H. On theProteidSubstancescontainedin theSeedsof PlantsRINGER,SYDNEY. Conceruimigthe Influenceof Seasonandof Temperatureon the

Action and on the Antagonismsof DrugsRoY,CHARLES S. The Elastic Propertiesof the Arterial Wall (P1. F,VI, VII)OTT, ISAAC. On CrossedHypertesthesiaOTT, ISAAC. Noteson Inhibition

1

11

22

3745

7688

93

115125169163

STUDIES FROM THE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY.

Editor, ProfessorMARTIN. AssociateEditor, Dr. W. K. BROOKS.

The “Studies from the Biological Laboratoryof the Johns Hopkins University,” appearin parts from time to time as sufficientmaterlal accumulates;they containreprintsof original papersupon Physiology,Animal andVegetableMorphology, and I~mbryology,published by membersof theUniversity in various Scientific Journals,and other biological papersby membersof theUniversity whichhavenot beenprintedelsewhere. Eachpart containsabout100 pagesandfour parismakeavolume. The first VOllIme 15 110W completeand contains519 pages,and 40 plates, besidesillusirations in the text: with the following tableof contents. A few copiesof No. 1,Vol. I, may still be (Ibtaitled; therest of thevolume is out of print. Part 1, Vol. 11, is now in preparation.

The Editors will be glad to entertainpropositions of exchangefrom Institutionsor Societieswhich issuescientific publications.

CONTENTS OF VOL. I, PART 1.MARTIN, H. NEWELL. The Normal RespiratoryMovementsof theFrog and the Infin-

emiceupon its RespiratoryCemitreof Stimulation of SheOptic Lobes.SEWALL, H. TheDevelopmentand Regenerationof the GastricGlandularEpitheliuns

during Fetal Life and afterBirth.MARTIN, H. NEWELL and BOOKER, XV. D. The Influenceof Stimulationofthe Midbrain

upon theRespiratoryRhythmof the Mammal.ATKINSON. I. B. Time BotanicalRelationsof Trichophytontonsttraus.BROOKS,W. K. Pielitninary Observationsupon theDevelopmentof Ihe Marine Prose-

branchiateMollusca.XVith four Platesand threeIllustrationsin the text.

CONTENTS OF VOL. I, PART 2.

MARTIN, H. NEWELL and 1IARTWELL, EDWARD H. On the RespiratoryFunctionof theInternalIntercostalMuscles.

OTT, ISAAC. Observationson tIme Physiologyof theSpinal Cord.SEWALL, HENRY. Onthe Effect of Tim SucceedingStimuli uponMuscularContraction.SIRLER,CHRISTIAN. On the so-calledIleat Dyspuea.MARTIN, H. NEWELL. A Self-feeditsgChronographPen.BROOKS, XV.. K. Observationsupon the Early Stagesin theDeveloputeut of the Fresh

WaterPuilmuonates.CLARKE, S.F. The Developmentof Aushlystomapunctatum.

With twelve Plates.

CONTENTS OF VOL. I, PART 3.

ChesapeakeZoblogicalLaborator&m: SciesstifieResultsof hueSessionof 1878.

BROOKS,W. K. Introductory.WEuSTER,N. B. Lammd Plantsfound at Fort Wool.IJHLER, P. R. List of Animals foutud at Fort Wool.Baooss,XV. K. TheDevelopmentof Lingula.FAAoN, WALTER. Lucifer typus.BROOKS,W. K. The l)evelopmnemstof Gasteropods.BROOKS,W. K. TheDevelopmentof Squtilla.

With thirteenPlates.

CONTENTS OF VOL. I, PART 4.

BRoosts,fT. K. TheDevelopmnentof tlteAmericams Oyster.BRoolts, IV. K. The Acquisition and Loss of a Food-Yolk in Molluscan Eggs.

With elevenPlates.

116 [No. 9.

MARCH, 1881.] UNIVERSITY CJROULAPS.

Preliminary Coursesof Instruction for thosewho intend, at a later day,to begin the study of M edicine.

I. COLLEGIATE COURSE.

To obtain the degreeof Bachelorof Arts in the Johns Hopkins University, a studentmust, first,passthe matriculation examination,and secondly,pursueat least five coursesof study, selectedfromthose provided by the University, and pass satisfactoryexaminationsin them. Of the five coursesrequired, two must be what are known as “major courses,” i. e. the. examinationtest will call for somuch knowledge as an ordinary student (commencingwith the training implied by his passingthematriculationexamination)could acquire in about two years’ work; the other threecoursesdemandedare “minor courses,” requiring one year’s fair work for their completion. On an average,aboutthreeyears’ study after matriculation will be necessaryfor graduation,but candidatesunusuallywellpreparedat the beginning or of more than common ability, may take the degreein le~s time; while,on the other hand, those who so wish may extend their studiesover a longer period.

Among thesecolleo’iate coursesleadino~to the B. A. degreeis one especiallyrecommendedto thoseb 6who intend hereafterto studyMedicine. This is so plannedas to give those studentswho follow ita liberal educationequivalentto that affordedby the othercoursesleadingto the samedegree. Theprin-cipal studiesin this courseare Physics,Chemistry,and Biology, since it is especiallydesirablethat thisclass of studentsshould enjoy the resourcesfor scientific instruction to be found in an endoweduni-versity with well equipped laboratories. Below is a summary of the completecourse; the orderin which the studiesare there allotted, definite onesto eachyear, is that which is recommended,andwhich will usually be insistedupon, by the University authorities.

Graduatesof a college in good repute are admitted to the course without any entranceexami-nation, and may devotetheir attention especiallyto the scientific subjects.

Matriculation.The examinationsfor matriculationtake placetwice yearly, at

thebeginningof June,andin the latterpart of September.Informal preliminary examinationsmay be held from time to

time, by mutual agreementbetweenthe candidatesandtheexam.iners,for the purposeof ascertainingwhethera studentshould beencourage(lto presenthimself for thematriculationexaminationandof giving him counselas to the progressof his studies. Topersonsat adistanceblankforms of applicationwill be forwarded,uponthe returnof which, properly filled out, the candidateswillbeadvisedas to theexpediencyof their comingto Baltimore.

The specialrequirementsfor matriculationareas follows:

Lat. Grammar,Prosodyandcomposition; Ucesar, 5 books; Ovid,2500 verses(500elegiac); Virgil, ~neid, 6 books,andEclogues; Uicero,7 orations; Livy, 1 book; Horace,Odes,2 books.

Greek. Grammar,Prosodyand composition;Xcnophon,Anabasis,4 books; Homer, iliad, 4 books; Herodotus,1 book; anyonedrama.

The accuratereadingat sightof passagespreviouslyuaseenmayrenderunnecessarythe examinationin the hooksabovespecified.

Mathematics. Arithmetic, including the Metric System; Algebra,Todhunter,38 chapters;Geometry,plane and solid, Chauvenet;PlaneTrigonometry,Chauvenet,5 chapters;Analytic Geometry,Straight LineandCircleiarectangularcobrdinates,Sa1mon(ConicSections)or Howison.

Thesubjectsnamed,in both Mathematicsand Language,merely indi-catetherangeof theexamination Equivalentsareaccepted.

German and French. Candidateswho intendto graduatethroughthis coursemay offer French andGermaninsteadof Greek. They willbe expectedto display a knowledgeof the elementsof the grnmumrofthoselanguages,and to translateat sight passagesof ordinary FrenchandGermanprose.

English. All candidatesfor admissionwill be expectedto satisfytheauthoritiesthat, in addition to the studiesin Mathematicsand Lan-guagerequiredfor admission,theyhave beenwell trainedin theordinaryEnglishbranches,including theuseof the EnglishLanguage,Geography,andthe History of the United States.

Nataral Science. Eachcandidatefor admissionmustoffer for ox-amination some branch of Natural Science. Physical Geography isrecommendedas within thereachof all. An elementaryacquaintancewith Botany,Zo6logy, or Natural Philosophy xviii be acceptedas a sub-stitute.

Summaryof the Cours~e.

First Year’s Studies.

1. Physics.2. Chemistry.

3. German.*4. Drawing.

SecondYear’s Studies.

1. Chemistry.2. General Biology

ology).

3. FrenchA~(Elements of Botany, ZoSlogy, and Embry

Third Year’s Studies.

1. ComparativeAnatomy. 2 Physiology.3. Any one of the minor coursesfor the B. A. degree. N/lathe-

matics, Logic and Psychology,and the English Languageand Literature, are especiallyrecommendedto studentsiithey havenot alreadytakenthosesubjectsassubstitutesfora minor coursein Frenchor German.

Additional Studies.

Besidesthe regularwork in recitation-roomor laboratory, stu-dentshavetheopportunity of attendingin the Universitya largenumberof lectures on literary andscientific subjects. While at-tendanceon thesewill not always be required,and theresultsoflistening to them will not necessarilybe scrutinizedby examina-tion, it is believed that they will furnish to theearneststudent,while his time andcarearechiefly given to theprosecutionof hisstrictly collegiatework, a valuable opportunity for enlarginghisgeneralculture.

S who haveshownat the matriculation examinationthat they canreadordinaryFrenchorGermanprose,may substitutefor thosesubjectsany oftbe remainingmimsor coursesleadingto theB. A.degree.

117

JOHNSHOPKINS

Explanation of the Course.Physics. The coursein Physicsis the regularminor course.

It includesthree recitations,two lectures,andoneexercisein thePhysicalLaboratory, weekly, through ayear.

ElementaryMechanicswill be studied during the first portionof theyear; then will follow, in theordernamed,thestudyof thePhysicalPropertiesof Matter, Theoryof Undulations,Acoustics,Heat, Magnetism,Electricity, andLight.

The lectureshave as their aim the elucidation, by meansof experi-mental demonstrations,of the subjectspursuedby the class.

Onemorningof eachweekwill beassignedfor thework in thelabora-tory. This work will be selectedwith two principal endsin view: First,To give thestudenta clearer insightinto thesubjectsstudied,servingasa test of progressboth to teacherand learner and, Second,to enablehim to acquirea familiarity with the use of apparatus. The mannerofconducting the exercisewill be as follows: with the enunciationof aproblem,each studentwill receive the apparatusnecessaryfor its solu-tion, and will be requiredto make the seriesof observationswhich, withtheir discussionand reduction,he is to submit to his instructor. Theseresultswill then be criticised and returned. Those who are aiming atthe professionof medicinewill thus grow familiar with physical instru-mentsand methodswhich are of prime importancein physiological re-searches,together with such practical subjectsas thermometry,thelawsgoverning the phenomenaof electricity, of light, etc. A knowledge ofplane trigonometry is in all casesrequisite before entering on thiscourse.

Chemistry. The coursein Chemistryis the regular majorcourse. During the first yearit includesattendanceon daily lec-turesandrecitationson GeneralChemistry,anddaily work in thelaboratory. During the first half of thesecondyear thestudentwill attendlectureson Analytical Chemistrythree times weekly,besidesworking in the laboratory; and during the remainderofthis yearwill attendlecturesfour times weekly on theChemistryof CarbonCompounds.

The instruction in the laboratorywill be directed in such a way asseemsbestadaptedto give the studenta thorough knowledgeof thepurescienceof chemistryand the methods peculiar to it. This kind of in-struction is consideredto be the best basis,whateverthe object may bewhich the student hasin view.

At first the studentwill make himself acquaintedwith the actionofthe variousclassesof substancesupon each other, by actual observationat the laboratorydesk; and his knowledgewill be constantlytestedbymeansof appropriateproblemsgivenhim for solution. After completingthis course,he will be enabledfurther to test his acquirementsby takingup a courseof qualitative andquantitativeanalysis. At intervalsduringthetime he is engagedin this work hewill berequiredto preparechemi-cal compoundsin a pure state, so that his ideas concerning chemicalaction maybecomeenlarged,and his knowled~eof thespecialpropertiesof thedifferent classesof compoundsmoredefinite anddetailed.

Biology. The course requiredis the regularmajor course,(exceptthat,for prospectivemedicalstudents,MammalianAnato-my is recommendedinstead of general ComparativeAnatomy inthesecondyear; thosewho prefer may, however,take Compara-tive Anatomy instead.)

The courseis designedto give the student,in the first place,a knowl-edgeof the laws of life in general,whether exhibited in animals orplants; andsecondly,a special knowledgeof MammalianAnatomyandAnimal Physiology. HumanPhysiologyis taught as a part of generalphysiological science,the student being left to acquireits clinical andhygienicapplicationsaspart of his medicil studiesproper; and,similarly,humananatomyis left for themedicalschoolcurriculum. It is believedthat by approachingthesesciencesfrom a generalscientificstandpointth~

studentwill bebest preparedfor thestudyof pathologicalstructureandfunction;and that a great advantagewill resultfrom his beingable toconcentratehis attentionon theprofessionalapplicationsof thebiologicalscienceswhenheentersa medical school.

The order of biological studywill beasfollows:1. General Biology—Lectures,recitations,or examinations,threetimes

weekly throughout one year,with daily laboratory instruction. Thiscourseis intended to bring prominently before the student the funda-mental phenomenapresentedby living things, as gatheredfrom thedetailedstudyof a numberof typical plants,and of a specimenfrom eachof themain groupsof the animal kingdom The embryonicdevelopmentof thechick is alsostudiedin detail. In this coursebeginnersaretaughthow to usethemicroscopeand to dissect.

2. Human and Gomparative Osteology—Seventylectures and recita-tions. The human skeletonbeing that most accuratelyand minutelydescribed,and alsothat from which thegreaterpart of thenomenclatureof comparativeosteologyis derived,the studentcommenceswith it, andthenproceedst~ theexaminationof a numberof typical vertebrateskele-tons, the majority being,however,selectedfrom amongthemammals.

The biological studiesof thefinal yearinclude:3. Zo6iogy and GomparativeAnatomy—In this coursethe student is

taughtthe principlesof classificationadoptedin theanimal kingdomandthe charactersof the various recognizedclassesand orders. He alsostudiesin greatdetail the anatomyof ~ne of the mammals,working inthesamemanneras a medical studenton the humansubjeetin thedis-sectingroom. He thusacquiresskill in dissecting anda thoroughprac-tical knowledgeof the structureand arrangementof osseous,muscular,vascular,nervous,alimentary,&c., systemsin the Mammalia,sothat onsubsequentlyenteringthedissecting-roomof a medical schoolhis neces-sary work will be largely reducedin amount,and hewill be to a greatextent readyto turn his attention at once to the technical minutin ofAnthropotomy

4. Animal Physiology and Histology.—Mainly with reference to thehumanbody. Twolecturesandan examinationweekly throughout theacademicyear. The microscopic structureof the tissuesand organsisstudied in this course,exceptso much as may already have been com-pletedin the General Biology course. Studentsare requiredto performfor themselvesthesimpler physiologicalexperiments,while others,moredifficult but important, are demonstratedto them. The physiologicalapparatusbelongingto theUnix~ersity is unusuallygood and complete;and studentswho follow this coursewill acquire a knowledge of themethod of using all the chief instruments employed in physiologicalresearch;and, so it is hoped, will be qualified to carry out afterwardsscientific investigationson the physiological action of drugs,in experi-mentalpathology,etc.

5. From time to time short advancedcoursesof lectures on specialphysiological topicsare delivered.

German and French. A minor courseis required from thosewho takeup thesesubjects. In this, studentsreceivesuch instructionasshould amiable them to readat sight ordinary French and German,torenderEnglish into French andGerman,and to understandFrenchandGermangrammar.

Drawing. Theamountof skill demandedis suchaswill enablethestudentto representa bone, a dissection,or a microscopic preparationwith accuracy.

English. The minor coursein English includesthecritical studyofa play of Shakespeare,of theelementsof Anglo-Saxon,and of selectionsfrom Chaucer.

It aimsatgiving aninsightinto thehistoryand geniusof the language,and at increasingthe student’sfacility and powerin the useof it asaninstrumentof expression.

Jtlathematics, Theminor courseincludes: (a) Conic Sections,and(b) Differential Calculus.

Logic and Psychology. A courseof studyin thesesubjectswillbedefinitely announcedhereafter.

II. COURSE FOR NON-MATRICULATED STUDENTS.

While the University authorities are desirous,and use their influence, to induce all prospectivemedical studentsto take the abovecompletecollege course, it is, nevertheless,found that many suchstudentsapply for admissionwithout being able to pass the full matriculation exalnination, or totake up all the studiesrequiredfor graduation. The Trustees,believing that many of thesecandidateswould derive substantialbenefit from the full coursesof Scientific Instruction provided in the Uni-versity, have arrangedto admit to certain portionsof the CourseAntecedentto theStudy of Medicine,

118 [No. 9.

MARCH, 1881.] UNIVERSITY011WULAPS.

those undergraduateswho can passan entranceexaminationless strict than that for the regularUni-versity matriculation,but still suchas to show that theyhavehad a fairly good preliminary education.The subsequentstudiesextend throughoutthreeyears, and are primarily intended to ensurethat thestudenthas a good knowledge (based largely on practical laboratory study) of Physics, Chemistryand Biology. Such non-matriculatedstudentsare not recognizedas candidatesfor the B. A. degree.

Entrance Examination.The requirementsfor entranceto this courseareas follows:

English. Candidateswill be examined in the whole of Louns-bury’s History of the English Language,and will be requiredto satisfythe examiner,by meansof a written composition, of their ability toexpressthemselvesin correct and idiomatic English, properly spelled,punctuated,and divided into paragraphs.

Elementary Mathematics. Arithmetic; Algebra; threebooksof Euclid, or anequivalentamount of Geometry; Plane Trigonometry,and theuseof Logarithms.

The examinationin Algebrawill beconfinedto thefollowing: defini-tions and explanationsof algebraicalsigns and terms; addition, sub-traction, multiplication and division of algebraical quantities; ratio,proportion and variation; simple equationsinvolving not more thantwo unknown quantities.

Latin. Translationof passagesfrom the first four booksof Caesar,De Be/to Gallico, and of the sixth book of theAeneid; the elementsofLatin Grammar,especiallyAccidence.

Candidateswho obtain permissionat leastafortnight previously,will bepermittedto offer themselvesfor examination in equivalent portions ofother Latin classicsthan thoseprescntedabove.

Physical Geography. GuyotsPhysicalGeographyandHuxley’sPhysiographyarerecommendedastext books.

French and German. In addition to the abovesubjects,can-didatesmayoffer themselvesfor examinatiomin French and German;thosewho passwill beexcusedfrom attendanceupon the instruction inthoselanguagesduring the subsequentcourseof study.

The examination in ?rench and Germanwill test the candidate’sknowledgeof the elementsof the Grammarof thoselanguages,and hisability to translateat sighteasypassagesfrom proseauthors.

Drawing. Someknowledgeof Drawingis very desirable; studentswho areproficient in this subjectmayomit it from thesubsequentcourse.

Summary of the Course.First Year’s Studies.

1. ExperimentalPhysics.2. Chemistry.3. Germanor French.

1. Chemistry.2. GeneralBiology.

4. English ProseStyle.5. Drawing.

SecondYear’s Studies.3. Humanand ComparativeOste-

ology.4. Frenchor German.

Third Year’s Studies.1. Anatomy. 2. Physiology.

* Logic and Psychology,or English LanguageandLiterature.

* For thesubjectsunder3, anyotherof theminor coursestakenby candidatesfor theB. A. degreemay besubstituted,providedtbe instructorsfind thestudentfit to profit bythejn.

Explanation of the Course.

Physics. The course in Physicsis the sameasthe minorcourse(seep. 112,) required to be taken up by candidateswhopresentthis subject as one of those in which they desire tograduate.

Chemistry. The courseis the sameas the major coursefor the B. A. degree (seep. 118,) except that somewhat lesspracticein quantitativeanalysisis demanded.

Biology. The amountof study requiredis thesameasthatfor themajorcourse(seep. 118).

English Prose Style. The coursein English ProseStyle will comprisean examinationof the style of one or morecharacteristicEnglish authors, together with exercisesin para-phrasing and original composition. One hour a week will bespentin class-roomwork, and at least another hour will berequiredfor preparation.

Drawing. Sufficientskill to enablethestudentto representanatomicalandhistological specimens.

Logic and Psychology,English. The amount ofstudyrequiredis that representedby the regularcollegiateminorcoursesin thosesubjects(seep. 118).

Field Club E~,cursions. All membersof theUniver-sity are eligible as membersof theBaltimore Naturalists’FieldClub. Non-matriculatedstudentstaking the course antecedcutto medical studies are required during their two yearsof bio.-logical study to go on the excursionsof the Club—andto eachisespeciallyallottedsomeone groupof animalsand plants,for col-lecting, preservingand arrangingwhich he is, under guidance,responsible.

Note.

Studentswho clear off at the entranceexamination tbe French andGermandemanded,or who for anyotherreasonhavetime to spare,maytake up full major coursesin Chemistryand Physics,or mayenter anyotherof the University classeson proving their fitnessto thesatisfactionof theinstructors.

III. SPECIAL STUDENTS.

Young men of collegiateage,who can satisfy a committeeconsistingof the Presidentand two ofthe chief instructorsthat they aresufficiently advancedin characterand attainmentsto be allowed theprivilege, and that there is somegood reasonwhy they should not offer themselvesfor matriculation,may be admitted to certain classes;but this privilege is liable to be forfeited at any time, providedthe committeeis satisfiedthat there is sufficient reasonfor its withdrawal.

Studentsattendingthe medical schoolsat presentestablishedin the city maythus occasionallyob-tain permissionto attendthe coursesin Physics,Chemistry,or Physiology, andhave the advantageofinstruction in the Laboratories of the University. Such studentsare not, however, entitled to beenrolled as membersof the University.

119

120 JOHNSHOPKINS UNIVERSITYCIPCULAI?S. [No. 9.

Scientific Periodicals Published under the Auspices of the

JohnsHopkins University.

I.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS.(Professor7. 7. Sylvester,F. G’~. 5., cli C. L., Editor in Chief; W. B. Story, (Ph. cD., ~4ssociateEditor

in charge. Qz=tarto. ,Quarterly. Subscription$~.oo per year.Vol. i. 1878. 388 pp. 4o~ 4 plates. Vol. iii. 1880. In progress. Three numbersprinted.

Vol. ii. 1879. 404 pp. 40~ 3 plates.II.

AMERICAN CHEMICAL JOURNAL.(Professor I. (I~emsen,M. cZ)., (Ph. (Z)., Editor. Octavo. (13i=monthly. Subscription4b’3.oo peryear.

Vol. i. 1879. 460 pp. 80. Vol. iii. 1881. In progress.Vol. ii. 1880. 456 pp. 80.

III.

THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY.(Professor~R.L. Gildersleeve,(Ph. cZ~., LL. ~ Editor. Octavo. ,Quarterly. Subscription~3.OO per jiear.

Vol. i. 1880. 520 pp. 8~. Vol. ii. 1881. In progress.

Iv..

STUDIES FROM THE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY.(Professor H. If. Martin, Or. Sc., Editor, and W. K. 6/3rooks, (Ph. 0., associateEditor. Octavo.

(Price 44oo per volume.Vol. i. 1879—80. 500 pp. 80. 40 plates. Vol. ii. 1881. In preparation.

This includes contributionsfrom the University to various Biological journals,and also the papersindependentlyprintedas the “Results of the ChesapeakeZo~5logical Laboratory.”

As a considerableproportion of the contentsof the Studies consistsof reprints from the Journalof Physiology, sub-scribers to the latter may obtain the “Studies from the Biological Laboratory” for $3.50 per volume.

V.

THE JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY..klichael Foster, M. 0., F. c7~. S., Cambridge, England, Editor in Chief Octavo. Six parts will

form a volume of about ~oo pp. Subscription44oo per volume.Vol i. 1878—79. 626 pp. 80. 17 plates. Vol. iii. 1880—81. In progress.Vol. ii. 1879—80. 596 pp. 80. 13 plates.

This Journalwill in future be published in Americawith the aid of the JohnsHopkins University, and will be issuedfrom the University to subscribers.

The JohnsHopk~ins University Circulars are printed by Messrs.JOHN MURPHY ~ 00., 182 WestBaltimore Street,Balti-more, from whomcopiesmay be obtained. They may also be procured, as soonas published,from Messrs.C USIIING1S c~BAiLEY, No. 262 WestBaltimore Street,Baltimore. Price5 centseach.