BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Ch. 3, 6.4 + 6.5 3-1: Why is Carbon So Important in Biological Molecules? 3-2: How are Organic Molecules Synthesized? 3-3: What.

BIOLOGICAL MOLECULESCh. 3, 6.4 + 6.5

3-1: Why is Carbon So Important in Biological Molecules?

3-2: How are Organic Molecules Synthesized?

3-3: What are Carbohydrates?

3-4: What are Lipids?

3-5: What are Proteins?

3.6: What are Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids?

6.4: How Do Enzymes Promote Biochemical Reactions

6.5: How are enzymes regulated?

Ch. 3 Biological Molecules

Chemical Compounds

- _____________ backbone bonded to ____ atoms (CH4)

- can be very _____________- more organic cmpds than

inorganic- common in all living

_______________

- ______ carbon (H2O / NaCl) or hydrogen atoms (CO2)

- less complex - less diverse

3.1: Why is Carbon So Important ..?

unique bonding properties of carbon are key to the complexity of organic molecules

1. ________ 4 valence electrons

(room for 8)

can form up to __ bonds with other atoms

or itselfcapable of making ______________, and

____________ bondshydrogen

carbon

nitrogen

oxygen

2. can assume complex _______ (______________ chains,_______, _____________, and _______________)

3. can attach to ____________________ groups which will determine characteristics and reactivity of molecule

functional groups – ____________& more likely

to _______________ with others

carboxyl

amine

phosphate

sulfhydryl

______________________ are large polymers

Ex._____________________ _____________________

_____________________ _____________________

3.2: How Are Organic Molecules Synthesized?

1. Biomolecules are ________________through

____________________or condensation reactions JOINS monomers together

H & OH are _________________ to form ____________molecule

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QltPTqEhSaQ – explains monomers & polymers as well - good

2. Biomolecules are _________________________through

b) _____________________ breaks apart polymers into monomers

1 H2O molecule is ________________________the monomers

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QltPTqEhSaQ – 4:15 starts hydrolysis

3.3: What Are Carbohydrates?

http://www.tv411.org/science/tv411-whats-cooking/carbohydrates-science-lesson - online activity for Intro to Carbs (chemistry & digestion)

A. Carbohydrate Basics ________________atoms in the ratio of ______ most small carbs are water _______ (________________

= water loving) due to OH functional group (i.e sugar cube in H20)

provide and store ______for cells (i.e cellular respiration) structural _________ (plants, insects, bacterial cell walls)

water

hydroxylgroup

hydrogenbond

Sugar dissolving in water

1. __________________: C6H12O6 (CH2O)n n = 3-7C

1 simple sugar (1:2:1 ratio of C,H,O) most end in “_______” and named by # of Carbons

Examples

a) _____________/hexose (6-C)-most common in organisms

b) _________ - fruit sugar (corn syrup, honey)

c) _____________- milk sugar found in lactose

d) __________/pentose (5-C) or ______________

(RNA) and (DNA)

B. Specific types of Carbohydrates

Numbered carbons

C

CC

C

C

C

1'

2'3'

4'

5'

6'

O

energy stored in ______ bondsharvested in cellular respirationenergy stored in ______ bondsharvested in cellular respiration

These will become important!These will become important!

_______ –molecules w/ same number of atoms but different arrangement (________________________ formula with a _________________________formula)

__________________

Examples:

1) __________ (table sugar) = glucose+fructose 2) ___________(malt sugar)= glucose+glucose 3)__________(milk sugar) = galactose+glucose

2. _______________________: ___________________ 2 monosaccharides joined via dehydration synthesis general formula is used for _________________storage

dehydration synthesis

Formation of a Disaccharide

Glucose(__________)

Sucrose + _________(_________________)

Fructose(___________)

H2O +

3. Polysaccharides chains of monosaccharides (_______________________) costs little to build; easily reversible = release energy

Examples:1) ______________: plant energy-storage2) ________________: animal energy-storage3) _______________: most imp. structural polysaccharide

(cell walls of plants)4) ___________: armour of crabs, spiders, fungi

Polysaccharide diversity

• Molecular structure determines function

isomers of glucose structure determines function…

in starch in cellulose

Starch vs. Cellulose

starch_____ todigest

starch_____ todigest

cellulose______ todigest

cellulose______ todigest

only bacteria can digestonly bacteria can digest

enzyme

enzyme

Cellulose = undigestible roughage • most abundant _________ cmpd on Earth

• herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose

• most carnivores have not and that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients

But it tastes

like hay!

Who can live

on this stuff?!

Cows digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars

Gorillas can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

helpful _____________ live in an herbivores digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals

Polymer + H2O _____________________________

_______________________ Disaccharides or Monosaccharides

Disaccharide + H2O ___________________________

_________________ Glucose+Glucose+Glucose+Glucose

hydrolysis

Breakdown of Disachharides & PolysaccharidesVia _________________

Ch. 3.4

A. Lipid Basics __________________of H to C atoms contain large chains of non-polar _______________

(hydrophobic/H2O insoluble)

_____________________energy storage (btwn C-H bonds) _________________________component; building blocks

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ulIjtl4FPDQ – Lipid structure and function (12 min)

1. ________________________ (oils and fats): * only contain ______________________ * made up of 3 monomers called __________(long chains of C&H

with a carboxyl group – __________ on 1 end) attached to a ____________(3C backbone)

* uses primarily as ________________________ molecules * contain ____ as many _______/gram than Carbs &

Proteins

B. Specific types of Lipids

Formation of Fats via Dehydration Synthesis

Triglyceride

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eESpP5okA1I (@ 4 min energy and formation of)

all single bondsbtwn C-atoms- animal fats

(solids; red meat; whole milk

at least 1 double bondbtwn C-atoms

- plant oils (liquids; fish nuts)

1 double bondmore than 1 double bond

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3JkXdjQJJg - differences explained between all 3

Fats (__________)(butter/lard)

-produced by animals-______________ FA

-lots of H

Oils (___________)corn/canola oil

-found in seeds of plants-____________ FA

-less H

Good Fats vs. Bad Fats?

Hydrogenation & Trans Fats?commercial process where some double bonds in unsaturated FA are broken and hydrogens are added to the carbons -__________ liquid oils to solid fats (trans fat)

http://healthland.time.com/2013/11/07/7-foods-that-wont-be-the-same-if-trans-fats-are-banned/ - explains trans fats and shows examples of fods that contain them

2. _____________ * chemically similar to fats (1 _____________) but have a long ____________________ * humans & most animals lack appropriate enzymes to break them down * highly _____________ (solid @ room temp.) * ___________________ component & ______________________function

3. _________________________ * chemically similar to oils (1 ______________________) but have a ____________________________ * crucial _________________ component of cell membranes

Glycerol

Phosphate

Fatty acids

3. ____________________ don’t resemble fats; have ________________ _________________ – most common steroid precursor to Vit D, testosteronel, estrogen __________________component in animal cell

membranes 2% of human brain (insulate/nerve cells) too much of the wrong form = bad news

3.5: What Are Proteins?

A. Protein Basicsconsist of _________________chains of amino acids bonded by __________ bonds via dehydration synthesisact as ___________ to promote rxns___________component (keratin)forms hair, nails, scales & feathers (silk protiens) webs cocoons

__________ (albumin in eggs & casein in milk) hemoglobin protein _______________ oxygen ____________ (actin & myosin are contractile proteins in muscle) some are hormones (insulin & GH) some are antibodies that fight infection few are toxins (snake venom)

Amino Acids: _________________ of Proteins

can makedisulfide bonds

1. ________________group 2. ___________(side chain)3. Single ______4. ________________group5. Central ______________

Amino Acids join via Dehydration Synthesis to make peptides or proteins.

OH + H

a.a + a.a ___________ + H20

a.a. + a.a + a.a. + a.a. + etc ________________+

_______________

H2O H2O H2O

Levels of Protein Organization interactions btwn the R groups of A.A. cause twists, folds, and

interconnections that give proteins _____________structure

_____________Structure

________________ Structure

_______________ Structure

_______________ Structure

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBRFIMcxZNM – organization and function

1. Primary Structure – ________________ of amino acids

depends on 1) ______, 2) ______________ and 3) _____________of amino acids

2. Seconday Structure – simple repeating units

a) _______________or b) ________________ maintained by _____________ btwn polar portion of A.A.

Silk Keratin (hair) Hemoglobin subunits (blood)

H-bonds

3. Tertiary Structure - 2o structure ______________forming H-bonds w/ H2O & disulfide bridges w/ cysteine A.A.

include _______________ and ____________________ disruption of 2o and 3o bonds = denatured proteins (loss

of function)

4. Quaternary Structure – when ________________proteins are linked together

i.e. ___________ - 4 protein chains of 150 amino acids some enzymes

Protein Function Related to Structure

http://on.aol.com/video/learn-about-protein-denaturation-83227098 - review protein organization and protein denaturation

sickle-cell anemia –__________in hemoglobin

egg frying – _______________in albumin

perms – denaturation of ________ in hair

__________ and viruses killed by denaturing their proteins

3.6: What Are Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids?

A. Nucleotide basics 1 ______________________ consists of 1) a ____________________(either deoxyribose or ribose) 2) a _____________________ group 3) _____ of 5 different nitrogen –containing _____________

adenine guanine cytosine thymine uracil

B. Specific Types of Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

_____(adenosine tri-phosphate), FAD & NAD+

• all ___________________molecules

chains of nucleotides form polymers or nucleic acids

1) __________ – deoxyribonucleic acid• deoxyribose sugar & A, T, G, C

2) ___________– ribonucleic acid• Ribose sugar & A, U, G, C

intracellular messenger molecules

ATP as an Energy Carrier

ATP – adenosine triphosphate ____________nucleotide ___ phosphate groups

____________________in bonds btwn phosphate groups

energy released when last __________________________

available energy is then used to drive other rxns (i.e. linking amino acids)

1. ADP + Energy + Phosphate ATP

(stores energy) ______________________________

2. ATP ADP + Phosphate + Energy

(releases energy) _______________________

How is ATP made and broken down?

Making and Breaking Down Macromolecules

Polymer or Monomer Macromolecule (Building

Blocks)______________________________________

Carbohydrates_____________________________________

fatty acids + glycerol______________________________________

Proteins or Polypeptides ______________________________________

nucleotides_______________________________________

<-------- Dehydration SynthesisHydrolysis -------------http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0 – Crash Course Bio Molecules Review(14min)

How Do Enzymes Promote Biochemical Reactions (Ch. 6.4)

____________ energy determines the speed at which a chemical reaction occurs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbIaK6PLrRM – explains activation energy

* some rxns occur too slowly b/c they have a ______ activation energyenzymes (proteins) are biological _____________which help speed up the rate of reactions (by ___________ activation energy) without themselves being used up or permanently alteredhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1e9EvrThk1Y – how a catalytic converter works

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNl5WYSM5DE Elephant Toothpaste.

not advantageous tospeed up dozens of rxnsat once; so it is a ____________ process

______________ of enzyme ____________its ____________ (just

like proteins); that structure allows them to catalyze specific reactions

_________________________

shape and charges of the ________________(a.a.) determines what molecules can enter (amylase can digest starch but not cellulose)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfuOQZJ_MIM (firefly)

each catalyzes only a few types of reactions (most only catalyze _)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tI69AVRW0DU (cartoon enzymes in human digestion)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1ryDVgx0zw (how enzymes work)

________________________

_______________

Reactant(1 _______________)

Products(2

________________)

Cells regulate metabolic pathways by controlling the _____ produced. a) ________ of enzymes

b) ___________ of enzymes c) ______ levels of enzymes

as substrate/enzyme levels increase, the rxn rate increases until active sites of all enzymesare being continuously occupied by a new substrate

Genes that code for enzymes can turn ________________(i.e. marathon runners after high-carb pre-competition meals)

Some enzymes only synthesized at ________________________in organisms life (65% of ppl produce less lactase as they age)

inactive forms of enzymes only become ________________when needed (i.e. protein digesting enzymes pepsin & trypsin)

Competitive or Noncompetitive Inhibition Enzyme Control

Enzymes need to be ______________________at times to prevent 1) substrates from being used up 2) producing too much product

__________________inhibition: a substance, other than the enzyme’s normal substrate, ______________________of enzyme & competes with the actual substrate for active site)

- structural similarities

Ex. 1: _______________________(blocks active site of acetylcholinesterase; excess acetylcholine overstimulates muscles causing paralysis) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-gIqZ8IxctE (poisoned

grasshopper)

Ex. 2: antibiotic ___________ inhibits synthesis of bacteria cell walls Ex. 3: __________ & ibuprofen (advil) inhibits synthesis of molecules that contribute to swelling, pain, fever.

_____________________ inhibition: molecule binds to a site on enzyme different from active site; distorts active site; enzyme less able to catalyze rxn

Ex 1: Potassium ______________ (blocks an enzyme that uses oxygen to produce ATP – deadly) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PILzvT3spCQ (short comparison)

___________ regulation: noncompetitive inhibition where enzymes switch easily between 2 different shapes that either activate or inhibit the enzyme (i.e. ADP)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5fDEUhjo-M – allostericRegulation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DHZtOKyMPRY – feedback inhibition

________________inhibition: form of allosteric regulation; causes metabolicpathways to stop producing its end product when its concentration reachesreaches an optimal level (thermostat)

As levels of isoleucine rise,isoleucine binds to the regulatorysite on enzyme 1, inhibiting it

intermediates

enzyme 1 enzyme 2 enzyme 3 enzyme 4 enzyme 5

enzyme 1

isoleucine

isoleucine(end product)

threonine(initial

reactant)

Factors that Affect Enzymes enzymes have a narrow range of conditions (_________________)

in which they function optimally (H-bonds btwn polar a.a.)

human cellular enzymes work best around pH 7.4; human digestive enzymes work best around pH 2

enzymes become ______________in unfavorable conditions and lose3-D structure required to functionproperly

For pepsin, maximumactivity occurs at

about pH 2

For most cellularenzymes, maximum

activity occursat about pH 7.4

For trypsin, maximumactivity occurs at

about pH 8 fast

Effect of pH on enzyme activity

For most human enzymes maximum activity occursat about 98.6F (37C)

rate of

reaction

fast

slow

Effect of temperature on enzyme activity

temperature60 (C)0 4020140 (F)32 68 104

slow

rate of

reaction

Enzymes in our Digestive System food travels through many organs of the digestive system & broken down into usable ___________________________

1. mouth: 1 minute mechanical digestion via teeth chemical digestion via enzyme ______________________

2. esophagus: 2-3 seconds tube that leads to the stomach via peristalsis

3. stomach: 2-4 hoursmechanical digestion via muscle churningchemical digestion via enzyme ________________________

4. small intestine: 3-5 hours bile (liver/gall bladder) & ______________ chemically breaks down fat enzymes _____________________________________break down carbs nutrients are absorbed

5. large intestine: 10 hrs – days absorbs H2O and eliminates wastes

amylase

pepsin

LipaseMaltaseSucraseLactase

Study Ch. 3, 6.4 & 6.5 Key Vocab Terms

Read summary of key concepts Ch. 3 and 6.4 and 6.5

Be able to answer the Learning Outcomes in Ch. 3 LO 1-7 and Ch. 6.4 and 6.5 LO 5-7.

Be able to answer all the Check Your Learning questions and check answers for all sections

Complete Thinking through the Concepts and Applying the Concepts for all sections.

Go to the Study Area on MasteringBiology for practice, animations, quizzes, activities, etc.