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It is a system of classification based on oneor two easily recognizable characters.or two easily recognizable characters.Example: Theophrastus (370‐300 BC)classified plants into:p• Trees• Shrubs• Undershrubs• Herbs
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Example 2:pAristotle (384‐322 BC) classified animalsinto:• Enaima (Animals with red blood)• Anaima (Animals without red blood)• Ovipary (Egg laying)• Vivipary (Giving birth to young ones)
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2 NATURAL SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION2. NATURAL SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
It is a system of classification based onIt is a system of classification based onnatural similarities of vegetative & floralcharacterscharacters.Example: George Bentham & Joseph DaltonHooker classified plants into:Hooker classified plants into:• Cryptogams (non flowering plants)• Phanerogams (seed bearing plants)
It is a system of classification based onevolutionary & genetic relationship oforganisms in addition to natural characters.Example: Adolf Engler & Karl PrantleExample: Adolf Engler & Karl Prantleclassified bacteria & all plants under 14divisions. The 14th divisions is Embryophytadivisions. The 14 divisions is Embryophytasiphanogama that includes gymnosperms &angiosperms.
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KINGDOM SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION
TWO KINGDOM SYSTEM: (CAROLUS LINNAEUS 1758)(CAROLUS LINNAEUS‐1758)
• KINGDOM PLANTAE: It includes Bacteria,Mycoplasma fungi & photosynthetic plantsMycoplasma, fungi & photosynthetic plants.
• KINGDOM ANIMALIA: It includes• KINGDOM ANIMALIA: It includesunicellular & multicellular animals.
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THREE KINGDOM SYSTEM:(ERNEST HAECKEL‐1866)(ERNEST HAECKEL 1866)
• KINGDOM PROTISTA: It includesunicellular & colonial eukaryotes such asybacteria, algae, fungi & protozoans.• KINGDOM PLANTAE: It includesmulticellular photosynthetic plants.• KINGDOM ANIMALIA: It includesmulticellular animals.
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FOUR KINGDOM SYSTEM:(COPELAND‐1956)(COPELAND 1956)
• KINGDOM MONERA: It includes unicellular or filamentous prokaryotes such as Bacteria,
l & b t imycoplasma & cyanobacteria.• KINGDOM PROTISTA: It includes unicellular eukaryotes.y
FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM CLASSIFICATIONOF R H WHITTAKER:OF R H WHITTAKER:KINGDOM MONERAKINGDOM PROTISTAKINGDOM PROTISTAKINGDOM FUNGI (MYCOTA)KINGDOM PLANTAE (METAPHYTA)KINGDOM PLANTAE (METAPHYTA)KINGDOM ANIMALIA (METAZOA)
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KINGDOMMONERA: (Characteristics)Unicellular or filamentous prokaryotesUnicellular or filamentous prokaryotesOmni present (air, soil, hot springs, deserts, deepsea, snow & as parasites), p )Cell wall is composed of polysaccharides & aminoacids(peptido glycons ormurein)Autotrophic (photo & chemosynthetic) &heterotrophic (saprophytic & parasitic)R d b i l & lReproduce by vegetative, asexual & sexualmethods
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MAJOR GROUPS OF MONERA: A h b t i M th H l h l 1. Archaebacteria: Methanogens, Halophyles, thermoacidophyles
KINGDOM PROTISTA: (Characteristics)Unicellular eukaryotesUnicellular eukaryotes.Fresh water, marine or parasitic forms.Cell wall is usually absent if present it is Cell wall is usually absent, if present it is impregnated with silica (diatoms).Photosynthetic or non photosynthetic.y p yLocomotory structure may be cilia, flagella, pseudopodia or absent.Reproduce by sexual & asexual methods.
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MAJOR GROUPS OF KINGDOM PROTISTA:1 CHRYSOPHYTA: Diatom Pinnularia1. CHRYSOPHYTA: Diatom, Pinnularia
KINGDOM FUNGI: (Characteristics)Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotesUnicellular or multicellular eukaryotesAchlorophyllus heterotrophsSome are parasites (Puccinia) saprophytes (Yeast Some are parasites (Puccinia), saprophytes (Yeast, Agaricus), Symbionts (Parmelia in lichens) & associated in the roots of higher plants (mycorrhiza)The thalloid plant body is called myceliumMycelium is made up of tubular thread like hyphae
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C ll ll h hitiCell wall has chitin.They reproduce by the following methods:V t ti (f t ti fi i b ddi )‐ Vegetative (fragmentation, fission, budding)
‐ Asexual ( sporangiospores, conidia )Sexual ( Plasmogamy & Karyogamy & meiosis ‐ Sexual ( Plasmogamy & Karyogamy & meiosis resulting in the formation of haploid spores like oospore, ascospore & basidiospore)p , p p )
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MAJOR GROUPS OF KINGDOM FUNGI:1 PHYCOMYCETES: Mucor Rhizopus1. PHYCOMYCETES: Mucor Rhizopus
The following are not mentioned in theThe following are not mentioned in theR. H. Whittaker five kingdom system ofclassification. classification. • PRIONS• VIROIDS• VIRUSES &• LICHENS
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PRIONS: These are intracellular, infectiousprotein particles that cause disease inprotein particles that cause disease inanimals. They were discovered by StanleyPrusiner (1970) Prusiner (1970). DISEASES:Scrapie in sheepsScrapie in sheepsKuru in Malaysian tribesCreutzfeldt‐Jacob disease (CJD)Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (CJD)Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
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VIROIDS: These are intracellular infectioussingle stranded RNA particles that causesingle stranded RNA particles that causediseases in plants.They were discovered by TO Diener (1971)They were discovered by T.O Diener (1971).DISEASES:Potato spindle tuberPotato spindle tuberCitrus exocortisCucumber pale fruitCucumber pale fruitTomato bunchy top
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VIRUSES: These are intracellular,,infectious, poisonous nucleoproteinshaving DNA or RNA as genetic material.g gThese are obligate parasites that do nothave cellular structure. They werediscovered by Ivanowski (1892).
LICHENS: These are symbiotic associationbetween algae & fungi. The algaecomponent is called phycobiont( hi ) & f l i ll d(autotrophic) & fungal component is calledmycobiont (heterotrophic).Li h d ll ti i di tLichens are good pollution indicators.Example:P li Cl d iParmelia Cladonia