PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHIC, BIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL DATA- SOUTH ATLANTIC COAST OF THE UNITED STATES Gill Cruise 5 Marine Biological Laboratory LIBKABY J UN 1 (;1958 WOODS HOLE, MASS. SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT- FISHERIES No. 248 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
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PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHIC,
BIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL DATA-
SOUTH ATLANTIC COAST
OF THE UNITED STATES
Gill Cruise 5
Marine Biological Laboratory
LIBKABYJ UN 1 (;1958
WOODS HOLE, MASS.
SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT- FISHERIES No. 248
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
EXPLANATORY NOTE
The series embodies results of investigations, usually of
restricted scope, intended to aid or direct management or utiliza-
tion practices and as guides for administrative or legislativeaction. It is issued in limited quantities for official use of
Federal, State or cooperating agencies and in processed form for
economy and to avoid delay in publication.
United States Department of the Interior, Fred A. Seaton, Secretary-Fish and Wildlife Service, Arnie J. Suomela, Commissioner
PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAFHIC, BIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL DATASOUTH ATLANTIC COAST OF THE UNITED STATES
M/V THEODORE N. GILL CRUISE 5
fcy
William W. Anderson and Jack W. GehringerFishery Research Biologists
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Special Scientific Report—Fisheries No. 2k8
Washington, D. C.
January 1958
CONTENDS
Page
Narrative account of Cruise 5 1
Explanation of data sheets and tables 6
Oceanographic and chemical 6
Biological 7
Acknowledgments 8
Literature cited 9
LIST OF FIGURES
Frontispiece. --M/V Theodore N. Gill at berth in Brunswick, Georgia
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3
•
Figure k.
Figures 5~l8-
Basic station planTrack chartArrangement of equipment for hydrographic castsLanding modified orange-peel bottom samplerDistribution of temperatures, salinities, and
densities across the several sections of stations
Page
2
3
5
56-6%
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Physical Oceanographic , Biological, and Chemical DataSouth Atlantic Coast of the United States
M/V Theodore N. Gill Cruise 5
This is the fifth in a series of
reports presenting basic data from cruisesof the Theodore N. Gill in waters off the
South Atlantic coast of the United States.
Background of the investigations;objectives; procedures on station; andchemical, biological and oceanographicmethods and procedures were presented in
the report for Cruise 1 (Anderson, Geh-ringer, and Cohen, 1956). Biologicalmethods and procedures were the same asthose used on Cruises 3 and k (Andersonand Gehringer, 1957a and 1957b). Thebasic station plan is shown in figure 1.
NARRATIVE ACCOUNT OF CRUISE 5
The Gill sailed from Brunswick, Georgiaon January 20, 195 1*-, to begin the southernleg of the cruise. Special stations 5, b,
and 7 were occupied on January 21 and 22,but heavy seas prevented the taking of spe-cial station 8. The standard station wasoccupied for a period of about k2 hoursfrom January 23 to 25, during which timeIk hydrographic casts were completed.Routine meteorological observations, bathy-thermograph observations, and specialplankton tows for deep scattering layerand other studies were also taken.
The vessel proceeded to Nassau, B. W. I,and special equipment was installed byColumbia University personnel. On January27-28 a special ambient station was conductedeast of Eleuthera Island. Very strong windscaused the work to be terminated and thespecial equipment was unloaded at Nassau onJanuary 29.
Occupation of the regular stationsbegan on January 30. Workable weather con-ditions were encountered most of the remain-der of the southern leg, and all but 5 ofthe regular stations were worked. Thevessel returned to Brunswick on February 6for supplies.
The northern leg of the cruise commencedon February 9 and adverse weather conditions
plagued most of this part of the cruise--only a day or day and a half of workableweather being available at a stretch. Inspite of this handicap the coverage was ascomplete as could be expected during win-ter- -9 regular and k special stations wereomitted. The vessel occupied the laststation on February 23 and arrived back inBrunswick on February 25 to terminate thecruise . The cruise track is shown in
figure 2.
Approximately 3>000 miles were trav-eled in accomplishing this cruise, 83oceanographic stations were occupied (in-cluding regular, special and standard),and a total of 97 bathythermograph castsand 83 Nansen casts (fig. 3) were made.Bottom samples were obtained on manystations (fig. k) , and Secchi disk readingswere taken during daylight hours when con-ditions permitted. Oxygen determinationswere made aboard vessel for all stationsand all levels. Water samples were collect-ed from all stations and levels for shoreanalysis on salinity, total phosphorus,inorganic phosphate, carbohydrates, pro-teins, and nitrate. An oblique planktontow was made with the Gulf III all-metalplankton sampler on all but a few of thestations--a standard half-meter silk netwas utilized on a few stations where heavy-
seas made use of the all-metal samplerimpractical. In addition, kk runs with theGulf IA high-speed sampler between stations,and 31 runs with the continuous planktonsampler were obtained. Dip-net fishing wascarried out both during the day and atnight under lights whenever possible. Col-lections of material by dip net were notas fruitful as on some previous cruises
—
this because of rough sea conditions aswell as an apparent scarcity of young fishat the surface over much of the area.
Scientific personnel participating in thecruise were:
I. Southern Leg
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service andCooperators
:
W. W. Anderson Chief Scientist
Figure 1. —Basic station plan.
Figure 2. —Track chart,
3
m-Pw
o
ft
faO
ou
o
-pc(L)
ft
3
O
-Pc
I<DbDGcd
m
•H
Fisrure k. —Landing modified orange-peel bottom sampler
Frank T. Knapp
Clyde C. BryantDennis C. Anderson
Biologist (GeorgiaGame and FishComm.
)
Chemical AidAid
Navy Hydrographic Office
:
Melvin Light Senior Oceanographer
Richard Williams OceanographerDouglas Kolb Oceanographer
Office of Naval Research
Thomas E. Bowman Marine Biologist(NarragansettMarine Laboratory)
II. Northern Leg
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and
Cooperators:
W. W. Anderson Chief ScientistFrank T. Knapp Biologist (Georgia
Game and FishComm.
)
ChemistChemical Aid
Edward CohenClyde C. BryantDennis C. Anderson Aid
Navy Hydrographic Office:
Melvin Light Senior OceanographerRichard Williams OceanographerDouglas Kolb Oceanographer
EXPLANATION OF DATA SHEETS AND TABLES
Oceanographic and Chemical
Each of the items appearing on the
station data pages is explained below. Alldoubtful data are indicated and were notused in the construction of the curves fromwhich the interpolated values (standard
depth values) were derived. Observed valueswhich were obviously false were omittedentirely. A dash in a table means that no
value was available. Interpolations forstandard depth values for temperature,salinity, sigma-t, and oxygen are IBM cal-culations; those for the chemical constitu-ents were derived from straight lines betweenobserved values.
the established station pattern (fig. 1)was numbered Gill 1, and subsequentcruises, Gill 2 through Gill 9 (onlyGill 5 is covered by the present report.
2. Station Number . Stations are numberedconsecutively, starting with one, at thebeginning of each cruise. The stationpattern and numbers as shown in figure 1
were maintained on each cruise. If astation or series of stations was notoccupied, these station numbers areomitted. Regular stations have numbersonly; standard and special stations arespecifically indicated.
3- Date . Month, day, and year are given.
k. Latitude and Longitude . The positionof the station is given in degrees and
minutes.
5. Time . Given in Greenwich Mean Time andis that hour nearest to the start of the
first cast.
6. Depth . Is the observed uncorrectedsonic sounding for the station recordedin meters.
7. Wind . Wind speed is given in metersper second. Direction from which the
wind blows is coded in degrees true to
the nearest ten degrees. The last zero
is omitted. North is 3^> on this scaleand calm is 00. See table 1, "CompassDirection Conversion Table for Wind,
Sea, and Swell Directions."
0. Barometer . The barometric pressure is
coded in millibars, neglecting the 900or 1000. Thus 996 millibars is codedas 96 and 1008 millibars is coded as 08.
9. Air Temperature . Dry bulb and wet bulbtemperatures are entered to the nearesttenth of a degree (centigrade).
10. Humidity . The percent of humidity is
coded directly.
11. Weather . Weather is coded as indicated
in table 2, "Numerical Weather Codes
-
The profiles of salinity, temperature,and density,were prepared from these data,
and appear as figures 5-18- ^'
1. Cruise Number. The first cruise over
Present Weather."
Clouds. Cloud type and amount are coded
as indicated in table 3, "Cloud Type":
and table k, "Cloud Amount."
13. Sea . Sea direction and amount are
coded as indicated in table 5, "Sea
Amount"; and table 1.
Ik. Swell . Swell directions and amountare coded as indicated in table 6,
"Swell Amount"; and table 1.
15. Visibility . Visibility is coded as
indicated in table 7, "Visibility."
16. Water Transparency . Given as metersto which a Secchi disc is visible.
10.
certain elements of the organicmaterials in sea water which react tothe test for carbohydrates. The car-bohydrate values are given as arabinoseequivalents, and are not necessarilythe actual concentrations of carbohy-drate substances.
Proteins (Tyrosine ) . These valuesare given to the nearest 0.1 of a unitas milligrams per liter of proteinmaterial in sea water, which reacts tothe test for tyrosine.
Subsurface Observations
1. Sample Depth . Observed (actual) depthof each samples is given in meters.Interpolated values at standard depthsare also given. The standard depthsin meters are: 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 75,
100, 150, 200, 250, 300, U00, 500,
600, 700, 800, 1000, 1200, 1500, 2000,
2500, 3000, and thence every 1000meters.
2. Temperature . The centigrade tempera-ture is given in degrees and hundredths.
3- Salinity . Salinity is given in partsper thousand to two decimal places.
h. Sigma-t . To convert to density divideby 1000 and add 1. Thus, a sigma-tvalue of 22.35 converts to a densityof 1.02235.
5. Dissolved Oxygen . These values aregiven in milliliters per liter to twodecimal places.
t. Total Phosphorus . Values are given in
microgram atoms per liter to the near-est 0.1 of a unit.
7- Inorganic Phosphate . Values are givenin microgram atoms per liter to thenearest 0.1 of a unit.
o. Nitrate -nitrite . These values aregiven in microgram atoms per literto the nearest 0.5 of a unit.
9- Carbohydrates (Arabinose
)
. Thesevalues are given in terms of milli-grams per liter to the nearest 0.1 ofa unit. Collier et al. (1953) pre-sented a technique for estimating
Biological
Plankton volumes (Gulf III and silkhalf-meter nets ), table 8. The posi-tion given is that at beginning of thetow. The depth of the haul is givenfrom to the greatest depth reached.The volumes as given are "wet volumes"(procedures for determination weregiven under methods in report forcruise l). Very few samples containedlarge organisms such as jellyfish(which were removed), so that thevolumes represent smaller organisms.
Planton volumes (Gulf LA high-speedsampler ), table 9. The position givenis that at the center of the tow. Alltows were made at the surface. Thevolumes as given are "wet volumes"(procedures for determination weregiven under methods in report forcruise 1). Very few samples containedlarge organisms such as jellyfish(which were removed), so that thevolumes represent smaller organisms.
Numbers of plankton organisms percubic meter of water (half -meter net )
,
table 10. The procedures for planktontows, methods for sorting and counting,and calculations of numbers of organismswere described under methods in reportfor cruise 1. Counts are given formajor groups as indicated.
Numbers of plankton organisms percubic meter of water (high-speedsampler ), table 11. The proceduresfor plankton tows, methods for sortingand counting, and calculations of num-bers of organisms were described undeir
methods for cruise 3- Counts are givfsn
for major groups as indicated.
5. Numbers of plankton organisms per cubic
meter of water (continuous planktonsampler ), table 12. Description of
this sampler, its use, and methods of
calculating numbers of organisms weregiven under methods in report forcruise 1. Counts are given by compart-ment for major groups as indicated.
6. List of the species of fish in dip-net ,
trolling, and stomach contents collec -
tions (D-dip net; T-trolling; S-stomachcontents ), table 13- The species are
listed in alphabetical order, followedby symbols indicating method of capture.
7. Numbers and species of fish taken bytrolling , table Ik. The stage of gonaddevelopment is based on InternationalCouncil classifications of gonad matu-rity for the herring (internationalCouncils Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des
Reunions, Vol. LXXIV, pp. 117, March1931 ) • The scale is only a guide to
general classifications and must betreated as such.
This scale follows
:
cavity. Eggs not trans-parent, milt whitish,swollen.
Stage V. Sexual organs fillingventral cavity. Ovarieswith some large trans-parent eggs. Milt white,not yet running.
Stage VI. Roe and milt running(spawning)
.
Stage VII. Spents. Ovaries slackwith residual eggs.Testes baggy, bloodshot.Doubtful cases are indi-cated by quoting twostages e.g. "St. I-II,St. VII-II," etc.
Numbers and species of fish taken bydip net , table 15- There is shown, byfamily, the genera and species taken.
Numbers of specimens from each stationare given in parentheses, followed bythe approximate size of size range ofstandard length, in millimeters.
Stage I. Virgin individuals. Verysmall sexual organs closeunder vertebral column.Wine-coloured torpedo-shaped ovaries about 2-3cm. long and 2-3 mm. thick.
Eggs invisible to nakedeye. Whitish or grayishbrown knife-shaped testes2-3 cm. long and 2-3 mm.
broad.
Stage II. Maturing virgins or re-
covering spents. Ovariessomewhat longer than halfthe length of ventral-
cavity ;about 1 cm. dia-
meter. Eggs 3mall butvisible to naked eye. Miltwhitish, somewhat blood-shot, same size as ovaries,but still thin an! knife
-
shaped
.
Stage III. Sexual organs more swollen,occupying about half of
ventral cavity.
Stags TV. Ovaries and testes nearlyfilling 2/3 of ventral
. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Acknowledgment is made to the follow-ing agencies and individuals for contriburtions in securing and processing the
material presented. To the Navy Hydro-graphic Office for their cooperation in
planning and executing the field programand for processing the physical oceano-graphic data. To the Office of NavalResearch, and Dr. Sidney R. Galler in
particular, for help in planning and
executing the field program. To the
Georgia Game and Fish Commission for theircooperation in the biological and chemical
studies; through Frank T. Knapp, biologist,and Joseph E. Moore, chemist (now a memberof Fish and Wildlife Service staff). Tothe Florida State Board of Conservation(through the Marine Laboratory of the Uni-versity of Miami) for their cooperation
in the biological studies, through George
F. Arata, Jr., biologist. To Dean F.
Bumpus of the Woods Hole OceanographicInstitution for preparation of the salinity,
temperature, and density profiles whichappear as figures 5-lt>-
From our own staff special recognition
is due: Frederick H. Berry for identifi-
cation of dip-net and stomach content
material and assistance in planton organism
counts; Hugh M. Fields and Donald Moore for
most of the plankton organism identifica-
tions and counts; Edward Cohen (formerly
chemist) for chemical determinations; and
Joseph E. Moore for assistance in assem-
bling the physical and chemical data. We
also appreciate the assistance of other
members of the staff who aided in one way
or another: Charles P. Goodwin, Clyde CBryant, Herbert R. Gordy, Melba C. Wilson,
Carolyn V. Martin, and Elizabeth H. Swin-
dell. Acknowledgment is made of the
excellent cooperation of crew members of
the M/V Theodore N. Gill and Captain
Mauritz C Fredricksen in particular.
Anderson, William W. and Jack W. Gehringer1957a. Physical oceanographic , biologi-
cal, and chemical data, SouthAtlantic Coast of the UnitedStates, M/V Theodore N. Gill
Cruise 3. U. S. Dept. Interior,
Fish and Wildlife Service, Spe-
cial Scientific Report--FisheriesNo. 210, pp. 1-208, figs. 1-1Q.
Anderson, William W. and Jack W. Gehringer
195Tb. Physical oceanographic, biologi-cal, and chemical data, SouthAtlantic Coast of the UnitedStates, M/V Theodore N. GillCruise h. U. S. Dept. Interior,
Fish and Wildlife Service, Spe-
cial Scientific Report—FisheriesNo. 23^, pp. 1-192, figs. 1-19-
LITERATURE CITED
Anderson, William W.
and Edward CohenJack W. Gehringer,
195o. Physical oceanographic, biologi-
cal, and chemical data, South
Atlantic Coast of the United
States, M/V. Theodore N. Gill
Cruise 1. U. S. Dept. Interior,
Fish and Wildlife Service,
Special Scientific Report--Fisheries No. 178, pp- 1-lbO,
figs. 1-15-
Collier, Albert, S. M. Ray, A. W. Magnitzky,
1953. Effect of dissolved organic sub-
stances on oysters. FisheryBulletin, Fish and Wildlife Ser-vice, 5MoV): I07-I85, figs. 1-14.
Table 1.—Compass direction conversion table forwind, sea, and swell directions
Code Direction
00 Calm01 --- 5° to ll+
02 15° to 2k° NNE03 25° to 3^°
Ok 35 to kk°05 __ 14-5° to 5I+ NE06 --- 55° to 6k°
07 65° to 7^° ENE08 75 to 8l+°
09 85 to 9^° E10 95 to 10^°11 105 to lli+ ESE12 115 to 12l+ c
13 125 to I3UIk 135° to lkk° SE15 1^5° to 15^°16 155 to 164° 3SE17 165 to 17U18 175 to 18U° s
19 185 to 19^°20 195 to 20^° SSW21 205° to 21^°
22 215° to 22^°
23 225° to 23U SW2k 235° to 2kk"
25 21+5° to 25^° WSW26 255 to 264°
27 265° to 274° W28 275 to 28^°
29 285° to 29*+° WNW30 2><5° to 30l+ o
31 305 to 31^°
32 315 to 32^° NW
33 325 to 33^°3!+ ,_ 335° to 3^° NMW
35 31+5° to 35^°
36 355 to l*° N
10
or
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Table 3. --Cloud type
Code
Table 6.—Swell amount
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Table 8. —Plankton volumes (Gulf III and silk half "meter nets)
Table 8 . "Plankton volumes (Gulf III and silk half-meter nets), cont'd
Table 9. --Plankton volumes (Gulf IA High-speed sampler)
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Run No. 1 Date January 21-22. 1Q5J4-
Compartment No. I23U5678Time (EST) 2251 2353 0055 0157 0259 0*401 0503 O6O5Position of (N. Lat. 29°lj-3' 29°36' 29°26' 29°l8 f 29°10' 29 803' 29°00« 29°02»
Table 12. --Numbers of plankton organisms per cubic meter of water(continuous plankton sampler), cont'd
Run No. 7 Date January 30, 195^Compartment No. I23U5678Time (EST) 0959 1102 1205 1308 All I5A 1617 1720Position of (N. Lat. 27 o02' 27°00' 27°00' 27°00' 27°02' 27°02« 27°01« 27°05'
Table 12 . --Numbers of plankton organisms per cubic meter of water(continuous plankton sampler), cont'd
Run No. 11 Date February 1. 195^Compartment No. 123^5678Time (EST) 1333 1^39 15^5 1651 1757 1903 2009 2115Position of (N. Lat. 28°20« 28°20' 28°23« 28°31' 28°^0' 28°^7' 28°52« 28°59
Run No. 20 Date February ik, 195^Compartment NoTime (EST)
Position of (N. Lat.Ship: (W. Long.ProtozoaCoelenterataChaetognathaMisc. WormsCopepodaOstracodaAmphipodaShrimpCrabsMisc. CrustaceansMolluscaInvertebrate EggsMisc. Organisms
Table 12 .--Numbers of plankton organisms per cubic meter of water(continuous plankton sampler), cont'd
Run No. 21 Date February 14-15, 1954Compartment No. 12 3 It- 5 678Time (EST) 2015 2122 2229 2336 OOU3 0150 0257 0404Position of (N. Lat. 3^°k2 x 31*43' 31°43' 31°39' 31*32 f 31°30« 31 33' 3l°4l»Ship: (W. long. 79°00« 78
<, 58* 78°53' 78 849' 78°43« 78°39' 78°35' 78 26'
Protozoa
Table 12. --Numbers of plankton organisms per cubic meter of water(continuous plankton sampler), cont'd
Run No. 23 Date February 15, 1954Compartment No.
Table 12. --Numbers of plankton organisms per cubic meter of water(continuous plankton sampler), cont'd
Table 12. --Numbers of plankton organisms per cubic meter of water(continuous plankton sampler), cont'd
Run No. 27 Date February 20. 1954Compartment No. I23U5678Time (EST) IO36 ll40 1243 13^7 1450 1554 1657 1801Position of (N. Lat. 3l4-°28* 34°24' 34°l8' 34 8ll' 34°03' 33°58' 33°55' 33
849«Ship: (W. Long. 76°56' 77°06' 77°08' 77°08 f 77°10 f 77°13« 77°08' 77°02'
l4.6 - 29.I 77.6 29.I 24.2
9-7lk.6 k.Q
53-4 24.2 92.2 310.4 121.2 203.7 19.4k.8
Protozoa
Table 12 .--Numbers of plankton organisms per cubic meter of water(continuous plankton sampler), cont'd
Position of (N. Lat.Ship: (W. Long.ProtozoaCoelenterataChaetognathaMisc. WormsCopepodaOstracodaAmphipodaShrimpCrabsMisc. CrustaceansMolluscaInvertebrate EggsMisc. Organisms
Subtotal
Fish EggsFish Larvae
Total
47
Table 13. -"List of the species of fish in dip-net, trolling, and stomach
contents collections (D"dip net; T _trolling; S -stomach oontents)