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<title>Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI)</title> <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <meta name="DC.date" content="2004-10-05" /> <meta name="DC.format" content="text/html" /> <meta name="DC.contributor" content="Dublin Core Metadata Initiative" /> <meta name="DC.language" content="en" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <meta name="DC.title" content="Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) Home Page" /> <meta name="DC.description" content="The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative is an open forum engaged in the development of
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Meanwhile…Meanwhile…In medical publishing:In medical publishing:
INFORMATION IN PRACTICE:INFORMATION IN PRACTICE:Gunther Eysenbach, Thomas L Diepgen, J A Muir Gunther Eysenbach, Thomas L Diepgen, J A Muir Gray, Maurizio Bonati, Piero Impicciatore, Chiara Gray, Maurizio Bonati, Piero Impicciatore, Chiara Pandolfini, and Subbiah ArunachalamPandolfini, and Subbiah ArunachalamTowards quality management of medical Towards quality management of medical information on the internet: evaluation, information on the internet: evaluation, labelling, and filtering of informationlabelling, and filtering of informationBMJ, Nov 1998; 317: 1496 - 1502. BMJ, Nov 1998; 317: 1496 - 1502. ...we discuss a common measure that could ...we discuss a common measure that could solve both aspects at the same time: solve both aspects at the same time: assigning "assigning "metadatametadata" to internet information; " to internet information; both evaluative both evaluative metadatametadata to help consumers to help consumers assess reliability and descriptive assess reliability and descriptive metadatametadata to...to... ...A prerequisite for this approach is that ...A prerequisite for this approach is that internet information is labelled with internet information is labelled with ""metadatametadata" in a standardised format to allow " in a standardised format to allow software to search for and check information software to search for and check information that is...that is...
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Top 10 medical journals by impact factor (1999)Top 10 medical journals by impact factor (1999)Source: Source: Journal Citation ReportsJournal Citation Reports ( (JCRJCR) on CD-ROM ) on CD-ROM 1999 Science Edition Journal Rankings Sorted by Impact Factor1999 Science Edition Journal Rankings Sorted by Impact Factor
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So who So who isis using metadata? using metadata?
BioHealthInformaticsGroup
Subject Metadata: Subject Metadata: What’s it all about?What’s it all about?
Dublin Core Element Name: SubjectDublin Core Element Name: SubjectLabelLabel:Subject and Keywords:Subject and KeywordsDefinitionDefinition:A topic of the content of the resource.Comment:Typically, Subject will be :A topic of the content of the resource.Comment:Typically, Subject will be expressed as keywords, key phrases or classification codes that describe a topic of the expressed as keywords, key phrases or classification codes that describe a topic of the resource. Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary or resource. Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary or formal classification scheme.formal classification scheme.
Issues:Issues:
What controlled medical vocabularies are there?What controlled medical vocabularies are there?
Which were designed for describing narrative?Which were designed for describing narrative?
How many are formal classifications?How many are formal classifications?
How do you use them in this context?How do you use them in this context?
More than 100
None of them
Nobody knows
Two
BioHealthInformaticsGroup
Case Study:Case Study:
►Journalists write ~100 health related Journalists write ~100 health related articles dailyarticles daily
►Delivered to clients Delivered to clients en blocen bloc or filtered into or filtered into news ‘verticals’news ‘verticals’
►News verticals are dynamicNews verticals are dynamic
►How to filter?How to filter?►Including retrospectively if new vertical createdIncluding retrospectively if new vertical created
BioHealthInformaticsGroup
An example RHI storyAn example RHI storyClinicalClinical
HRT effect on breast density not the same for all womenHRT effect on breast density not the same for all women
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - The extent to which hormone replacement therapy (HRT) increases breast NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - The extent to which hormone replacement therapy (HRT) increases breast density depends on the age at which it is started, the duration of use, and the patient's reproductive history, density depends on the age at which it is started, the duration of use, and the patient's reproductive history, according to findings presented this week at the American Association for Cancer Research meeting in Seattle.according to findings presented this week at the American Association for Cancer Research meeting in Seattle.
Increased "breast density can make tumors more difficult to detect on mammogram," lead author Erin J. Aiello, Increased "breast density can make tumors more difficult to detect on mammogram," lead author Erin J. Aiello, from the Group Health Cooperative in Seattle, told Reuters Health. "Identifying factors that influence the link from the Group Health Cooperative in Seattle, told Reuters Health. "Identifying factors that influence the link between HRT and breast density may help clinicians and patients make a more informed decision about such between HRT and breast density may help clinicians and patients make a more informed decision about such therapy." therapy."
The new findings are based on a study of 46,436 women who underwent a total of 100,525 screening The new findings are based on a study of 46,436 women who underwent a total of 100,525 screening mammograms between January 1996 and June 2002. Questionnaires were administered at each mammogram mammograms between January 1996 and June 2002. Questionnaires were administered at each mammogram session to assess HRT use as well as the presence of breast cancer risk factors.session to assess HRT use as well as the presence of breast cancer risk factors.
Compared with never users of HRT, current and former users were 70% and 18% more likely, respectively, to Compared with never users of HRT, current and former users were 70% and 18% more likely, respectively, to have dense breasts.have dense breasts.
In current HRT users, the odds of dense breasts were heightened by long duration of use, older age, rising In current HRT users, the odds of dense breasts were heightened by long duration of use, older age, rising parity, younger age at first birth, and natural menopause, the investigators state. In former users, the odds were parity, younger age at first birth, and natural menopause, the investigators state. In former users, the odds were increased by long duration of use, older age, and high BMI. increased by long duration of use, older age, and high BMI.
Further analysis revealed that combined estrogen-progestin HRT was more strongly associated with dense Further analysis revealed that combined estrogen-progestin HRT was more strongly associated with dense breasts than estrogen-only HRT, the researchers point out. breasts than estrogen-only HRT, the researchers point out.
"Older age, having more children, and younger age at first birth are generally associated with a decrease in "Older age, having more children, and younger age at first birth are generally associated with a decrease in breast density," Aiello said. "Our findings indicate that HRT may actually eliminate those protective effects." breast density," Aiello said. "Our findings indicate that HRT may actually eliminate those protective effects."
Aiello said her group is beginning a randomized trial to investigate whether stopping HRT a few weeks prior to Aiello said her group is beginning a randomized trial to investigate whether stopping HRT a few weeks prior to mammography can reduce breast density and ease radiologic interpretation. mammography can reduce breast density and ease radiologic interpretation.
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RHI News VerticalsRHI News Verticals
Consumer Health News:AIDS NewsAddiction NewsAllergy NewsAlternative Medicine NewsArthritis NewsAsthma NewsBlood Cancer NewsBlood NewsCancer NewsCardiology NewsChildren's Health NewsCholesterol NewsDental NewsDermatology NewsDiabetes NewsDigestive Diseases NewsDisease NewsDrug & Device NewsFitness NewsGenetics NewsGynecologic OncologyHeadache NewsHealth Care News
aHealth eLineHealth eLine - ImportantHealth eLine - PriorityHealth eLine - SpanishHealth eLine - PortugueseHeartburn News
Human Interest NewsHypertension NewsInfectious Diseases NewsLaw & Ethics NewsLiver NewsMen's Health NewsMental Health NewsMultiple SclerosisNeurology NewsNutrition NewsObesity NewsOrthopedics NewsOsteoporosis NewsPain NewsPublic Health NewsReproductive NewsResearch NewsRespiratory NewsSchizophrenia NewsSenior NewsSexuality NewsSports Medicine NewsSurgery NewsTerminal Care NewsTransplant NewsTravel NewsUrology NewsVaccine NewsWellness NewsWomen's Health News
Flexible definition of Flexible definition of vertical content vertical content packages to meet packages to meet demands of many demands of many customerscustomers
RHI Process ModelRHI Process Model
SNOMED
AIDS
NAICS
Pah
Companies
Glaxo
Business terms
regulatory
BioHealthInformaticsGroup
Metadata technologies:Metadata technologies:
Topic MapsTopic Maps
BioHealthInformaticsGroup
What’s in an index ?What’s in an index ?La BohèmeLa Bohème, 10, 70, , 10, 70, 197-198197-198, 326 , 326 Cavalleria RusticanaCavalleria Rusticana, 71, , 71, 203-204203-204 The Girl of the Golden WestThe Girl of the Golden West, see , see La fanciulla del WestLa fanciulla del West Leoncavallo, Ruggiero Leoncavallo, Ruggiero
different different typestypes of topic (the names of of topic (the names of operas are shown operas are shown in italicin italic))
different different typestypes of occurrence of occurrence (references to synopses are (references to synopses are in boldin bold))
synonyms for the same topicsynonyms for the same topic
links to associated topics (links to associated topics (see alsosee also))
associations between different topics associations between different topics (e.g. between a composer and his (e.g. between a composer and his works)works)
supertype and subtype informationsupertype and subtype information
BioHealthInformaticsGroup
What’s a topic map ?What’s a topic map ?
►Very similar to an index except…Very similar to an index except…
►Implicit information made explicitImplicit information made explicit►Not represented in typographical conventionsNot represented in typographical conventions
►Consistent use of topics within indexesConsistent use of topics within indexes►Consistent use between indexes ?Consistent use between indexes ?
BioHealthInformaticsGroup
What is a topic map ?What is a topic map ?www.topicmaps.orghttp://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tao.html
►Means to convey knowledge about Means to convey knowledge about resources resources ► Knowledge embodied in a superimposed layerKnowledge embodied in a superimposed layer
► A ‘map’ of the resources A ‘map’ of the resources
►Captures Captures ► the subjects of which resources speakthe subjects of which resources speak
► the relationships between those subjectsthe relationships between those subjects
What are Topic Maps for ?What are Topic Maps for ?
►Indexing large resources you can’t write in Indexing large resources you can’t write in directlydirectly► Original ‘back of book index’ motivationOriginal ‘back of book index’ motivation
►Organising web sitesOrganising web sites► Some elements on a web page generated from topic mapSome elements on a web page generated from topic map
►Way of storing information flows & audit trailsWay of storing information flows & audit trails► Or any other network of info, reallyOr any other network of info, really
BioHealthInformaticsGroup
How do I make one ?How do I make one ?
► By handBy hand► Very labour intensive, but usually highest qualityVery labour intensive, but usually highest quality
► Some tools e.g. Ontopia, TMTab for Protégé, TMDesignerSome tools e.g. Ontopia, TMTab for Protégé, TMDesigner
► Semi-automagicallySemi-automagically► If the original data is already well structuredIf the original data is already well structured
► Some language processing tools can helpSome language processing tools can help
► Automatic TransformationAutomatic Transformation► Re-write other sources of the same informationRe-write other sources of the same information
► Good for large or dynamic Good for large or dynamic information sourcesinformation sources► E.g. ‘2001 Tax Products’ CDROM from E.g. ‘2001 Tax Products’ CDROM from
US IRSUS IRS
► E.g. www.quid.frE.g. www.quid.fr
► Better querying than a static Better querying than a static indexindex► ‘‘Find all composers who have written Find all composers who have written
an opera that was not first performed an opera that was not first performed in Italy but was based on a work in Italy but was based on a work originally written by Shakespeare’originally written by Shakespeare’
► Making it possible/easier to Making it possible/easier to merge knowledge resourcesmerge knowledge resources► allegedlyallegedly
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……and limitationsand limitations
► Not so good for Not so good for veryvery large information large information sourcessources► E.g. The entire world wide web E.g. The entire world wide web
(= ‘The Semantic Web’)(= ‘The Semantic Web’)
► The ontology problemThe ontology problem
► Different topics used differently Different topics used differently
► at different times & by different authorsat different times & by different authors
► No inferencing (yet)No inferencing (yet)► E.g. E.g. IF Aria IF Aria sung-insung-in Act I Act I
AND Act I AND Act I part-ofpart-of Tosca ToscaTHEN Aria THEN Aria sung-insung-in Tosca Tosca
► Limitations in what can be saidLimitations in what can be said► E.g. Child must have exactly one motherE.g. Child must have exactly one mother
► E.g. Mother of a baby kangaroo must also be a E.g. Mother of a baby kangaroo must also be a kangarookangaroo
BioHealthInformaticsGroup
Metadata technologies:Metadata technologies:
Stand-off markupStand-off markup
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Stand-off vs DirectStand-off vs Direct
► Direct markupDirect markup► Metadata is physically merged with dataMetadata is physically merged with data
► E.g. metadata tags within XML documentsE.g. metadata tags within XML documents
► Stand-offStand-off► Metadata is physically in a different data fileMetadata is physically in a different data file
► Metadata tags include pointer to region of another file that Is Metadata tags include pointer to region of another file that Is being marked upbeing marked up
►StrengthStrength►You don’t have to have permission to write in the You don’t have to have permission to write in the
document being marked updocument being marked up
►WeaknessWeakness►The owner of the document you’ve marked up can change The owner of the document you’ve marked up can change
or move it without telling youor move it without telling you
►Very difficult (but not impossible) to provide stand-off Very difficult (but not impossible) to provide stand-off mark-up for with dynamically created documentsmark-up for with dynamically created documents
►See See http://cohse.semanticweb.org/http://cohse.semanticweb.org/