BIOLOGY TASK BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE POLLUTION RECYLING ORGANIC WASTE Vanny Andriani Waisaka Febri. B Vincent Yogi Pratama
May 24, 2015
BIOLOGY TASKBIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLEPOLLUTIONRECYLING ORGANIC WASTEVanny Andriani Waisaka Febri. BVincent Yogi Pratama
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE
Group 9
DEFINITION
By organisms
and chemical reactions
Biotic compounds
Abiotic
compounds
CLASSIFICATIONWater Cycle
Carbon and Oxygen Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Phosphorus Cycle
Sulphur Cycle
WATER CYCLE
Long Cycle
Moderate Cycle
Short Cycle
SHORT CYCLE
evaporation of the
sea
occur condensation and forming
clouds
rain and the water
flow to thge sea
again
by sun
MODERATE CYCLEback from river
to the sea
evaporatin of the sea
steam and gas condensationsteam moves
and forming cloud
reduction in rainfall on land
flowing
by wind
LONG CYCLEforming glaciers
back into the sea
evaporation of sea water
sublimation
forming clouds
winds and clouds
forming
snow fell
melt
move
by sun
VISUALIZATION OF THE CYCLE
OXYGEN AND CARBON CYCLE
CO2 diffuse into the palisade tissue
CO2 required in photosynthesis
releasing O2
O2 inhaled by human to run metabolism
Metabolism release CO2 and H2O as its waste
CO2 and H2O required by plants
to run photocynthesis
died living things mineralized by microorganism
Mineralization of organic
substances produce oil and
natural gas
Oil and natural gas are burnt,
releasing CO2 to the atmosphere
CO2 diffuse into the palisade tissue
on plants
on plants
HOW ATMOSPHERE TAKE THE CARBON ?
atmosphereThrough photosynthesis
Through organisms that form a tissue of carbon.
Through respiration
Through the decomposition of animals and
plants
Burning fossil
VISUALIZATION OF THE CYCLE
VISUALIZATION OF THE CYCLE
NITROGEN CYCLEvertebrate consume nitrogen through nutrient
digested into a smaller form of amino acids and components of
nucleotides
used for the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids
the excess will be
oxidized to obtain energy
it will excreted by
urin and feces
in the body
VERTEBRATE
NITROGEN CYCLEN2 (Nitrogen)
NH3 (Ammonia)
NO2- (Nitrit)
NO3- (Nitrat)
Used by plants
Decomposed by microorganims
Anabaena azolla
Nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrosococcus sp.
Nitrobacter sp.
by root
died
back to the atmosphere
PLANTS
VISUALIZATION OF THE CYCLE
PHOSPHORUS CYCLEformation
of sediment
from erosion
and weathering
of rocks
plant takes in
phosphate dissolved
in soil water Herbivores
obtain phosphoru
s from eating and carnivorou
s obtain from
herbivores
animals released
phosphate in the urine and feces
decomposed by fungi
and bacteria
at the sea
on land
VISUALIZATION OF THE CYCLE
SULPHUR CYCLE
organic
sulphur
H2S
elemental S
SO4
mineralization
sulphur oxidation
sulphur oxidation
sulphate reduction
THE BACTERIA THAT CONTRIBUTE
• Thiobacillus• Chromatium
sulphur oxidation
• Desulfovibrio• Desulfomaculumsulphate
reduction
VISUALIZATION OF THE CYCLE
POLLUTION
Group 8
CLASSIFICATION
POLLUTION
air pollution
water pollution
land pollution
sound pollution
light pollution
thermal pollution
visual pollution
AIR POLLUTIONNo. Pollutant Produced Form
1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) Fossil fuel use (oil and coal), natural gas, and forest burning.
2 Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and
nitrogen monoxide (NO)
Fossil fuel use such as for motor vehicles that produce exhaust
3 Carbon monoxide (CO) Fossil fuel use such as for motor vehicles that produce exhaust from incomplete combustion
4 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)
Cooling agent in AC, fridge, and aerosol spray
5 Radiation of radioactive materials
From nuclear
effects on living beings, in some degree, can cause mutations, a variety of diseases caused by gene abnormalities, and even death.
AIR POLLUTIONNo. Pollutant Effects
1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) Greenhouse effect (Temperature increases. So, the ice sheets can melt especially glaciers especially at the South pole. Melting ice may increase sea levels all over the world and drown cities and number of islands. This may also increase storms and climatic changes that affect farming, fisheries and human life).
2 Carbon monoxide (CO) When the body is lacking oxygen, it can cause nausea and headache. Once the content of carbon monoxide in air reaches 0.1%, it can cause death.
3 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2 )
Acid rain or acid snow (can cause damages to forest, crop plants, and plantation. It also causes rusting of materials that are made of metal such as bridges, railways, and buildings. Acid rain decreases the pH of soil, rivers, and lakes that affect the health and survival of the organisms within them).
AIR POLLUTIONNo. Pollutant Effects
4 Ozone (O3) This thinning of ozone layer results in reduced ability to perform its shielding function in keeping UV radiation from the earth. UV radiation that reaches earth may cause destruction and disturbance of human health, skin cancers and cataracts, disturbance of oceanic food chains and destruction of crop plants and plantations.
LAND POLLUTION
pollution
domestic wastes
farming wastes
mining wastes
CAUSES
domestic
wastes
•from garbage in large amounts
•from plastic rubbish difficult destroyed, bottles, synthetic rubber,broken glass, and cans, detergents which are non bio degradable (naturally difficultdescribed)
farming
wastes
•from the use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides
mining
wastes
•from the use of mercury (Hg)
EFFECTS
domestic
wastes
•decreased quality of ground water. it can be seen from its physical characteristic such as odor, color, and taste, even the presence of oil.
farming
wastes
•plants wilt and reduce their yield and may eventually even die
•endanger and killed soil organisms that important to decaying process
•causing cancer and is lethal
mining
wastes
•mercury is toxic and can be lethal if it enters the organisms
WATER POLLUTION
pollution
domestic wastes
farming wastes
industry wastes
oil tanker
spillages
WATER POLLUTIONdomestic waste• such as detergents, sewage, and feces play a large role in
river pollution• polluted rivers that contain pathogenic bacteria and viruses
can cause the outbreak of diseases• Sewage and garbage also need oxygen to be degraded and
decomposed, so the oxygen concentration in water may decrease when these pollutants are present.
industrial waste• some wastes still contain harmful and toxic substances
such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), Chrome (Cr), cooper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni)
• can harm the life of aquatic organisms• mercury can destroy the nervous system when it enters the
body and causes paralysis, even death
WATER POLLUTIONfarming waste• by the use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides,
and herbicides• will poison aquatic organisms and human wo
used the water
oil tanker spillages• oil spillage that pollutes water in the oceans
comes from both the tanker and offshore factory failures
• destroys ocean organism life such as sea birds and fishes by oil that sticks on bird’s feathers and fish’s gills
CONTAMINATION
contamination
chemical waste
inorganic waste
organic waste
impact on organisms
CONTAMINATION• can be decomposed or degraded
by microorganismsorganic waste
• can not be decomposed and difficult to degrade by microorganisms
• this can cause water to be hard because they contain calcium ions (Ca) and magnesium ions (Mg)
• , these ions can be toxic such as lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) is very dangerous for the human body
inorganic waste
• contaminants such as soaps, eradication of pests, chemical dyes, leather tanning solution and radioactive substances
• can kill annoying and aquatic animals, water plants and possibly also humans
chemical waste
SOUND POLLUTION caused by the noise of motor vehicles,
aircraft, the roar of the engine factory, radio / tape recorder, which reads loud that it interferes with hearing, roadway noise, and as well as high-intensity sonar
will disturb human life and can even damage hearing permanently
LIGHT POLLUTION comes from the exterior and interior lighting
of buildings, billboards, commercial property, offices, factories, roads and stadium lights
due to light pollution, bird can not migrate to the right place because the star and the moon that as navigator is invisible
sea turtles also have not come to the beach and lay eggs as usual because of fear of the light
astronomers can not observe and find objects in space because of too much light that covered the night sky
THERMAL POLLUTION waste hot water from power plant installation
is usually discharged directly into rivers, increasing water temperature and cause thermal pollution
aquatic animal populations will decline at higher temperatures, only a few kinds can live at temperatures above 40oCof animals that
oil and petrochemical kind of polluting waters will form a thin layer on the surface of the water that prevents the exchange of oxygen in the water with the atmosphere
fish can not breathe and marine plants can not photosynthesize cause of death in biota
VISUAL POLLUTION which can refer to the presence of overhead
power lines, motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open storage of trash or municipal solid waste
even the trees as elements of urban green evicted by the presence of billboards. beside as the lungs of the city, green trees also contribute in terms of psychology to residents of the city. too many concrete buildings and advertisements will make people easy to stress, because it is far from nature
VISUALIZATION OF THE POLLUTION
RECYCLING THE ORGANIC WASTE
GROUP 8
PREFACE
organic waste become hazardous waste to the environment as the human behavior does not match with the concept of ‘back to nature’. household waste, agricultural waste even human organic waste are harmful to the environment. little effort has been practiced but almost resulting in no impact.
in developing countries, the government has set up rules that dictated every organic waste must be used until their full potential has used up and propagated recycling, reuse, and repair.
in the large cities, a massive quantities of waste has been produced with inadequate facilities to dealing with it and much of this waste is either left to rot in the streets, or is collected and dumped on open land near the city limits.
DOMESTIC AND HOUSEHOLD WASTE
it is usually cooked or uncooked food scrapes, often mixed with non organic waste like plastic that can not be composed.
produced in small quantity in developing countries, domestic waste are
usually produced in larger quantity than the industry waste
COMMERCIALLY PRODUCED ORGANIC
WASTE
by this, waste generated at institutional buildings, such as schools, hotels and restaurants. The quantities of waste here are much higher and the potential for use in conjunction with small-scale enterprise is good.
ANIMAL AND HUMAN WASTE
there are serious health risks involved with handling sewage connected with bacteria and fungi lived in raw sewage
Human faecal residue: produced in large quantities in urban areas and is
dealt with in a variety of ways. can present enormous health risks often found in slum areas or poor region the most commonly used method is anaerobic
digestion to produce biogas and liquid fertiliser Animal residue
commonly used as a source of fertiliser, being applied directly to the land, or as a source of energy, either through direct combustion (after drying) or through digestion to produce methane gas
AGRICULTURAL RESIDUE
remains after the processing of crops (e.g. maize stalks, rice husks, foliage, etc.)
there are a wide variety of applications for this residue, ranging from simple combustion on an open fire to complex energy production processes that use this waste as a fuel stock
COMPOSTING the decomposition occurs because of the action of
naturally occurring micro-organisms such as bacteria and fungi
composting can convert organic waste into rich, dark coloured compost, or humus, in a matter of a few weeks or months
organic material, the remains of dead animals and plants, is broken down and consumed by micro-organisms and eaten by small invertebrates
there are some benefit of composting : it provides a useful way of reclaiming nutrients from organic
refuse saves valuable landfill space and possible contamination of
land and water due to landfill ‘leachate’ can be used as fertiliser on farmland or in the garden improves the condition of soils
METHODS OF COMPOSTING SYSTEM
backyard composting• the waste can be placed in a and left to
decompose for 2 – 3 months• produces a rich compost which can be used as
a fertiliser on fields or gardens
neighbourhood composting• laid out in long rows and turned occasionally
and another method is the rotating bin method which uses a series of closed
co-composting• co-composting is technique whereby
organic food waste is mixed with human or animal excreta and composted
FORMS OF DECOMPOSITION
anaerobic
•the breakdown of the organic material is caused by bacteria and fungi that thrive in low or no-oxygen conditions
•takes place in closed containers
aerobic
•bacteria and fungi which thrive in high oxygen conditions are responsible for the decomposition
•the decomposition teke places in containers that allow air to enter
PRODUCTION BIOGAS process whereby organic matter is broken down by
microbiological activity and takes place in the absence of air
biogas can be produced by digesting human, animal or vegetable waste in specially designed digesters
The benefit of this digestion are: the production of methane for use as a fuel the waste is reduced to slurry which has a high nutrient
content which makes an ideal fertiliser during the digestion process pathogens in the manure are
killed, which is a great benefit to environmental health biogas can be used for a number of applications,
including lighting, cooking, electricity generation and as a replacement for diesel in diesel engines.
BIOGAS CYCLE
thank you for your time and attention