Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management (ECoWaste) Biogas Technology for Cassava Wastewater Treatment and Energy Recovery in Thailand (Warinthorn Songkasiri, Annop Nopharatana and Kanchana Saengchan) Kanchana Saengchan, Ph.D. Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management (ECoWaste) National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), NSTDA Bangkok, Thailand WCRTC Congress (20 th January 2016)
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
Biogas Technology for Cassava Wastewater
Treatment and Energy Recovery in Thailand (Warinthorn Songkasiri, Annop Nopharatana and Kanchana Saengchan)
Kanchana Saengchan, Ph.D.
Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management (ECoWaste)
National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), NSTDA
Bangkok, Thailand
WCRTC Congress (20th January 2016)
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
Presentation outline
What is biogas?
Thailand policy on renewable energy
Biogas technology development in Thailand: History and lessons learnt
Status of biogas plant in ASEAN
Key factors to success
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
Thailand: Fact and Figure
Population: 65.4 million
Total Labor Force: 36.3 million
40% of Labor Force in Agriculture
Total Area: 514,000 km2
Agricultural area: 1/3
Year 2010 (GDP = 7.8 %)
GDP Composition by Sector (2009) Labor Force by Occupation
Agriculture: 11 %Services: 55 %Industries: 34 %
Agriculture 40 %Services 43 %Industries 17 %
Important of agricultural industry
Source: BIOTEC, 2012
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
80 factories are native starch producers and 11
factories are native and modified starch producer
Northeastern (46%), Eastern (31%), Central
Plain (15%), Northern (8%)
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
» Anaerobic digestion converts organic compounds to methane & carbon dioxide
» Biogas composition
• CH4 ~50-80%
• CO2 ~10-30%
• Others ~ H2O, H2S
• LHV 4,300 – 6,000 Kcal/m3
» 1 m3 of biogas equivalent to:
• LPG 0.46 kg
• Electricity* 1.2 kW-h
• Diesel 0.4 kg
• Fuel Oil (C) 0.47 litres
• Gasoline 0.6 kg
• Coal 0.8 kg
• Charcoal 1.6 kg*Conversion efficiency at 25%
What is biogas?
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
1,959.95 MW4,800 MWBioenergy
AEDP Target Current Capacity
Biomass• Promote “Distributed Green Generation”• Promote Planting Fast Growing Trees• Extending transmission & distribution lines
193.40 MW600 + 680 MW
AEDP Target Current Capacity
• Promote biogas production in household level• Promote “CBG” Compress Bio-Methane Gas• Biogas Safety Campaign
Biogas
112.7 MW 400 MW
AEDP Target Current Capacity
• Promote MSW in medium/small size Local Admin Organization
• Speed up private sector for co-working or implementing government WTE projects
• Promote “RDF” Refuse-Derived Fuel
Municipal solid waste
Source: Dr. Surachai Satitkunarat, ASEAN Biomass workshop, 2014
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
Industrial Wastewater
Animal Farm Waste/Wastewater
Agricultural Residues
Municipal Wastes
Benefit of Biogas System
Environmental Benefit
Waste and wastewater treatment
Odor removal
Economic Benefit
Replacement of fossil fuel for heat
generation
Replacement of electricity from grid
Profit from selling electricity to
national grid
Primary resources for biogas - Organics
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
Cow manure
40%
Cassava wastewater
17%
Cassava pulp
19%
Ethanol Wastewater
7%Pig manure
11%
Tuna industry WW 1%
Pineapple industry WW 0.63%
Slaughterhouse WW 0.2%
Sugar industrial WW 0.02%
Biogas Potential
Manure 610 ktoe
Industrial Wastewaters 460 ktoe
(> 20,000 million baht a year)
Biogas potential in Thailand
Palm oil Wastewater
4%
Source: KMUTT, 2006
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
I. Pre-Treatment of Raw Material
II. Biogas Reactor
III. Post-Treatment
Size reduction
Removal of inorganic
Neutralizing toxicity
Enzymatic treatment
Acid treatment
Wastewater
Secondary Treatment
Open Ponds
Biogas
Biogas Cleaning
Purification
Solid Waste
Sludge Treatment
Fertilizer
Sludge (Solid) Biogas (Gas) Wastewater (Liquid)
Component of biogas system
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
I. Categorized by Types of Microorganism Attachment
II. Categorized by Efficiency of the System
Based on Organic Loading Rate (OLR) [=] kg COD/m3 reactor/day
III. Categorized by temperature (Mesophilic/Thermophilic system)
IV. Categorized by number of stage (1-stage, 2-stage)
V. Categorized by %Solid (wet/Dry system – 20% TS)
Suspended Growth
(granule)
Attached Growth
(biofilm)
High Rate
OLR > 4
Low Rate
OLR < 2Conventional Rate
2 < OLR < 4
Biogas technology
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
Biogas technology
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Raw Material
High Rate (H) Conventional Rate (C) Low rate (L)
AFF UASB HYBRID CSTRPlug flow
channelABR ACL MCL
Industrial Wastewater
Cassava Starch O O O O O O
Palm Oil O O O O O
Ethanol O O O O O O
Para-Rubber O O O O O
Pulp and Paper O
Food O O O O O O
Candy* O O
Agricultural Residues
Cassava Pulp O O O O
Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch O
Palm Oil Decanter Cake O O
Animal Farm Wastewater
Swine O O O O ODairy O O
MSW O O O
Biogas technology
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
2,300 biogas plants installed during 1995-2006
1,655 plants: small scale
70% are anaerobic fixed dome
Success story of biogas development in Thailand
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
Technology Import Technology R&D Demonstration Domestic Market Technology Export
1960 Biogas technology has been introduced in Thailand
1984 Full Scale Plant (12 distilleries Plants, import technology
1985- 1989 ASEAN Food Waste Project/tapioca waste/pineapple
1985 Biogas pilot plant at Ban Pong tapioca starch factory
1999 Full scale Biogas Plants at Rice starch factory
2002 EPPO partially subsidized investment cost of 12 cassava starch factories
2005+ Several Industrial Biogas Plants have been built and operated
2010+ Biogas technology has been exported to neighbor ngcountries
Thai Biogas Energy
Company Limited (TBEC)
(shareholders: Thailand,
Finland, UAE)
set up biogas plant at
Doungphasuk
Cassava Factory in Lao
PDR
(500 tons starch/day)
Biogas development in Thailand: Industrial wastewaters
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
Lack of success cases/stories
Lack of demonstration projects
High investment
Lack of governmental support
Lack of local technology, only imported technology especially
industrial level. Household level had technology from China and India
Lack of operational experience
Lessons learnt from the biogas system failure
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
Technology Import Technology R&D Demonstration Domestic Market Technology Export
AFF: Anaerobic Fixed Film Technology
High rate anaerobic
digestorSingle stage
Less space
Biofilm on media
Higher shock load Tolerance
Suitable with high
suspended solid wastewater
Investment Cost
42.70 M baht
EPPO
(21.25% as EPPO’s protocal)
9.07 M baht
Other Source
- Environmental Fund
- Soft loan
Factory
Starch Program
BIOTEC / KMUTT + TTDI + Tapioca Starch Association
12 biogas demonstration plants for tapioca starch factories166 million baht (30% of capital cost)Wastewaters 25 million m3
4 agencies- Department of Energy Development and Promotion (DEDP) (4 factories – UASB)- Department of Factory (3 factories – UASB)- BAU, Chiang Mai University (2 factories – H-UASB)- KMUTT (3 factories – Anaerobic Fixed Film Reactor)
- 2 million baht technology fee
- Training and knowledge dissemination
to operators/factory owners
Biogas development in Thailand: Industrial wastewaters
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
after
Starch production 240 Ton dry starch/day
Volume of waste water 2,400 m3/day
COD 23,000 mg/l
Organic loading 55.2 Ton COD/day
Reactor size 12,000 m3
Biogas production 17,600 m3/day
crude oil equivalent 8,270 L/day ( $1M/year)
Before the biogas project
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Biogas project in cassava starch industry
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
Influent
Packed bed
suspended bed
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
Biogas
Utilization
Saving Other benefit
Rice Flour
Mill
(1 factory)
Electricity 60,000 $US
annually
No impact on
community
Tapioca
Starch
(6 factories)
Fuel oil
replacement
and Electricity
1.2- 1.8 million
$US annually
No impact on
community
Dehydration
fruit
(2 factories)
Fuel oil
replacement
200,000 $US
annually
No impact on
community
Tuna
canning
(1 factory)
Biomass
(wood)
replacement
170,000 $US
annually
Reclaim
WWTP space
for other
purpose
Transfer of anaerobic fixed film and anaerobic hybrid technology
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
2002, support 30% of investment cost (9/12 starch factory)
2003, soft loan with 4% interest rate
(not more than 50 M baht )
2007, support 20% of investment cost
2009, support 50% of investment cost for biogas production from latex factory, solid wastes,
frozen food factory
Soft loan with low interest rate
(75% of investment cost but not more than $ us1.5 M)
2006 soft loan with low interest rate and 1 year grace period
22 companies joined
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Biogas investment promotion (Ministry of Energy)
Biogas investment promotion (NSTDA)
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
Technology Import Technology R&D Demonstration Domestic Market Technology Export
Biogas development in Thailand: Industrial wastewaters
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Phase II
2008-2013
EPPO managed the fund “The biogas dissemination programme in Industrial”
Starch – 60 plants; Fixed film, Cover lagoon, UASB, ABR, ACL, MCL
Oil extracted from plants-- 89 plants, UASB , CSTR, ACL, MCL
Ethanol– 21 plants; UASB , CSTR, ABR, ACL, MCL
Food processing – 7 plants, Fixed film, UASB, Plug flow, ABR, ACL, MCL
Latex industry-- 47 plants; UASB, CSTR, ABR, ACL, MCL
Others– 140 plants
• Subsidize up to 20-50% of biogas construction part
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
Financial support
Tax incentive
Promotion for Energy Service Company (ESCO)
Small power purchase tariff
Clean development mechanism (CDM)
Environmental law enforcement
Measures and strategies to promote biogas technology
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
416
608
Status of biogas plant in ASEAN: Palm oil mills
without Biogas94%
With Biogas4%
Under construction 2%
WithoutBiogas74%
With Biogas8%
Under construction 7%
แผน 7%
Source: http://www.gpo.gov, http://etpblog.pemandu.gov.my/posts/2011/05/30/why-palm-oil/Krisada Chavananand, 2011.
WithoutBiogas24% With Biogas
37%
Under construction 39%76
Number of total processing plants
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
Status of biogas plant in ASEAN: Cassava processing
Source: http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/984/attach/indonesia_final.pdf, http://www.idosi.org/wasj/wasj14(5)11/2.pdf
With Biogas70%
WithoutBiogas30%
80
4WithoutBiogas75%(Open lagoon)
With Biogas25%
With Biogas17%
WithoutBiogas83%
60
4
WithoutBiogas25%
With Biogas75%
With Biogas%
without Biogas 90%
400Number of total processing plants
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
Source: John C.Y. Lee,2010
ASEAN biogas-Market potential forecast
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• Business Need
• Incentive
• Organization and Opportunity
• Government Support
• Applicable Technology
• Solution and Success Study
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Key factors to success
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
Zero Waste or Low-Carbon
Industry
Process improvement
Biogas Production
and Utilization
Resource and Water Efficiency
Product Quality
Energy Efficiency
By-Product and Waste Utilization
Aiming to low carbon industry: Agro-industries in Thailand
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Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management(ECoWaste)
Contact detail
Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management (ECoWaste)
Dr. Kanchana Saengchan (email: [email protected])
Director: Dr. Annop Nopharatana
Lab Head: Dr. Warinthorn Songkasiri
Address: Excellent Center of Waste Utilization and Management (ECoWaste)
PDTI Building, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Bangkhuntien)
49 Soi Tiantalay 25, Thakham, Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
Telephone Number: 66 (0) 2470-7524
Fax Number: 66 (0) 2452-3455
Website: www.morakot-biogas.info
Facebook: Morakot Regional Centre for Industrial Biogas
Email: [email protected]
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