Biofuels and Carbon Chad Kruger BIOAg Educator Ctr. For Sustaining Ag & Natural Resources UW Program on Climate Change Summer Inst. September 22, 2006.

Biofuels and CarbonChad KrugerBIOAg EducatorCtr. For Sustaining Ag & Natural Resources

UW Program on Climate Change Summer Inst.September 22, 2006A viable energy strategy for reducing carbon emissions? . . . or are we drinking the kool-aid?

Washington State University helping farmers develop and implement agricultural systems and practices that mitigate global climate change.Climate Friendly FarmingTM: Moving from Source to Sink

Global Environmental Degradation

Estimated storage potential of 10 to 40 Mg C per hectare state-wide (~15 63 tons CO2 equivalent fixed / acre)Could take 50 - 100 years to increase the C content by 20 Mg / ha in Pullman (~32 tons CO2 equiv / acre 4 years of a Ford Taurus).Realistic annual potentialWashington Palouse ~ 0.4% of the state GHG emissions.WA Dryland cropping area ~1% of the state GHG emissions. Irrigated area? Depends on cropping system choicesWestern Washington??????????????????May ultimately be a trade-off between managing for C storage and N2O reduction.Carbon Sequestration: The bottom line . . .

N2O Fluxes Quincy Sand (Patterson)

Which hurts more?$3 diesel or $.50 Nitrogen?*Calculated with $1.51 off-road diesel, $.37 / lb Nitrogen

Home-Grown Energy: Oilseed Crops

~45~55~63~70g

PNW Oilseed production for biodiesel Acreage requirements will be 2 4 Xs as high for dryland production. Oilseed crop grown 1 out of 4 12 years on a given acre of land Plant-back restrictions (sulfonyl urea herbicide): 40 of 42 LaCrosse area farmers have plant-back restrictions that require waiting 3 more years before they can plant canola

Major Crops of the Columbia Basin (OR, WA)Source OAS, WAS, 2002

Value perCropAcreageacreCarrots8,400$3,668Onions39,400$3,653Potatoes193,000$3,452Asparagus12,400$2,574Sugar beets18,300$1,424Mint61,800$1,130Silage Corn83,000$806Sweet Corn105,100$632Field Corn74,300$494Peas (green)42,900$473Forage (Alf/hay)270,000$458Grass seed56,000$458Beans38,700$326Winter Wheat102,000$201Spring Wheat79,400$144

Synergies: BioAg needs to drive Triple BioOilseeds help with weed / disease control, improve microbial communities in the soil, improve nitrogen and carbon cycling.$45 - $65 /acre savings on pesticide costs by planting mustard before potato

Synergies: Rotational Impacts

Chart2

114.1223.13

51-38

Ret. Over VC

Ret. Over TC

winter canola

10424

10324

19045

17646

Ret. Over VC

Ret. Over TC

Net Returns for Winter Canola

Sheet1

Table 1: Returns over Variable and Total Production Costs for Winter Canola

Production by Precipitation Zone (canola price = $0.12/lb)

Precipitation Zone/ Yield (lb/acre)

PriceYieldVariableReturns over VariableTotalReturns over Total

Production CostsProduction CostsProduction CostsProduction Costs

($/cwt)(cwt/ac)($/ac)($/ac)($/ac)($/ac)

10 to 11" rainfall, Adams Co. (18 cwt)A$1218$112$104$192$24

14 rainfall, Whitman Co (22 cwt)B$1220$137$103$216$24

14" rainfall, Pendleton (25 cwt)C$1225$110$190$255$45

14" rainfall, Reardan (25 cwt)D$1225$124$176$254$46

Precipitation Zone/ Yield (lb/acre)$22$121$143$229$35

10 to 11" rainfall, Adams Co. (18 cwt)A$104$24

14 rainfall, Whitman Co (20 cwt)B$103$24

14" rainfall, Pendleton (25 cwt)C$190$45

14" rainfall, Reardan (25 cwt)D$176$46

Sheet2

Returns over VCReturns over TC

($/ac)($/ac)

SF/WC$64-$21

SF/WW (55 bu)$104$7

average:$84-$7

Returns over VCReturns over TC

($/ac)($/ac)

SF/WW (45 bu)$51-$38

dryland WC

Table 1: Returns over Variable and Total Production Costs for Winter Canola/Fallow/Winter Wheat/

Fallow Rotation for 10"-11" Rainfall Zone

PriceYieldTotalVariableReturns over VariableTotalReturns over Total

Cash ReceiptsProduction CostsProduction CostsProduction CostsProduction Costs

($/cwt)(cwt/ac)($/ac)($/ac)($/ac)($/ac)($/ac)

Summer Fallow +

Fallow/Winter Canola12.0020$240$116$124$201$39

Fallow/Winter Wheat3.4055$187$83$104$180$7

Aver.:$114$23

Table 2: Returns over Variable and Total Production Costs for Winter Wheat/Fallow

Rotation for 10"-11" Rainfall Zone

PriceYieldTotalVariableReturns over VariableTotalReturns over Total

Cash ReceiptsProduction CostsProduction CostsProduction CostsProduction Costs

($/cwt)(cwt/ac)($/ac)($/ac)($/ac)($/ac)($/ac)

Summer Fallow +

Winter Wheat3.4045$153$102$51$191-$38

Sheet3

Table 1: Returns over Variable and Total Production Costs for Winter Canola/Fallow/Winter Wheat/

Fallow Rotation for 10"-11" Rainfall Zone

PriceYieldTotalVariableReturns over VariableTotalReturns over Total

Cash ReceiptsProduction CostsProduction CostsProduction CostsProduction Costs

($/cwt)(cwt/ac)($/ac)($/ac)($/ac)($/ac)($/ac)

Summer Fallow +

Fallow/Winter Canola12.0020$240$116$124$201$39

Fallow/Winter Wheat3.4055$187$83$104$180$7

$214Aver.:$114$23

Table 2: Returns over Variable and Total Production Costs for Winter Wheat/Fallow

Rotation for 10"-11" Rainfall Zone

PriceYieldTotalVariableReturns over VariableTotalReturns over Total

Cash ReceiptsProduction CostsProduction CostsProduction CostsProduction Costs

($/cwt)(cwt/ac)($/ac)($/ac)($/ac)($/ac)($/ac)

Summer Fallow +

Winter Wheat3.4045$153$102$51$191-$38

Ret. Over VCRet. Over TC

F/W/F/C$11423

F/W51-38

Sheet3

Ret. Over VC

Ret. Over TC

irrigated WC

Table 3: Returns over Variable and Total Production Costs for Irrigated Winter Canola

PriceYieldTotalVariableReturns over VariableTotalReturns over Total

Cash ReceiptsProduction CostsProduction CostsProduction CostsProduction Costsland rent

($/cwt)(cwt/ac)($/ac)($/ac)($/ac)($/ac)($/ac)

Yakima County farm:

Winter Canola12.0042.5$510234.27$276367.14$14389.9

Lincoln County farm:

Winter Canola12.0033$396$281$115$474-$7867.69

Hermiston farm:

Winter Canola12.0032.5$390$356$34$477-$8789.94

$36$432$291$141$439-$7

The cost of biodieselSource: U of I Biodiesel Education Program: Cost CalculatorIn state RFS production =~45% of distillers grains~70% of canola mealAs compared to Midwest crushing costs of ~$.20 / g

Is there a role for grain ethanol?

Wang, 2005

Home Grown Energy: Biomass CropsBlue-bunch wheat grassswitchgrassReed canary grassHybrid poplar

Lynd, 2005

Lynd, 2005

Lynd, 2005

Bioenergy vs. Soil carbon / health?

Food vs. Fuel: A Red Herring?Ethanol = 12% of US corn crop (1/3 of which is Distillers Grains)Animal feed, artificial sweeteners, beverage alcohol = 67% of US corn crop

USDA ERS 2005

Triple Bio in Action: Biomass InventoryIdentify Biomass Categories

CalculateDry Values

Calculate MethanePotentialInventory By Countyand CategoryEastern Washington4.3 M tons/year3.1 billion kWh40% EW residential needConvert to electricityEntire State1769 MW capacity50% of state residential need~1.5 billion g ethanol> 12 million tons CO2 reduction

Dairy manure anaerobic digestion co-product research and developmentNutrientsCHP, LNG / CNG, Hydrogen, fertilizer, plastics textilesFiberCarbon Credit & Green Tag

2004 Digested Dairy Fiber Trial 3.3

Chen group novel AD system concept patent pending

Methane reduction: the bottom line . . .Methane destruction from Vander Haak Dairy = 9.47 tons/cow/year carbon dioxide equivalentElectrical Production and Comparison with Gordondale

Electrical ValueVander HaakGordondaleaProduction (kwh/day)5,510 3832,438 583Production (kwh/cow* day)5.09 0.353.25 0.78Production (kw/cow*)0.21 0.0150.135 0.033Generation and % of Capacity 231 KW (80%)102 KW (73%)Approximate Run Time95%97.3%

Omega-3 Fatty Acids from Cull Potatoes

Co-Production of Lactic Acid and Chitosan from Cull Potatoes and Whey PermeateWhey Permeate

Chitin/Chitosan and its Derivatives

OtherFood processingWaste water treatmentAgriculturalGlocosamine anti-arthritis drug

Lactic Acid

OtherFood processingMedical Chemicals/solventsMany more

Fermentation

Biomass

The project goal is to produce chitin and its derivatives using Rhizopus oryzae with cull potatoes as raw material

Bioproducts and BiorefiningOmega-3 Fatty Acids from Glycerin Waste

Value of Products DevelopedFeedstockPriceCull Potato1 /lbCheese Wheys16-80 /lb

Cheese Wheys16-80 /lbCorn Distiller1 /lb

Cull Potato or1 /lbGlycerol5 /lb

ManureNeg-$50 cow/yr

ProductUsePriceLactic AcidBiopolymer50 /lbChitosanMedical$4,500 /lb

Lactic AcidBiopolymer50 /lbNisinPreservative$3,400 /lb

AlgaeOmega 3 Feed$5 /lb

ElectricityEnergy$73 /cow yr StruviteFertilizer$85 /cow yr HQ FiberSoil Additive$70 /cow yr

Contact Information:Chad Kruger, BIOAg EducatorWSU, CSANR1100 N. Western Ave.Wenatchee, WA 98801509-663-8181 x235http://csanr.wsu.edu http://[email protected]

.08 tons CO2 equiv / acre annualy