Biofuels

Bio fuels

• Renewable energyBiofuelBiomassCarbon neutral fuelGeothermal Hydroelectricity Solar energyTidal powerWave powerWind power

• A biofuel is a type of fuel whose energy is derived from biological carbon fixation. Biofuels include fuels derived from biomass conversion, as well as solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases. Biofuels are gaining increased public and scientific attention, driven by factors such as oil price hikes, the need for increased energy security, and concern over greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels.

Biomass

Technology

• Biomass technology today serves many markets that were developed with fossil fuels and modestly reduces their use

• Uses - Industrial process heat and steam,

Electrical power generation, Transportation fuels (ethanol and biodiesel) and other products.

• Primary focus of the Biomass Program – development of advanced technologies.

Bio-refinery

• A facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass.

• Analogous to today's petroleum refineries

• It is based on the “Sugar Platform“ and the “Thermochemical Platform“

Bio-diesel

• Made by transforming animal fat or vegetable oil with alcohol .

• Fuel is made from rapeseed (canola) oil or soybean oil or recycled restaurant grease.

• Directly substituted for diesel either as neat fuel or as an oxygenate additive

Liquid Fuel Technology

Modified Waste Vegetable Fat• Designed for general use in most

compression ignition engines .

• It can be modified in various ways to make a 'greener' form of fuel

Jatropha

• Biodiesel from Jatropha

• Seeds of the Jatropha nut is crushed and oil is extracted

• The oil is processed and refined to form bio-diesel.

Gaseous fuel

Technology

Gasification Technology

• Gobar gas Production

• Biogas

• Synthesis gas

Raw Materials for Gasification

Gobar gas

• Gobar gas production is an anaerobic process

• Fermentation is carried out in an air tight, closed cylindrical concrete tank called a digester

Wood

• Domestic heating with wood is still by far the largest market for bio-energy

• Dramatic improvements of technology in domestic heating equipment

• Improved tiled stoves, advanced logwood boilers, woodchip boilers, pellet boilers and pellet stoves.

• Pourable wood-based fuel is also available

Solid Fuel

Environmental Concerns

• Air Pollution

• Soil Deterioration

Air Concerns

• Biomass processing technologies and biofuels use have the potential to increase emissions of ozone precursors

o Increase in Nox emissions

•Excessive inhalation of ethanol is harmful

•Combustion of ethanol would result in increased atmospheric concentrations of carcinogens

• Emission of relatively large sized particulate matter

Soil Concerns

• Burning biomass deprives local eco-systems of nutrients

• Production of dedicated energy crops renders land fallow

• Reduced land availability for cattle grazing

•Increased use of pesticides and fertilizers to produce energy crops contaminate ground and surface water

o Affects fish and wildlife

Environmental Benefits

•Reduction of waste

• Extremely low emission of greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuels

• Ethanol is Carbon neutral and forms a part of the carbon cycle

• Growing variety of crops increases bio-diversity

Socio-Economic Benefits

• Helps developing economies by promoting agrarian communities

• Increase in jobs

• Increase in trade balance (Indian perspective) due to lesser dependence on foreign resources

BIO FUELS

THE WORLD SCENARIO

BRAZIL

•World leader in production and export of ethanol.•Ethanol produced per day equivalent to 200,000 barrels of gasoline.•24% blend ethanol mandatory.•Competitiveness•Bio diesel initiatives underway

U.S.A.

• Ethanol : a big boost to economy• E85 sells cheaper than gasoline• Currently production aimed at 4.5 Billion gallons/yr• MTBE phased out in many states

• Soya bean main source of biodiesel

E.U.

• Rapeseed main source of bio diesel • 3-15% blended petrol • France: Bio diesel exempted from domestic tax• Germany: Sales of bio diesel 99 million US gallons • Rise of SVO as domestic fuel

The Significant Others

• China: 3rd largest producer of ethanol producing 220,000 tons of ethanol, exporting 90,000 tons in 2000.

• In southeast Asia, the Jatropha tree is used as a significant fuel source

• Malaysia and Indonesia are starting pilot-scale production from palm oil.

India

• Sources of ethanol:• Sugarcane• Molasses • Agricultural waste

• Low average cost of Rs.18/litre projected

• Annual production capacity of 1.5 Billion litres

• Sources of biodiesel:• Honge• Jatropha

• High capital, broad scale production plan initiated • Cost per liter projected at Rs. 27

India (Contd.)

Bio Mass

• Biomass already supplies 14 % of the world’s primary energy consumption. On average, biomass produces 38 % of the primary energy in developing countries.

• USA: 4% of total energy from bio mass, around 9000 MW

• INDIA is short of 15,000 MW of energy and it costs about 25,000 crores annually for the government to import oil.

• Bio Mass from cattle manure, agricultural waste, forest residue and municipal waste.

• Anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes to give bio gas

• Digester consumes roughly one third the power it’s capable of producing.

• Fertilizers as by product.

• Average electricity generation of 5.5kWh per cow per day!!

Thank You