BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PLAN OF PANCHET HILL (GARH PANCHKOT) NEAR Village: PARBATPUR Tehsil: RAGHUNATHPUR District: PURULIA, WEST BENGAL Prepared by EMTRC Consultants Pvt. Ltd. Delhi In association with Department of Conservation Biology Durgapur Government PG College West Bengal JULY, 2016
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BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PLAN OF PANCHET HILL (GARH PANCHKOT)
NEAR
Village: PARBATPUR Tehsil: RAGHUNATHPUR District: PURULIA, WEST BENGAL
Prepared by
EMTRC Consultants Pvt. Ltd. Delhi
In association with
Department of Conservation Biology Durgapur Government PG College
West Bengal JULY, 2016
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
EMTRC is grateful to the entire team members of Professors and Students of Department of
Conservation Biology, Govt PG College, Durgapur for providing guidance and assistance to
carry out this study. EMTRC is grateful to Dr. Moitreyee Chakrabarty, Head & Assistant
Professor, Department of Conservation Biology, Dr. Utpal Singha Roy, Assistant Professor,
Department of Zoology, Dr. Aloke Kr. Mukherjee, Assistant Professor and Prof. Sanghamitra
Sanyal, Assistant Professor and Students Ms. Antara Koley, Mr. Bibek Mishra, Ms. Bidisha
Mitra, Mr. Pavel Ghosh M, Ms. Poulami Santra, Ms. Priyanka Mukherjee, Ms. Rajkumari
Chattarjee, Mr. Raunaq Ghosh, Ms. Sanghita Mondal, and Ms. Satabdi Sarkar.
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CONTENTS
S.No. Particulars Page. No.
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Garh Panchkot (Panchet Hill) 1
1.2 Historical Perspective 2
2 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT 3
3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT SITE 3
3.1 Location 3
3.2 Topography and Drainage 4
3.3 Hydrogeology 5
4 ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF GARH PANCHKOT HILL 5
5 LEGAL PROVISION FOR THIS CONSERVATION PLAN 6
6 REQUIREMENTS OF CONSERVATION PLAN 6
7 METHODOLOGY 6
8 ECOLOGY 10
8.1 Flora of the Area 10
8.2 Fauna of the Area 18
9 IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 30
9.1 Direct Impacts 30
9.2 Indirect Impacts 30
9.3 Anticipated Impact on Panchet Hill 31
10 CONSERVATION OF ECOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT SPECIES 31
10.1 Snakes 31
10.1.1 Ecology 31
10.1.2 Distribution 31
10.1.3 Food Habits 31
10.1.4 Threats 32
10.1.5 Conservation Status 32
10.2 Butterflies 32
10.3.1 Ecology of butterflies 32
10.3.2 Food Habits 32
10.3.3 Threats 32
10.3 Conservation of Plant Species 33
11 CONSERVATION PLAN 34
12 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 36
13 FUNDING CRITERIA 37
14 CONCLUSION 37
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List of Tables
S. No. Particular Page No.
Table 1 List of Team Members from Durgapur Government (PG) College 7
Table 2 Comparative Account of Plant Species in Site-1 and Site-2 10
Table 3 List Flora Recorded From the Site-1 11
Table 4 List of Flora Recorded From Site-2 17
Table 5 List of Reptiles Exist in Present Study Site 19
Table 6 List Avifauna Recorded From Site-1 20
Table 7 List of Avifauna Recorded From Site-2 23
Table 8 List of Mammals Recorded From the Study Site 24
Table 9 List of Butterflies Recorded From Site-1 25
Table 10 List of Butterflies Recorded From Site-2 26
Table 11 List of other Insect Fauna Recorded From the Study Site 27
Table 12 Details of Conservation Plan 34
Table 13 Allocation of Budget under Proposed Conservation Plan 37
List of Figures
S. No. Particular Page
Figure 1 Google Image showing Garh Panchkot (Panchet hill) and Project Site 1
Figure 2 Map showing Project Site, Panchet Hill and 10 km area of Project Site 4
Figure 3 Google image Showing the Two Sites Selected for Primary Survey 9
Figure 4 Photographs of Survey Team Members 10
Figure 5 Some Photographs of Flora Found in Panchet hill 15-16
Figure 6 Some Photographs of Fauna Found in Panchet hill 28-29
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Biodiversity Conservation Plan of Panchet Hill (Garh-Panchkot) Near Village:
Parbatpur & Digha, Tehsil: Raghunathpur, District: Purulia, West Bengal 6
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Garh Panchkot (Panchet) Hill
Garh Panchkot or Panchet hill has maximum altitude of 650 m above MSL, The lush dense
green hill stands amidst the lateritic landscape of Neturia Community development Block, of
Raghunathpur sub-division, Purulia district. The block comprises of seven gram panchayats
viz., Vamuria, Digha, Guniaria, Janardandi, Raibandh, Saltore and Sarbari. Ramkanali, is the
head quarter of this block. In this area, the temperature drops down to 7˚C in winter and
rises up to 40˚C in summer. The annual rainfall is approximately 1170 mm. The hill stands
on the south bank of Damodar river, near the Panchet dam, which demarcates the border of
West Bengal and Jharkhand. This hill have 2 distinct faces, one which is steep, faces an E-
to-N direction, looking over the State Highway-5 (Asansol-Purulia), while the other face is a
S-to-SE direction and comparatively more gentle.
Figure 1 Photograph showing Garh Panchkot (Panchet Hill) from Project Site
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1.2 Historical Perspective:
Panchkot was a part of an ancient East Indian
kingdom known as Rajchakla Panchkot, locally
known as Panchet. Damodar Sekhar, established
Panchkot Raj probably during early 90 AD with
the help of Sardars of Jhalda and expanded his
kingdom over several other parganas. To give
recognition to the main five (panch) clans (khunt)
of the locals the kingdom assumed the name
Panchkot. For 800 years Sing Deo Dynasty (32
Kings) ruled Panchkot state from here.
Jaina Bhagavati-Sutra of 5th century AD mentions that Purulia was one of the sixteen
mahajanapadas and was a part of the Kingdom known as Vajrabhumi in ancient times.
Panchkot Giri has its references in the Puranas
also. The place was then known as Sekhar bhum
from which the founder king of Singh Deo
Dynasty Damodar Sekhar derived his name. The
kingdom was probably a part of old „Tilakampa‟
Kingdom. The ruins of Telkupi, the said capital of
Tilakampa (submerged) went under water after
the construction of Panchet Dam. The ruins of the
Garh (Fort) of Singh Deo Dynasty located at the
southern foothills and a group of temples is still
standing as mute spectators of the rise & fall of the dynasty. The temples are of different
architectural styles, the principal one being a „Pancharatna‟ temple accompanied by „Jor-
Bangla‟ type and more than one „Pirha‟ type temples made of stone. The Pancharatna
temple still carries some depleted but exquisite piece of presumably pre-muslim period
terracotta (baked earth or clay material) work on its arches and pillars. About 500 m away
and a bit uphill from the main ruins of the Garh Panchkot, lies „Dhara‟ a perennial spring
channeled through a „Cow mouth‟ made of stone.
Around 1600 AD, Garhpanchkot came under the rule of the famous king Bir Hambir of
Bishnupur Malla Dynasty, but for how long that could not be ascertained. The Maratha
raiders, locally known as Bargis, ransacked the place in the 18th century. The Singh Deo
family, ultimately, moved out to Kashipur, now in Purulia district. One of the two inscriptions
located by J.D. Beglar (Report of a Tour Through the Bengal Provines Vol-VIII,J. D. Beglar,
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Published on 1878) beside the ruined gateway of Panchkot fort mentioned of Hambir. Beglar
went to Panchkot in 1862 and wrote an essay called „Panchet‟. The great poet Michael
Madhusudan Dutt visited the place during 1872 for a short period as an estate manager of
Singh Deo dynasty. He wrote three poems on Panchkot namely, „Panchkot giri‟,
„Panchkotoshyo Rajosree‟ and „Panchkot Giri Biday Sangeet‟.
In 1942, during the course of World War II, a flood occurred in the Damodar valley region
that cut Calcutta off from the rest of the country for a period of 10 weeks. Soon the
government sprang into action and called Mr. W.L.Voord, a civil engineer of Tennessee
Valley Authority (TVA) to construct a river dam. He designed the plan of the dams by 1945.
Finally the first dam of independent India came up on July 7, 1953 at Tilaiya. Soon Konar,
Maithon and Panchet Dam followed in its footsteps in 1955, 1957 and 1959 respectively.
2. OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT
Shree Cement Limited (SCL), having presence in the Cement and Power sectors, is an
environment friendly organization. Incorporated in 1979, the company today is the largest
cement player of North India and ranked among the top six cement groups in the country.
The principal promoters of the company are the Bangur Group.
In order to meet demand of cement, M/s Shree Cement Limited (SCL) proposes to set up 5
Million Tons Per Annum Clinker Grinding Unit at Village: Parbatpur and Digha, Tehsil:
Raghunathpur, District Purulia, West Bengal. 20 MW Captive Power Plant shall be installed
to meet the power demand of the unit. Residential colony is also proposed inside the
complex. The plant area is 42.087 hectares (about 103 acres). As per EIA Notification,
dated 14th September 2006, this project falls under Category „B‟, hence Environmental
Clearance from State Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC), West Bengal, is required. SCL
submitted Form-1 and PFR to SEAC and made presentation on the salient features of the
project before the SEAC on 19th February 2016. The Terms of Reference (TOR) for EIA
Study were issued by SEAC vide Memo No. 193 2N-08/2016 (E) dated 16st March 2016.
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT SITE
3.1 Location: The Shree Cement Limited plant lease area is 42.087 hectares,
geographically located between latitude 23037‟42.2‟‟ to 23038‟07.4‟‟ and longitude
86047‟34.6” to 86047‟49.2”. The land has been identified near village/ mauza- Parbatpur,
Digha & Inanpur, Tehsil- Raghunahpur, District: Purulia (West Bengal) to establish the
proposed project. The site is about 25 km from Asansol. Nearest railway station is
Ramkanali, about 8 km southwest of project site, on Asansol-Adra rail line of Eastern
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Railways. NH-5 runs about 2 km from the proposed plant site in the east. Nearest villages
from project site is Parabatpur and Digha. Parabatpur located on the south of the project site
while Digha situated on the north of the project site. Damodar river is flowing about 7 km
north of the project site. Plant location and site details are given in Table 1.
Panchet hill Reserve Forest is located at a distance of about 1 km from project site in west
direction. The Location Map is shown in Figure 2. The Proposed Plant Lease Area (Project
Site / Core Zone) falls in Survey of India (SOI) Toposheet No. 731/14 & 731/ 10.
Figure 2. Map Showing Project Site (Center) , Panchet Hill (West of site) & Surrounding
3.2 Topography and Drainage: The general terrain in the area is more or less flat with
minor undulations. The main tributary of Damodar is Barakar River that join Damodar River
north of site. The entire study area is studded with innumerable water tanks which form the
lifeline of local inhabitants.
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3.3 Hydrogeology
Ground water in the district occurs mainly in (1) weathered mantle (2) saprolitic zone (3)
fractured zones of hard rock (4) narrow zone of unconsolidated sediments along the river
valleys. The weathered mantle varies in thickness and attains a maximum thickness of the
order of 25m. Ground water occurs under water table condition and it is mostly developed by
dug/open well. At some places, these wells go dry during peak summer. These dug wells
yield up to 2.75 lps.
Saprolitic zone is sandwiched between weathered mantle and fresh rock mass in granitic
terrain. The depth of this zone varies between 10-30 mbgl, with an average thickness of 4m.
Ground water occurs under semi-confined condition and yield up to 2.5 lps is recorded.
Drawdown in the wells tapping this zone is much less and recovery is quite fast.
In the hard rock ground water exploration has been conducted down to 198 mbgl. The
occurrence of saturated fractures are generally restricted to 50 to 110 mbgl. The shallow
fractures at 50-60 m depth are tapped mainly by borewells fitted with hand pump and yield
varies from, 1-2.77 lps. Deeper fracture are encountered at 100-110m depth, yielding around
3 lps as observed at Manbazar. In Gondwana sediments, drilling down to 103 m reveals the
existence of fractures within the depth of 24-36 mbgl which are capable of yielding 3.3-
5.5lps.
Unconsolidated sediment zone along the river valleys are of limited thickness and fall within
5-13 mbgl with areal extent not exceeding 1-2 km across river valley. Saturated thickness of
alluvial tract varies from 1m -> 5.5m. Open wells and shallow tubewells yield upto 20m3/hr at
economic drawdown for a considerable period of pumping.
4. ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF GARH PANCHKOT HILL
Panchet hill is rich in biological diversity. Essentially hill is an abode to number of medicinal
flora and fauna. Panchet hill provides ecosystem services in terms of soil nutrients, organic
matter, medicinal flora, butterflies, honey-bees, grasshoppers, cricket, beetles, etc. The
butterflies, moths and honeybees are very significant drivers of the forest and agricultural
ecosystems and play a major role as pollinator and source of food to various birds and
reptiles in the Panchet hill. A considerable assemblage of flora of medicinal value was
enumerated during field survey. Therefore, any non- sustainable developmental activities in
adjoining areas shall affect the ecosystem of the hill. Hence there is need of robust and
effective biodiversity conservation plan.
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5. LEGAL PROVISION FOR THIS CONSERVATION PLAN
Biodiversity Conservation Plan is required to comply with the Terms of Reference (TOR)
prescribed by the State Expert Appraisal Committee, West Bengal (SEAC). Point 5 of TOR
mentions “A Biodiversity conservation plan, and conservation plan of Schedule- I fauna (if
any exist within 10 km radius of the periphery of the plant lease area), shall be carried out.
Details of flora and fauna, endangered, endemic and RET species duly authenticated,
separately for core and buffer zone should be furnished based on such primary field survey,
clearly indicating the Schedule of the fauna present. In case of any Schedule-I fauna found
in the study area, the necessary plan along with budgetary provisions for their conservation
should be prepared in consultation with State Forest and Wildlife Department and details
furnished. Necessary allocation of funds for implementing the same should be made as part
of the project cost.”
6. REQUIREMENTS OF CONSERVATION PLAN
Primary survey of the Panchet Hill was done by engaging a team of Professors and Students
from Department of Conservation Biology, Durgapur Government (PG) College, Durgapur,
West Bengal during the period 30-06-2016 to 01-07-2016. No Schedule-I wildlife was
sighted during physical survey of Panchet hill. Interviews with local people revealed that
during the last 10-15 years they have never seen any rock python (Python molurus) or
leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) in the Panchet hill. Plenty of butterfly, insects and snakes
were sighted, voice of several birds were heard inside the forest. The list of flora and fauna
found in the plant site and study area was also authenticated by the State Forest Division.
Nevertheless, Biodiversity Conservation Plan for some faunal species along with budgetary
provisions for its conservation has been prepared.
7. METHODOLOGY
A field survey was carried out by the team of professors and the students from, Department
of Conservation Biology, Durgapur Government (PG) College, Durgapur, West Bengal
(Name of team members given in Table 1) to estimate the floral and faunal assemblage of
and around Panchet hill. Two sites were identified on the basis of accessibility to the
naturally occurred trail (Figure 3). South-West aspect of the Panchet hill was named as Site-
1. The 1st survey was conducted on the latter face, on a sunny day 1st of July, 2016
(henceforth termed as Site-1). The approximate height of the highest point surveyed was
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almost 600 feet (183 m) above mean sea level. A forest trail, used normally by the local
women for picking of fuel-wood, was used for this purpose.
Table 1 List of Team Members from Durgapur Government (PG) College
S.No. Name of Teachers
1 Prof. Moitreyee Chakrabarty, Head & Assistant Professor, Department of Conservation Biology
2 Dr. Utpal Singha Roy, Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology
3 Dr. Aloke Kr. Mukherjee, Assistant Professor (PTT), Department of Conservation Biology
4 Prof. Sanghamitra Sanyal, Assistant Professor (PTT), Department of Conservation Biology
S.No. Name of Students
1 Antara Koley
2 Bibek Mishra
3 Bidisha Mitra
4 Pavel Ghosh M
5 Poulami Santra
6 Priyanka Mukherjee
7 Rajkumari Chattarjee
8 Rounaq Ghosh
9 Sanghita Mondal
10 Satabdi Sarkar
The site was a predominance of Aegle marmelos all along the trail. At the lower slopes, the
vegetation comprised mainly of scrubs and herbs with few trees. However, with increasing
altitude, the number of trees went high, along with a decreased count of shrubs. The number
of herbs remained more-or-less comparable. A total of 137 plant species were recorded from
Site-1 of which 5 species are threatened according to IUCN conservation status.
In Site-2 (proposed plant site facing), the approximate height of the highest point surveyed
was almost 100 feet (30 m) above mean sea level. Owing to the steepness, deep forested
areas, previous incidence of attacks on humans from wild boar, and overall inaccessible
contours, the survey was kept restricted only upto the above-mentioned height. The survey
was, instead, intensified along the foothills.
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In this case, the ground was noted with mounted ash, slag, and fly-ash, from a local sponge-
iron unit covered the entire area. It was seen that pollutant-resistant species like Lantana
camara, Parthenium sp., and Tridax procumbens, had replaced the species that were found
on the other face, on the earlier survey (Table 5). The leaves of almost all the plants, had
layers of black soot, that supposedly emitted from the sponge-iron factory, located only 100
m from Site-2.
Figure 3 Google Image Showing the Two Sites Selected for Primary Survey
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Figure 4 : Photographs of the Survey Team Members
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Table 2: Comparative Account of Plant Species in Survey Site-1 and Site-2
Category of plants
No. of species observed at Site-1 in 1st 100 meters and adjacent foothills
No. of species observed at Site-2 in 1st 100 meters and adjacent foothills
Dicots 041 038
Monocots 007 003
Gymnosperms 003 001
Pteridophytes - 001
Bryophytes 001 -
Fungi - 001
Algae - -
The availability of fauna was sampled both by direct methods (viz. extensive searches in
micro habitats and opportunistic spotting) and indirect methods (viz. acquiring information
from local people and visit to local animal rescue centre). Diversity of fauna recorded/ listed
during the short study period included 19 species of reptiles, 22 species of butterflies, and
several other species of insects belonging to the orders Coleopteran, Odonata and
Hymenoptera. There were also different varieties of arachnids (spiders and scorpions). The
reptiles found in this region were not directly spotted during our field study but information
was collected through local interaction in a Snake Rescue Centre. It was reported from
locals the presence of Python, Rock Agama, Spectacled Cobra and Russell‟s Viper are
present in the Panchet hill.
8.0 ECOLOGY
The proposed project area falls under Bio-geographic zone namely Gangatic plains of India.
The entire area is pre-dominated with Butea monosperma and Borassus flebellifer, Bomax
ceiba, Zizyphus spp., Calotropis procera and Ipomea spp. etc. The area is surrounded by
small hillocks. The hillocks are isolated which provides appropriate habitat for the wildlife.
8.1 Flora of the Area: The entire region is pre-dominated with Butea monosperma,
Borassus flabellifer, and Cocos nucifra. Vegetation composition of the study area consist
Butea monosperma, Borassus flabellifer, Zizyphus spp. Bambusa arundenaria etc. The
associate species were Ricinus communis, and Calotropis procera, Ipomea spp., Lantana
camara, Parthenium histerophorous. The understory vegetation comprises largely shrub,
herbs and grasses. The dominant shrubs species included Ricinus communis, Zyzypus spp.,
Ipomea spp., Calotropis procera etc. and herbs species were Euphorbia hirta, Cyperus
rotandus, and Solenum nigrum etc. while grasses were Cynodon dactylon, Dactyloctenium
aegypticum, Pannicum antidotale, Saccharum spontanum etc.
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Table 3 List Flora Recorded From the Site-1
S. No.
Name of Family and Plant Species
Local name Common Name Conservation Status
Anonaceae
1. Polyalthia longifolia Debdaru Mast tree LC
Capparidaceae
2. Cleome viscose Holdey-hurhurey Asian Spider flower LC
Dipterocarpaceae
3. Shorea robusta Shal Sal LC
Oxalidaceae
4. Oxalis corniculata Amrul-shak Common Woodsorrel LC
Crustaceans, aquatic insects, fishes, tadpoles and sometimes leeches,
LC
9 Black-crowned Night Heron
Nycticorax nycticorax
Fresh and salt- water wetlands
Small fish, crustaceans, frogs, aquatic insects, small mammals, and small birds
LC
Ciconiidae
10 Asian Openbill Stork
Anastomus oscitans
Inland wetlands, river banks, tidal flats
Large molluscs LC
Cuculidae
11 Common Hawk Cuckoo
Hierococcyx varius
Garden land, groves of tree, deciduous and semi-evergreen forests.
Insects, mainly caterpillars and cutworms, also grasshoppers, locusts, winged termites, ants; lizards; fruits of wild banyan fig
LC
Rallidae
12 Water Hen Amaurornis phoenicurus
Near fresh and brackish water
LC
Muscicapidae
13 White-rumped Shama
Copsychus malabaricus
Dense undergrowth especially in bamboo forests.
Insects LC
14 Oriental Magpie Robin
Copsychus saularis
Open woodland and cultivated areas
Insects, other invertebrates, nectar, geckos, leeches
LC
Upupidae
15 Common Upupa epops Bare vegetated Insects, small reptiles, LC
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Hoopoe grounds, grasslands
frogs, seeds, berries
Leiothrichidae
16 Jungle Babbler
Turdoides striata
Sparse and low thorny scrub vegetation
fruits, berries, nectar, figs, seeds and grains
LC
Pycnonotidae
17 Red-vented Bulbul
Pycnonotus cafer
Dry scrub, open forest, plains and cultivated lands
Fruits, petals of flowers,nectar, insects and occasionally geckos
LC
18 Red-whiskered Bulbul
Pycnonotus jocosus
Lightly wooded areas, open country with bushes and shrubs, and farmland
Fruits, nectar, insects LC
Oriolidae
19 Black-hooded Oriole
Oriolus xanthornus
Woodland and cultivation
Insects and fruits, especially figs
LC
20 Golden Oriole
Oriolus kundoo Open deciduous forests, semi-evergreen forests, woodland, forest edge, mangroves, open country with scattered trees, parks, gardens orchards and plantations
Fruits, nectars, insects LC
Cisticolidae
21 Common Tailorbird
Orthotomus sutorius
Scrubs and bushes
Insects, beetles, bugs LC
Nectariniidae
22 Purple Sunbird
Cinnyris asiaticus
Thin forest and garden land
Nectars LC
Corvicidae
23 Rufous Treepie
Dendrocitta vagabunda
Open forests, scrubs, plantation, gardens
Fruits, seeds, invertebrates, small reptiles and the eggs and young of birds
LC
Abbreviations: NA= Not Available, LC= Least Concern, E= Endangered, NT= Nearly threatened
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Table 7: List of Avifauna Recorded From Site-2
Sl. No.
Name of Family and Bird Species
Scientific name Possible Habitat Feeding Habit IUCN category
Columbidae
1 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis
Woodland, scrub, farmland and habitation
Grass seeds, grains, fallen fruits and seeds of other plants, insects
LC
2 Eurasian Collared Dove
Streptopelia decaocto
Woodland, scrub, farmland and habitation
Grass seeds, grains, fallen fruits and seeds of other plants, insects
LC
Dicruridae
3 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus
Open country Grasshoppers, cicadas, termites, wasps, bees, ants, moths, beetles and dragonflies
LC
Sturnidae
4 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis
Open woodland, cultivation and around habitation.
Insects, arachnids, crustaceans, reptiles, small mammals, seeds, grain and fruits and discarded waste from human habitation.
LC
5 Asian Pied Starling
Gracupica contra/ Sturnus contra
Lowland open areas with scattered trees near water, often near human habitation
Grain, insects and fruits LC
Cuculidae
6 Common Hawk Cuckoo
Hierococcyx varius
Garden land, groves of tree, deciduous and semi-evergreen forests.
Insects, mainly caterpillars and cutworms, also grasshoppers, locusts, winged termites, ants; lizards; fruits of wild banyan fig
LC
Muscicapidae
7 White-rumped Shama
Copsychus malabaricus
Dense undergrowth especially in bamboo forests.
Insects LC
8 Oriental Magpie Robin
Copsychus saularis
Open woodland and cultivated areas
Insects, other invertebrates, nectar, geckos, leeches
LC
Upupidae
9 Common Hoopoe
Upupa epops Bare vegetated grounds, grasslands
Insects, small reptiles, frogs, seeds, berries
LC
Leiothrichidae
10 Jungle Babbler Turdoides striata
Sparse and low thorny scrub
fruits, berries, nectar, figs, seeds and grains
LC
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vegetation
Pycnonotidae
11 Red-vented Bulbul
Pycnonotus cafer
Dry scrub, open forest, plains and cultivated lands
Fruits, petals of flowers,nectar, insects and occasionally geckos
LC
12 Red-whiskered Bulbul
Pycnonotus jocosus
Lightly wooded areas, open country with bushes and shrubs, and farmland
Fruits, nectar, insects LC
Oriolidae
13 Black-hooded Oriole
Oriolus xanthornus
Woodland and cultivation
Insects and fruits, especially figs
LC
Accipitridae
14 Black kite Milvus migrans Areas of human population
Small live prey, fish, household refuse and carrion, birds, rodents, bats
LC
Nectariniidae
15 Purple Sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus
Thin forest and garden land
Nectars LC
Corvicidae
16 Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda
Open forests, scrubs, plantation, gardens
fruits, seeds, invertebrates, small reptiles and the eggs and young of birds
LC
17 House Crow Corvus splendens
Human habitation
Refuse around human habitations, small reptiles and mammals, insects, small invertebrates, eggs, nestlings, grains, fruits
LC
Megalaimidae
18 Coppersmith Barbet
Psilopogon haemacephalus
Gardens, groves and sparse woodland
Banyan, peepul, and other wild figs, various drupes and berries, and the occasionally insect