Biodiversity & Conservation of Indonesian Primates

8/7/2019 Biodiversity & Conservation of Indonesian Primates

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BIODIVERSITY AND

CONSERVATION OF

INDONESIAN PRIMATES

by Azis Kemal Fauzie

Save theSave the

PrimatesPrimates


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According to fossil evidence, primate

existed since Late Cretaceous.

Specific characteristics:

large brain

forward-facing & binocular vision

pentadactyly & opossable thumbs.

Mode of locomotion:

leaping climbing

brachiation

bipedalism

quadrupedalism

walking knuckle-walking

fist-walking

combination of

these methods.

PrimateIts Origin & Characteristics


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Indonesia as one of five

megadiversity countries in primates

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Brazil2 families52 species35 endemic

Indonesia5 families36 species50 endemic

D.R. of Congo3 families31 species

7 endemic

Madagascar5

families28 species93 endemic

Peru2 families27 species7 endemic

WORLD

16 families

433 species


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Suborder

Tarsiiformes

Infraorder

Lorisidae

Lemuridae

Tarsiidae

Cebidae

Callitrichidae

Cercopithecidae

Hylobatidae

Hominidae

Primate

Platyrrhini

Galagidae

Lemuriformes

Lepilemuridae

Lorisiformes

Cheirogaleidae

Daubentoniidae

Indriidae

Pitheciidae

Aotidae

AtelidaeSimiiformes

Catarrhini

ParvorderOrder FamilySuperfamily

Haplorrhini

Strepsirrhini

Cercopithecidea

Hominidea


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The Diversity of Indonesian Primates

Lorisidae

Tarsiidae

Cercopithecinae

Colobinae

Hylobatidae

Ponginae

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Sunda Loris (Kukang)Nycticebus coucang(EN)

Sumatran OrangutanPongo abelii(CR)

Borneo OrangutanPongo pygmaeus (EN)


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Family Lorisidae

Known as primitive primate species.

Characteristics:

light-reflecting area of the eye

(tapetum lucidum)

weigh around 0.1-1.1 kg

motionless while in danger

live in solitude (with no group),

arboreal and nocturnal.

Slow Loris (Kukang)Nycticebus coucang(EN)

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Family Tarsiidae

Known as the smallest primate species.

Characteristics:

leg (tarsus) twice longer than head

and body (10-15 cm), tail 20-25 cm,

weight 100 g

able to rotate their head 180o

active at night with huge eye balls

move by leaping and famous as treefrogs rather than primates.

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Known as the tailed apes, but

popularly as old world monkeys.

Characteristics:

long tail

medium to large in size

live in group, arboreal/terrestrial,

diurnal and matrilineal.

Divided into two subfamilies:

1. Subfamily Cercopithecinae

2. Subfamily Colobinae

Family Cercopithecidae


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Subfamily Cercopithecinae

Known as cheek pouch monkeys.

Major species are the macaques.

Characteristics:

high adaptive to any type of

habitats

have wide habitat spread eat various type of food: fruits,

leaves, flowers, insects, snails,

crabs, etc.


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Subfamily Colobinae

Known as leaf eating monkeys

(the most vegetarian primates).

Characteristics:

digestion organ system that

support bacteria to help on

digesting high fibrous food some of the species have

anatomical oddities.

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Family Hylobatidae

Also called as the lesser apes.

Major species are the gibbons.

Characteristics:

tailless M.B. (Master of Brachiation),

swing speed up to 56 km/h

social and territorial animals

monogamy loud voices (some species

have enlarged throat sac).


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Subfamily Ponginae

Known as the great apes and

among the most intelligent primates.

Characteristics:

use tools for foraging and nest-

building activities

learn signs for communication

play games and use 'calculated

reciprocity'

do wrestling, chasing and tickling

65-90% of diets are fruits.

25 Sumatran OrangutanPongo abelii(CR)

Borneo OrangutanPongo pygmaeus (EN)


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Phylogeny of MacaqueSubfamily Cercopithecinae, Genus Macaca

acaca n g a

acaca och eata

acaca n g escens

acaca au a

acaca tonkeana

ac ac a ne es t na

acaca heck

acaca pagens s

acaca s enus

acaca fasc cua s

acaca s n ca

acaca u atta

acaca sy vanus

acaca fuscata

acaca a cto des

acaca eon na

acaca th betana

acaca assa ens s

acaca cyc ops

P esbyt s c status


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Common Threats to Primates

Habitat loss due to forest

fragmentation, forest

fires, forest clearing for

agriculture plantation,

logging, mining, road anddam construction

Illegal primate hunting

and trade for use in

medicines, lab testing,for foods and as pets

Monkey drives (resulting

from primate crop raiding)


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National Parks

in Indonesia

Sundaland

Hotspot

Wallacea

Hotspot

Gunung Leuseur National Park

Tanjung Puting National Park

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1. Gunung Leuseur National Park2. Siberut National Park

3. Ujung Kulon National Park4. Gunung Halimun National Park

5. Gede-Pangrango National Park6. Gunung Ciremai National Park

7. Bromo Tengger-Semeru National Park

15. Danau Sentarum National Park16. Betung Kerihun National Park

17. Kayan Mentarang National Park18. Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park

19. Lore Lindu National Park20. Togean National Park

21. Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park

8. Meru Betiri National Park9. Alas Purwo National Park

10. Western Bali National Park11. Gunung Palung National Park

12. Tanjung Puting National Park13. Sebangau National Park

14. Kutai National Park


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WHERE ELSE COULD WE LIVE?

IF FOREST DISAPPEAR,

Biodiversity & Conservation of Indonesian Primates

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