Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Implications for Bioenergy Cropping Systems Douglas A. Landis Area 4.4 Biodiversity Responses Team Leader, GLBRC Professor of Insect Ecology Department of Entomology, Michigan State University GLBRC Madison April 19, 2011
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Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Implications of Future Bioenergy Cropping Systems
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Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Implications for Bioenergy Cropping Systems
Douglas A. Landis
Area 4.4 Biodiversity Responses Team Leader, GLBRC
Professor of Insect Ecology Department of Entomology, Michigan State University
GLBRC Madison
April 19, 2011
! Background on GLBRC Sustainability Research ! Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services ! Results from the Biodiversity Responses Team ! Implications for Bioenergy Landscapes
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Outline 2
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GLBRC Research Areas 3
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GLBRC Sustainability Research Roadmap
4
! Plants ! MI - Kay Gross, Carol Baker, Pam Mosley ! WI - Randy Jackson
! Microbes ! Tom Schmidt, Tracy Teal, Zarraz Lee ! Carolyn Malmstrom, Abby Schrotenboer, Collin Phillipo
! Insects ! MI - Doug Landis, Ben Werling, Rufus Isaacs, Julianna Tuell ! WI - Claudio Gratton, Tim Meehan, Hanna Gaines, Heidi Liere
! Birds ! MI - Bruce Robertson, Patrick Doran, Doug Schemske, ! WI - Tim Meehan
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Biodiversity Team 5
Tscharntke et al. Ecology Letters 2005
Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes
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7 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
! Ecosystem Services – the benefits people obtain from ecosystems
! Supporting ! Nutrient cycling, soil formation…
! Provisioning ! Food, fuel…
! Regulating ! Pollination, pest suppression...
! Cultural ! Recreation, aesthetic…
Costanza et al. Nature 1997 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005 Swinton et al. Am. J of Agric. Econ. 2006
• Human popula0on growth
The Challenge
• Human popula0on growth • Cropland & pasture/grazing occupies
35% of the ice-‐free land surface – Foley et al . 2007 PNAS
Cropland
Grazing
The Challenge
• Human popula0on • Cropland & pasture/grazing occupies
35% of the ice-‐free land surface – Foley et al . 2007 PNAS
• In many of these areas humans are already appropria0ng >50% of NPP
– Haberl et al. 2007 PNAS
Cropland
Grazing
The Challenge
Agricultural Intensification
! Can we deliver sustainable bioenergy systems that preserve the biodiversity on which agriculture depends?
• “Declines in species diversity due to agricultural intensifica0on have been documented for:
– birds (Donald et al. 2001) – mammals (Sotherton 1998) – insects (Benton et al. 2002) – plants (Aebischer 1991) at na0onal and landscape scales.”
Robertson et al. 2011. Global Change Biology Bioenergy
Do rela(onships between birds and bioenergy crops at the field scale hold at landscape and region scales?
Data • 2008 NA Breeding Bird Survey • 2008 Cropland Data Layer Results • Landscape-‐scaled bird diversity is nega0vely related to annual and posi0vely related to perennial landcover
Modeled (color map) and actual (points) bird diversity
Number of species
Bird: Landscape Results
Meehan, T.D., A.H. Hurlbert and C. Gratton. 2010. PNAS. 107:18533-18538.
How will breeding bird diversity change if marginal land goes from perennial to annual land cover, or vice versa?
Perennial to annual
Annual to perennial
Bird: Landscape Implications
Meehan, T.D., A.H. Hurlbert and C. Gratton. 2010. PNAS. 107:18533-18538.
• Increase biodiversity and ecosystem services
Win-Win Scenarios?
• Improve marginal lands
Win-Win Scenarios?
! Biodiversity supports critical ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes
! Protect and enhance that biodiversity through informed landscape
management ! Cellulosic biofuels offer a unique opportunity to rethink agriculture to
maximize ecosystem services and enhance sustainability
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Conclusions 36
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37
! Productive ! economically profitable ! favorable energy return ! land-conserving ! mitigating effect on greenhouse gas emissions
! Perennial ! cost less to maintain ! emit fewer greenhouse gases ! less prone to soil erosion and water pollution ! potential to conserve biodiversity and maintain ecosystem services.
! Polycultural ! pest and disease suppression ! nitrogen fixation ! nutrient and carbon conservation ! pollination services to surrounding crops
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Key Biofuel Crop Attributes 38
Insects: Landis, D.A., M.M. Gardiner, W. van der Werf and S.M. Swinton. 2008. Increasing corn for biofuel production reduces
biocontrol services in agricultural landscapes. PNAS. 105: 20552-20557. Landis, D.A. and B.P. Werling. 2010. Arthropods and Biofuel Production Systems in North America. Insect Science. 17:1–17,
DOI 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2009.01310.x Gardiner, M., J. Tuell, R. Isaacs, J. Gibbs, J. Ascher and D.A. Landis. 2010. Implications of three model biofuel crops for
beneficial arthropods in agricultural landscapes. BioEnergy Research. 3:6–19. DOI 10.1007/s12155-009-9065-7 Werling, B.P., T. Meehan, B. Robertson, C. Gratton and D. Landis. 2011. Biocontrol potential varies with changes in biofuel-
crop plant communities and landscape perenniality. Global Change Biology-Bioenergy. In press. Birds: Meehan, T.D., A.H. Hurlbert and C. Gratton. 2010. Bird communities in future bioenergy landscapes of the Upper Midwest.
PNAS. 107:18533-18538. Webster, C.R., D.J. Flaspohler, R.D. Jackson, T.D. Meehan and C. Gratton. 2010. Diversity, productivity and landscape-level
effects in North American grasslands managed for biomass production. Biofuels. 1:451-461. Fletcher Jr., R.J., B.A. Robertson, J. Evans, P.J. Doran, J.R.R. Alavalapati and D.W. Schemske, 2010. Biodiversity
conservation in the era of biofuels: Risks and opportunities. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. DOI:10.1890/090091
Robertson, B.A., P.J. Doran, J.R. Robertson, E.R. Loomis and D.W. Schemske. 2011. Perennial biomass feedstocks enhance avian diversity. Global Change Biology Bioenergy. In press.
Robertson, B.A., Doran, P.J., Loomis, E.R., Robertson J.R., & Schemske, D.W. 2011. Avian use of perennial biomass feedstocks as post-breeding and migratory stopover habitat. PLoS One. In press.
Microbes: Schrotenboer, A. S., Allen, M., and Malmstrom, C.M., (2011). Modification of native grasses for biofuel production may
increase virus susceptibility. Global Change Biology Bioenergy, DOI 10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01093.x Levine, U.Y., T.K. Teal, G.P. Robertson and T.M. Schmidt (2011) Agriculture’s impact on microbial diversity and associated
fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane. The ISME Journal. In press. www.glbrc.org