Biodiesel Benefits, Issues, & Opportunities Richard Nelson Kansas State University & National Biodiesel Board [email protected] Presentation to the Special Libraries Association Seattle, WA June 17, 2008
Mar 27, 2015
BiodieselBenefits, Issues, & Opportunities
Richard NelsonKansas State University &National Biodiesel Board
Presentation to the Special Libraries Association
Seattle, WA
June 17, 2008
Biodiesel Defined
Biodiesel, n. -- a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100, and meeting the requirements of ASTM D 6751.
Official IRS and EPA definition – goes to fuel quality.
General ConceptsBiodiesel is a domestic, renewable fuel for diesel engines derived from fats and oils such as soybeans and animal fats.
Biodiesel can be easily used in existing diesel engines with little or no modification.
Biodiesel is not raw vegetable oil!
0 50 100
B2
B5
B10
B20
B100
Biodiesel Petroleum diesel
Biodiesel blend, n. -- a blend of biodiesel fuel meeting ASTM D 6751 with petroleum-based diesel fuel designated BXX, where XX is the volume percent of biodiesel.
Biodiesel Feedstocks
Each biodiesel feedstock varies by its free fatty acid content and the different proportions of fatty acids found in each feedstock influence some biodiesel fuel properties
Degree of saturation
Cold flow properties
Cetane number
Methanol + Catalyst
Vegetable Oil / Animal
Fat/Waste Grease
Methanol Recovery
Crude BiodieselTransesterfication
Crude Glycerin
Glycerin Refining
Glycerin
Refining
Biodiesel
Biodiesel Attributes Integrates into existing petroleum
infrastructure; “pour and go” High Cetane (>50 vs 42)
High Lubricity– 2% blend biodiesel increases lubricity by up to
65% BTU Content (128,000 BTU/gal vs 139,000)
Cold Flow (3-10o F > for soy-based B20)
Flash Point (a minimum 260oF vs 150oF)
Virtually Zero Sulfur– Meets 2006 ULSD rule
Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel
0100200300400500600700800
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Biodiesel Blend (%)
HF
RR
WS
D (
mic
ron
)
Biodiesel lowers emissions
Emission Type B100 B20 B2
Total Unburned Hydrocarbons -67% -20% -2.2%
Carbon Monoxide -48% -12% -1.3%
Particulate Matter -47% -12% -1.3%
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) +10% +/-2% +.2%
Biodiesel Fuel Markets
PREMIUM DIESEL•Lubricity Enhancement•Conductivity Improver•ULSD Sulfur Free Blend Stock
MARINE• Recreational• Tour Boats• Environmentally Sensitive Areas
EPACTREGULATED FLEETS• Federal • State• Selected Utilities
Home Heating
US Biodiesel Demand
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Mill
ion
Ga
llon
s p
er
Ye
ar
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Changes to EPACT
Bioenergy Program
Biodiesel Tax Incentive
5 MGY
75 MGY
250
450
One Driver: World Transport Vehicle Trends – Diesel
Direct Impact on Biofuels Production and Demand !
US Diesel Car Market
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
20
17
% T
ota
l C
ar
Sa
les
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Die
se
l C
ar
Sa
les
('0
00
s)
Volume (rhs) Share (lhs)
Global share of diesel market has increase 40% in the last 5 years
Conditions for further expansion of diesel look right:• Global focus on CO2 & Energy
Security High energy prices (diesel
~33% more efficient versus gasoline)
Diesel technology has come of age (not dirty diesels anymore)
Where are the oilseed feedstocks going to come from to “fuel” this increase?
US Diesel LT Market
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
20
17
% T
ota
l L
T S
ale
s
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
Die
se
l L
T S
ale
s (
'00
0s
)
Volume (rhs) Share (lhs)
Fascination with Biofuels – Govt. Mandates
US – Renewable Fuels Standard; 35 billion gallons (133 billion liters) by 2022 (20% of projected total consumption)
EU – 5.75% by 2010; 10% by 2020; 25% by 2030
China – 5% biodiesel
– China has said it aims to use 200,000 tons of biodiesel by 2010 and 2 million tons (2,057 billion liters) by 2020.
Why? Energy Security & “Peak Oil” & Climate Change
How will these intersect with market forces, where exactly will the feedstocks come from, and at what price?
New Renewable Fuel Standard Requirements• Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007• Not just 10% ethanol in conventional gasoline
2007 2022 Billion Gallon Billion Gallon Gasoline market 140 190 10% Ethanol 14 19 Ethanol Production 6 to 7 RFS Renewable Fuel 36 RFS Advanced Biofuel 21 RFS Cellulosic Biofuel 16 RFS Biomass-based Diesel 1 (in 2012) Biodiesel production 0.4
Biofuels Resources – Land Use Limited “Crop” Acreage
• Limited increase in land space and
product yields
• Sustainability Concerns
Improved yields, less inputs,
grow on marginal lands (?)
Increasing demand/production
will put pressure on food
and water supplies, prices,
and sustainability
American Grassland – excellent carbon sink
American ‘Dust Bowl’ – 1930s
3 Story Building
Food & Fuel & Feed Oil & Agriculture just like Diamonds or Coffee are
commodity markets• supply and demand effect pricing
• in a given market, the lowest cost producer will always win
Many factors affect the markets –
• Currency • Policy
• Trading • Technology
• Interest rates • Consumers
• Trends • Emerging markets
There will be continued growth in renewable fuels
Some Perspective – Petroleum & Agriculture
The oilseed and fat market is only a
small fraction of the oil industry
IF ALL DOMESTIC FEEDSTOCKS WERE
CONVERTED TO FUEL, ONLY 8% OF
DIESEL COULD BE REPLACED
IF ALL GLOBAL FEEDSTOCKS WERE
CONVERTED TO DIESEL, ONLY 10 % OF
DISTILLATE COULD BE SUBSTITUTED
– However, the entire world
would go hungry
National Biodiesel Feedstock Prices
$0.000
$0.100
$0.200
$0.300
$0.400
$0.500
$0.600
$0.700
$0.800
$0.900
$1.0001/
2004
4/20
04
7/20
04
10/2
004
1/20
05
4/20
05
7/20
05
10/2
005
1/20
06
4/20
06
7/20
06
10/2
006
1/20
07
4/20
07
7/20
07
10/2
007
Month-Year
$ pe
r po
und
RBD Soybean Oil
Canola
Inedible Tallow
Yellow Grease
Poultry Fat
Sunflower
Corn Oil (crude)
Price of #2 Diesel vs Biodiesel
0
100
200
300
400
Month - Year
cents
per g
allon
#2 Diesel
Biodiesel
Price Difference
Biodiesel and Diesel Particulate Matter/Elemental Carbon Emissions
Ele
men
tal C
arb
on
, EC
, µ
g/m
3
500
400
300
200
100
02002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2006
Standard D2 100% BiodieselMSHA compliance samples, EC
MSHA Target for UG Mines (123 EC)
Concerns of Fleet Managers about Biodiesel
Fuel Quality– Engine Warranties– Performance in Cold
Weather– Storage and Handling– Fuel Contamination– Filter Plugging– Degradation of Engine
Parts– Fuel Stability– Price– Others?
Free Glycerin ASTM D 6584 Max 0.020 % mass
Total Glycerin ASTM D 6584 Max 0.240 % mass
Flash Point (Methanol) ASTM D 93 Min 130 oC (Max 0.2 % vol)
Acid Number ASTM D 664 Max 0.50 mg KOH/g
Water & Sediment ASTM D 2709 Max 0.050 % vol
Visual Appearance ASTM D 4176 Max 2 Haze rating
Oxidative Stability EN 14112 Min 3.0 hr
Sulfur ASTM D 5453 Max 15 ppm
Cloud Point ASTM D 2500 Report oC
Kinematic Viscosity at 40 °C ASTM D 445 1.9 – 6.0 mm2/sec
Sulfated Ash ASTM D 874 Max 0.020 % mass
Copper Strip Corrosion ASTM D 130 Max No. 3
Cetane Number ASTM D 613 Min 47
Carbon Residue for 100% sample ASTM D 4530 Max 0.050 % mass
Distillation, 90% recovered ASTM D 1160 Max 360 °C
Phosphorous Content ASTM D 4951 Max 0.001 % mass
Relative density at 60 °F ASTM D 1298 Report
Na and K, combined EN 14538 Max 5.0 ppm
Ca and Mg, combined EN 14538 Max 5.0 ppm
ASTM D 6751-07b Specifications (Full)
Supply Chain Management
• Preserve the quality of the finished fuel• Hand-offs can cause the “biodiesel ball to be fumbled”
Accredited Producer Focus
A system for monitoring the production of biodiesel to the ASTM D 6751 specification.
• Sampling• Testing• Storage• Retain Samples• Shipping
Certified Marketer Focus
A system for the handling and distribution of biodiesel that maintains the fuel properties at the ASTM D 6751 specification.
• Sampling• Testing• Storage• Retain Samples• Blending• Shipping
Actual biodiesel COA from a distributor to the final end-user
If only I’d checked the COA for ASTM!
OEMs Positions on Biodiesel
Engine Warrantees:– Parts and
Workmanship– OEM’s Don’t Make
Fuel– OEM’s Don’t
Warrantee Fuel– As with diesel--
problems caused by the fuel are the responsibility of the fuel supplier
OEMs want to see additional experience in the field
Educational Resources
www.biodiesel.org