1. What are the main organelles in cells and their basic
functions?
Cell membrane :defines the periphery of the cell, separating its
contents from the surroundings. The membrane is a barrier to the
free passage of inorganic ions and most other charged or polar
compounds.
Nucleus: contains the genes (chromatin)Site of most DNA
synthesis and repair.RNA synthesis
Nucleoid: Contains single, simple long-circular DNA
molecule.
Ribosomes: Protein synthesis from an RNA message.
Golgi Complex: processes, packages and targets proteins to other
organelles or for export. Also involved in formation (biogenesis)
of lysosomes, secretory vesicles (hormones, blood plasma proteins,
digestive enzymes).
Mitochondria: oxidizes fuel to produce ATP : Powerhouse of cell,
perform cellular respiration, Urea and heme synthesis, contain own
genome, circular mtDNA.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
2. Know the structural hierarchy in the molecular organization
of cells. (Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids)
3. Know the common functional groups of biomolecules. What is
stereoisomers, chiral center? What are the naming systems for
geometric isomers? (cis/trans, R-/S-, D-/L-, systems)
3 D structures: StereochemistryStereoisomer- molecules with the
same chemical bonds but differing spatial arrangement.
Cis/trans isomerism (Geometric isomerism) is a form of
stereoisomerism describing the relative orientation of functional
groups within a molecule. Chirality: 1 Chiral Carbon = 2
Stereoisomers(n)Chiral Carbons = 2n stereoisomers
Naming Conventions:By Configuration R- and S- By optical
activity: (+)- and (-)-By configuration: D- and L- 9
(configurational standard Glyceraldehyde)
Enantiomers: stereoisomers that are mirror imageDiastereomers:
Pairs of Stereoisomers that are not mirror imagesof each other.
Know free energy(G), entropy (S) and enthalpy (H), and their
relationship: dG= dH-TdS. What is the difference between endergonic
and exergonic, endothermic and exothermic? How to calculate
equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction? The equation of K and
dG?
Basic Thermodynamics:Free energy G:The component of the total
energy of a system that can do work at constant temperature and
pressure.G=H-TS
Entropy S:The randomness or disorder of the components of a
chemical system.
Enthalpy H
G= H-TS
Endergonic vs Exergonic: Endergonic reactions require an input
of energy, and their G values are positive.Exergonic;
Endothermic vs Exothermic:G= H-TSHow to calculate the
equilibrium constant:Keq = [C]ceq Ddeq K and G
What is ATP, ADP, and AMP
ATP: adenosine triphosphateADP: adenosine diphosphateAMP:
adenosine monophosphate
Know the concepts: Metabolism: The entire set of
enzyme-catalyzed transformations of organic molecules in living
cells; the sum of anabolism and catabolism.
Catabolism: The phase of intermediary metabolism concerned with
the energy yielding degradation of nutrient molecules.
Anabollism: The phase of intermediary metabolism concerned with
the energy-requiring biosynthesis of cell components from smaller
precursors.
What is central dogma from DNA to protein?
Chapter 2: WATER
Part I:
What properties make water the best solvent for life? What is
the geometric and molecular structure for water? What is the
electric dipole for water? What is hydrogen bonding? What are
requirements? Why is carbon not able to do hydrogen bonding?
Know the interaction among water molecules due to electric
dipole. (What is longer? Why is weaker in comparison to the other?)
What makes hydrogen bonds weak or strong (generally)?
Know the non-covalent weak interactions/bonding (there are 4).
Review over colligative properties; the ones mentioned in class are
boiling point, melting point, and osmotic pressure. For osmotic
pressure, understand the 3 subtypes (hyper-, isotonic, and
hypo-).
Fact: Multiple hydrogen bonds are added as a whole that
increases the amount of energy to break the bond.
Between butane, and butanol, butanol has a much higher boling
point. Explai why this occurs.
Know how many hydrogen bonds are possible for one water molecule
in ice and liquid.
Fact: The two most common functional groups involve in ionic
interactions are carboxylic group, and amino group.
Ina solid form of NaCl it is readily soluble in water because of
what? (hint: Entropy as a solid vs entropy in aqueous solution)
Fact: polarity determines solibility
Make sure to understand very well the entropy concept!
Hydrophobic interactions(involving non-polar molecules):
thermodynamics- low solubility is explained through entropy; water
near hydrophobic solute is highly ordered (-dS)
Part II:
What is a buffer solution? What does it consist of?review pH,
pOH, Ka, and how to calculate them. Make sure to understand the
Hopping effect of H+.
Quiz Questions Q1: How many hydrogen bonds a CH3-O-CH3 molecule
can make with itself? What about with water?
Q2. Atoms in the molecule, if held together by what bonds create
the strongest chemical linkages?
Q3: Why maintenance of pH is important in biological
systems?
Q4: Which of the following will be most/ least soluble in
water?
Q5: How many hydrogen bonds can one ammonia molecule for with
water moleculs?Draw formations)
chapter 3: Amino acidsPart I