Biochemistry Biology Unit 2 Test – August 26 th. Atom, Element, Compound Atoms and Their Elements.flv Atoms and Their Elements.flv A = smallest unit of.

Biochemistry

Biology Unit 2

Test – August 26th

Atom, Element, CompoundAtoms and Their Elements.flv

• A = smallest unit of matter (1)

• E = made of one kind of atom (2)

• C = made of 2 or more atoms joined (3)– Valence electron rules

Sodium - NaCl

1 2 3

The Atom

• Protons (atomic number)• Neutrons• Electron = P• A=Overallneutral charge• Energy Levels2 and 8• Isotope – same element, different # neutrons

Atomic Mass

Red = protons

White = neutrons

Outer level electrons = valence electrons

Bonding – to fill outer level

• Covalent – shares – molecule – water (1) gas or volitile liquid, low melting and boiling, do not dissolve in water

• Ionic – give and take – ion + or - table salt (2) Solid, Crystal lattice structure, brittle and break, soluble in water, conduct electricity, high melting points

2

1

Day 1

http://mrsmedenicasciencespot.blogspot.com/2009/04/chemical-bonding-song.html

Changing an Atom

Mixture

• Combination of substances – they retain own properties

• Solution – mixture with one or more substances distributed evenly in another substance

Waterhttp://molo.concord.org/database/activities/202.html

• Polar covalent bonds

• Hydrogen bonds – weak bonds, oppositely charged (the + part of one water molecule is attracted to the – part of

another molecule).

• Most imp. compound in an

organism

Five Properties of Water

• Good Solvent• Cohesive• Adhesive• Less dense as a solid than a liquid• Unique thermal properties

Acids and Bases

• A=more hydrogen ions when dissolved in water• B= more Hydroxide ions when dissolved in water• pH – measure of amount of hydrogen ions• Increase by 10• pH scale – 0 – 14 (Hydrogen ions)• <7=A >7=B

Bonds of Life - Macromolecules

• Polymer – formed from monomers

• Covalent Bonds formed around Carbon

• Large bonds formed from smaller molecules – Condensation

Condensation and Hydrolysis

• A condensation reaction is responsible for building large molecules. 

• A hydrolysis reaction is responsible for breaking down large molecules (eg. digestion). 

Carbohydrates

• Cell’s energy source• Monosaccharides –

fructose• Disaccharides –

sucrose• Polysaccharides –

starch• Cellulose – cell wall• CHO – 1:2:1

Lipids• nonpolar, hydrophobic, waxes, oils, fats,

steroids (cholesterol and sex hormones).

• Molecular structure – 3 fatty acids and a glycerol

• Contains less oxygen than carbs

• Phospholipids – cell membrane, saturated –contain no double bonds

Proteins

• amino acids (20) - joined by peptide bonds

• building blocks for living things – enzymes

• Muscle contraction, transporting oxygen

Nucleic Acids

• DNA and RNA• Stores genetic info in

cells (nucleus) – forms all proteins and enzymes

• Nucleotides (sugar, base, and phosphate)

Enzymes

• Proteins – function as catalyst on a substrate at active site (speed up reaction) - Biological catalysts

• Reusable -are specific to a reaction, temperature, and pH

• Involved in all metabolic processes

Stop here Sci Skills

Enzyme Movie

Chemical Reactions

• Metabolism• Reactants

products• Less/more

reactant energy• Endothermic• Exothermic

ATP

• Energy currency

• Structure – 3 phosphates

• Function – transformed into ADP

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

• the process by which plants use the energy from light to generate sugar

• Chloroplast• light reactions• Calvin cycle

Cellular RespirationAerobic

• Must have oxygen to occur• Takes place in mitochondria• Produces 36 ATP molecules

from 1 glucose - Krebs Cycle (2) electron transport chain (34)

Anaerobic• No oxygen needed• Takes place in cytoplasm

• Produces 2 ATP from 1 glucose

• Fermentation