bIOCHEMISTRY

BIOCHEMISTRYThe Chemical

Composition of Living Things

COMPOUNDS in LIVING THINGS

Four main elements that make up 96% of the human body: Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Hydrogen

Inorganic Cmpds: Do NOT contain C Exception to rule

CO2

Examples: Water Minerals Metals Sand Rock

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Carbon molecules Importance of Carbon

Forms 4 strong stable covalent bonds

Form single, double & triple bonds

Examples: Carbohydrates Fats Proteins

Polymerization – building of complex molecules Monomer

Single unit Polymer

Multiple repeating units

Macromolecule Large chain of

compounds

POLYMERIZATION Dehydration

Synthesis Dehydration

Loss of water Synthesis

Creation Build organic

molecules Create bonds =

store energy Humans – protein

production Plants – fruit & veggie

production

Hydrolysis Hydro – water Lysis – splitting Break organic

molecules apart Break bonds =

release energy Digestion – release

energy from food

ORGANIC MOLECULES

Molecular Formula # elements in a

compound Example:

H2O

CH4

C6H12O6

Structural Formula Picture of

compound Shows

arrangement & bond type

Example:H

H C H

H

ORGANIC MOLECULES

Must contain Carbon

Hydrocarbon: Simplest organic Chains of carbon

connected by single, double or triple bonds

Remaining bonds are filled with hydrogen

Ex: _________

C C C C

Ex: _________

C C C C

Ex: _________

C C C C

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Hydroxyl: Also called

Alcohols

Abbreviated:

Ex: Ethanol

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Carboxyl: Create acids

Abbreviated:

Ex: acetic acid

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Carbonyl: Given different

names based on location w/in molecule

Aldehyde – end

Ketone – middle

Ex: Formaldehyde

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Amine: Create bases

Abbreviated:

Examples:

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Identifying Organics1. Is Carbon present?

Yes – Organic No - Inorganic

2. Is Nitrogen present? Yes – Protein No – Carb or Lipid

3. Is there a 2:1 ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen

Yes – Carb No - Lipid

CARBOHYDRATESSugars & Starches

Monosaccharides Simple sugars Building blocks of

carbs Examples

Glucose – C6H1206

Galactose – C6H1206

Fructose - C6H1206

Disaccharides Double sugars Created thru

dehydration synthesis

Examples Sucrose – C12H22011

Maltose – C12H22011

Lactose - C12H22011

CARBOHYDRATESSugars & Starches

Polysaccharides Very long chains of

monosaccharides Examples:

Starch Cellulose (fiber) Glycogen Chitin

Functions: Energy

Simple – instant Complex – longer

lasting Stored energy

Plants cellulose Animals glycogen

(liver)

Structural Support Cellulose stems &

leaves Chitin insect

exoskeletons

MONOSACCHARIDES

Glucose Fructose

POLYSACCHARIDES

Alpha – glucose (Starch)

Beta-glucose (Cellulose)

LIPIDSFats, Oils & Waxes

Building Blocks Glycerol 3 Fatty Acids

LIPIDS

Functions: Long term energy

Hibernation Protection

Internal organs Insulation

Functions: Cell membranes Chemical

Messengers Surround nerves

brain Hormones

LIPIDSFats, Oils & Waxes

Saturated Lipids Saturated “full”

Hydrogen Carbons of fatty

acids all joined by – bonds

Found – animals Solid Cholesterol – “bad

fat”

Unsaturated Lipids Less hydrogen Carbons of fatty

acids joined by = bonds

Found – plants & fish

Liquids Healthier – “good

fats”

LIPIDS – MODEL LAB

1 Glycerol model 3 Fatty Acids

PROTEINS Amino Acids

Building blocks 20 different A. A’s Same basic structure except for “R” group

PROTEINS

Also called polypeptides Functions:

Movement – muscle Transport – blood Protection – immune system Structures – hair, horns, nails, silk, feathers

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Building blocks – nucleotides Function

Store genetic information Create proteins

Examples: DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid

Model Lab

glycine alanine

ENZYMES

Terms: Substrate – what is

broken down Active site – area

where enzyme & substrate connect

Lock & Key Theory Extremely specific Unique shape of an

enzyme allows it to connect with only 1 substrate

ENZYMES

Changes to Reaction Rates: Coenzyme - partner (speed up rxn rate) Competitive Inhibitor – substance that blocks the

active site & prevent “lock & key” fit (slow rxn rate) Denature - Enzyme loses its shape (slow rxn rate)

How Many Calories Should I Be Eating?

Teenage Boys = _______

Teenage Girls = _______

More important is the ratio of fats –carbs– protein _____% fats (unsaturated better) _____% carbs (complex best: plant-based, fiber-rich

foods such as grains, legumes, and vegetables) _____% protein (lean meats/dairy better)

Calculating %’s

Divide groups by the total # of calories to determine %’s

Example:2500 – total

calories 750 fat calories 1500 carb calories

250 protein calories

Percentages: Fats = _____ %

(750/2500) x 100 =

Carbs = ____ % (1500/2500) x 100

Protein = ____ % (250/2500) x 100

How Many Calories Are In A Big Mac Value Meal?

Fats 54 g x 9 = _____

Carbs 194 g x 4 = _____

Proteins 31 g x 4 = ______

Total calories = ______ % fats = ________ % carbs = _______ % protein = _______

How Many Calories Are In A Salad? (…More Importantly The Dressing)

Fats ___ g + (__g x _) x 9 =

___ Carbs

___ g + (__g x _) x 4 = ___

Proteins ___ g + (__g x _ ) x 4 =

___

Total calories = ______ % fats = ________ % carbs = _______ % protein = _______

How much dressing do you use? Multiple by calories

by # of servings!

McDonald’s Bacon Ranch Salad with Grilled Chicken:

Ranch Dressing: