Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with DAA 1 2017/2018 Miguel Lino de Magalhães Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with DAA Comparação entre scores bioquímicos e TE (fibroscan) em doentes cirróticos infetados com VHC tratados com DAA março, 2018
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Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with DAA 1
2017/2018
Miguel Lino de Magalhães
Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic
patients treated with DAA
Comparação entre scores bioquímicos e TE (fibroscan) em doentes
cirróticos infetados com VHC tratados com DAA
março, 2018
Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with DAA 2
Miguel Lino de Magalhães
Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic
patients treated with DAA
Comparação entre scores bioquímicos e TE (fibroscan) em doentes
cirróticos infetados com VHC tratados com DAA
Mestrado Integrado em Medicina
Área: Doenças Infeciosas
Tipologia: Dissertação
Trabalho efetuado sob a Orientação de:
Doutora Maria de Lurdes Campos dos Santos
Trabalho organizado de acordo com as normas da revista:
Porto Biomedical Journal
março, 2018
Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with DAA 3
Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with DAA 4
Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with DAA 5
Dedicatória
Porque nada se faz sozinho e todo o apoio dado é precioso e requer
valorização gostava de dedicar esta Tese de Mestrado a todas a pessoas que
me apoiaram desde a origem da ideia para dissertação até aos que tiveram
papel ativo no delineamento e concretização do projeto, com especial
menção à Doutora Maria de Lurdes Campos dos Santos.
No final, apesar do trabalho escrito ser o sumo que se tira do projeto, há
mais para ser recordado e apreciado, nomeadamente as inúmeras
dificuldades e contratempos que muitas vezes foram as circunstâncias mais
dependentes de apoio e compreensão, como a busca de inspiração, de
vontade de trabalhar e a capacidade de organizar o tempo e a atenção. Nesta
secção mesmo as mais pequenas ajudas, os pequenos empurrões, ajudaram
a desencravar bloqueios críticos e a impulsionar a viagem para além do porto
definido na partida, e estas ajudas vão desde as dicas para o trabalho até as
palavras de encorajamento e a paciência para ouvir o incessante lamurio de
quem tem muito para fazer e por vezes se sente sem rumo e sem noções se
está a produzir um bom trabalho ou não. Por todo o apoio, e porque sem
qualquer um dos apoios que tive o trabalho se teria tornado mais difícil,
gostaria de dedicar este trabalho aos meus pais, Ana Paula Martins da Silva
Lino e António da Conceição Magalhães, ao meu irmão, Sérgio Lino
Magalhães, e aos meus amigos e colegas de curso, que, por valorizar todos os
seus esforços, me vejo sem espaço para lhes dar a honra de uma menção
individual adequada neste pequeno texto.
Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with DAA 6
Abstract
Background: The infection by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the main causes of chronic
liver disease worldwide, with elevated risk for development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular
carcinoma. The implementation of Direct Acting Antiviral (DAA) therapy provided potential
treatment access to every infected patient with achievement of Sustained Virological
Responses (SVR) in over 90% of patients and improvement of clinical outcomes and liver
fibrosis.
Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 64 monoinfected HCV patients with advanced
fibrosis who achieved SVR after treatment with DAA therapy beginning from January 2015
to June 2016. The aim of this study is to evaluate the sensibility and specificity of the
ALT/AST ratio (AAR), Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) and the FIB-
4 score against TE (fibroscan) in those patients at baseline and at the 24 weeks post-
treatment follow-up.
Results: At the baseline checkpoint, all scores were similar: FIB-4 had AUC 0.784, 79%
sensitivity and 82 % specificity. At the post-treatment checkpoint: FIB-4 had AUC 0.809, 82%
sensitivity and 70% specificity; APRI had AUC 0.841, 64% sensitivity and 90% specificity; AAR
was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: The FIB-4 and APRI scores proved to be acceptable alternatives for the
FibroScan to evaluate the changes in the extension of liver fibrosis in post treatment follow
up. And the AAR failed possibly due to confounding. However, bigger studies are needed to
Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with DAA 7
Introduction
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the main causes of chronic liver disease worldwide, with nearly 180 million people living with the infection. [1, 2] Once infected, over 80% of the individuals develop a chronic infection that has a silent evolution, sometimes during decades, that in the end may lead to cirrhosis, portal hypertension, hepatic decompensation, and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It’s estimated that chronic HCV infection accounts for 350 000 deaths per year, as well as for 27% of all cases of cirrhosis and 25% of hepatocellular carcinoma. [1, 2]
The primary goal of HCV therapy is to cure the infection, that is, to achieve Sustained Virological Response (SVR), defined as undetectable HCV RNA at 12 or 24 weeks after treatment completion. Since their appearance, the direct-acting antiviral (DAAs) targeting HCV have transformed the treatment of HCV infection, providing the achievement of SVR in over 90% of the patients. [2-4] Furthermore, DAAs therapy has proven itself effective on all treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced patients with compensated or advanced liver disease related to HCV, regardless their liver fibrosis stage. Therefore, it is recommended for everyone with HCV infection, with the exception of those with contraindications to the treatment or low life-expectancy regardless of HCV cure. [5, 6] During the progression of HCV infection the cumulative development of cirrhosis can be as big as 15% at every 5-year of follow-up and this cirrhotic state is the main responsible for increasing the risk of liver failure, HCC and liver related death, with an annual risk of 2.9%, 3.2% and 2.7%, respectively. [7, 8] And although the SVR in HCV infection can prolong overall survival and, according to recent data, in patients with cirrhosis, potentially promotes the regression of liver inflammation and fibrosis, the risk of HCC, complications of cirrhosis and all-cause mortality are not entirely eliminated. So, in cirrhotic patients who achieve an SVR is very important to evaluate the regression or not of the cirrhosis to evaluate prognosis, although all cirrhotic patients should have a follow up and the screen of HCC, even if they cure HCV infection. [6, 8-10]
Given this, it’s of the most importance to test easier, cheaper and more available methods to see the impact in regression of chronic liver disease in treated HCV patients for better surveillance and more accurate expectancies regarding the overall quality of live and disease-free state. Liver biopsy, despite remaining the gold standard for the assessment of liver fibrosis, has a number of limitations, namely in underdeveloped countries. To overcome these limitations were created the noninvasive tests, which are based on two approaches: analysis of scores set on the quantification of blood tests, and the mechanical measurement of the liver fitness. [2, 11, 12] Some of these scores are the ALT/AST ratio, the APRI score and the FIB-4, which have been widely tested for liver fibrosis analysis on HCV infected patients. Moreover, these tests have several advantages, namely their high applicability, good inter-laboratory reproducibility and their widespread availability. [13-18]
The purpose of this study was to determine the sensibility and specificity of these biochemical scores, against the TE (FibroScan), when evaluating the changes of liver fibrosis after SVR in HCV infected cirrhotic patients treated with DAA therapy.
Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with DAA 8
Methods
Study population This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Health of
Hospital de São João and it was carried out in S. João Hospital Center, Porto. It was based
on patients treated with sofosbuvir combined with NS5A inhibitors ledipasvir or daclatasvir
with or without ribavirin, and, for a selected group of patients, sofosbuvir combined with
ribavirin.
For the study were only selected the patients who began treatment from 1 of
January 2015 to 31 of June 2016, had, at baseline, advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis, diagnosed
by TE (FibroScan) measurement (F3 and F4 category), and achieved SVR at the end of
treatment. This cohort includes only HIV and HBV negative patients. This accounted for 97
patients. The following variables were collected from these patients: sociodemographic
characteristics (age, gender, smoking and drinking habits, other chronic illnesses and
chronic medication), VDRL test result, HCV regarding variables (RNA at baseline, 4, 12 and
24 weeks, HCV genotype and IL28 presence), TE (FibroScan) evaluation and biochemical
analysis (liver function panel and complete hemogram). From the original 97 patients 33 did
not have all the necessary information for the variables under investigation (Figure1),
therefore the study was conducted on 64 patients.
Study design
At the beginning of treatment all 64 patients were tested for HCV RNA by PCR,
complete hemogram, liver function and alfafeto-protein analysis, as well as an abdominal
ultrasound to characterize hepatic structure and exclude focal lesions and also a TE
(FibroScan) measurement. Moreover, during the study several biomarkers were done
including HCV RNA by PCR at week 4, 12 and in the end of treatment (12 or 24 weeks), and
then at 12 weeks and 24 weeks after treatment; monitorization with hemogram and liver
function analysis at week 4, 8, 12 and at the end of treatment; and a TE (FibroScan)
measurement was taken 12/24 weeks after the end of treatment.
Two checkpoints were determined for analysis and comparison: the baseline
checkpoint with an TE (FibroScan) measurement and biochemical analysis with hemogram
and liver function markers; and a post 12/24 weeks after the end of treatment checkpoint
with a biochemical analysis identical to the baseline plus a TE (FibroScan) measurement.
In the baseline checkpoint, performed with 64 patients, the sensibility and specificity
of three biochemical scores (AAR, FIB-4 and APRI) were tested against the TE (FibroScan) in
its capability to evaluate the liver-stiffness extension. There were 22 patients with
significant fibrosis but not cirrhosis (F3) and 42 with cirrhosis (F4). In the after-treatment
checkpoint, which was the main objective of this study, the sensibility and specificity of the
same three biochemical scores (AAR, FIB-4 and APRI) against the TE (FibroScan) were
evaluated in its capability of predicting the regression of liver fibrosis on the SVR HCV
infected patients.
Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with DAA 9
Liver stiffness measurement
Liver stiffness was measured by Transient elastography, FibroScan, and used as gold-standard for the purpose of this study. The quality of the FibroScan as reference for liver stiffness determination and as a viable alternative to the liver biopsy has been proven in multiple studies.[11, 12, 19]
TE (FibroScan) was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Patients were investigated under fasting conditions. TE result was considered valid if three criteria were fulfilled: (a) at least 10 valid shots; (b) a success rate above 60%; and (c) an interquartile range reflecting the variability of measurements less than 30% of the median LS value. LSM less than 8.5 kPa was considered as fibrosis stage F1, less than 9.5 kPa as fibrosis stage F2, less than 12.5 kPa as stage F3, and measurements equal to or over 12.5 kPa as fibrosis stage F4 by Metavir. [20]
Biochemical scores
For this study three tests were selected for being cheap, having high applicability,
good inter-laboratory reproducibility and widespread availability: the ALT/AST ratio (AAR),
the Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) and the FIB-4 score. These
tests have been widely tested in many studies and their diagnostic accuracy for severe
fibrosis and cirrhosis, as well as its use for the follow-up of progression of liver fibrosis has
proven to be a suitable alternative for liver biopsy and TE. [13-18] AAR with 21% (0.09–0.40)
sensitivity, 77% (0.68–0.84) specificity and a diagnostic accuracy of 66%; APRI with 73%
(0.57-0.89) sensitivity, 84% (0.75-0,93) specificity and diagnostic accuracy of 72%; FIB-4 with
61% (0.38-0.74) sensitivity, 90% (0.81-0.98) specificity and diagnostic accuracy of 68%.[11]
Statistical analysis The compared variables included demographic characteristics, aspartate
creatinine, hemoglobin, platelet count, International normalized ratio of prothrombin time
of blood coagulation (INR), albumin levels and Hepatitis C Virus RNA.
Absolute frequencies and percentages were used to describe categorical variables
while continuous variables were described using medians and interquartile range. The χ2
test was used for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare
continuous variables.
The performance of each test was evaluated for the initial diagnosis of liver cirrhosis and as a tool for diagnosis of liver stiffness regression in previously cirrhotic patients. FibroScan® test was used as the reference test. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used as an estimate of the overall accuracy of each test.
All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS® version 24 (IBM Corp., Armonk,
New York, USA), using 0.05 as the level of significance.
Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with DAA 10
Results
Participants
A total of 64 patients, who were treated according to guidelines and achieved SVR,
were included in this cohort: 42 (65.6%) had cirrhosis at baseline and 22 (34.4%) had severe
fibrosis (Metavir F3). Overall 18 (29.5%) were male and 46 (70.5%) were female, and the
median age was 54 years. For more information see Figure 1. Between the two groups,
cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic, there was an age difference of plus 5 years on the cirrhotic
patients, although this was not a statistically significant difference. The proportion of male
patients was higher amongst the cirrhotic group.
Clinical characteristics
The two groups were separated according to FibroScan evaluation (F4 and F3) and
between them there is a statistically significant difference (p value < 0.05) in five of the
collected variables: AST, creatinine, platelet count, INR and albumin levels (see table 1.);
there is no statically significant difference in the HCV RNA levels between the two groups.
The difference is also reflected on the median values for the AAR, APRI and FIB-4 between
both groups, cirrhotic groups with 0.86 (0.42), 1.80 (2.38) and 3.1 (3.7), respectively; and
non-cirrhotic group with 0.68 (0.26), 0.71 (1.10) and 1.5 (1.0), respectively.
Baseline checkpoint
At baseline the score with best area under the curve (AUC) was FIB-4 with 0.784 (SE
0.058) and sensitivity and specificity, of 79% and 82%, respectively. Both the APRI and the
AAR scores showed very close results, with AUC 0.722 (SE 0.066) and 0.733 (SE 0.070)
respectively; sensitivity of 76% and 79%, respectively; and specificity of 68% for both scores.
(see table 2. and figure 2.)
Post-treatment checkpoint
After treatment the performance of the FIB-4 score, compared with the FibroScan,
resulted in AUC 0.809 (SE 0.068), 82% sensitivity and 70% specificity; and the APRI score
resulted in AUC 0.841 (SE 0.059), 64% sensitivity and 90% specificity. The score that
performed poorly was the AAR with AUC 0.627 (SE 0.089), sensitivity of 55% and specificity
of 75%. (see table 3. and figure 3.)
Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with DAA 11
Discussion
Hepatitis C, if not treated, will progress with build-up of liver fibrosis, and increasing
incidence of liver and non-liver disease related adverse manifestations, that ultimately
account for 350.000 deaths per year. [2, 21] Focusing on the liver related manifestations,
the most common are portal hypertension (esophageal varices), hepatic decompensation,
thrombosis of the hepatic and portal vein and development of HCC. [2, 21, 22] This
increased risk of liver related morbidity and mortality is highly associated with the presence
of cirrhosis, as for patients with minimal fibrosis have a low risk of development of
complications, [2] and significant progression to liver failure and death was shown to be
augmented in cirrhotic patients who fail treatment. [23]
With the new DAAs treatment SVR is achieved in over 90% of the patients, [2-4]
regardless their degree of liver fibrosis, compensated or advanced chronic liver disease. This
allowed us to treat patients who were not eligible for treatment before. The SVR state not
only indicates cure of the HCV infection but also correlates with improving of liver
parameters and clinical outcomes. [5, 6]
An observational prospective cohort study (Dolmazashvili, E., et al.) with 304 patients, in different liver-stiffness stages at baseline, was performed to evaluate the changes in the liver fibrosis, measured by FibroScan, after DAA treatment. Through this study they concluded that fibrosis can be reversed after SVR is achieved, which can explain the patients clinical improvement. However not all patients present fibrosis reversion and some may not have any changes in liver-stiffness. [24] Furthermore, the idea that DAA therapy, either through improvement of liver inflammation and fibrosis or HCV eradication, changes the clinical outcomes, even in cirrhotic patients, is represented in several studies that show a decrease of liver associated morbidity, mortality [6, 7, 9], liver adverse events and incidence of HCC, after SVR is achieved. [25-30] Although the studies for outcomes after DAA therapy only contemplate short and medium term outcomes, the improvement of clinical perspective in the long term in SVR after Interferon based therapy is well documented. [31, 32] It can be inferred that the same will happen in the future with patients who were cured with DAA therapy.
Since liver related mortality and morbidity have a great correlation with the extent of liver fibrosis, the accurate diagnosis of the liver fibrosis severity is of the most importance for a better management and surveillance. This accurate diagnosis should be performed by liver biopsy, which has many limitations namely in underdeveloped countries, and next by TE analysis (FibroScan), which also does not have widespread availability. Because of these limitations Biochemical scores gain importance in the follow-up of liver fibrosis in post-treatment patients. However, there are no studies that specifically evaluate the performance of the scores in the context of post-treatment follow-up. For this reason, the aim of this study was to test the diagnostic performance of the AAR, APRI and FIB-4 scores when evaluating the changes of liver fibrosis after SVR in HCV infected cirrhotic patients treated with DAA therapy (using as reference for cut-off values the Gokcan, H., et al. study results [16])
Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with DAA 12
At baseline, the biochemical scores were tested against the FibroScan. Our results, were compatible with most of the published bibliography, though not exhibiting such strong correlation as some of the big cohort studies [11, 13-18, 20]. All scores demonstrated good correlation with the FibroScan, with the FIB-4 being the one with the best performance (AUC: 0.784; 79% sensitivity; 82% specificity) and the APRI and AAR showing similar diagnostic power (see Table2 and Figure2).
Given the good correlation at baseline the same process was performed with the patients at the second checkpoint, 24 weeks post-treatment. Both the APRI and the FIB-4 score performed well with AUC of 0.841 and 0.809, respectively, with the difference that the FIB-4 score had higher sensitivity, with 82%, (APRI 64%) but worse specificity, with 70% (APRI 90%). These results show that the decrease in liver inflammation and fibrosis affect these biochemical scores in a similar way it affects the FibroScan, with the FIB-4 being more sensitive to small changes in liver-stiffness values and the changes in APRI scores having a closer correlation with the changes in liver-stiffness values.
However, the AAR score did not perform well in the follow-up of fibrosis reversal, as it did not achieve statistically significant diagnostic power. This may be because it is the score with fewer variables and so it is more prone to confounding.
This retrospective cohort study presented a number of limitations that increase the risk of some bias. A primary one being the restricted number of patients enrolled, due to the strictness of the inclusion criteria. And a secondary one being the high prevalence of Dyslipidemia and Alcohol consumption amongst the Portuguese population [33], which are known liver pro-inflammatory conditions that worsen the liver recovery even after SVR achievement. [34] A clearer vision on the performance of biochemical scores could possibly be attained with a greater cohort so as to stratify performance through risk and confounders groups. There is a lack of studies regarding the relation of the improvement of liver fibrosis severity and clinical outcomes either on a short or a long term, and we believe this to be an important issue to better follow cured patients and to maximize resources and budgets.
In conclusion, the FIB-4 and APRI scores have proven to be acceptable alternatives for the FibroScan to evaluate the changes in the extension of liver fibrosis in post-treatment follow up of cured patients. However, bigger studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with DAA 13
Acknowledgments
There is no such thing as a work done single-handed.
So, to be brief, a special acknowledgement to the director of the Infectious Diseases unit
from Hospital São João, Professor António Carlos Megre Eugénio Sarmento, for the support
given to the investigation.
And also, to Ana Paula Correia de Carvalho, for proof reading and grammatical correction.
Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with DAA 14
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Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with DAA 16
Figure 1. Selection fluxogram
São João Hospital monoinfected patients
with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis and
achieved SVR after treatment beginning
from 01/01/2015 to 31/06/2016.
n=97
Patients with enough data to match
every variable investigated at the
beginning of treatment
n=64
Patients with cirrhosis (F4) at beginning
of treatment
n=42
Excluded from study due to
insufficient data: n=33
• Absence of TE values on
registry: n=29
• Absence of hemogram on
checkpoint: n= 2
• Absence of liver function
analysis on checkpoint: n= 2
Excluded from after treatment
analysis: n=22
• Patients with no cirrhosis (F3)
at beginning of treatment:
n=22
Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with DAA 17
Table 1. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of all the subjects
Abbreviations: AAR – ALT/AST ratio; ALT – alanine transaminase; APRI – Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio
index; AST – aspartate transaminase; GGT – gamma-glutamyl transaminase, INR – International normalized ratio of
prothrombin time of blood coagulation
* By χ2 test.
† By Mann-Whitney U test.
Whole sample
(n=64)
Cirrhotic patients
(n=42)
Non-cirrhotic
patients
(n=22)
P value
Demographic characteristics
Age (years) median (IQR) 54 (16) 56 (17) 51 (17) 0.079†
[dataset] 5. Oguro M, Imahiro S, Saito S, Nakashizuka T. Mortality data for Japanese
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https://doi.org/10.17632/xwj98nb39r.1.
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the first 6 should be listed followed by 'et al.' For further details you are referred to
'Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts submitted to Biomedical Journals' (J Am Med
Assoc 1997;277:927–34)(see also Samples of Formatted References). Video Elsevier accepts video material and animation sequences to support and enhance your
scientific research. Authors who have video or animation files that they wish to submit
with their article are strongly encouraged to include links to these within the body of the
article. This can be done in the same way as a figure or table by referring to the video
or animation content and noting in the body text where it should be placed. All submitted
files should be properly labeled so that they directly relate to the video file's content. In
order to ensure that your video or animation material is directly usable, please provide
the file in one of our recommended file formats with a preferred maximum size of 150
MB per file, 1 GB in total. Video and animation files supplied will be published online in
the electronic version of your article in Elsevier Web products, including ScienceDirect.
Please supply 'stills' with your files: you can choose any frame from the video or
animation or make a separate image. These will be used instead of standard icons and
will personalize the link to your video data. For
more detailed instructions please visit our video instruction pages. Note: since video and
animation cannot be embedded in the print version of the journal, please provide text
for both the electronic and the print version for the portions of the article that refer to
this content.
Supplementary material Supplementary material such as applications, images and sound clips, can be published
with your article to enhance it. Submitted supplementary items are published exactly as
they are received (Excel or PowerPoint files will appear as such online). Please submit
your material together with the article and supply a concise, descriptive caption for each
Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with DAA 33
supplementary file. If you wish to make changes to supplementary material during any
stage of the process, please make sure to provide an updated file. Do not annotate any
corrections on a previous version. Please switch off the 'Track Changes' option in
Microsoft Office files as these will appear in the published version.
RESEARCH DATA This journal encourages and enables you to share data that supports your research
publication where appropriate, and enables you to interlink the data with your published
articles. Research data refers to the results of observations or experimentation that
validate research findings. To facilitate reproducibility and data reuse, this journal also
encourages you to share your software, code, models, algorithms, protocols, methods
and other useful materials related to the project.
Below are a number of ways in which you can associate data with your article or make
a statement about the availability of your data when submitting your manuscript. If you
are sharing data in one of these ways, you are encouraged to cite the data in your
manuscript and reference list. Please refer to the "References" section for more
information about data citation. For more information on depositing,
sharing and using research data and other relevant research materials, visit the research
data page.
Data linking
If you have made your research data available in a data repository, you can link your
article directly to the dataset. Elsevier collaborates with a number of repositories to link
articles on ScienceDirect with relevant repositories, giving readers access to underlying
data that gives them a better understanding of the research described.
There are different ways to link your datasets to your article. When available, you can
directly link your dataset to your article by providing the relevant information in the
submission system. For more information, visit the database linking page. For supported
data repositories a repository banner will automatically appear next to your published
article on ScienceDirect. In addition, you can link to relevant data or entities through
identifiers within the text of your manuscript, using the following format: Database: xxxx
(e.g., TAIR: AT1G01020; CCDC: 734053; PDB: 1XFN).
Mendeley Data
This journal supports Mendeley Data, enabling you to deposit any research data
(including raw and processed data, video, code, software, algorithms, protocols, and
methods) associated with your manuscript in a free-to-use, open access repository.
During the submission process, after uploading your manuscript, you will have the
opportunity to upload your relevant datasets directly to Mendeley Data. The datasets
will be listed and directly accessible to readers next to your published article online.
For more information, visit the Mendeley Data for journals page.
Data statement
To foster transparency, we encourage you to state the availability of your data in your
submission. This may be a requirement of your funding body or institution. If your data
is unavailable to access or unsuitable to post, you will have the opportunity to indicate
why during the submission process, for example by stating that the research data is
confidential. The statement will appear with your published article on ScienceDirect. For
more information, visit the Data Statement page.
Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with DAA 34
ARTICLE ENRICHMENTS
AudioSlides The journal encourages authors to create an AudioSlides presentation with their
published article. AudioSlides are brief, webinar-style presentations that are shown next
to the online article on ScienceDirect. This gives authors the opportunity to summarize
their research in their own words and to help readers understand what the paper is
about. More information and examples are available. Authors of this journal will
automatically receive an invitation e-mail to create an AudioSlides presentation after
acceptance of their paper.
Google Maps and KML files KML (Keyhole Markup Language) files (optional): You can enrich your online articles by
providing KML or KMZ files which will be visualized using Google maps. The KML or KMZ
files can be uploaded in our online submission system. KML is an XML schema for
expressing geographic annotation and visualization within Internet-based Earth
browsers. Elsevier will generate Google Maps from the submitted KML files and include
these in the article when published online. Submitted KML files will also be available for
downloading from your online article on ScienceDirect. More information.
3D molecular models You can enrich your online articles by providing 3D molecular models (optional) in PDB,
PSE or MOL/MOL2 format, which will be visualized using the interactive viewer embedded
within the article. Using the viewer, it will be possible to zoom into the model, rotate and
pan the model, and change display settings. Submitted models will also be available for
downloading from your online article on ScienceDirect. Each molecular model will have
to be uploaded to the online submission system separately, via the '3D molecular models'
submission category. More information.
AFTER ACCEPTANCE Availability of accepted article
This journal makes articles available online as soon as possible after acceptance. This
concerns the accepted article (both in HTML and PDF format), which has not yet been
copyedited, typeset or proofread. A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is allocated, thereby
making it fully citable and searchable by title, author name(s) and the full text. The
article's PDF also carries a disclaimer stating that it is an unedited article. Subsequent
production stages will simply replace this version.
Proofs One set of page proofs (as PDF files) will be sent by e-mail to the corresponding author
(if we do not have an e-mail address then paper proofs will be sent by post) or, a link
will be provided in the e-mail so that authors can download the files themselves. Elsevier
now provides authors with PDF proofs which can be annotated; for this you will need to
download the free Adobe Reader, version 9 (or higher). Instructions on how to annotate
PDF files will accompany the proofs (also given online). The exact system requirements
are given at the Adobe site.
If you do not wish to use the PDF annotations function, you may list the corrections
(including replies to the Query Form) and return them to Elsevier in an e-mail. Please
list your corrections quoting line number. If, for any reason, this is not possible, then
mark the corrections and any other comments (including replies to the Query Form) on
a printout of your proof and scan the pages and return via email.
Biochemical scores comparison with TE (fibroscan) in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with DAA 35
Please use this proof only for checking the typesetting, editing, completeness and
correctness of the text, tables and figures. Significant changes to the article as accepted
for publication will only be considered at this stage with permission from the Editor. We
will do everything possible to get your article published quickly and accurately. It is
important to ensure that all corrections are sent back to us in one communication: please
check carefully before replying, as inclusion of any subsequent corrections cannot be
guaranteed. Proofreading is solely your responsibility.
Additional information
AUTHOR INQUIRIES Visit the Elsevier Support Center to find the answers you need. Here you will find
everything from Frequently Asked Questions to ways to get in touch.
You can also check the status of your submitted article or find out when your accepted