Biochemical and transcriptomic characterization of ...

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Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School

12-2018

Biochemical and transcriptomic characterization of glycoside Biochemical and transcriptomic characterization of glycoside

hydrolases in hydrolases in Thermobia domesticaThermobia domestica and and Ctenolepisma Ctenolepisma

longicaudata longicaudata

Ratnasri Mallipeddi University of Tennessee, [email protected]

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To the Graduate Council:

I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Ratnasri Mallipeddi entitled "Biochemical and

transcriptomic characterization of glycoside hydrolases in Thermobia domestica and

Ctenolepisma longicaudata." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for

form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Entomology, Plant Pathology and

Nematology.

Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes, Major Professor

We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance:

Parwinder S. Grewal, William E. Klingeman, Margaret E. Staton

Accepted for the Council:

Dixie L. Thompson

Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School

(Original signatures are on file with official student records.)

Biochemical and transcriptomic characterization of glycoside hydrolases in Thermobia domestica and Ctenolepisma longicaudata

A Dissertation Presented for the

Doctor of Philosophy Degree

The University of Tennessee, Knoxville

Ratnasri Mallipeddi December 2018

ii

Copyright © 2018 by Ratnasri Mallipeddi and Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes. “Biochemical and transcriptomic characterization of glycoside hydrolases in Thermobia domestica and

Ctenolepisma longicaudata.”

All rights reserved.

iii

Dedication

This dissertation is dedicated to all that have supported me:

My husband and Daughter: Satyendra and Riya Pothula

My in-laws: Sesharatnam and Satyanarayana Murthy Pothula

My Mom: Ammaji Mallipeddi

My Brothers-in-law, his wife and their son: Subhash, Viharika and Yuvan Pothula

My Brothers and their Wives: Hareen, Hemanth Mallipeddi and and their wives

My Professors and Friends:

Dr. Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes, Dr. Parwinder S. Grewal, Dr. William E. Klingeman,

Dr. Brian R. Johnson, Dr. Margaret E. Staton, Dr. Gary Phillips, Dr. Heba Abdelgaffar, Robert

J. Pivar, Sunny, Claire, James and LaVerne Phillips, Jagadish Cherukuri, Samatha, Srikanth

and Shanthi Earpina, Bakkareddy, Sarala, Manaswini, Gyandeep and Manasa Kankanala.

iv

Acknowledgements

I am greatly indebted to Dr. Brian Johnson for his guidance and support on

bioinformatic analyses. I would like to thank Dr. Ernest C. Bernard for helping with the

microscopy images and Dr. Liesel Schneider for advising on statistical analyses. I

appreciate Dr. Heba Abdelgaffar for helping with histology technique and Matthew Huff for

helping with bioinformatic analyses. This project was funded by grant number 1456662

from the Division of Integrative Organismal Systems of the National Science Foundation

(NSF).

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Abstract

The digestive system of phytophagous insects is considered a relevant prospecting

resource for identification of novel cellulolytic enzymes that may improve industrial

processes of cellulose degradation. While much is known from insect models of cellulose

digestion, such as termites and roaches (Blattodea), there is a dearth of information on

insects belonging to basal hexapod groups. As part of a screening effort to identify insects

with highly active cellulolytic systems, we detected species of Zygentoma as displaying the

highest relative cellulolytic activity levels compared to all other tested insect orders,

including Blattodea. The goals of the present study were to provide a morphohistological

and biochemical characterization of the digestive system of Zygentoma, to annotate and

screen for plant cell wall degrading enzyme (PCWDE) genes present in Thermobia

domestica and Ctenolepisma longicaudata genomes, and to study their differential

expression depending on diets with varying degree of cellulosic content.

Morphohistological characterization supported no relevant differences in the digestive

tube of T. domestica and C. longicaudata. Quantitative and qualitative cellulase assays

identified the foregut as the region with the highest cellulolytic activity in both the tested

insects, yet T. domestica was found to have higher endoglucanase, xylanase and pectinase

activities compared to C. longicaudata. Annotation of predicted coding sequences from

genomes of T. domestica and C. longicaudata reported numerous genes encoding for

endoglucanases, glucosidases, β-1,3-glucanases, maltases, amylases, mannosidases,

glucuronidases and lytic polysaccharide monoxygenases (LPMOs). Differential gene

expression analysis of both species revealed that cellulase gene expression is primarily

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driven by type of tissue rather than diet. However, within each tissue of T. domestica and C.

longicaudata, a higher number of PCWDEs and LPMOs were significantly up-regulated in

paper, the most highly cellulosic diet, compared to all other tested diets. The annotation of

coding sequences and differentially expressed PCWDE genes revealed highest identity to

insect homologs, which suggests the potential conservation of PCWDEs through evolution

and an ancient origin for cellulases in insects. These findings advance our understanding of

cellulose digestion in a basal hexapod group and the identification of novel cellulolytic

enzymes with potential application in the biofuel industry.

vii

Table of contents

Chapter 1: General introduction………………………………………………………………………………………1

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………...2

List of references………………………………………………………………………………………………….6

Chapter 2: The digestive system in Zygentoma as a model for high cellulase activity...............9

Abstract…………………............................................……………………………………………….………….10

Introduction………………………….….………………………………………………………………………...11

Materials and methods………………………………….………………………………………………….…13

Insects…………..……………………………………………………………………………….……….13

Gut morphology and histology..…………………………………………………………….…14

Preparation of samples for biochemical tests...……………………………….…..….…14

Zymography……………………………………………………………..…………………………….15

Quantification of cellulase, xylanase and pectinase activities.……….………..….16

Results…………….………………………………………………………………………………..…….….…….18

High cellulase activity and gut morphology in Zygentoma………………………...18

Qualitative and quantitative location of cellulolytic activity in the digestive

system of T. domestica and C. longicaudata…………………………………..….............19

Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………………..…………....20

List of references………………………………………………………………………………………...….....25

Appendix 2.………………………………………………………………………………………..……………..31

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Chapter 3: Annotation of plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) among coding

sequences from genomes of Thermobia domestica and Ctenolepisma

longicaudata...............................................................................................................................................36

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……37

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………38

Materials and Methods……………………………………………………………………………………….40

Insect rearing………………………………………………………………………………………….40

Genome assembly and annotation……………………………………………………………41

Results…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..42

T. domestica annotation………………………………………………………………………...…42

PCWDEs in T. domestica………………………………………………………………..………....42

C. longicaudata annotation…………………………………………………………......………..43

PCWDEs in C. longicaudata………………………………………………………………………44

Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………………………….45

List of references……………………………………………………………………………………………..…49

Appendix 3.………….……………………………………………………………………………..……………..55

Chapter 4: Differential expression of cellulose degrading enzyme genes in Thermobia

domestica and Ctenolepisma longicaudata in response to diets of different cellulosic

content…………………………………………………………………………………………………………....321

Abstract…………………............................................……………………………………………….……..…322

Introduction………………………….….………………………………………………………………………323

Materials and methods………………………………….…………………………………………………..326

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Insect rearing.……………………………………………………………………………….………326

Diet treatments……………………...……………………………………………………………..326

Dissections, RNA extraction and sequencing.....……………………………….…..….327

Differential gene expression analysis…..……………………..………………………….327

Annotation…………………………………………………………………………...………………328

Results…………….………………………………………………………………………………..…….….…..329

de novo transcriptome assemblies of T. domestica and C. longicaudata……329

Differential cellulase gene expression analysis in T. domestica.……..…..........329

Annotation of differentially expressed PCWDE genes in T. domestica..…….331

Differential cellulase gene expression analysis in C. longicaudata…………....331

Annotation of differentially expressed PCWDE genes in C. longicaudata….334

Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………………………335

List of references………………………………………………………………………………………...…..340

Appendix 4.………………………………………………………………………………………..…………...346

Chapter 5: General conclusions …………………………………………………………………………………..384

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………….385

Vita…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….390

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List of tables

Table 3.1 Endoglucanases in Thermobia domestica: Coding sequences in T. domestica

genome encoding for endoglucanases and their blast description………………………...56

Table 3.2 Glucosidases in Thermobia domestica: Coding sequences in T. domestica genome

encoding for glucosidases and their blast description…………………………………………..77

Table 3.3 β-1,3-glucanases in Thermobia domestica: Coding sequences in T. domestica

genome encoding for β-1,3-glucanases and their blast description…………………….…94

Table 3.4 Mannanases in Thermobia domestica: Coding sequences in T. domestica genome

encoding for mannanases and their blast description…………………………………………..96

Table 3.5 Glucuronidases in Thermobia domestica: Coding sequences in T. domestica

genome encoding for glucuronidases and their blast description……………………..…123

Table 3.6 Maltases in Thermobia domestica: Coding sequences in T. domestica genome

encoding for maltases and their blast description………………………………………………133

Table 3.7 Amylases in Thermobia domestica: Coding sequences in T. domestica genome

encoding for amylases and their blast description…………………………………………..…142

Table 3.8 Galactosidases in Thermobia domestica: Coding sequences in T. domestica genome

encoding for galactosidases and their blast description…………………………………...…147

Table 3.9 Myrosinases in Thermobia domestica: Coding sequences in T. domestica genome

encoding for mirosinases and their blast description…………………………………………153

Table 3.10 Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) in Thermobia domestica: Coding

sequences in T. domestica genome encoding for LPMOs and their blast

description………………………………………………………………………………………………………164

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Table 3.11 Endoglucanases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Coding sequences in C.

longicaudata genome encoding for endoglucanases and their blast description…..174

Table 3.12 Glucosidases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Coding sequences in C. longicaudata

genome encoding for glucosidases and their blast description……………………………187

Table 3.13 β-1,3-glucanases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Coding sequences in C.

longicaudata genome encoding for β-1,3-glucanases and their blast description…213

Table 3.14 Mannanases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Coding sequences in C. longicaudata

genome encoding for mannanases and their blast description……………………………217

Table 3.15 Glucuronidases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Coding sequences in C.

longicaudata genome encoding for glucuronidases and their blast description…...250

Table 3.16 Maltases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Coding sequences in C. longicaudata

genome encoding for maltases and their blast description…………………………………257

Table 3.17 Amylases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Coding sequences in C. longicaudata

genome encoding for amylases and their blast description………………………………..265

Table 3.18 Galactosidases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Coding sequences in C.

longicaudata genome encoding for galactosidases and their blast description……269

Table 3.19 Xylanases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Coding sequences in C. longicaudata

genome encoding for xylanases and their blast description……………………………..…279

Table 3.20 Myrosinases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Coding sequences in C. longicaudata

genome encoding for myrosinases and their blast description……………………………280

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Table 3.21 Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) in Ctenolepisma longicaudata:

Coding sequences in C. longicaudata genome encoding for LPMOs and their blast

description……………………………………………………………………………………………………....296

Table 3.22. Number of predicted endogenously produced endoglucanases, β-glucosidases

and β-glucuronidases in genomes of insects (highlighted indicates our work). Data

on Cryptocercus punctulatus and Reticulitermes flavipes were collected from

dentical protein groups database of NCBI………………………………………………………….309

Table 4.1 Effect of diet on plant cell wall degrading enzyme (PCWDE) gene expression in

foregut tissue of Thermobia domestica………………..………………………………………..……347

Table 4.2 Effect of diet on lytic polysaccharide monoxygenase (LPMO) gene expression in

foregut tissue of Thermobia domestica…………………………..……………………..…………....349


rest of the body sample of Thermobia domestica….…………………………………………….351


rest of the body sample of Thermobia domestica…….………………………………………….354


foregut tissue of Ctenolepisma longicaudata…………………………………………..…………..355


foregut tissue of Ctenolepisma longicaudata………………………………………………………357


rest of the body sample of Ctenolepisma longicaudata…….………………………...………..358

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rest of the body sample of Ctenolepisma longicaudata.……………………………..…...……363

Table 4.9 Differentially expressed plant cell wall degrading enzyme (PCWDE) genes in

Thermobia domestica and their top-blast hit..……………………………………...…………..…365

Table 4.10 Differentially expressed plant cell wall degrading enzyme (PCWDE) genes in

Ctenolepisma longicaudata and their top-blast hit………………………………………...……369

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List of figures

Figure 2.1 Structural comparison of the digestive tract in firebrat (Thermobia domestica) and

silverfish (Ctenolepisma longicaudata), and relative CMCase activity in Zygentoma

compared to other insect orders. ……………………………………………………..………………….32

Figure 2.2 Histology of the digestive system regions in Ctenolepisma longicaudata…………...33

Figure 2.3 Detection of cellulolytic activity in digestive fluids of Thermobia domestica and

Ctenolepisma longicaudata………………………………………………………………………………….34

Figure 2.4 Quantification of plant cell wall degrading enzyme activities in the fluids derived

from head and foregut tissues of Ctenolepisma longicaudata and Thermobia

domestica……………………………………………………………………..…………………………………….35

Figure 3.1 Annotation of Thermobia domestica coding sequences…………………………………..311

Figure 3.2 Top-hit species distribution for Thermobia domestica……………………………………312

Figure 3.3 Enzyme Code distribution in Thermobia domestica……………………………………..…313

Figure 3.4 Enzyme Code distribution of hydrolases in Thermobia domestica…………………...314

Figure 3.5 Glycoside hydrolases (GH) and lytic polysaccharide monoxygenases (LPMOs) in

Thermobia domestica………………………………………………………………………………………..315

Figure 3.6 Annotation of Ctenolepisma longicaudata coding sequences…………………………..316

Figure 3.7 Top-hit species distribution for Ctenolepisma longicaudata……………………………317

Figure 3.8 Enzyme Code distribution in Ctenolepisma longicaudata……………………………..…318

Figure 3.9 Enzyme Code distribution of hydrolases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata………...…319

Figure 3.10 Glycoside hydrolases (GH) and lytic polysaccharide monoxygenases (LPMOs) in

Ctenolepisma longicaudata……………………………………………………………………………..…320

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Figure 4.1 Heatmap of expression of all differentially expressed PCWDE genes in Thermobia

domestica……………………………………………………………………………………….………………...378

Figure 4.2 Heatmap of expression of all differentially expressed PCWDE genes in

Ctenolepisma longicaudata…………….………………………………………………………………….379

Figure 4.3 Overall effect of tissue (PC1) and condition (diet, PC2) on gene expression of lytic

polysaccharide monoxygenases (LPMOs) in Thermobia domestica…………………..…..380

Figure 4.4 Differential expression of all lytic polysaccharide momoxygenases (LPMOs) in

Thermobia domestica………………………………………………………………………………………..381

Figure 4.5 Overall effect of tissue (PC1) and condition (diet, PC2) on gene expression of lytic

polysaccharide monoxygenases (LPMOs) in Ctenolepisma longicaudata………………382

Figure 4.6 Differential expression of all lytic polysaccharide momoxygenases (LPMOs) in

Ctenolepisma longicaudata……………………………………………………………………………..…383

1

Chapter 1

General introduction

2

Introduction

The feeding preferences of an organism are reflected in the digestive enzymes

produced in its gut. For instance, organisms feeding on fungal cell walls and arthropods

express chitinases to degrade chitin; organisms feeding on fungal cell contents express

trehalases to digest sugars; and omnivorous feeders express a complex of enzymes to

digest different substrates. Similarly, organisms feeding on plant materials, algae, paper

and other cellulose-rich materials produce a complex of plant cell wall degrading enzymes

(PCWDEs) (Calderón-Cortés et al., 2012; Watanabe and Tokuda, 2010).

Photosynthetic organisms such as plants, algae and few species of bacteria are

producing more than 1011 tons of organic matter annually by fixing CO2. More than half of

this organic matter is made up of a linear polymer of D-glucopyranosyl units linked by β-

1,4 linkages, cellulose (Leschine, 1995). Additionally, cellulose is widely present in

municipal, paper and wood waste (Li et al., 2009). Therefore, cellulose is the most available

and renewable energy source on earth.

Cellulose is degraded to glucose monomers by the combined action of three types of

enzymes, based on their mode of action and substrate specificities. Endoglucanases (EC

3.2.1.4) cut at random internal points in cellulose chains, while exoglucanases (EC 3.2.1.91)

cleave at the non-reducing ends releasing cellobiose units that are digested to glucose by β-

glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.21) (Watanabe and Tokuda, 2010). Apart from cellulases, PCWDEs

include hemicellulases and pectinases. Hemicellulases and pectinases digest hemicellulose

and pectin polysaccharides, respectively, which are interlocked with cellulose fibers in the

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plant cell wall (Gilbert, 2010). The potential of cellulases in degrading cellulose as the most

available and renewable energy resource on earth motivated the exploration to identify

highly efficient cellulases in a variety of organisms.

Initially, it was believed that only microorganisms could produce cellulases,

therefore cellulolytic research was confined to bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms

(Tomme et al., 1995). Later, cellulolytic activity was found for the first time in animals in

the land snail, Helix pomatia (Biedermann and Moritz, 1898). Since then, cellulolytic

activity has been found in many wood feeding insects, especially termites and cockroaches.

In the early years of cellulolytic research, cellulose digestion in termites was believed to

merely occur by virtue of protozoans that lived in their hindgut (Cleveland, 1924). Later,

higher termites lacking protozoans were also found to digest cellulose, yet this ability was

misattributed to the resident bacteria in their hindgut (Martin, 1991). Substantial evidence

has been reported supporting the acquisition of cellulases by termites and other wood

feeding insects from symbiotic fungi (Abo-Khatwa, 1978; Martin and Martin, 1978;

Rouland et al., 1991, 1988). Based on this growing body of evidence it was generalized that

the acquisition of cellulase genes was probably common in insects (Martin, 1991).

However, in 1998 termites were proved to produce cellulases endogenously (Watanabe et

al., 1998). Subsequently, endogenous insect cellulases were reported from different insect

orders including Blattodea, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Phthiraptera, Hemiptera, Phasmida,

Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera (Calderón-Cortés et al., 2012; Chatterjee et al.,

2015; Fischer et al., 2013; Watanabe and Tokuda, 2010).

4

Although research to identify cellulases in hexapods started in the 1900s, much of

the characterization of these cellulolytic systems was confined to a few groups such as

Isoptera, Blattodea, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera, probably due to the availability of

sequenced genomes and other metagenomic resources (Davison and Blaxter, 2005;

Watanabe and Tokuda, 2010). Insects belonging to 16 taxonomic orders were reported to

have endogenous production of one or more PCWDE genes (Calderón-Cortés et al., 2012).

However, molecular evidence confirming the presence of PCWDE genes including

endoglucanases belonging to glycoside hydrolase family (GH) 9 and 45 , β-glucosidases of

GH 5, hemicellulases such as xyloglucanases of GH 5 and GH 11, β-1,3-glucanases of GH 16

and pectinases of GH 28, has only been obtained from insects belonging to 8 taxonomic

orders (Calderón-Cortés et al., 2012). In contrast, cellulolytic systems in other insect orders

that contain species specialized to feed on plant material and highly cellulosic materials are

understudied, especially primitive hexapods (Terry and Whiting, 2005). In this regard, we

identified species of Zygentoma as displaying the highest relative cellulolytic activity levels

compared to all other tested insect orders (Oppert et al., 2010 and Chapter 2). Many

species of Zygentoma, including Ctenolepisma longicaudata, Lepisma saccharina, Thermobia

domestica and Acrotelsa collaris (Laibach, 1952; Lindsay, 1940; Modder, 1975; Sahrhage,

1953) were reported to feed on paper and other cellulose-rich substrates. Degraded

cellulose fibers and avicel were microscopically observed in the guts of C. longicaudata and

T. domestica, respectively (Lindsay, 1940; Sabbadin et al., 2018). Gut fluids of Zygentoma

were characterized as including endoglucanase, β-glucosidase, amylase, maltase, sucrase

and lactase activities (Lasker and Giese, 1956; Zinkler and Götze, 1987). Although five

5

fungal and four bacterial species were found in the gut of T. domestica, only the fungus

Mycotypha microspore displayed cellulolytic activity (Woodbury and Gries, 2013a).

However, axenic C. lineata and defaunated T. domestica supported endogenous cellulase

production, suggesting the existence of endogenous cellulases (Lasker and Giese, 1956;

Treves and Martin, 1994). In fact, T. domestica can digest cellulose in a symbiont-

independent manner, but needs the aid of microbes in accessing cellulosic substrates

(Woodbury and Gries, 2013b). More recently, Sabbadin et al (2018) investigated the

digestive proteome of T. domestica and identified carbohydrate degrading enzymes

including lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), which weaken cellulose fibers

making them more accessible to cellulose degradation. Even though members of

Zygentoma were found to have diverse cellulolytic activities for efficient cellulose digestion

(Lasker and Giese, 1956; Zinkler and Götze, 1987), molecular evidence confirming

endogenous production of these cellulases is still lacking.

The goals of the present study were to provide a morphohistological

characterization of digestive system, biochemical characterization of highly active cellulase

enzymes in digestive fluids, to annotate and screen for PCWDEs genes present in T.

domestica and C. longicaudata genomes and to study their differential expression in foregut

and rest of the body samples when T. domestica and C. longicaudata were fed on four diets

with varying degree of cellulosic content.

6

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Biedermann, W., Moritz, P., 1898. Beitr¨age zur vergeleichenden Physiologie der Verdauung. II. Uver ein cellulosel ¨ odendes Enzyme im Leversecret der Schnecke (Helix pomatia). Pfludg Arch Gem 73, 219–287.

Calderón-Cortés, N., Quesada, M., Watanabe, H., Cano-Camacho, H., Oyama, K., 2012. Endogenous Plant Cell Wall Digestion: A Key Mechanism in Insect Evolution. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 43, 45–71. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110411-160312

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Fischer, R., Ostafe, R., Twyman, R.M., 2013. Cellulases from Insects, in: Vilcinskas, A. (Ed.), Yellow Biotechnology II: Insect Biotechnology in Plant Protection and Industry, Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2013_206

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Lindsay, E., 1940. The Biology of the Silverfish, Ctenolepisma longicaudata Esch. with particular Reference to its feeding Habits. Proc. R. Soc. Vic. 52.

Martin, M.M., 1991. The evolution of cellulose digestion in insects. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 333, 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1991.0078

Martin, M.M., Martin, J.S., 1978. Cellulose Digestion in the Midgut of the Fungus-Growing Termite Macrotermes natalensis: The Role of Acquired Digestive Enzymes. Science 199, 1453–1455. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.199.4336.1453

Modder, W.W.D., 1975. Feeding and growth of Acrotelsa collaris (Fabricius) (Thysanura, Lepismatidae) on different types of paper. J. Stored Prod. Res. 11, 71–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(75)90042-9

Oppert, C., Klingeman, W.E., Willis, J.D., Oppert, B., Jurat-Fuentes, J.L., 2010. Prospecting for cellulolytic activity in insect digestive fluids. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 155, 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.10.014

Rouland, C., Civas, A., Renoux, J., Petek, F., 1988. Purification and properties of cellulases from the termite Macrotermes mülleri (termitidae, macrotermitinae) and its symbiotic fungus termitomyces sp. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part B Comp. Biochem. 91, 449–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(88)90004-1

Rouland, C., Lenoir, F., Lepage, M., 1991. The role of the symbiotic fungus in the digestive metabolism of several species of fungus-growing termites. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Physiol. 99, 657–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(91)90146-4

Sabbadin, F., Hemsworth, G.R., Ciano, L., Henrissat, B., Dupree, P., Tryfona, T., Marques, R.D.S., Sweeney, S.T., Besser, K., Elias, L., Pesante, G., Li, Y., Dowle, A.A., Bates, R., Gomez, L.D., Simister, R., Davies, G.J., Walton, P.H., Bruce, N.C., McQueen-Mason, S.J., 2018. An ancient family of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases with roles in arthropod development and biomass digestion. Nat. Commun. 9, 756. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03142-x

Sahrhage, D., 1953. Okologische Untersuchengen an Thermobia domestica (Packard) und Lepisma saccharina L. Z Wiss Zool 157, 77–168.

Terry, M.D., Whiting, M.F., 2005. Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects. Cladistics 21, 240–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00062.x

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Tomme, P., Warren, R.A.J., Gilkes, N.R., 1995. Cellulose Hydrolysis by Bacteria and Fungi, in: Poole, R.K. (Ed.), Advances in Microbial Physiology. Academic Press, pp. 1–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2911(08)60143-5

Treves, D.S., Martin, M.M., 1994. Cellulose digestion in primitive hexapods: Effect of ingested antibiotics on gut microbial populations and gut cellulase levels in the firebrat,Thermobia domestica (Zygentoma, Lepismatidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 20, 2003–2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02066239

Watanabe, H., Noda, H., Tokuda, G., Lo, N., 1998. A cellulase gene of termite origin. Nat. Lond. 394, 330–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/28527

Watanabe, H., Tokuda, G., 2010. Cellulolytic Systems in Insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 55, 609–632. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085319

Woodbury, N., Gries, G., 2013a. Firebrats, Thermobia domestica, aggregate in response to the microbes Enterobacter cloacae and Mycotypha microspora. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 147, 154–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.12054

Woodbury, N., Gries, G., 2013b. How Firebrats (Thysanura: Lepismatidae) Detect and Nutritionally Benefit From Their Microbial Symbionts Enterobacter cloacae and Mycotypha microspora. Environ. Entomol. 42, 860–867. https://doi.org/10.1603/EN13104

Zinkler, D., Götze, M., 1987. Cellulose digestion by the firebrat Thermobia domestica. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part B Comp. Biochem. 88, 661–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(87)90360-9

9

Chapter 2

The digestive system in Zygentoma as a model for high cellulase activity

10

Ratnasri Pothula; O. P. Perera, William E. Klingeman; Heba M. Y. Abd-Elgaffar; Brian R.

Johnson and Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes

My contributions included: (1) planning and performing experiments, (2) data collection

and analysis, (3) writing the manuscript and making figures. O. P. Perera helped with 2 and

3, Brian R. Johnson assisted with 3, William E. Klingeman provided insects and assisted

with 3, Heba M. Y. Abd-Elgaffar helped with histology and Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes assisted

with 1, 2 and 3.

Abstract

The digestive system of phytophagous insects is expected to include novel

cellulolytic enzymes that may improve industrial cellulose degradation. While much

research has been performed on model insects such as termites and roaches, there is

dearth of information on cellulolytic systems in insects belonging to basal hexapod groups.

As part of a screening effort to identify insects with highly active cellulolytic systems, we

detected species of Zygentoma as displaying the highest relative cellulolytic activity levels

compared to all other tested insect orders including Blattodea. The goal of the present

study was to provide a morphohistological characterization of cellulose digestion and to

identify highly active cellulase enzymes in digestive fluids in two species of Zygentoma, the

firebrat (Thermobia domestica) and the gray silverfish (Ctenolepisma longicaudata).

Morphohistological characterization supported no relevant differences in the digestive

tube of T. domestica and C. longicaudata. Quantitative and qualitative cellulase assays

identified the foregut as the region with the highest cellulolytic activity in both the tested

insects, yet T. domestica was found to have higher endoglucanase, xylanase and pectinase

11

activities compared to C. longicaudata. In summary, we identify that the firebrat is a

member of zygentoma displaying highest relative cellulolytic activity compared to other

insect orders including model insects for cellulolytic research. Additionally, digestive fluids

of firebrat displayed higher cellulase, xylanase and pectinase activities, which are

necessary for efficient plant cell wall degradation. These findings advance our

understanding of cellulose digestion in a basal hexapod group and identify novel

cellulolytic enzymes with potential application in industrial cellulose digestion.

Introduction

The digestive system of phytophagous insects is considered a relevant prospecting

resource for identification of new cellulolytic enzymes to improve cellulose degradation to

glucose, a step accounting for >40% of production costs of ethanol biofuel from plant

biomass (Zhu et al., 2009; Bekmuradov et al., 2014). Cellulose is a linear polymer of D-

glucopyranosyl units linked by β-1,4 linkages that is degraded to glucose subunits by the

combined action of three types of enzymes, based on their mode of action and substrate

specificities. Endoglucanases (EC 3.2.1.4) cut at random internal points in cellulose chains,

while exoglucanases (EC 3.2.1.91) cleave at the non-reducing ends releasing cellobiose

units that are digested to glucose by β-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.21) (Watanabe and Tokuda,

2010). Although research on cellulolytic systems in insects was initially confined to

symbiotic microorganisms (Cleveland, 1924), in the last decade insect endogenous plant

cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) have been described in Isoptera, Blattaria,

Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Pthiraptera, Hemiptera, Phasmatodea, Lepidoptera, Diptera and

Hymenoptera (Watanabe and Tokuda, 2010, Calderón-Cortés et al., 2012, Fischer et al.,

12

2013, and Chatterjee et al., 2015). Much of the research on insect cellulolytic enzymes has

concentrated on Isoptera, Blattodea, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera, probably due to

the availability of sequenced genomes and other metagenomic resources (Davison and

Blaxter, 2005; Watanabe and Tokuda, 2010). In contrast, cellulolytic systems in other

insect orders that contain species specialized to feed on plant material are understudied

(Terry and Whiting, 2005). As part of a screening effort to identify insects with highly

active cellulolytic systems (Oppert et al., 2010), we detected species of Zygentoma as

displaying the highest relative cellulolytic activity levels compared to all other tested insect

orders.

Members of Zygentoma are known to feed and digest highly cellulosic materials

such as paper, cardboard, flour and insulation (Berger 1945 and Sahrhage 1953).

Description of the digestive system in Ctenolepisma campbelli and Lepisma saccharinum

supported similarities with Orthoptera, including slightly longer than body length,

differentiated into foregut, midgut and hindgut, and presence of a muscular proventriculus

with sclerotized teeth like structures (Barnhart, 1961). Production of endogenous

cellulases was previously reported in Ctenolepisma lineata and the firebrat, Thermobia

domestica (Lasker and Giese 1956; Zinkler and Götze 1987; Treves and Martin 1994).

Additionally, the crop was characterized as displaying the highest cellulolytic activity

compared to other digestive regions in T. domestica (Zinkler and Götze, 1987). More

recently, Sabbadin et al (2018) investigated the digestive proteome of T. domestica and

identified carbohydrate degrading enzymes including lytic polysaccharide

13

monooxygenases (LPMOs), which weaken cellulose fibers making them more accessible to

cellulose degradation.

The goal of the present study was to provide a morphohistological and biochemical

characterization of cellulose digestion in Zygentoma. Initial characterization supported no

relevant morphological differences in the digestive tube of the firebrat (T. domestica) and

the gray silverfish (Ctenolepisma longicaudata). Quantitative and qualitative cellulase

assays identified the foregut as the region with the highest cellulolytic activity and T.

domestica as displaying higher endoglucanase, xylanase and pectinase activities compared

to C. longicaudata. These findings advance our understanding of cellulose digestion in a

basal hexapod group and the identification of novel cellulolytic enzymes with potential

application in industrial cellulose digestion.

Materials and methods

Insects

Adult silverfish (Ctenolepisma longicaudata) and firebrat (Thermobia domestica)

were used for different objectives in this study. Nymphs and adults of C. longicaudata were

hand-collected using lid-less plastic dishes (15 cm) (Pioneer Plastics Inc., Dixon, KY) baited

with whole-grain oat flakes (Quick 1-minute Oats, Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, IL) or swept

into collection containers using a 3” long, soft-bristle make-up brush in buildings and

reared in the laboratory at room temperature on rolled oats, paper, and dry dog food

(Pedigree adult complete nutrition, Mars, Inc., Mount Olive, NJ) as protein source. An

established culture of T. domestica was generously provided by Patrick Stanley and Eric

Snell (Snell Scientific, LLC, Meansville, GA) from a colony derived from a culture at the

14

Department of Entomology at Ohio State University (Columbus, OH). This colony has been

maintained at 340C in a dark incubator in the Department of Entomology and Plant

Pathology at the University of Tennessee for >8 years using printer paper and NatureWise

chick starter grower feed (Nutrena, Minneapolis, MN) as carbohydrate and protein source,

respectively.

Gut morphology and histology

For gut morphological studies, adult C. longicaudata and T. domestica were

anesthetized for 10 min at 40C and dissected under a Zeiss Stemi 2000-C stereo microscope

(Carl Zeiss Microscopy, LLC, Thornwood, NY). The gut was carefully dissected from the rest

of the body and images were taken with a Canon DS126311 camera (Canon, Ota, Tokyo,

Japan) mounted on the stereo microscope. Adult C. longicaudata and T. domestica for

histological studies were sacrificed by incubation at -20°C for ten minutes and then fixed in

Carnoy’s (60% ethanol, 30% chloroform, and 10% glacial acetic acid) for four hours at 40C.

After fixing, whole insects were transferred to 70% ethyl alcohol and sent to the

Biomedical and Diagnostic Services, at the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary

Medicine (Knoxville, TN) for sectioning and staining with hematoxylin and eosin.

Histological sections were examined and documented using an Olympus BX63F upright

microscope (Olympus Corporation, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan).

Preparation of samples for biochemical tests

Adult C. longicaudata and T. domestica were starved individually in Petri dishes for

five days, and then fed with high cellulosic standard 92 multipurpose printing paper

(Georgia-Pacific, Atlanta, GA, USA) or control (bovine serum albumin) diets and allowed to

15

feed for five days under culture conditions. A piece of 1% agar was provided and changed

every other day as a water source. On the 11th day, anesthesia and dissections were carried

out on ice. The digestive tract along with the head were separated from the rest of the

body, and the gut was further divided into the foregut, midgut and hindgut regions using a

sterile scalpel. The head was separated from the foregut, and the midgut region was

identified from the origin of gastric caeca to the origin of Malpighian tubules, which was

considered as the start for the hindgut region. Tissues pooled from six individual insects

were placed in microfuge tubes containing 100 µl of sterile water and homogenized with

disposable pellet pestles, vortexed briefly and then centrifuged at 21,000 x g for 3 min at

room temperature. The supernatant was collected into microfuge tubes and stored at -800C

until used.

Zymography

Cellulolytic activity in tissues of C. longicaudata and T. domestica was tested using

zymography on SDS-12%PAGE gels containing 0.2% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as

substrate (Willis et al., 2010). The sample fluids were allowed to thaw on ice and protein

concentrations were estimated using the Protein Quantification kit in a Qubit fluorometer

(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Samples (100 µg) were mixed with an equal volume of 2X

sample buffer (50 mM Tris–HCl, pH 6.8, 2% SDS, 10% glycerol, 1% β-mercaptoethanol,

0.01% bromophenol blue) and the mixture was heated at 720C for 15 min to partially

denature proteins. Commercial cellulase from Aspergillus niger (Tokyo Chemical Industry

Co., Ltd., Portland, OR) was used as positive control. Samples were resolved by

electrophoresis at 100 V until the dye reached the bottom of the gel and the gels were

16

washed in 50 ml of 0.1 M Sodium succinate buffer (pH 5.8) containing 10 mM Dithiothreitol

(DTT) for five washes of 30 min with constant shaking. Gels were then incubated in 0.1 M

Sodium succinate buffer (pH 5.8) with no DTT for 30 min at 600C and then stained with

0.1% of Congo red (Acros Organics, Waltham, MA) for 10 min. Gels were destained by

incubating in 50 ml of 1 M NaCl until the cellulolytic activity bands were clearly visible as

clear bands on a red background. Glacial acetic acid (100 µl) was added to shift the

background gel color to dark-purple for more clear observation of activity bands. Gel

images were taken with a Versadoc 1000 Imager (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA).

Quantification of cellulolytic, xylanase and pectinase activities

Quantitative activity against carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in gut fluids of diverse

insects (shown in Fig. 2.1A) was determined as described in Oppert et al. (2010). Assays

with gut fluids from C. longicaudata were performed concomitantly but were not originally

included in Oppert et al (2010). In the present study, the protein content in dissected head

and foregut samples was quantified using the Protein Quantification kit in a Qubit

fluorometer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Cellulose degrading activity in head and foregut

tissues of C. longicaudata and T. domestica was quantified using a cellulase assay kit

(Megazyme, Ireland) to quantify endoglucanase activity against 4-nitrophenyl-β-D-

cellopentaoside (BPNPG5) as substrate, 4-nitrophenyl β-D-cellobioside (pNPC) (Sigma-

Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) as substrate for β-glucosidase, 4-nitrophenyl β-D-xylopyranoside

(pNPX) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) as substrate to quantify xylanase activity, and pectin

from citrus peel (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) to measure pectinase activity.

17

Briefly, β-glucosidase and xylanase activities were measured in samples (20 µl

containing 10 µg of protein) mixed with 130 µl of 10 mM substrate in 50 mM sodium

acetate buffer (pH 5.0), and incubated at 500C for 30 min. To a 50 µl aliquot of reaction

mixture, 50 µl of 2 M Na2CO3 was added to stop the reaction and absorbance was measured

at 405 nm in a Synergy HT microplate reader (BioTek, Winooski, VT) using the Gen5

software (v. 2.0, BioTek, Winooski, VT). A 4-nitrophenol standard curve (0-1 mM) was used

to quantify specific activity and background activity was corrected by subtracting final

values from initial values. Specific activity was expressed in U/mg of protein, with 1 U

defined as the amount of enzyme resulting in production of 1 µmol of 4-nitrophenol per

min at pH 5.0 and 500C.

Endoglucanase activity was measured in samples (5 µg of protein in 25 µl) mixed

with 50 µl of substrate and incubated at 400C for 10 min. Reactions were terminated by

adding alkaline solution (125 µl of Tris buffer solution pH 9.0) and absorbance was

measured at 405 nm as above. Activity was calculated according to the Mega-Calc method

from the manufacturer (https://secure.megazyme.com/Cellulose-Assay-Kit-CELLG5-

Method).

Pectinase activity was determined in samples (10 µg of protein in 20 µl) mixed with

15 µl of 1% pectin and 115 µl of 50 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0). The mixture was

incubated at 500C for 1 h, and then 50 µl of 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) reagent was

added and absorbance measured at 540 nm as above. The specific activity was calculated

using a glucose standard curve (0-20 mM) and background activity was corrected by

subtracting final values from initial values. Specific activity was expressed in U/mg of

18

protein, with 1 U defined as the amount of enzyme resulting in production of 1 µmol of

glucose per min at pH 5.0 and 500C.

All activity assays were carried out using at least three biological and three technical

replicates. The statistical design for each activity assay was a completely randomized

design with a 2x2x2 factorial. Statistical analyses were performed through SAS (SAS

Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) using a mixed model analysis of variance. Prior to analysis, data

that failed to pass the Shapiro-Wilk normality test were log transformed. Least square

means were separated using Tukey’s option and significant differences were considered at

P < 0.05.

Results

High cellulase activity and gut morphology and histology in Zygentoma

As a part of a quantitative prospecting effort to identify insects with high cellulolytic

activity (Oppert et al., 2010), we detected species in Zygentoma as having the highest

relative cellulolytic (endoglucanase, CMCase) activity among all taxonomic orders tested

(Fig. 2.1A).

The digestive systems of two species of Zygentoma, T. domestica and C. longicaudata

had similar morphology and histology, although the digestive tube in C. longicaudata was

longer and larger than in T. domestica (Fig. 2.1B). Consequently, we focused on C.

longicaudata for further characterization of the digestive tube due to its relatively bigger

size. This digestive tube was longer than the insect body length and could be divided into

foregut, midgut and hindgut regions. The foregut was the largest part of the digestive

system and included an enlarged crop extending throughout the thoracic region and

19

making up half of the digestive tube (Fig. 2.1C). It was observed in most dissections that

among the three gut compartments, the food bolus was always found in the crop.

Histological observations of the crop wall in C. longicaudata identified a monolayer

of epidermal cells supported by circular muscle cells (Fig. 2.2 A). The crop opened

posteriorly into the proventriculus, which was highly muscular and had six sclerotized

teeth-like structures (Fig. 2.2 B). The midgut was the second longest part of digestive

system and appeared as a simple tube-like structure with gastric caecae at the anterior

region. The midgut wall was characterized by the presence of a single layer of columnar

cells with apical brush border membrane, and nidi of stem cells appeared interspersed in

the epithelium (Fig. 2.2 C). The connection between midgut and hindgut was traced by the

presence of Malpighian tubules, which were numerous in number and longer than the

insect body length (Fig. 2.1 B). The hindgut was also short and simple tube-like structure

with a monolayer of epidermal cells and ended in rectal pads (Fig. 2.2 D).

Qualitative and quantitative detection of cellulolytic activity in the digestive system

of T. domestica and C. longicaudata

Zymograms of T. domestica gut fluids had more and brighter bands of activity

against CMC compared to C. longicaudata (Fig. 2.3). When comparing among gut regions,

higher cellulolytic activity was found in samples from the head and foregut compared to

midgut and hindgut tissues (Fig. 2.3). Consequently, head and foregut tissues were selected

for quantitative enzymatic assays for plant cell wall degrading enzyme (PCWDE) activities.

Activities tested quantitatively included endoglucanase, β-glucosidase, xylanase and

pectinase in digestive fluids obtained from head and foregut samples of both T. domestica

20

and C. longicaudata (Fig. 2.4). As observed in the qualitative zymograms, digestive fluids

from both head and foregut tissues of T. domestica had significantly higher endoglucanase

activity compared to C. longicaudata (P < 0.05). Within T. domestica, the digestive fluids

from the foregut had significantly higher endoglucanase activity than fluids from head

tissue (P < 0.05), while significant differences were not observed between samples from

foregut and head tissues of C. longicaudata (Fig 2.4 A). Both T. domestica and C.

longicaudata had no β-glucosidase activity in head fluids, however similar levels of β-

glucosidase activity were found in the digestive fluids from foregut tissues of both species

(Fig 2.4 B). Xylanase activity was significantly higher (about six-fold, P < 0.05) in the

foregut fluids of T. domestica compared to C. longicaudata, and very small levels of xylanase

activity were detected in head fluids from both insects (Fig. 2.4 C). Pectinase activity was

absent from C. longicaudata and present in both head and foregut tissues of T. domestica

(Fig. 2.4 D). Feeding both insects on a protein-rich (BSA) or a cellulose-rich (paper) diet did

not result in significant differences in any of the tested enzyme activities (P > 0.05) (Fig.

2.4).

Discussion

Members of Zygentoma displayed significantly higher (>4-fold) cellulase activity

compared to species in taxonomic orders traditionally considered as insect models for

cellulase research, such as Coleoptera, Blattodea and Isoptera. Zygentoma is a basal

hexapod group known to feed on highly lignocellulosic substrates (Berger, 1945) and to

produce endogenous cellulases (Lasker and Giese, 1956; Zinkler and Götze, 1987; Treves

and Martin, 1994). Recently, T. domestica has been identified to endogenously produce lytic

21

polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) in addition to carbohydrate degrading enzymes

(Sabbadin et al., 2018), which may explain the relatively highest cellulolytic activity in this

group.

Although both T. domestica and C. longicaudata belong to Zygentoma and have

similar digestive system morphology, we detected significant differences in cellulose

activity between these species. Within a species, we also detected significant differences

among fluids from different digestive regions in their ability to degrade different plant cell

wall substrates. Nevertheless, in both the insect species the highest levels of enzymatic

activity against the tested substrates were detected for digestive fluids from foregut

compared to any other tissue in the digestive system. This observation is also supported by

previous reports documenting higher endoglucanase and β-glucosidase activities in the

foregut compared to other gut tissues in T. domestica (Zinkler and Gotze, 1987) and

Acrotelsa collaris (Modder, 1964). In addition, cellulose fibers were reported to be digested

in the crop of C. longicaudata (Lindsay, 1940). Localization of the main cellulolytic activity

(endoglucanase, CMCase) to the foregut has also been reported in other arthropod groups,

such as millipedes (Chicobulus sp.), desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) and a longhorn

beetle (Hylotrupes bajules) (Cazemier et al., 1997). In contrast, Lasker and Giese (1956)

reported no cellulolytic activity in the fluids from the crop of Ctenolepisma lineata.

Interestingly, in our histological sections the gut secretory columnar cells were only found

in the midgut epithelium and were absent from the foregut. Recently, expression of LPMOs

was localized to salivary glands, crop and midgut tissues of T. domestica, with relatively

higher expression in the midgut tissue (Sabbadin et al., 2018). All these observations may

22

suggest that both LPMOs and cellulases may be produced in the midgut and foregut (crop),

although it is also possible that in some insects the enzymes may be secreted from midgut

cells but flow towards the foregut (Terra, 1990; Terra and Ferreira, 1994). Taken together,

the current evidence supports that the foregut is the most important tissue for plant cell

wall digestion in Zygentoma.

Diverse PCWDEs, including cellulases such as endoglucanases and β-glucosidases;

and hemicellulases like xylanases, were found in the digestive fluids of both T. domestica

and C. longicaudata. In addition, T. domestica displayed pectinase activity, which indicates

that T. domestica has all the necessary plant cell wall degrading enzymes to digest complex

cellulolytic substrates. Comparatively, T. domestica had significantly higher levels of

endoglucanase, xylanase and pectinase activities, which suggests a more efficient and

complex cellulolytic system compared to C. longicaudata.

Feeding T. domestica and C. longicaudata a cellulose-rich diet did not result in

increased production of cellulases, which suggests that cellulase production in these

insects is not driven by diet. Similar results were reported from a gut proteome analysis of

T. domestica fed on different cellulosic substrates, which did not alter production of

carbohydrate digesting enzymes but increased abundance of LPMOs when fed on

crystalline cellulose (Sabbadin et al., 2018). Consequently, it is plausible that in Zygentoma

the production of cellulases remains constant while the production of LPMOs could be

driven by the content of cellulose in the diet.

Identification of proteins in chromatographic fractions with CMCase activity in gut

fluids of T. domestica (Pothula et al, submitted) revealed the presence of endoglucanases

23

with similarity to enzymes from termites, beetles, and the herbivorous crustacean Daphnia

pulex. Firebrat was reported to associate with five fungal species (Mycotypha microspore,

Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus niger and two species of Penicillium) and four bacterial

species (Enterobacter cloacae, Bacillus sps., Micrococcus sps., and Klebsiella sps.) (Woodbury

and Gries, 2013a). However, firebrats exhibit aggregation behavior only in the presence of

Enterobacter cloacae and Mycotypha microspore due to the presence of D-glucose

(Woodbury and Gries, 2013a). Of these two microbes, only the fungus Mycotypha

microspore was able to degrade cellulose into glucose and the bacterium Enterobacter

cloacae had D-glucose as a constituent of thick polysaccharide surface coating (Woodbury

and Gries, 2013b). However, feeding firebrats with antibiotics resulted in significant

reduction of gut microbial load but did not alter the cellulolytic activity of gut fluids (Treves

and Martin, 1994). These results suggest that firebrats can digest cellulose in a symbiont-

independent manner, but may need the aid of microbes in accessing cellulosic substrates.

Accordingly, most of the identified proteins with CMCase activity in firebrat gut fluids were

matched to insect genes (Pothula et al, submitted) indicating the endogenous origin of

cellulases. Exceptions to this observation included two glucan endo-1,6-beta-glucosidases

matching to Haloplasma contractile and Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2, which probably aid in

cellulose digestion in firebrats but further research is needed to confirm their role.

Overall, our work suggests that members of Zygentoma express a repertoire of

PCWDEs, including cellulases, xylanases and pectinases. Digestive fluids of T. domestica

appeared significantly more active than in C. longicaudata, in both insects the highest levels

of digestion were detected in the foregut. Considering the results in this work and the

24

dearth of information on Zygentoma, we propose the need for further research to learn

more on the evolution of PCWDE in these insects and test their capacity in prospecting for

new enzymes for use in production of industrial cellulose digestion.

25

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Appendix 2

32

Figure 2.1. Relative CMCase activity in Zygentoma compared to other insect orders and structural comparison of the digestive tract in firebrat (Thermobia domestica) and silverfish (Ctenolepisma longicaudata). A) Activity (U/mg) of gut digestive fluids against CMC substrate in the most active samples from species of Zygentoma (C. longicaudata), and representative species from Orthoptera (Conocephalus strictus), Lepidoptera (Halysidota tessellaris), Blattodea (formerly Isoptera): Rhinotermitidae (Reticulitermes flavipes), Hymenoptera (Neodiprion lecontei), Diptera (Monarthropalpus flavus), Dermaptera (Forficula auricularia), Coleoptera (Scolytinae spp.) and Blattodea (formerly Blattaria): Cryptocercidae (Cryptocercus spp.). Shown are the average activity and corresponding standard error from at least three biological replicates performed in triplicate for each species. All activity assay experiments were concurrent, but all activities except for the Zygentoma sample were taken from Oppert et al. (2010). B) Dissected digestive tracts of firebrat (top) and silverfish (bottom). Note the relatively larger size of the tract in silverfish compared to firebrat. C) Morphological parts of the digestive tract of firebrat. FG, foregut; MG, midgut; HG, hindgut; GC, gastric caecae; MT, Malpighian tubules.

33

Figure 2.2. Histology of the digestive system regions in Ctenolepisma longicaudata. A) Longitudinal section of the crop showing the monolayer of epidermal cells and the underlying circular muscle cells. B) Longitudinal section of proventriculus. C) Longitudinal section of midgut showing peritrophic membrane, columnar cells lined with brush border membrane and intermitted by a group of nidi cells at the bottom. D) Longitudinal section of hindgut wall showing the monolayer of epidermal cells. All sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain. GC, gut cavity; CM, circular muscle cells; PTM, peritrophic matrix; CC, columnar cells; BBM, brush border membrane.

34

Figure 2.3. Detection of cellulolytic activity in digestive fluids of Thermobia domestica and Ctenolepisma longicaudata. Zymograms with 0.2% carboxymethyl cellulose were used to detect the cellulolytic (CMCase) activity in head, foregut, midgut and hindgut tissues of T. domestica (left) and C. longicaudata (right). Numbers indicate pre-stained protein molecular marker; +ve, commercial cellulase used as positive control; H, head; FG, foregut; MG, midgut; HG, hindgut.

35

Figure 2.4. Quantification of plant cell wall degrading enzyme activities in the fluids derived from head and foregut tissues of Ctenolepisma longicaudata and Thermobia domestica. Fluids from head and foregut (FG) tissues of C. longicaudata and T. domestica fed on protein (BSA) or paper diet (see Materials and Methods) were used in assays to detect A) endoglucanase activity against 4-nitrophenyl-β-D-cellopentaoside (BPNPG5), B) β-glucosidase activity against 4-nitrophenyl β-D-cellobioside (pNPC), C) xylanase activity against 4-nitrophenyl β-D-xylpyranoside (pNPX), and D) pectinase activity against pectin from citrus peel. Shown are the means and corresponding standard errors calculated from three biological and three technical replicates. Different letters above the bars indicate significant differences in the mean activity (P < 0.05). Units of specific enzyme activity are per mg of protein in all the graphs except in graph A) where it is expressed per g of protein. One unit of enzyme activity was defined as the amount of enzyme required to release 1 µmol of 4-nitrophenol from the respective substrate in all the graphs except in D), where it is 1 µmol of glucose.

36

Chapter 3

Annotation of plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) among coding sequences

from genomes of Thermobia domestica and Ctenolepisma longicaudata

37

Pothula, R.; Johnson, B.R.; Klingeman, W.E. and J.L. Jurat-Fuentes. (2018).


and analysis, (3) writing the manuscript and making figures. Brian R. Johnson assisted with

2, William E. Klingeman provided insects and Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes assisted with (1 and

2).

Abstract

In the last decade, insects have emerged as a prospecting resource for new plant cell

wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) given their endogenous production of cellulases,

hemicellulases and pectinases. Although insects belonging to 16 taxonomic orders have

been reported to have endogenous production of one or more of PCWDEs, molecular

evidence has confirmed the presence of PCWDEs in insects from only eight taxonomic

orders. We have identified members of Zygentoma as having the highest relative

cellulolytic activity against carboxymethylcellulose compared to other insect groups,

including termites and cockroaches. Consequently, in the present work our goal was to find

PCWDEs genes present in the Thermobia domestica and Ctenolepisma longicaudata

genomes. Annotation of predicted coding sequences from genomes of T. domestica and C.

longicaudata reported numerous genes encoding for endoglucanases, glucosidases, β-1,3-

glucanases, maltases, amylases, mannosidases, glucuronidases and lytic polysaccharide

monoxygenases (LPMOs), which may help explain the relatively high cellulolytic activity

displayed by these compared to other insects. Additionally, except LPMOs, the majority of

the coding sequences encoding for different glycoside hydrolases were most similar to

38

Blattodea, which indicates the conservation of PCWDE genes through evolution in insects.

Our study contributes to enhance the availability of annotated genetic information on

insect PCWDEs in general, and especially in a primitive insect group.

Introduction

Plant cell walls are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin. Cellulose

is considered the most available renewable energy source on earth (Lynd et al., 1991).

Many organisms, including insects, are able to feed and digest plant material to obtain

energy. In the last decade, insects have emerged as a prospecting resource for new plant

cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDs) given their endogenous production of cellulases,

hemicellulases and pectinases (Calderón-Cortés et al., 2012; Watanabe and Tokuda, 2010).

Cellulases are a group of glycosyl hydrolase enzymes that aid in complete digestion

of cellulose to glucose, which in biorefineries can be fermented by yeast to generate

bioethanol. This group of enzymes includes endoglucanases, which cleave the cellulose

chain internally at random locations, exoglucanases that cleave the cellulose chain from the

ends releasing two molecules of glucose (cellobiose) and β-glucosidases, which degrade

cellobiose to glucose subunits (Watanabe and Tokuda, 2010). Hemicellulases and

pectinases are involved in the breakdown of hemicellulose and pectin polysaccharides,

respectively, which are interlocked with cellulose in plant material (Gilbert, 2010).

Insects belonging to 16 taxonomic orders have been reported to have endogenous

production of one or more of PCWDEs (Calderón-Cortés et al., 2012). However, molecular

evidence has confirmed the presence and characterized PCWDEs from species in only eight

taxonomic orders. These characterized enzymes include endoglucanases belonging to

39

glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 9 and 45, β-glucosidases of GH 5, hemicellulases such as

xyloglucanases of GH 5 and GH 11, β-1,3-glucanases of GH 16, and pectinases of GHF 28

(Calderón-Cortés et al., 2012). Therefore, there is still a dearth of molecular data for the

identification of endogenous cellulases in insects, especially from basal hexapod groups.

We have recently identified members of Zygentoma as having the highest relative

cellulolytic activity against carboxymethylcellulose compared to termites and cockroaches

(Chapter 2).

Zygentoma is a basal hexapod group, with members feeding on highly cellulosic

materials such as starch, paper and cardboard (Berger, 1945; Sahrhage, 1953). A

defaunation study on Ctenolepisma lineata and Thermobia domestica supported

endogenous production of cellulases in these species (Lasker and Giese, 1956; Treves and

Martin, 1994). Biochemical evidence indicates that digestive fluids, especially from the

foregut of T. domestica, contain endoglucanase, β-glucosidase, xylanase, pectinase, amylase,

maltase, sucrase and lactase activities (Zinkler and Götze, 1987; Chapter 2). In addition to

cellulases, investigation of the digestive proteome of T. domestica revealed the production

of lytic polysaccharide monoxygenases (LPMOs), which are predicted to soften the

cellulose fibers and make them more tractable to cellulases (Sabbadin et al., 2018). Even

though the firebrat (T. domestica) and the silverfish (Ctenolepisma longicaudata) have

similar gut morphohistology, T. domestica displayed higher cellulolytic activity than C.

longicaudata (Chapter 2). Consequently, in the present work our goal was to find

endogenous PCWDE genes in the genome and confirm their expression from

transcriptomes of T. domestica and C. longicaudata. Our analyses revealed that both T.

40

domestica and C. longicaudata contain and express numerous genes encoding for

endoglucanases, glucosidases, β-1,3-glucanases, maltases, amylases, mannosidases,

glucuronidases and LPMOs, which may help explain the relatively high cellulolytic activity

displayed by these compared to other insects. Interestingly, pectinases were not found in

both species and only three contigs containing xylanase genes were found in C.

longicaudata. Except LPMOs, the majority of the contig sequences with genes encoding for

different glycoside hydrolases had highest sequence similarity to Blattodea, which

indicates conservation of PCWDE genes in insects through evolution. Our study contributes

to enhance the availability of annotated genetic information on insect PCWDEs in general,

especially in a primitive insect group.

Materials and Methods

Insect rearing


were used to prepare the genetic materials used for sequencing of genomes used in this

study. Several batches of nymphs and adults of C. longicaudata were hand-collected by

sweeping into collection containers with a 3” long soft bristled brush or collected into lid-

less plastic dishes (Pioneer Plastics Inc., Dixon, KY) baited with whole-grain oat flakes

(Quick 1-minute Oats, Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, IL) in buildings and reared in the

laboratory on rolled oats, paper and Pedigree adult complete nutrition dry dog food (Mars,

Inc., Mount Olive, NJ), at room temperature. An established T. domestica colony which was

originally derived from the culture being maintained at the Department of Entomology at

Ohio State University (Columbus, OH) was kindly provided by Patrick Stanley and Eric Snell

41

(Snell Scientific, LLC, Meansville, GA). This T. domestica colony had been maintained in the

laboratory for > 8 years at the Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology at the

University of Tennessee on printing paper as a carbohydrate resource and NatureWise

chick starter grower feed (Nutrena, Minneapolis, MN) as protein source in a dark incubator

set at 340C.

Genome assembly and annotation

The draft genome of T. domestica was sequenced and assembled as described

elsewhere (Brand et al., 2018). The genome of C. longicaudata was assembled by following

the same bioinformatics pipeline as that of T. domestica (B. Johnson, unpublished). Since

annotated genomes of Zygentoma members or closely related insects were not available, all

the predicted coding sequences from each genome file were pooled into a Fasta file and

annotated using Blast2GO (https://www.blast2go.com/) against the NCBI translated

nucleotide, nr (arthropoda) database by setting the expected E value to 0.001. Sequences

were also annotated using Interproscan in Blast2GO and then merged with the blast

annotations. Blast, project and enzyme code statistics of the annotated coding sequences of

T. domestica and C. longicaudata were generated using Blast2GO. Annotated coding

sequences of T. domestica and C. longicaudata were manually screened to identify PCWDEs

and LPMOs. Transcriptomes of T. domestica and C. longicaudata were blasted against

resulted coding sequences of PCWDEs and LPMOs to find the expressed PCWDE and LPMO

genes with an expected E value set at 10-6.

https://www.blast2go.com/

42

Results

T. domestica annotation

The genome of T. domestica had 159,864 coding sequences, of which only 17%

(27,751) had Blast2Go annotations, 32% (50,359) had gene ontology (GO) mapping, 20%

(32,716) had BLAST hits and 31% (32,716) returned no BLAST hits (Fig. 3.1). The majority

of BLAST hits were to homologs from insects and other arthropods. The species with the

highest number and similarity of matching coding sequences was Cryptotermes secundus

(Fig. 3.2).

PCWDEs in T. domestica

Based on the enzyme codes assigned by Blast2GO, approximately 3,300 coding

sequences were hydrolases and 700 sequences were oxidoreductases, which include

LPMOs (Fig. 3.3). Among the 3,300 hydrolases, only approximately 240 sequences were

identified as glycosylases (Fig. 3.4). Interestingly, in T. domestica, 501 predicted coding

sequences encoded enzymes belonging to diverse glycoside hydrolase families involved in

cellulose digestion. Among them, endoglucanases were dominant with 85 genes encoding

predicted endoglucanases belonging to GH 9 (Fig. 3.5). Other enzymes identified included

α-glucosidases of GH 31 (32 sequences), β-glucosidases of GH 1 (19 sequences), β-1,3-

glucanases of GH 55 (9 sequences), β-galactosidases of GH 1 (21 sequences), α-

mannosidases of GH 31 (73 sequences), β-mannosidases of GH 5 (26 sequences), β-

glucuronidase of GH 2 (39 sequences), maltase, maltase-glucoamylase (36 sequences) and

sucrase-isomaltase (3 sequences) of GH 31, amylases of GH 13 (24 sequences), and

myrosinase of GH 1 (56 sequences). Along with these hydrolases, 59 predicted coding

43

sequences matched to LPMOs of auxillary activity family 15, and 88 sequences matched to

chitinases of GH 18 (Fig. 3.5). Among 501 predicted coding sequences from the genome,

393 were expressed in the transcriptome of T. domestica. Majority of the expressed genes

included mannosidases (71) followed by endoglucanases (62), chitinases (60), myrosinases

(39), LPMOs (32), glucosidases (31), β-glucuronidase (29), maltases (23), amylases (19),

galactosidases (13) and β-1,3-glucanases (5).

Except for LPMOs which matched to genes in T. domestica, all the sequences

encoding for different PCWDEs were most similar to homologs in other insects and ono-

insect arthropods. Most of the endoglucanases (51), glucosidases (35), β-1,3-glucanases

(5), mannosidases (29), and maltases (20) matched with highest identity to enzymes from

members of Blattodea, which includes termites and cockroaches (Table 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and

3.6). On the other hand, the majority of amylases (10) matched to Hymenoptera (Table 3.7)

and most of the myrosinases (18) were most similar to Lepidoptera (Table 3.9). The

majority of glucuronidases and galactosidases were most similar to enzymes in other

arthropods excluding insects (Table 3.5 and 3.8). All but nine LPMOs, were most similar to

other arthropod members and to a coleopteran, Anoplophora glabripennis (Table 3.10).

C. longicaudata annotation

The genome of C. longicaudata had 171,652 coding sequences, which is 6.9% more,

and a higher percentage of coding sequences (30%=52,254) had Blast2GO annotations

compared to T. domestica. However, only 20% of the predicted coding sequences had GO

mapping and 18% had BLAST hits, which were lower compared to T. domestica. About 27%

of coding sequences did not have any blast hits (Fig. 3.6). Similarly to T. domestica, the

44

majority of sequences in C. longicaudata had homologs in insects from other orders and

other arthropods, with most of the sequences having highest identity to sequences from

Cryptotermes secundus (Fig. 3.7).

PCWDEs in C. longicaudata

Similarly to T. domestica, the enzyme code statistics of C. longicaudata also revealed

that the majority of coding sequences (approximately 4,000) were encoding proteins that

belong to hydrolases followed by transferases (approximately 1,600) and oxidoreductases

(approximately 800) enzyme groups (Fig. 3.8). However, among all hydrolases, only 240

coding sequences were found matching to glycosylases (Fig. 3.9). A total of 580 coding

sequences were found in C. longicaudata encoding for enzymes belonging to diverse

glycoside hydrolase families, among which chitinases of GH 18 (108 coding sequences)

were dominant (Fig. 3.10). Other hydrolases included α-mannosidases of GH 31 (75 coding

sequences) and β-mannosidases of GH 1 (32 coding sequences), myrosinases of GH 1 (96

coding sequences), glucosidases including α-glucosidases of GH 31 (50 coding sequences)

and β-glucosidases (22 coding sequences) of GH 1, endoglucanases of GH 9 (69 coding

sequences), maltases of GH 31 (33 coding sequences), β-glucuronidases of GH 2 (30 coding

sequences), β-galactosidases of GH 1 (26 coding sequences), amylases of GH 13 (23 coding

sequences), β-1,3-glucanases of GH 55 (16 coding sequences) and endo-1,4-beta-xylanases

of GH 10 (3 coding sequences) (Fig. 3.10). Out of 580 predicted coding sequences from the

genome, 517 were expressed in the transcriptome of C. longicaudata. The majority of the

expressed genes included chitinases (89), followed by mannosidases (87), endoglucanases

(62), myrosinases (60), glucosidases (56), LPMOs (50), maltases (29), β-glucuronidase

45

(24), galactosidases (22), amylases (20), β-1,3-glucanases (15) and endo-1,4-beta-

xylanases (3).

Among oxidoreductases found in C. longicaudata 67 genes encoded for LPMOs (Fig.

3.10). Similar to T. domestica, the majority of LPMOs (55) in C. longicaudata closely

matched to T. domestica genes, with the remaining (12) coding sequences being most

similar to Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and other arthropods (Table 3.21). Except LPMOs, all

other coding sequences encoding for diverse glycoside hydrolases were most closely

matched to enzymes from other insects and arthropods members outside of Zygentoma.

The majority of endoglucanases, mannosidases, glucosidases, amylases, galactosidases,

myrosinases and glucuronidases were most closely matched to enzymes from termites and

cockroaches (Blattodea) (Table 3.11, 3.12, 3.14, 3.15, 3.17, 3.18 and 3.20). On the other

hand, the majority of β-1,3-glucanases and maltases were most similar to Blattodea and

non-insect arthropods (Table 3.13 and 3.16). Only three xylanases were found in C.

londicauadata, two of which matched to non-isect arthropods and one matched to a

hemipteran (Table 3.19).

Discussion

In our previous work (Chapter 2), we found that members of Zygentoma, especially

T. domestica, display highest relative cellulolytic activity compared to other insects,

including termites. In the present work, we present the annotation and identification of

PCWDEs from the genome of T. domestica and C. longicaudata as representative members

of Zygentoma. Annotation of all coding sequences for both T. domestica and C. longicaudata

revealed that about 1/3 of coding sequences in both species did not yield any blast hits,

46

which indicates the dearth of genetic information on primitive insect groups. Additionally,

most of the sequences encoding for PCWDEs had highest identity to genes in Blattodea

(termites and cockroaches), which suggests the conservation of genes encoding PCWDEs

through evolution.

Both T. domestica and C. longicaudata had numerous coding sequences encoding for

diverse glycoside hydrolases. However, T. domestica had 85 sequences encoding for

endoglucanases (Table 3.1) while C. longicaudata had 69 (Table 3.11), which may explain

the higher endoglucanase activity reported in T. domestica compared to C. longicaudata

(Chapter 2). On the other hand, genomes of both species yielded nearly equal number of β-

glucosidase genes (Table 3.2 and 3.12), which was reflected in similar enzyme activity

levels (Chapter 2).

In contrast to cellulases, xylanases are rarely described as endogenously produced

in insects (Calderón-Cortés et al., 2012). In agreement with this observation, only C.

longicaudata had three sequences matching to xylanases, while T. domestica had no coding

sequences encoding for xylanases. However, it is possible that hemicellulose could be

digested in these insects by other enzymes, such as mannanases, α-glucuronidases,

endoglucanases and β-1,3-glucanases, which were present in both species (Calderón-

Cortés et al., 2012). Similarly, pectinases, which are not commonly found in insects, were

absent from T. domestica and C. longicaudata. One possibility to explain the lack of

pectinases may be that they may be produced by microorganisms present in the gut fluids.

In addition to cellulases, several enzymes involved in digestion of starch and other

polysaccharides, such as maltases, amylases, and mannosidases, were found in both

47

species. The highest number of sequences among these enzyme groups was found for

myrosinases, which play an important role in plant defense against herbivores (Husebye et

al., 2005). Myrosinases have also been reported from aphids and the crystal structure of a

myrosinase from Brevicoryne brassicae revealed its highest similarity with β-glucosidase

(Bones and Rossiter, 1996; Husebye et al., 2005). In our analysis, although the sequence

descriptions matched to myrosinases, in most instances the corresponding blast-hit

description identified the sequence as a β-glucosidase (Table 3.9 and 3.20).

Both T. domestica and C. longicaudata were found to encode LPMOs, with 59 and 67

sequences identified, respectively. In comparison, a previous study on the digestive

proteome and transcriptome of T. domestica was able to identify and annotate 21 LPMO

genes (Sabbadin et al., 2018). Moreover, in our study we found 9 and 12 coding sequences

of T. domestica and C. longicaudata, respectively, matching to LPMOs in other insect orders

and to other arthropod groups, which probably indicates the depth of our genome

coverage.

Overall, the genomes of T. domestica and C. longicaudata yielded a diverse array of

PCWDEs, which indicate their ability to breakdown and digest cellulose completely. The

presence of a high number of endoglucanases and β-glucosidases in both insect species

could explain their relatively higher cellulolytic activity compared to other insect groups

(Table 3.22). Although most of the PCWDE encoding sequences had highest identity to

genes from Blattodea, numerous sequences from all enzyme classes matched to other

arthropod groups including primitive collembola as well as highly and recently evolved

insects such as hymenopterans. The extent of PCWDE homology within Inecta and other

48

arthropod groups may suggest the evolution of cellulases in insects from a common

ancestor rather than through horizontal transfer from microbes. This work contributes to

increase the availability of insect glycosyl hydrolase annotated sequences in general, and

especially for a primitive insect group.

49

List of references











50











51












52












53












54



55

Appendix 3

56

Table 3.1. Endoglucanases in Thermobia domestica: Coding sequences in T. domestica genome encoding for endoglucanases and their blast description.

Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length Hit desc. Order Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00057401-RA

endoglucanase E-4-like 468

gi|985388348|ref|XP_015378728.1|PREDICTED: endoglucanase E-4-like [Diuraphis noxia]

Hemiptera

XP_015378728

4.22E-21

83.01887

90.1225 53 44

Th_d_00113252-RA



Hemiptera

XP_015378728

1.43E-25 67.5

99.3673 80 54

Th_d_00036852-RA

Endoglucanase E-4 612

gi|695189911|gb|AIT11911.1|endo-beta-1,4-glucanase [Parasesarma erythrodactyla] Crustacea

AIT11911

1.32E-15

68.57143

80.4925 70 48

Th_d_00085723-RA

endoglucanase 15-like 390

gi|805808256|ref|XP_012146513.1|PREDICTED: endoglucanase 15-like [Megachile rotundata]gi|805808259|ref|XP_012146514.1|PREDICTED: endoglucanase 15-like [Megachile rotundata]

Hymenoptera

XP_012146513, XP_012146514

1.66E-22

90.56604

97.4413 53 48

57

Table 3.1. Continued.

Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00090601-RA


gi|1000740642|ref|XP_015592927.1|PREDICTED: endoglucanase E-4-like [Cephus cinctus]gi|1000740644|ref|XP_015592928.1|PREDICTED: endoglucanase E-4-like [Cephus cinctus]gi|1000740646|ref|XP_015592929.1|PREDICTED: endoglucanase E-4-like [Cephus cinctus]

Hymenoptera

XP_015592927, XP_015592928, XP_015592929

8.06E-59

70.2381

196.823 168 118

Th_d_00118343-RA



Hemiptera

XP_015378728

1.02E-23

78.68852

93.9745 61 48

Th_d_00004757-RA


gi|646689408|gb|KDR06579.1|Endoglucanase 1 [Zootermopsis nevadensis] Blattodea

KDR06579

3.23E-44

78.81356

148.288 118 93

Th_d_00004759-RA


gi|197691951|dbj|BAG70027.1|endo-beta-1,4-glucanase, partial [Salganea esakii] Blattodea

BAG70027

5.19E-18

73.01587

83.5741 63 46

58


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00004756-RA


gi|1080053219|ref|XP_018568194.1|uncharacterized protein LOC108908596 isoform X1 [Anoplophora glabripennis]gi|1080053221|ref|XP_018568195.1|uncharacterized protein LOC108908596 isoform X1 [Anoplophora glabripennis]gi|1325348753|ref|XP_023310346.1|uncharacterized protein LOC108908596 isoform X2 [Anoplophora glabripennis]

Coleoptera

XP_018568194, XP_018568195, XP_023310346

1.31E-19

86.79245

93.5893 53 46

Th_d_00029458-RA

Endoglucanase F 569

gi|646711640|gb|KDR16731.1|Endoglucanase F [Zootermopsis nevadensis] Blattodea

KDR16731

2.2E-47

76.2963

166.777 135 103

Th_d_00029459-RA

Endoglucanase E-4 precursor, putative 432


KDR16731

1.6E-31

90.47619

122.479 63 57

59


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00089623-RA



KDR16731

8.97E-33

91.80328

124.02 61 56

Th_d_00089451-RA


gi|1061478177|gb|ODM95820.1|Endoglucanase E-4 [Orchesella cincta]

Collembola

ODM95820

1.71E-17

76.27119

81.2629 59 45

Th_d_00078629-RA


gi|1330895262|gb|PNF24409.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G09674, partial [Cryptotermes secundus] Blattodea

PNF24409

6.72E-12

94.87179

72.0182 39 37

60


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00041503-RA

AChain A, The Structure Of Endoglucanase From Termite, Nasutitermes Takasagoensis, At Ph 2.5.

1160

gi|28373491|pdb|1KS8|AChain A, The Structure Of Endoglucanase From Termite, Nasutitermes Takasagoensis, At Ph 2.5.gi|28373492|pdb|1KSC|AChain A, The Structure Of Endoglucanase From Termite, Nasutitermes Takasagoensis, At Ph 5.6.gi|28373493|pdb|1KSD|AChain A, The Structure Of Endoglucanase From Termite, Nasutitermes Takasagoensis, At Ph 6.5. Blattodea

1KS8_A, 1KSC_A, 1KSD_A

5.6E-143

73.5376

418.698 359 264

61


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00068682-RA

endoglucanase E-4-like

1007

gi|1339056265|ref|XP_023716596.1|uncharacterized protein LOC111869358 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1339056267|ref|XP_023716597.1|uncharacterized protein LOC111869358 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330895261|gb|PNF24408.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G09674 [Cryptotermes secundus] Blattodea

XP_023716596, XP_023716597, PNF24408

1.9E-121

90.55794

362.844 233 211

Th_d_00000353-RA

Endoglucanase A

1836

gi|1339087696|ref|XP_023704929.1|uncharacterized protein LOC111863126 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330920323|gb|PNF36365.1|Endoglucanase A [Cryptotermes secundus] Blattodea

XP_023704929, PNF36365

3.77E-95

67.09677

304.679 310 208

Th_d_00000350-RA


gi|769842984|ref|XP_011632703.1|PREDICTED: endoglucanase 15-like [Pogonomyrmex barbatus]gi|769842986|ref|XP_011632704.1|PREDICTED: endoglucanase 15-like [Pogonomyrmex barbatus]

Hymenoptera

XP_011632703, XP_011632704

4.89E-22

67.94872

94.3597 78 53

62


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00000354-RA



Hemiptera

XP_015378728

5.16E-21

70.37037

94.7449 81 57

Th_d_00121658-RA

Endoglucanase A 267

gi|1078570861|gb|AOV94255.1|cellulase [Antipaluria urichi]

Embioptera

AOV94255

6.75E-09

84.375

56.9954 32 27

Th_d_00107645-RA


gi|1325291025|ref|XP_023329807.1|uncharacterized protein LOC111702374 isoform X2 [Eurytemora affinis] Crustacea

XP_023329807

1.34E-39

72.80702

135.191 114 83

Th_d_00096060-RA


gi|952540008|gb|KRT85487.1|hypothetical protein AMK59_2656 [Oryctes borbonicus]

Coleoptera

KRT85487

6.43E-26

71.54472

104.76 123 88

Th_d_00023147-RA


gi|44885844|dbj|BAD12011.1|putative endo-beta-1,4-glucanase NtEG2, partial [Nasutitermes takasagoensis] Blattodea

BAD12011

2.1E-36

72.35772

139.043 123 89

63


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00113210-RA


gi|805808256|ref|XP_012146513.1|PREDICTED: endoglucanase 15-like [Megachile rotundata]gi|805808259|ref|XP_012146514.1|PREDICTED: endoglucanase 15-like [Megachile rotundata]

Hymenoptera

XP_012146513, XP_012146514

4.29E-22

88.46154

93.5893 52 46

Th_d_00045439-RA


gi|1080053219|ref|XP_018568194.1|uncharacterized protein LOC108908596 isoform X1 [Anoplophora glabripennis]gi|1080053221|ref|XP_018568195.1|uncharacterized protein LOC108908596 isoform X1 [Anoplophora glabripennis]gi|1325348753|ref|XP_023310346.1|uncharacterized protein LOC108908596 isoform X2 [Anoplophora glabripennis]

Coleoptera

XP_018568194, XP_018568195, XP_023310346

4.02E-23

71.18644

105.145 118 84

Th_d_00034989-RA

endoglucanase E-4-like

1350

gi|1022761055|gb|KZS07093.1|Endoglucanase [Daphnia magna] Crustacea

KZS07093

1.2E-119

68.36158

370.548 354 242

64


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00031500-RA

Endoglucanase A

1326


XP_023704929, PNF36365

1.5E-126

63.70023

379.407 427 272

Th_d_00040844-RA

Endoglucanase A

1860


XP_023704929, PNF36365

3.25E-07

61.01695

60.077 59 36

Th_d_00097963-RA


gi|1059424762|ref|XP_017785110.1|PREDICTED: endoglucanase E-4-like [Nicrophorus vespilloides]

Coleoptera

XP_017785110

4.64E-23

84.74576

98.9821 59 50

Th_d_00060602-RA


gi|1228018665|ref|XP_021941322.1|endoglucanase 7-like, partial [Zootermopsis nevadensis] Blattodea

XP_021941322

3.53E-64

73.68421

204.527 152 112

65


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00085360-RA


gi|197691959|dbj|BAG70031.1|endo-beta-1,4-glucanase, partial [Panesthia angustipennis] Blattodea

BAG70031

5.4E-24

63.73626

99.3673 91 58

Th_d_00007226-RA

AF220596_1beta-1,4-endoglucanase 1 2020

gi|8886827|gb|AAF80584.1|AF220596_1beta-1,4-endoglucanase 1 [Panesthia cribrata] Blattodea

AAF80584

1.5E-173

69.14894

508.449 470 325

Th_d_00062804-RA


gi|1233161131|ref|XP_022200004.1|uncharacterized protein LOC111056901 [Nilaparvata lugens]gi|830997584|gb|AKL90411.1|endo-beta-1,4-glucanase [Nilaparvata lugens]

Hemiptera

XP_022200004, AKL90411

1.38E-21

90.38462

95.5153 52 47

Th_d_00044871-RA



Hemiptera

XP_015378728

4.06E-19

69.5122

88.5817 82 57

66


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00048316-RA



KDR16731

4.8E-153

87.95987

446.047 299 263

Th_d_00081071-RA

putative endo-beta-1,4-glucanase HsEG2 849

gi|1228007791|ref|XP_021935807.1|uncharacterized protein LOC110837698, partial [Zootermopsis nevadensis] Blattodea

XP_021935807

2.43E-51

73.28767

177.178 146 107

Th_d_00036851-RA

AF220594_1beta-1,4-glucanase 2 507

gi|7546878|gb|AAF63725.1|AF220594_1beta-1,4-glucanase 2, partial [Mastotermes darwiniensis] Blattodea

AAF63725

1.33E-34

72.72727

127.872 121 88

Th_d_00091320-RA

endo-beta-1,4-glucanase 1 441

gi|1228018669|ref|XP_021941325.1|LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: uncharacterized protein LOC110840537 [Zootermopsis nevadensis] Blattodea

XP_021941325

3.31E-29

65.83333

115.161 120 79

67


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00079350-RA


gi|7546856|gb|AAF63714.1|AF220583_1beta-1,4-glucanase 3, partial [Polyphaga aegyptiaca] Blattodea

AAF63714

1.83E-40

74.79675

142.124 123 92

Th_d_00010317-RA



BAG70027

4.63E-29

72.63158

112.079 95 69

Th_d_00000351-RA



BAG70025

1.55E-59

79.42857

204.527 175 139

Th_d_00089290-RA

endo-beta-1,4-glucanase 309

gi|375151369|dbj|BAL60587.1|cellulase [Neomysis intermedia] Crustacea

BAL60587

2.93E-24

80.64516

100.908 62 50

68


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00075942-RA

1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme 225

gi|1339092712|ref|XP_023707569.1|1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330914862|gb|PNF33674.1|1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme [Cryptotermes secundus] Blattodea

XP_023707569, PNF33674

9.67E-25

91.22807

101.679 57 52

Th_d_00049037-RA

endo-beta-1,4-glucanase 997

gi|13537532|dbj|BAB40693.1|endo-b-1,4-glucanase [Coptotermes formosanus]gi|13537534|dbj|BAB40694.1|endo-b-1,4-glucanase [Coptotermes formosanus] Blattodea

BAB40693, BAB40694

6.7E-114

78.87324

343.199 284 224

Th_d_00013433-RA


gi|795023516|ref|XP_011860965.1|PREDICTED: 1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme [Vollenhovia emeryi]

Hymenoptera

XP_011860965

8.83E-51

56.37255

180.259 204 115

Th_d_00035324-RA

endo-b-1,4-glucanase 1332

gi|13095576|gb|AAK12339.1|cellulase [Coptotermes acinaciformis] Blattodea

AAK12339

1.3E-164

73.25843

476.478 445 326

69


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00104889-RA


gi|7546856|gb|AAF63714.1|AF220583_1beta-1,4-glucanase 3, partial [Polyphaga aegyptiaca]

Coleoptera

AAF63714

2.06E-44

82.30088

152.525 113 93

Th_d_00113063-RA

glycoside hydrolase family 9 228

gi|521313293|gb|AGP76419.1|endo-beta-1,4-glucanase 5 [Odontotermes formosanus] Blattodea

AGP76419

1.53E-17

68.75

80.8777 64 44

Th_d_00113037-RA


gi|992051711|gb|AMH40365.1|glycoside hydrolase family 9 [Extatosoma tiaratum]

Phamatodea

AMH40365

1.35E-15

80.76923

75.0998 52 42

Th_d_00071154-RA



PNF24409

7.71E-21

85.96491

95.5153 57 49

70


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00035331-RA


gi|24940551|emb|CAD54729.1|beta-1,4-endoglucanase [Mastotermes darwiniensis] Blattodea

CAD54729 0

79.53488

561.222 430 342

Th_d_00115973-RA


gi|992051866|gb|AMH40374.1|glycoside hydrolase family 9 [Peruphasma schultei]

Phamatodea

AMH40374

8.96E-17

68.11594

79.7221 69 47

Th_d_00029874-RA


gi|1330724231|gb|PNE09439.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G00116 [Cryptotermes secundus] Blattodea

PNE09439

2.47E-67

57.24382

227.254 283 162

Th_d_00010318-RA


gi|1228018667|ref|XP_021941324.1|uncharacterized protein LOC110840536 [Zootermopsis nevadensis] Blattodea

XP_021941324 0

73.67206

533.102 433 319

71


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00010316-RA



KDR06579

8.71E-43

68.64407

142.51 118 81

Th_d_00007347-RA



CAD54729 0

78.4897

563.148 437 343

Th_d_00007348-RA



CAD54730 0

79.52941

556.214 425 338

Th_d_00000352-RA



AAK12339

6.41E-47

77.3913

163.696 115 89

72


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00093510-RA



PNF24409

1.69E-39

75.4717

137.887 106 80

Th_d_00018984-RA



PNF24409

1.08E-92

80.82192

293.893 219 177

Th_d_00089430-RA



KDR16731

1.39E-26

84.41558

110.153 77 65

73


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00135584-RA

glycoside hydrolase family protein 5 144

gi|315570658|gb|ADU33333.1|glycoside hydrolase family protein 5 [Gastrophysa viridula]

Coleoptera

ADU33333

0.000749

71.42857

40.817 35 25

Th_d_00015659-RA



XP_021941324

9.34E-92

80.66038

298.901 212 171

Th_d_00079172-RA



PNF24409

1.17E-90 82

272.707 200 164

Th_d_00090714-RA


gi|992052122|gb|AMH40384.1|glycoside hydrolase family 9 [Sipyloidea sipylus]

Phamatodea

AMH40384

2.15E-22

79.66102

96.6709 59 47

Th_d_00078933-RA



PNF24409

2.13E-21

84.48276

95.9005 58 49

Th_d_00074140-RA


gi|992051639|gb|AMH40360.1|glycoside hydrolase family 9 [Aretaon asperrimus]

Phamatodea

AMH40360

6.36E-70

68.51064

226.098 235 161

74


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00100655-RA



Phamatodea

AMH40360

3.79E-32 65

124.79 120 78

Th_d_00096112-RA



Phamatodea

AMH40360

4.82E-50

76.66667

173.711 120 92

Th_d_00019623-RA



CAD54729 0

79.76744

561.222 430 343

Th_d_00035252-RA



XP_021941324

2.4E-180

72.32558

518.464 430 311

Th_d_00111221-RA



PNF24409

6.4E-37

76.14679

135.191 109 83

Th_d_00061520-RA



KDR06579

1.89E-42

71.05263

141.354 114 81

Th_d_00005705-RA



CAD54729 0

79.76744

559.681 430 343

75


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00094204-RA



Phamatodea

AMH40360

3.17E-51

77.11864

173.711 118 91

Th_d_00104189-RA



Phamatodea

AMH40360

1.6E-47

82.35294

166.007 102 84

Th_d_00046715-RA



XP_021941324

6.6E-144

76.06061

420.239 330 251

Th_d_00028499-RA



CAD54729 0

78.42697

566.614 445 349

Th_d_00038486-RA



Phamatodea

AMH40360

6E-173

78.63014

497.664 365 287

Th_d_00091520-RA


gi|8886829|gb|AAF80585.1|AF220597_1beta-1,4-endoglucanase 2 [Panesthia cribrata] Blattodea

AAF80585

1.22E-21

56.05096

95.9005 157 88

Th_d_00034779-RA



CAD54729 0

79.81221

556.599 426 340

76


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00014865-RA



AAK12339 0

72.57019

545.428 463 336

Th_d_00075629-RA



PNF24409

1.17E-90 82

272.707 200 164

Th_d_00053691-RA



Phamatodea

AMH40360

1.1E-127

78.94737

378.252 285 225

Th_d_00130530-RA

PREDICTED: uncharacterized protein LOC107165552 321

gi|985403057|ref|XP_015369326.1|PREDICTED: uncharacterized protein LOC107165552 [Diuraphis noxia]

Hemiptera

XP_015369326

6.8E-09

56.52174

57.7658 92 52

77

Table 3.2. Glucosidases in Thermobia domestica: Coding sequences in T. domestica genome encoding for glucosidases and their blast description.

Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00054985-RA

uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase KIAA1161-like 2754

gi|1228365487|ref|XP_021943634.1|uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase KIAA1161-like [Folsomia candida]gi|1228365489|ref|XP_021943636.1|uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase KIAA1161-like [Folsomia candida]

Collembola

XP_021943634, XP_021943636

4.7E-107

58.159

350.903 478 278

Th_d_00105563-RA


gi|1101351520|ref|XP_018901738.1|PREDICTED: uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase KIAA1161-like [Bemisia tabaci]

Hemiptera

XP_018901738

2.21E-25

87.30159

104.375 63 55

Th_d_00032903-RA


gi|636630780|gb|AIA09350.1|alpha-glucosidase family 31, partial [Periplaneta americana]

Blattodea

AIA09350

1.4E-139

62.47379

428.328 477 298

78


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00062466-RA

glucosidase 2 subunit beta 633

gi|1339077375|ref|XP_023726071.1|glucosidase 2 subunit beta isoform X1 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023726071

1.55E-21

74.64789

93.2041 71 53

Th_d_00050423-RA


gi|577754846|gb|AHH86052.1|glycoside hydrolase family 31 [Callosobruchus maculatus]

Coleoptera

AHH86052

3E-159

58.69565

478.404 598 351

Th_d_00142013-RA



Blattodea

AIA09350

1.4E-145

62.76596

434.876 470 295

79


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00061435-RA


gi|1199397963|ref|XP_021194260.1|uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase KIAA1161-like [Helicoverpa armigera]

Lepidoptera

XP_021194260

2.5E-169

56.64557

503.827 632 358

Th_d_00114590-RA

AChain A, Crystal Structure Of Beta-glucosidase From Termite Neotermes Koshunensis In Complex With A New Glucopyranosidic Product 246

gi|1330878954|gb|PNF16838.1|Myrosinase 1, partial [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

PNF16838

1.45E-36

86.41975

133.265 81 70

80


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00025773-RA


gi|1228013272|ref|XP_021938600.1|glucosidase 2 subunit beta [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021938600

1.37E-24

75.30864

104.375 81 61

Th_d_00025772-RA



Blattodea

XP_021938600

4.17E-17 76

80.1073 50 38

Th_d_00149067-RA



Hemiptera

XP_018901738

5.7E-24

86.15385

103.219 65 56

Th_d_00098342-RA


gi|646703149|gb|KDR11965.1|hypothetical protein L798_13618, partial [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

KDR11965

1.63E-49

81.41593

170.629 113 92

81


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00018632-RA

AChain A, Crystal Structure Of Beta-glucosidase From Termite Neotermes Koshunensis In Complex With A New Glucopyranosidic Product

1317

gi|303324839|pdb|3AHZ|AChain A, Crystal Structure Of Beta-Glucosidase From Termite Neotermes Koshunensis In Complex With Trisgi|393715252|pdb|3VIF|AChain A, Crystal Structure Of Beta-glucosidase From Termite Neotermes Koshunensis In Complex With Gluconolactonegi|393715253|pdb|3VIG|AChain A, Crystal Structure Of Beta-glucosidase From Termite Neotermes Koshunensis In Complex With 1-deoxynojirimycingi|393715254|pdb|3VIH|AChain A, Crystal Structure Of Beta-glucosidase From Termite Neotermes Koshunensis In Complex With Glycerolgi|393715255|pdb|3VII|AChain A, Crystal Structure Of Beta-glucosidase From Termite Neotermes Koshunensis In Complex With Bis-tris Blattodea

3AHZ_A, 3VIF_A, 3VIG_A, 3VIH_A, 3VII_A

4.1E-180

75.23148

517.309

432 325

82


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length Hit desc.

Order Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00057277-RA



Blattodea

KDR11965

4.78E-49

80.70175

169.859 114 92

Th_d_00069820-RA

lysosomal alpha-glucosidase-like 1173

gi|1032766152|ref|XP_016841489.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-glucosidase-like [Nasonia vitripennis]gi|1032766154|ref|XP_016841490.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-glucosidase-like [Nasonia vitripennis]

Hymenoptera

XP_016841489, XP_016841490

6.08E-08

55.30303

61.6178 132 73

Th_d_00081027-RA

beta-glucosidase 471

gi|1227984161|ref|XP_021923730.1|myrosinase 1-like isoform X1 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|646712919|gb|KDR17465.1|Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021923730, KDR17465

2.56E-48

63.15789

169.474 152 96

Th_d_00106209-RA



Blattodea

XP_023726071

1.74E-21

57.84314

93.2041 102 59

83


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00099763-RA

uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase KIAA1161 1347

gi|1228003695|ref|XP_021933733.1|uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase KIAA1161-like isoform X1 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|646703150|gb|KDR11966.1|putative family 31 glucosidase [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021933733, KDR11966

1.7E-121

54.18251

374.785 526 285

Th_d_00000860-RA

neutral alpha-glucosidase AB 414

gi|1339041694|ref|XP_023710162.1|neutral alpha-glucosidase AB [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330933432|gb|PNF42738.1|Neutral alpha-glucosidase AB [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023710162, PNF42738

3.75E-55

82.44275

191.045 131 108

Th_d_00000862-RA

Neutral alpha-glucosidase AB 435

gi|1227991790|ref|XP_021927674.1|neutral alpha-glucosidase AB isoform X2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021927674

1.85E-46

85.59322

166.777 118 101

Th_d_00000861-RA


gi|1227991792|ref|XP_021927675.1|neutral alpha-glucosidase AB isoform X3 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|646709565|gb|KDR15365.1|Neutral alpha-glucosidase AB [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021927675, KDR15365

7.97E-23

94.11765

97.4413 51 48

84


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00000863-RA


gi|930677078|gb|KPJ17206.1|Neutral alpha-glucosidase AB [Papilio machaon]

Lepidoptera

KPJ17206

1.18E-53

80.53097

173.711 113 91

Th_d_00000865-RA



Blattodea

XP_023710162, PNF42738

1.4E-103

70.22059

337.421 272 191

Th_d_00000864-RA


gi|242019253|ref|XP_002430076.1|Neutral alpha-glucosidase AB precursor, putative [Pediculus humanus corporis]gi|212515157|gb|EEB17338.1|Neutral alpha-glucosidase AB precursor, putative [Pediculus humanus corporis]

Phthiraptera

XP_002430076, EEB17338

2.81E-42

74.25743

157.147 101 75

Th_d_00000866-RA


gi|1108484091|emb|CRK87777.1|CLUMA_CG001536, isoform A [Clunio marinus]

Diptera

CRK87777

2.15E-18

75.36232

90.8929 69 52

85


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00017412-RA

mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase isoform X2 6713

gi|1228005382|ref|XP_021934582.1|mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase isoform X2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1228005384|ref|XP_021934583.1|mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase isoform X2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1228005386|ref|XP_021934584.1|mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase isoform X2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1228005388|ref|XP_021934585.1|mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase isoform X2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1228005390|ref|XP_021934586.1|mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase isoform X2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1228005392|ref|XP_021934587.1|mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase isoform X2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1228005394|ref|XP_021934588.1|mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase isoform X2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|646701956|gb|KDR11423.1|Mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021934582, XP_021934583, XP_021934584, XP_021934585, XP_021934586, XP_021934587, XP_021934588, KDR11423 0

73.50917

1048.88 872 641

86


Sequence name Sequence desc.


Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00050585-RA


gi|1227993488|ref|XP_021928525.1|lysosomal alpha-glucosidase-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|646708767|gb|KDR14932.1|Lysosomal alpha-glucosidase [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021928525, KDR14932

3.6E-145

86.31579

440.654 285 246

Th_d_00079942-RA


gi|1228365487|ref|XP_021943634.1|uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase KIAA1161-like [Folsomia candida]gi|1228365489|ref|XP_021943636.1|uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase KIAA1161-like [Folsomia candida]

Collembola

XP_021943634, XP_021943636

6.9E-139

57.80347

427.943 519 300

Th_d_00081056-RA

lysosomal alpha-glucosidase 519

gi|1067098296|ref|XP_018011173.1|PREDICTED: maltase-glucoamylase, intestinal-like [Hyalella azteca]

Crustacea

XP_018011173

3.49E-12

44.44444

70.0922 126 56

87




Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00041545-RA


gi|1061476505|gb|ODM94351.1|Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase [Orchesella cincta]

Collembola

ODM94351

3.44E-53

79.83871

181.415 124 99

Th_d_00055895-RA



Blattodea

KDR11965

6.34E-19

78.33333

85.5001 60 47

Th_d_00055894-RA


gi|1228003699|ref|XP_021933735.1|uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase KIAA1161-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021933735

1.06E-22

69.41176

98.2117 85 59

Th_d_00014523-RA beta-glucosidase 423

gi|1090651209|gb|AOY34571.1|beta-glucosidase [Coptotermes formosanus]

Blattodea

AOY34571

1.22E-35

77.35849

134.035 106 82

88




Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00011270-RA



Blattodea

AIA09350

5E-166

72.50608

499.975 411 298

Th_d_00011271-RA



Blattodea

XP_021933735

6.06E-18

81.13208

83.5741 53 43

Th_d_00011273-RA



Blattodea

XP_021933735

3.35E-21 80

93.5893 60 48

Th_d_00154707-RA



Blattodea

AIA09350

4.3E-161

71.6707

474.937 413 296

Th_d_00105015-RA


gi|1339040796|ref|XP_023708840.1|myogenesis-regulating glycosidase [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330911883|gb|PNF32422.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G04891 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023708840, PNF32422

7.38E-49

84.0708

171.014 113 95

89




Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00141763-RA



Blattodea

AIA09350

1.6E-145

64.22414

435.261 464 298

Th_d_00099575-RA

beta-glucosidase 417

gi|1152526136|gb|AQW43010.1|beta-glucosidase [Nilaparvata lugens]

Hemiptera

AQW43010

2.22E-46

75.80645

154.836 124 94

Th_d_00032476-RA


gi|393715256|pdb|3VIJ|AChain A, Crystal Structure Of Beta-glucosidase From Termite Neotermes Koshunensis In Complex With Glucose

Blattodea 3VIJ_A

7.05E-38

86.74699

137.502 83 72

Th_d_00035285-RA

Lysosomal alpha-glucosidase 1962


Crustacea

XP_018011173

1.28E-51

56.63717

199.519 226 128

90




Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00115658-RA


gi|1022742921|gb|KZR99685.1|Lysosomal alpha-glucosidase, partial [Daphnia magna]

Crustacea

KZR99685

6.63E-63

74.14966

204.142 147 109

Th_d_00049005-RA


gi|1061468644|gb|ODM88819.1|Maltase-glucoamylase, intestinal [Orchesella cincta]

Collembola

ODM88819

4.51E-13

64.89362

77.411 94 61

Th_d_00013779-RA


gi|1009533976|ref|XP_015903978.1|maltase-glucoamylase, intestinal [Parasteatoda tepidariorum]

Arachnida

XP_015903978

8.34E-29

78.48101

114.775 79 62

Th_d_00089527-RA



Blattodea

XP_021938600

5.08E-65

84.78261

211.846 138 117

91


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00025279-RA


gi|506967929|gb|AGM32308.1|beta-glucosidase, partial [Coptotermes formosanus] Blattodea

AGM32308

1.63E-13

73.33333

77.411 60 44

Th_d_00048538-RA

Uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase KIAA1161 2302

gi|636630780|gb|AIA09350.1|alpha-glucosidase family 31, partial [Periplaneta americana] Blattodea AIA09350

6.9E-176

69.02287

523.472 481 332

92


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00159760-RA


gi|1330905640|gb|PNF29605.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G01635 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330905643|gb|PNF29608.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G01635 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330905644|gb|PNF29609.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G01635 [Cryptotermes secundus] Blattodea

PNF29605, PNF29608, PNF29609

9.96E-54

59.93266

187.193 297 178

Th_d_00127607-RA


gi|1330905640|gb|PNF29605.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G01635 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330905643|gb|PNF29608.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G01635 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330905644|gb|PNF29609.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G01635 [Cryptotermes secundus] Blattodea

PNF29605, PNF29608, PNF29609

1.02E-52

59.59596

184.882 297 177

93


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


Order Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00018760-RA

glucoside xylosyltransferase 1 1251

gi|1227970630|ref|XP_021916719.1|glucoside xylosyltransferase 2 isoform X2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021916719

1.5E-159

87.21805

460.685 266 232

Th_d_00076537-RA


gi|1228003695|ref|XP_021933733.1|uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase KIAA1161-like isoform X1 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|646703150|gb|KDR11966.1|putative family 31 glucosidase [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021933733, KDR11966

1.2E-121

54.18251

375.555 526 285

94

Table 3.3. β-1,3-glucanases in Thermobia domestica: Coding sequences in T. domestica genome encoding for β-1,3-glucanases and their blast description.

Sequence name

Sequence desc.


Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00107538-RA

beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein-like 351

gi|1330905524|gb|PNF29497.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G04546 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

PNF29497 4.38E-35

67.54386

129.798 114 77

Th_d_00117669-RA


gi|913297561|ref|XP_013188774.1|PREDICTED: beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein-like [Amyelois transitella]

Lepidoptera

XP_013188774 3.33E-30

57.93103

117.857 145 84

Th_d_00017253-RA

beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein precursor 4398

gi|646713430|gb|KDR17776.1|Apolipophorin [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

KDR17776 0

63.85705

1267.68 1483 947

Th_d_00007520-RA

Beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein 258

gi|506968285|gb|AGM32486.1|gram negative bacteria binding protein 2, partial [Coptotermes formosanus]

Blattodea

AGM32486 3.3E-10

70.37037

60.4622 54 38

95


Sequence name

Sequence desc.


Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00007517-RA


gi|156535746|gb|ABU80005.1|GNBP-B1 [Anopheles merus]

Diptera

ABU80005 5.25E-08

88.57143

60.4622 35 31

Th_d_00103657-RA


gi|913297561|ref|XP_013188774.1|PREDICTED: beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein-like [Amyelois transitella]

Lepidoptera

XP_013188774 2.46E-29

60.15038

115.161 133 80

Th_d_00059385-RA


gi|1227967090|ref|XP_021914900.1|beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021914900 3.55E-45

54.22886

159.844 201 109

Th_d_00012339-RA


gi|1022754729|gb|KZS02483.1|Beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein [Daphnia magna]

Crustacea

KZS02483 3.41E-50

72.85714

174.096 140 102

Th_d_00117568-RA


gi|646720035|gb|KDR21902.1|Beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein 1 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

KDR21902 4.49E-22 73.9726

92.8189 73 54

96

Table 3.4. Mannanases in Thermobia domestica: Coding sequences in T. domestica genome encoding for mannanases and their blast description.

Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00048327-RA

endo-beta-1,4-mannanase 1087

gi|321460555|gb|EFX71596.1|endo-beta-1,4-mannanase [Daphnia pulex]

Crustacea

EFX71596

3.9E-116 68

347.436 325

221

Th_d_00037769-RA

Endo-beta-1,4-mannanase 1229

gi|1022765557|gb|KZS10752.1|Endo-beta-1,4-mannanase [Daphnia magna]

Crustacea

KZS10752

6.9E-129

67.41573

381.719 356

240

Th_d_00117927-RA



Crustacea

EFX71596

2.26E-45

57.22543

159.073 173 99

Th_d_00114892-RA



Crustacea

EFX71596

7.1E-45

57.80347

157.532 173

100

Th_d_00022705-RA



Crustacea

KZS10752

3.03E-47

68.42105

164.851 152

104

Th_d_00022704-RA



Crustacea

EFX71596

3.74E-75 71.5

239.58 200

143

Th_d_00040234-RA

lysosomal alpha-mannosidase 296

gi|1101377119|ref|XP_018908486.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase [Bemisia tabaci]

Hemiptera

XP_018908486

1.88E-07 52.5

53.5286 80 42

97


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00119102-RA

beta-mannosidase isoform X1 447

gi|1192752750|ref|XP_015929642.2|beta-mannosidase [Parasteatoda tepidariorum]

Arachnida

XP_015929642

1.01E-61

84.73282

209.534 131 111

Th_d_00080655-RA

alpha-mannosidase 2 552

gi|1022777739|gb|KZS21240.1|Alpha-mannosidase 2x [Daphnia magna]

Crustacea

KZS21240

1.15E-20 90

94.7449 50 45

Th_d_00105670-RA

lysosomal alpha-mannosidase isoform X1 264

gi|195377741|ref|XP_002047646.1|uncharacterized protein Dvir_GJ11812 [Drosophila virilis]gi|194154804|gb|EDW69988.1|uncharacterized protein Dvir_GJ11812 [Drosophila virilis] Diptera

XP_002047646, EDW69988

8.58E-16

97.05882

76.6406 34 33

Th_d_00080493-RA

lysosomal alpha-mannosidase-like 1059

gi|642940243|ref|XP_008199468.1|PREDICTED: RNA-directed DNA polymerase from mobile element jockey-like, partial [Tribolium castaneum]

Coleoptera

XP_008199468

6.87E-22

55.42169

100.523 166 92

98


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00121568-RA

ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 3 402

gi|1227972165|ref|XP_021917507.1|ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 3 isoform X1 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227972167|ref|XP_021917508.1|ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 3 isoform X1 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|646718115|gb|KDR20717.1|ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like 3 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021917507, XP_021917508, KDR20717

1.82E-54

90.90909

189.119 110

100

Th_d_00003139-RA

beta-mannosidase 1500

gi|1227973104|ref|XP_021917998.1|beta-mannosidase [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227973106|ref|XP_021917999.1|beta-mannosidase [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227973108|ref|XP_021918000.1|beta-mannosidase [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|646717625|gb|KDR20416.1|Beta-mannosidase [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021917998, XP_021917999, XP_021918000, KDR20416

5E-163

65.13026

490.345 499

325

99


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00003143-RA

Beta-mannosidase 345

gi|1061485315|gb|ODN02454.1|Beta-mannosidase [Orchesella cincta]

Collembola

ODN02454

2.93E-31

76.53061

122.094 98 75

Th_d_00003142-RA


gi|766933223|ref|XP_011498870.1|PREDICTED: beta-mannosidase [Ceratosolen solmsi marchali]

Hymenoptera

XP_011498870

4.33E-23 75

97.4413 68 51

Th_d_00003141-RA



Arachnida

XP_015929642

1.58E-09

72.54902

66.2402 51 37

Th_d_00003140-RA

beta-mannosidase, putative 387


Arachnida

XP_015929642

3.06E-28

88.0597

114.005 67 59

Th_d_00036630-RA

Mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase 1341

gi|1061473607|gb|ODM91993.1|Mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase [Orchesella cincta]

Collembola

ODM91993

3.97E-77

57.05128

251.136 312

178

100


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00032183-RA

Mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase isoform, putative 843

gi|242010114|ref|XP_002425821.1|Mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase isoform, putative [Pediculus humanus corporis]gi|212509754|gb|EEB13083.1|Mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase isoform, putative [Pediculus humanus corporis]

Phthiraptera

XP_002425821, EEB13083

4.88E-73

91.85185

238.81 135

124

Th_d_00032182-RA

mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase IA-like 501

gi|1121144990|ref|XP_019559624.1|PREDICTED: mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase IA-like [Aedes albopictus]gi|1121144992|ref|XP_019559625.1|PREDICTED: mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase IA-like [Aedes albopictus]gi|1121144994|ref|XP_019559626.1|PREDICTED: mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase IA-like [Aedes albopictus]gi|1121144996|ref|XP_019559627.1|PREDICTED: mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase IA-like [Aedes albopictus]

Diptera

XP_019559624, XP_019559625, XP_019559626, XP_019559627

7.38E-36

90.41096

137.117 73 66

101


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00095658-RA


gi|1330899240|gb|PNF26420.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G16606, partial [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

PNF26420

1.23E-59

69.23077

201.83 195

135

Th_d_00000733-RA


gi|1339064618|ref|XP_023715597.1|lysosomal alpha-mannosidase isoform X1 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330931496|gb|PNF42230.1|Lysosomal alpha-mannosidase [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023715597, PNF42230 0

79.41176

823.157 578

459

Th_d_00063258-RA


gi|157111150|ref|XP_001651410.1|lysosomal alpha-mannosidase [Aedes aegypti]gi|108878513|gb|EAT42738.1|AAEL005749-PA [Aedes aegypti]

Diptera

XP_001651410, EAT42738

1.1E-08

70.21277

60.8474 47 33

Th_d_00031859-RA

Endoplasmic reticulum mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase 399

gi|1339074955|ref|XP_023724784.1|endoplasmic reticulum mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase isoform X2 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023724784

1.95E-46

78.86179

163.31 123 97

102


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00031860-RA

endoplasmic reticulum mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase 777

gi|1218211818|ref|XP_021712668.1|endoplasmic reticulum mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase-like [Aedes aegypti]gi|1218211820|ref|XP_021712669.1|endoplasmic reticulum mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase-like [Aedes aegypti]gi|1218211822|ref|XP_021712671.1|endoplasmic reticulum mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase-like [Aedes aegypti] Diptera

XP_021712668, XP_021712669, XP_021712671

1.7E-99

78.89908

301.982 218

172

Th_d_00002247-RA


gi|929380069|ref|XP_014100402.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase-like, partial [Bactrocera oleae] Diptera

XP_014100402

3.18E-98

80.72917

289.271 192

155

Th_d_00002245-RA


gi|557780736|ref|XP_005189989.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase isoform X2 [Musca domestica] Diptera

XP_005189989

4.11E-56

70.58824

196.052 170

120

Th_d_00002244-RA


gi|1228005950|ref|XP_021934868.1|lysosomal alpha-mannosidase isoform X1 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021934868

7.1E-41

70.71429

151.754 140 99

103


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00002242-RA

Lysosomal alpha-mannosidase 249


Blattodea

XP_023715597, PNF42230

4E-06

60.34483

48.9062 58 35

Th_d_00002243-RA


gi|907620158|ref|XP_013097338.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase isoform X2 [Stomoxys calcitrans]

Diptera

XP_013097338

2.17E-50

47.09977

191.815 431

203

Th_d_00094171-RA


gi|1009600604|ref|XP_015928616.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 isoform X2 [Parasteatoda tepidariorum]gi|1009600606|ref|XP_015928617.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 isoform X2 [Parasteatoda tepidariorum]

Arachnida

XP_015928616, XP_015928617

2.03E-39

65.26946

148.673 167

109

Th_d_00012219-RA

Mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase isoform, putative 273

gi|242010114|ref|XP_002425821.1|Mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase isoform, putative [Pediculus humanus corporis]gi|212509754|gb|EEB13083.1|Mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase isoform, putative [Pediculus humanus corporis]

Phthiraptera

XP_002425821, EEB13083

4.37E-41

92.40506

146.747 79 73

104


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00012218-RA

mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase IA 261

gi|1022764168|gb|KZS09649.1|Alpha-1,2-Mannosidase [Daphnia magna]

Crustacea

KZS09649

4.13E-28

91.80328

109.768 61 56

Th_d_00012222-RA


gi|1279729672|ref|XP_022909489.1|mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase IA-like [Onthophagus taurus]

Coleoptera

XP_022909489

2.69E-49

85.29412

171.014 102 87

Th_d_00012221-RA


gi|1233182429|ref|XP_022192805.1|mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase IA [Nilaparvata lugens]

Hemiptera

XP_022192805

3.42E-34

82.75862

135.961 87 72

Th_d_00121172-RA


gi|1009600604|ref|XP_015928616.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 isoform X2 [Parasteatoda tepidariorum]gi|1009600606|ref|XP_015928617.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 isoform X2 [Parasteatoda tepidariorum]

Arachnida

XP_015928616, XP_015928617

1.79E-50 89

177.178 100 89

105


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00073548-RA


gi|1233202594|ref|XP_022200324.1|lysosomal alpha-mannosidase-like [Nilaparvata lugens]

Hemiptera

XP_022200324

2.81E-46

60.75949

172.17 237 144

Th_d_00091843-RA


gi|1351647487|ref|XP_024086113.1|lysosomal alpha-mannosidase-like [Cimex lectularius]

Hemiptera

XP_024086113

2.38E-18

64.04494

89.3521 89 57

Th_d_00022617-RA

Beta-mannosidase-like Protein 264


Arachnida

XP_015929642

7.8E-12

78.43137

65.4698 51 40

Th_d_00022616-RA


gi|675378716|gb|KFM71618.1|Beta-mannosidase, partial [Stegodyphus mimosarum]

Arachnida KFM71618

3.13E-76

63.36996

251.521 273 173

106


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00116423-RA



Blattodea

XP_021917998, XP_021917999, XP_021918000, KDR20416

2.92E-16

65.88235

79.7221 85 56

Th_d_00087751-RA


gi|1247029483|gb|PCG66925.1|hypothetical protein B5V51_7083, partial [Heliothis virescens]

Lepidoptera

PCG66925

3.7E-111

92.22222

321.627 180

166

Th_d_00046444-RA


gi|321444696|gb|EFX60486.1|hypothetical protein DAPPUDRAFT_343157, partial [Daphnia pulex]

Crustacea

EFX60486

1.95E-59

84.44444

192.971 135

114

107


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00075487-RA


gi|1098664167|ref|XP_018794803.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase [Bactrocera latifrons]

Diptera

XP_018794803

3.48E-13

76.78571

72.0182 56 43

Th_d_00058303-RA


gi|970882260|ref|XP_015121072.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase isoform X1 [Diachasma alloeum]

Hymenoptera

XP_015121072

2.8E-49

54.39189

184.111 296

161

Th_d_00062699-RA



Blattodea

PNF26420

3.46E-33

62.83784

135.961 148 93

Th_d_00023682-RA



Blattodea

XP_023715597, PNF42230

5.9E-24

59.72222

112.849 144 86

Th_d_00086716-RA


gi|683427464|gb|AIN40245.1|mannanase, partial [Cherax quadricarinatus]

Crustacea

AIN40245

1.34E-23

66.66667

92.0485 78 52

108


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00038326-RA


gi|662196129|ref|XP_008471080.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase-like [Diaphorina citri]

Hemiptera

XP_008471080

2.82E-90

82.68156

278.1 179

148

Th_d_00038325-RA


gi|1101337044|ref|XP_018914717.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase-like [Bemisia tabaci]

Hemiptera

XP_018914717

4.25E-17

78.26087

80.4925 46 36

Th_d_00074895-RA


gi|1227996327|ref|XP_021929979.1|mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase IA isoform X1 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021929979

2.96E-45

88.88889

168.318 144

128

Th_d_00097964-RA


gi|193580067|ref|XP_001946748.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase [Acyrthosiphon pisum]

Hemiptera

XP_001946748

6.53E-13

70.3125

68.5514 64 45

Th_d_00043225-RA


gi|929380069|ref|XP_014100402.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase-like, partial [Bactrocera oleae]

Diptera

XP_014100402

6.43E-51

60.79545

173.711 176

107

Th_d_00059073-RA



Blattodea

PNF26420

7.08E-44

68.96552

161.384 174

120

109


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00115822-RA

mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase IA isoform X1 1500

gi|91091790|ref|XP_970226.1|PREDICTED: mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase IA isoform X1 [Tribolium castaneum]gi|1004395369|gb|KYB24855.1|Mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase isoform A-like Protein [Tribolium castaneum]

Coleoptera

XP_970226, KYB24855

9.3E-116

55.88822

360.533 501

280

Th_d_00071728-RA


gi|1041544405|ref|XP_008476446.2|PREDICTED: LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: beta-mannosidase [Diaphorina citri]

Hemiptera

XP_008476446

7.33E-16

79.59184

80.1073 49 39

Th_d_00120508-RA


gi|1191620180|gb|OTF82415.1|Beta-mannosidase-like protein, partial [Euroglyphus maynei]

Arachnida

OTF82415

3.3E-24

78.125

100.138 64 50

Th_d_00013923-RA



Blattodea

XP_023715597, PNF42230

9.9E-169

64.05751

530.791 626

401

110


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00025482-RA


gi|1339066460|ref|XP_023725333.1|ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 3 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023725333

2.77E-94

96.79487

305.449 156

151

Th_d_00025483-RA



Blattodea

XP_023725333

1.6E-54

71.01449

191.43 138 98

Th_d_00086879-RA


gi|1279738204|ref|XP_022913917.1|beta-mannosidase [Onthophagus taurus]

Coleoptera

XP_022913917

3.56E-36

57.277

140.969 213

122

Th_d_00087558-RA


gi|1022777739|gb|KZS21240.1|Alpha-mannosidase 2x [Daphnia magna]

Crustacea

KZS21240

5.49E-21

70.73171

95.5153 82 58

Th_d_00012668-RA


gi|158293330|ref|XP_557731.3|AGAP008584-PA [Anopheles gambiae str. PEST]gi|157016653|gb|EAL40242.3|AGAP008584-PA [Anopheles gambiae str. PEST]

Diptera

XP_557731, EAL40242

3.67E-12

85.71429

65.855 35 30

111


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00012667-RA



Hemiptera

XP_022200324

1.43E-23

63.0137

102.064 146 92

Th_d_00012666-RA


gi|1096257085|gb|APA33853.1|seminal fluid protein [Nilaparvata lugens]

Hemiptera

APA33853

3.71E-88

71.48289

291.967 263

188

Th_d_00012665-RA



Hemiptera

XP_022200324

4.24E-20

90.69767

87.4261 43 39

Th_d_00022076-RA



Hemiptera

XP_008471080

4.87E-57

58.95197

192.971 229

135

Th_d_00101434-RA


gi|683427464|gb|AIN40245.1|mannanase, partial [Cherax quadricarinatus]

Crustacea

AIN40245

2.09E-27

74.68354

103.219 79 59

112


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00038541-RA


gi|1339057577|ref|XP_023717292.1|ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 2 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330893438|gb|PNF23714.1|ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 2 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023717292, PNF23714 0

92.06349

686.026 378

348

Th_d_00057594-RA


gi|1238836368|ref|XP_022237398.1|lysosomal alpha-mannosidase-like [Limulus polyphemus]

Arthropoda-Chelicerata

XP_022237398

1.13E-87

65.68915

288.115 341

224

Th_d_00075466-RA


gi|998509058|ref|XP_015514937.1|PREDICTED: beta-mannosidase [Neodiprion lecontei]

Hymenoptera

XP_015514937

3.24E-23

87.93103

101.293 58 51

Th_d_00096336-RA


gi|193580067|ref|XP_001946748.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase [Acyrthosiphon pisum]

Hemiptera

XP_001946748

4.12E-13

70.3125

68.9366 64 45

Th_d_00047111-RA



Collembola

ODN02454

1.79E-11

74.54545

66.6254 55 41

113


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00047110-RA


gi|1228363654|ref|XP_021968444.1|beta-mannosidase-like [Folsomia candida]gi|1215278402|gb|OXA64711.1|Beta-mannosidase [Folsomia candida]

Collembola

XP_021968444, OXA64711

1.86E-12

67.30769

67.0106 52 35

Th_d_00053244-RA


gi|242016705|ref|XP_002428888.1|predicted protein [Pediculus humanus corporis]gi|212513656|gb|EEB16150.1|predicted protein [Pediculus humanus corporis]

Phthiraptera

XP_002428888, EEB16150

5.24E-48

74.63768

176.792 138

103

Th_d_00078892-RA


gi|195377741|ref|XP_002047646.1|uncharacterized protein Dvir_GJ11812 [Drosophila virilis]gi|194154804|gb|EDW69988.1|uncharacterized protein Dvir_GJ11812 [Drosophila virilis] Diptera

XP_002047646, EDW69988

1.64E-16 75

81.2629 60 45

114


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00070856-RA


gi|1339052711|ref|XP_023714691.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1339052713|ref|XP_023714692.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1339052715|ref|XP_023714693.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1339052717|ref|XP_023714694.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023714691, XP_023714692, XP_023714693, XP_023714694

9.43E-97

84.73684

309.686 190

161

Th_d_00087276-RA



Hemiptera

XP_008471080

3.48E-67

85.82677

216.083 127

109

Th_d_00003340-RA


gi|1325354705|ref|XP_023311948.1|beta-mannosidase-like [Anoplophora glabripennis]

Coleoptera

XP_023311948

4.96E-14

73.01587

72.0182 63 46

Th_d_00003341-RA



Coleoptera

XP_023311948

4.96E-14

73.01587

72.0182 63 46

115


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00069730-RA



Blattodea

XP_021917998, XP_021917999, XP_021918000, KDR20416

9.92E-37

76.52174

142.124 115 88

Th_d_00027880-RA


gi|642937291|ref|XP_008198773.1|PREDICTED: mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase IA isoform X2 [Tribolium castaneum]

Coleoptera

XP_008198773

5.22E-87

88.20225

270.396 178

157

116


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00083699-RA


gi|1227998244|ref|XP_021930961.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227998246|ref|XP_021930962.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227998248|ref|XP_021930963.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227998250|ref|XP_021930964.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227998252|ref|XP_021930965.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227998254|ref|XP_021930966.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|646706309|gb|KDR13614.1|Alpha-mannosidase 2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021930961, XP_021930962, XP_021930963, XP_021930964, XP_021930965, XP_021930966, KDR13614

1.31E-29

56.14973

121.709 187

105

117


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00043179-RA


gi|242009114|ref|XP_002425337.1|beta-mannosidase precursor, putative [Pediculus humanus corporis]gi|212509122|gb|EEB12599.1|beta-mannosidase precursor, putative [Pediculus humanus corporis]

Phthiraptera

XP_002425337, EEB12599

1.6E-84

77.51196

281.567 209

162

Th_d_00059913-RA



Blattodea

PNF26420

5.14E-44

68.96552

161.77 174

120

Th_d_00048797-RA


gi|1316169311|ref|XP_023230069.1|beta-mannosidase-like isoform X1 [Centruroides sculpturatus]

Arthropoda-Scorpiones

XP_023230069

2.83E-31

52.81385

133.265 231

122

Th_d_00094873-RA



Blattodea

XP_023717292, PNF23714

7.7E-114

84.03756

350.132 213

179

118


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00113270-RA


gi|1227987439|ref|XP_021925413.1|ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 2, partial [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021925413

5.28E-43

92.77108

166.777 83 77

Th_d_00004556-RA



Blattodea

XP_021917998, XP_021917999, XP_021918000, KDR20416

1.22E-19

48.07692

90.8929 156 75

Th_d_00058265-RA


gi|242016705|ref|XP_002428888.1|predicted protein [Pediculus humanus corporis]gi|212513656|gb|EEB16150.1|predicted protein [Pediculus humanus corporis]

Phthiraptera

XP_002428888, EEB16150

7.14E-49

73.28767

178.333 146

107

119


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00084290-RA


gi|1080066641|ref|XP_018575534.1|lysosomal alpha-mannosidase isoform X2 [Anoplophora glabripennis]

Coleoptera

XP_018575534

1.31E-18

53.23741

87.4261 139 74

Th_d_00038457-RA



Blattodea

XP_021917507, XP_021917508, KDR20717

2.58E-58

54.18994

215.312 358

194

Th_d_00008943-RA


gi|1000733841|ref|XP_015589368.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase isoform X1 [Cephus cinctus]

Hymenoptera

XP_015589368

6.09E-50

70.94972

191.43 179

127

Th_d_00008944-RA


gi|1035439623|gb|ANJ04662.1|lysosomal alpha-mannosidase-like protein [Nilaparvata lugens]

Hemiptera

ANJ04662

1.89E-33

72.32143

129.798 112 81

120


Sequence name

Sequence desc. Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00049153-RA


gi|668446735|gb|KFB36711.1|lysosomal alpha-mannosidase (mannosidase alpha class 2b member 1) [Anopheles sinensis]

Diptera

KFB36711

1.29E-13

54.80769

76.2554 104 57

Th_d_00012242-RA


gi|1227982315|ref|XP_021922781.1|ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 1 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|646713767|gb|KDR17988.1|ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like 1 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021922781, KDR17988

6.29E-98

92.07317

299.671 164

151

Th_d_00012243-RA


gi|1339070655|ref|XP_023722504.1|ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 1, partial [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023722504

1.42E-64

92.56198

206.068 121

112

Th_d_00012244-RA


gi|1330882322|gb|PNF18187.1|ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 1, partial [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

PNF18187

1.1E-25

90.90909

110.538 66 60

121


Sequence name


Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00015392-RA



Blattodea

XP_021917998, XP_021917999, XP_021918000, KDR20416

4.88E-48

67.68293

176.022 164

111

Th_d_00015391-RA


gi|242009114|ref|XP_002425337.1|beta-mannosidase precursor, putative [Pediculus humanus corporis]gi|212509122|gb|EEB12599.1|beta-mannosidase precursor, putative [Pediculus humanus corporis]

Phthiraptera

XP_002425337, EEB12599

3.55E-34

78.30189

133.65 106 83

Th_d_00042295-RA


gi|321463091|gb|EFX74109.1|hypothetical protein DAPPUDRAFT_324591 [Daphnia pulex]

Crustacea

EFX74109

1.35E-72

81.76101

251.136 159

130

122


Sequence name


Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00071433-RA


gi|1339078211|ref|XP_023726521.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1339078213|ref|XP_023726522.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1339078215|ref|XP_023726523.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023726521, XP_023726522, XP_023726523 0

76.78571

1333.55

1008

774

Th_d_00091792-RA



Diptera

XP_014100402

5.57E-61

79.23077

194.126 130

103

Th_d_00089230-RA

alpha-mannosidase 2x-like 372

gi|241567773|ref|XP_002402365.1|lysosomal alpha-mannosidase, putative [Ixodes scapularis]gi|215501997|gb|EEC11491.1|lysosomal alpha-mannosidase, putative, partial [Ixodes scapularis]

Arthropoda-Chelicerata

XP_002402365, EEC11491

9.37E-17

71.875

76.2554 64 46

Th_d_00042901-RA



Hemiptera

XP_008471080

8.16E-45

70.99237

158.688 131 93

123

Table 3.5. Glucuronidases in Thermobia domestica: Coding sequences in T. domestica genome encoding for glucuronidases and their blast description.

Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00016998-RA

beta-glucuronidase isoform X1 306

gi|1067103892|ref|XP_018013304.1|PREDICTED: beta-glucuronidase-like [Hyalella azteca]

Crustacea

XP_018013304

1.56E-21

82.8125

93.5893 64 53

Th_d_00066936-RA

beta-glucuronidase-like isoform X1 855

gi|1316153756|ref|XP_023221887.1|beta-glucuronidase-like [Centruroides sculpturatus]


XP_023221887

1.44E-75

61.50943

244.588 265 163

Th_d_00011907-RA

beta-glucuronidase 465

gi|909578964|ref|XP_013145358.1|PREDICTED: beta-glucuronidase [Papilio polytes]

Lepidoptera

XP_013145358

3.2E-57

73.8255

192.971 149 110

Th_d_00011908-RA


gi|1108476517|emb|CRK95286.1|CLUMA_CG008644, isoform B [Clunio marinus] Diptera

CRK95286

6.19E-12

62.66667

69.3218 75 47

Th_d_00057287-RA



Blattodea

PNF22051

9.67E-83

78.16092

253.832 174 136

124


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00033402-RA


gi|194756422|ref|XP_001960477.1|uncharacterized protein Dana_GF11493 [Drosophila ananassae]gi|190621775|gb|EDV37299.1|uncharacterized protein Dana_GF11493 [Drosophila ananassae] Diptera

XP_001960477, EDV37299

2.44E-47

52.33333

175.637 300 157

Th_d_00068821-RA

beta-glucuronidase-like 521

gi|1022772830|gb|KZS16987.1|Beta-glucuronidase [Daphnia magna]

Crustacea

KZS16987

4.99E-56

75.53957

178.718 139 105

Th_d_00098822-RA




XP_023221887

5.6E-64

79.08497

209.92 153 121

125


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00020056-RA


gi|1227991600|ref|XP_021927576.1|beta-glucuronidase-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227991602|ref|XP_021927578.1|beta-glucuronidase-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227991604|ref|XP_021927579.1|beta-glucuronidase-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227991606|ref|XP_021927580.1|beta-glucuronidase-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227991608|ref|XP_021927581.1|beta-glucuronidase-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227991610|ref|XP_021927582.1|beta-glucuronidase-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227991612|ref|XP_021927583.1|beta-glucuronidase-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227991614|ref|XP_021927584.1|beta-glucuronidase-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|646709721|gb|KDR15442.1|Beta-glucuronidase [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021927576, XP_021927578, XP_021927579, XP_021927580, XP_021927581, XP_021927582, XP_021927583, XP_021927584, KDR15442

7.26E-95

57.66017

303.523 359

207

Th_d_00105741-RA


gi|939251322|ref|XP_014245262.1|beta-glucuronidase isoform X5 [Cimex lectularius]

Hemiptera

XP_014245262

4.79E-16

82.97872

77.411 47 39

126


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00031354-RA

Beta-glucuronidase 684

gi|1339060579|ref|XP_023718877.1|beta-glucuronidase-like isoform X3 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330889852|gb|PNF22050.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G09739 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023718877, PNF22050

2.29E-49

52.94118

175.252 221

117

Th_d_00031355-RA




XP_023221887

8.16E-23

72.97297

98.9821 74 54

Th_d_00017720-RA


gi|1121168380|ref|XP_019529786.1|PREDICTED: beta-glucuronidase-like isoform X1 [Aedes albopictus]

Diptera

XP_019529786

1.26E-59

58.00712

207.608 281

163

Th_d_00017721-RA


gi|325303090|tpg|DAA34282.1|TPA_inf: beta-glucuronidase GUSB [Amblyomma variegatum]

Arachnida DAA34282

9.22E-48

74.60317

159.073 126 94

Th_d_00029861-RA


gi|557767812|ref|XP_005183593.1|PREDICTED: beta-glucuronidase isoform X2 [Musca domestica]

Diptera

XP_005183593

5.35E-78

69.23077

257.299 247

171

127


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00094572-RA


gi|1229725314|ref|XP_022125377.1|beta-glucuronidase isoform X3 [Pieris rapae]gi|1229725316|ref|XP_022125378.1|beta-glucuronidase isoform X3 [Pieris rapae]

Lepidoptera

XP_022125377, XP_022125378

1.59E-15

66.17647

76.6406 68 45

Th_d_00060577-RA



Blattodea

XP_023718877, PNF22050

2.87E-57

66.85714

197.978 175

117

Th_d_00103092-RA


gi|939667591|ref|XP_014280878.1|PREDICTED: beta-glucuronidase-like isoform X2 [Halyomorpha halys]

Hemiptera

XP_014280878

1.76E-26

78.08219

108.612 73 57

Th_d_00085133-RA




XP_023221887

5.38E-48

81.19658

167.933 117 95

128


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00018098-RA


gi|646696603|gb|KDR08779.1|Beta-glucuronidase [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

KDR08779

2.5E-147

78.36991

434.491 319

250

Th_d_00119947-RA


gi|951547932|ref|XP_014474109.1|PREDICTED: beta-glucuronidase isoform X1 [Dinoponera quadriceps]

Hymenoptera

XP_014474109

1.61E-14

57.69231

73.9442 78 45

Th_d_00005617-RA



Blattodea

XP_023718877, PNF22050 0

62.9174

559.681 569

358

Th_d_00005619-RA


gi|241309940|ref|XP_002407819.1|beta-glucuronidase (GusB), putative [Ixodes scapularis]gi|215497226|gb|EEC06720.1|beta-glucuronidase (GusB), putative [Ixodes scapularis]

Arachnida

XP_002407819, EEC06720

2.9E-45

74.60317

155.606 126 94

Th_d_00056689-RA



Crustacea

KZS16987

1.62E-58

74.63768

189.119 138

103

129


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00098010-RA


gi|1339045451|ref|XP_023710854.1|beta-glucuronidase-like [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1339045453|ref|XP_023710855.1|beta-glucuronidase-like [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330907803|gb|PNF30365.1|Beta-glucuronidase [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023710854, XP_023710855, PNF30365

4.82E-13

62.66667

71.2478 75 47

Th_d_00094268-RA


gi|662210289|ref|XP_008478777.1|PREDICTED: beta-glucuronidase-like [Diaphorina citri]

Hemiptera

XP_008478777

4.17E-31

78.40909

115.546 88 69

Th_d_00049078-RA



Blattodea

PNF22051

4.5E-115

76.55678

339.732 273

209

Th_d_00077520-RA



Blattodea

XP_023710854, XP_023710855, PNF30365

2.48E-32

76.78571

130.954 112 86

130


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00068165-RA



Crustacea

KZS16987

7.51E-55

74.10072

176.792 139

103

Th_d_00063635-RA



Blattodea

XP_023718877, PNF22050

1.63E-42

67.68293

158.688 164

111

Th_d_00075299-RA


gi|985391249|ref|XP_015380321.1|PREDICTED: beta-glucuronidase [Diuraphis noxia]

Crustacea

XP_015380321

3.58E-51

69.93464

175.252 153

107

Th_d_00070918-RA


gi|91089481|ref|XP_969353.1|PREDICTED: beta-glucuronidase [Tribolium castaneum]gi|270011394|gb|EFA07842.1|Beta-glucuronidase-like Protein [Tribolium castaneum]

Coleoptera

XP_969353, EFA07842

1.4E-12

59.25926

71.633 81 48

131


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00080262-RA



Blattodea

XP_023710854, XP_023710855, PNF30365 3.33E-50

78.26087

162.54 115 90

Th_d_00100552-RA


gi|91089481|ref|XP_969353.1|PREDICTED: beta-glucuronidase [Tribolium castaneum]gi|270011394|gb|EFA07842.1|Beta-glucuronidase-like Protein [Tribolium castaneum]

Coleoptera

XP_969353, EFA07842 7.51E-12

64.61538

66.6254 65 42

Th_d_00070705-RA




XP_023213588 4.75E-55

77.53623

180.644 138

107

Th_d_00071727-RA




XP_023221887 7.65E-46

59.15493

166.392 213

126

132


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00043633-RA



Crustacea

KZS16987

7.75E-56

74.10072

177.563 139 103

Th_d_00043632-RA


gi|662210289|ref|XP_008478777.1|PREDICTED: beta-glucuronidase-like [Diaphorina citri]

Hemiptera

XP_008478777

2.15E-22

69.73684

92.4337 76 53

Th_d_00017000-RA



Blattodea

XP_023718877, PNF22050

4.1E-103 72.5

317.39 280 203

133

Table 3.6. Maltases in Thermobia domestica: Coding sequences in T. domestica genome encoding for maltases and their blast description.

Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00074079-RA

maltase 2-like 678

gi|1228382183|ref|XP_021952619.1|alpha-glucosidase-like [Folsomia candida]

Collembola

XP_021952619

1.68E-21 87.5

98.5969 56 49

Th_d_00040803-RA

maltase-glucoamylase, intestinal-like 697


Crustacea

XP_018011173

2.31E-56

64.02116

199.519 189 121

Th_d_00083166-RA

Maltase-glucoamylase, intestinal 580


Crustacea

KZR99685

3.96E-57

64.58333

191.43 192 124

Th_d_00152677-RA

Maltase 1 177

gi|646696837|gb|KDR08865.1|Maltase 1 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

KDR08865

6.92E-16

85.71429

75.485 42 36

Th_d_00066308-RA

maltase 2-like 732

gi|1228013734|ref|XP_021938828.1|maltase 2-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021938828

5.68E-54

67.42857

187.578 175 118

134


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00031469-RA

Maltase 1 594

gi|1339059399|ref|XP_023718249.1|maltase 2-like isoform X3 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330891182|gb|PNF22667.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G07129 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330891184|gb|PNF22669.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G07129 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023718249, PNF22667, PNF22669

2.17E-61 72

204.527 175 126

Th_d_00031468-RA

maltase A3-like isoform X2 513

gi|636630766|gb|AIA09343.1|alpha-glucosidase [Periplaneta americana]

Blattodea

AIA09343

4.88E-11

66.15385

66.6254 65 43

Th_d_00112867-RA

maltase 1-like isoform X2 483


Blattodea

XP_023718249, PNF22667, PNF22669

1.09E-51

68.87417

177.563 151 104

135


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00056395-RA



Blattodea

XP_023718249, PNF22667, PNF22669

4.5E-112

64.76965

342.813 369 239

Th_d_00065847-RA

Maltase 1 420


Blattodea

PNF22670

3.52E-40

71.96262

139.813 107 77

Th_d_00108497-RA

Maltase 1 420

gi|1061480896|gb|ODM98289.1|Maltase 1 [Orchesella cincta]

Collembola

ODM98289

3.7E-40

77.3913

147.132 115 89

Th_d_00059940-RA



Blattodea

XP_023718249, PNF22667, PNF22669

2.8E-118

64.72222

357.066 360 233

136


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00081100-RA Maltase 1 600


Blattodea

XP_021938828

5.61E-67

67.66169

219.935 201 136

Th_d_00061180-RA



Crustacea

XP_018011173

2.46E-34 73

141.739 100 73

Th_d_00084554-RA



Crustacea

KZR99685

4.25E-57

64.58333

191.43 192 124

Th_d_00033664-RA


gi|1022768805|gb|KZS13426.1|Uncharacterized protein APZ42_021387 [Daphnia magna]

Crustacea

KZS13426

3.76E-53

75.17241

192.971 145 109

Th_d_00033663-RA



Crustacea

XP_018011173

6.99E-06 60

50.447 55 33



Blattodea

XP_021938828

1.9E-24 85

100.523 60 51

137


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00010925-RA



Crustacea

XP_018011173

7.79E-17 64

81.2629 75 48

Th_d_00010928-RA

sucrase-isomaltase, intestinal-like 651

gi|1238867838|ref|XP_022249218.1|sucrase-isomaltase, intestinal-like [Limulus polyphemus]

Arthropoda-atlantic horse-shoe crab

XP_022249218

7.1E-28

71.56863

116.701 102 73



Collembola

ODM98289

7.7E-22

83.05085

93.9745 59 49

Th_d_00096117-RA maltase 1 555

gi|1227980746|ref|XP_021921963.1|uncharacterized protein KIAA0513 isoform X3 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021921963

1.5E-115

93.25843

341.658 178 166

138


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives


gi|1339067252|ref|XP_023720702.1|uncharacterized protein KIAA0513 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330886365|gb|PNF20093.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G05254 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330886366|gb|PNF20094.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G05254 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023720702, PNF20093, PNF20094

1.78E-66

71.91781

221.09 292 210

Th_d_00008617-RA Maltase 1 1668

gi|1339059590|ref|XP_023718348.1|maltase 2-like [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330891147|gb|PNF22635.1|Maltase 2 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023718348, PNF22635 0

68.47826

608.216 552 378



Collembola

ODM91568

3.54E-09

65.625

58.9214 64 42

Th_d_00037981-RA



Crustacea

XP_018011173

1.17E-90

55.1963

305.449 433 239

139


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00106192-RA

maltase 2-like 228

gi|1233179883|ref|XP_022191429.1|maltase A3-like [Nilaparvata lugens]

Hemiptera

XP_022191429

8.92E-16

61.97183

75.8702 71 44



Blattodea

XP_023718249, PNF22667, PNF22669

7.63E-36

65.21739

134.806 138 90

Th_d_00029984-RA

maltase-glucoamylase, intestinal 1509


Crustacea

EFX87690

4E-99

71.05263

325.094 266 189

Th_d_00098066-RA

maltase 2-like 477


Blattodea

XP_023718348, PNF22635

4.21E-45

73.48485

161.384 132 97

140


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives


gi|1339067252|ref|XP_023720702.1|uncharacterized protein KIAA0513 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330886365|gb|PNF20093.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G05254 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330886366|gb|PNF20094.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G05254 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023720702, PNF20093, PNF20094

5.25E-71

76.83824

231.106 272 209



Collembola

ODM98289

1.88E-22

85.9375

98.5969 64 55

Th_d_00086494-RA

maltase 2-like 600


Blattodea

XP_023718348, PNF22635

5.83E-71

74.58564

231.106 181 135

Th_d_00105557-RA



Crustacea

XP_018011173

4.86E-41

65.66265

152.525 166 109

141


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives


gi|1153707331|ref|XP_020295361.1|alpha-glucosidase-like [Pseudomyrmex gracilis]

Hymenoptera

XP_020295361

1.64E-16

75.75758

77.7962 66 50



Blattodea

XP_021938828

1.07E-23 85

101.679 60 51

Th_d_00075301-RA maltase 1 690


Blattodea

XP_021921963

6.5E-118

96.51163

349.747 172 166

Th_d_00013780-RA



Crustacea

XP_018011173

4.78E-30

61.9403

121.324 134 83

Th_d_00093020-RA

maltase 2-like 627


Blattodea

XP_023718348, PNF22635

8.8E-70

75.70621

228.409 177 134

142

Table 3.7. Amylases in Thermobia domestica: Coding sequences in T. domestica genome encoding for amylases and their blast description.

Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00029486-RA

alpha-amylase 1-like 558

gi|1000763879|ref|XP_015605017.1|PREDICTED: alpha-amylase 1-like [Cephus cinctus]

Hymenoptera

XP_015605017

3.02E-20

83.60656

93.5893 61 51

Th_d_00029487-RA

Alpha-amylase 1 837

gi|1339094654|ref|XP_023708592.1|alpha-amylase 1-like [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330912880|gb|PNF32627.1|Alpha-amylase 1 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023708592, PNF32627

6.11E-29

83.56164

120.939 73 61

Th_d_00082350-RA



Hymenoptera

XP_015605017

4.65E-09

81.57895

60.8474 38 31

Th_d_00112407-RA



Hymenoptera

XP_015605017

1.27E-21

90.38462

92.8189 52 47

Th_d_00058535-RA

alpha-amylase-like isoform X2 402

gi|854959469|gb|AKN79742.1|amylase, partial [Procambarus clarkii]

Crustacea

AKN79742

1.85E-10

64.0625

63.5438 64 41

143


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00049613-RA



Blattodea

KDR18093

6.29E-37

85.55556

141.354 90 77

Th_d_00147613-RA



Hymenoptera

XP_015605017

7.59E-19

84.61538

83.5741 52 44

Th_d_00086652-RA

Alpha-amylase 1 447

gi|540849793|gb|AGV15452.1|alpha-amylase, partial [Blattella germanica]

Blattodea

AGV15452

1.84E-66

78.52349

215.312 149 117

Th_d_00132371-RA



Hymenoptera

XP_015605017

3.22E-19

82.14286

84.7297 56 46

Th_d_00074258-RA



Hymenoptera

XP_015605017

4E-19

72.85714

85.5001 70 51

144


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00050952-RA



Hymenoptera

XP_015605210

7.65E-42

88.88889

149.828 90 80

Th_d_00120835-RA

alpha-amylase A-like 276

gi|68266167|gb|AAY88846.1|alpha-amylase, partial [Musca domestica] Diptera

AAY88846

1.03E-31

73.91304

114.005 92 68

Th_d_00095053-RA

Alpha-amylase 1 249

gi|62955866|gb|AAY23288.1|1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase precursor [Blattella germanica]

Blattodea

AAY23288

6.52E-16

77.08333

76.6406 48 37

Th_d_00106074-RA

Pancreatic alpha-amylase 294

gi|1061479081|gb|ODM96628.1|Pancreatic alpha-amylase [Orchesella cincta]

Collembola

ODM96628

1.59E-15

55.55556

76.2554 90 50

Th_d_00026691-RA



Hymenoptera

XP_015605210

5.74E-42

88.88889

149.828 90 80

145


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00026690-RA

Alpha-amylase 1 669


Blattodea

XP_023708592, PNF32627

3.96E-31

83.33333

125.176 78 65

Th_d_00060374-RA


gi|817060103|ref|XP_012251588.1|alpha-amylase A-like [Athalia rosae]

Hymenoptera

XP_012251588

9.71E-25

52.12121

107.842 165 86

Th_d_00013282-RA



Blattodea

XP_023708592, PNF32627

5.94E-31

83.56164

121.324 73 61

Th_d_00013283-RA


gi|755948639|ref|XP_011300849.1|PREDICTED: alpha-amylase-like [Fopius arisanus]

Hymenoptera

XP_011300849

2.28E-15

94.59459

74.7146 37 35

Th_d_00013284-RA



Blattodea

AAY23288

1.69E-10

82.92683

67.0106 41 34

146


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00048517-RA

alpha-amylase 563

gi|1022776232|gb|KZS19963.1|Alpha-amylase 1 [Daphnia magna]

Crustacea

KZS19963

2.18E-74

72.34043

238.81 188 136

Th_d_00117725-RA



Blattodea

AAY23288

1.05E-15

85.71429

75.8702 42 36

Th_d_00090295-RA

alpha amylase 414

gi|390429576|gb|AFL90691.1|alpha amylase, partial [Ochlerotatus theobaldi]

Diptera

AFL90691

9.56E-18

73.77049

82.8037 61 45

Th_d_00013285-RA

alpha amylase 843

gi|1341138358|gb|AVA17418.1|putative Per a 11 allergen variant, partial [Periplaneta americana]

Blattodea

AVA17418

5.03E-16

63.41463

82.4185 82 52

147

Table 3.8. Galactosidases in Thermobia domestica: Coding sequences in T. domestica genome encoding for galactosidases and their blast description.

Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00001121-RA

beta-galactosidase-1-like protein 2 2986

gi|1067065262|ref|XP_018016606.1|PREDICTED: beta-galactosidase-1-like protein 2, partial [Hyalella azteca]

Crustacea

XP_018016606

5.7E-22

69.79167

108.227 96 67

Th_d_00001119-RA

Beta-galactosidase-1-like protein 2 1191


Blattodea

PNF23708

1.54E-39

64.47368

152.525 152 98

Th_d_00001120-RA



Blattodea

PNF23704

3.74E-31

66.66667

127.872 114 76

Th_d_00001122-RA


gi|1000751438|ref|XP_015598573.1|PREDICTED: beta-galactosidase-1-like protein 2 isoform X1 [Cephus cinctus]

Hymenoptera

XP_015598573 0

70.07874

648.277 635 445

148


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00020110-RA

beta-galactosidase-like isoform X1 511

gi|1191621300|gb|OTF82605.1|beta-galactosidase-like protein, partial [Euroglyphus maynei]

Arachnida

OTF82605

2.46E-18

68.35443

65.855 79 54

Th_d_00020108-RA

beta-galactosidase, putative 294

gi|240999711|ref|XP_002404775.1|beta-galactosidase, putative [Ixodes scapularis]gi|215491658|gb|EEC01299.1|beta-galactosidase, putative, partial [Ixodes scapularis]

Arachnida

XP_002404775, EEC01299

1.37E-17

68.83117

82.0333 77 53

Th_d_00017291-RA

beta-galactosidase 483

gi|1238876097|ref|XP_022251593.1|beta-galactosidase-like isoform X2 [Limulus polyphemus]

Arthropoda-Atlantic horsechoe crab

XP_022251593

4.84E-17

83.33333

83.1889 54 45

Th_d_00017287-RA

beta-galactosidase precursor, putative 333

gi|1316154457|ref|XP_023222257.1|beta-galactosidase-like [Centruroides sculpturatus]


XP_023222257

1.22E-20

81.81818

91.6633 55 45

149


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00003374-RA

beta-galactosidase isoform X2 1720


Crustacean

EFX89607

1.3E-115

66.50124

363.229 403 268

Th_d_00117214-RA

Beta-galactosidase 300

gi|1325320316|ref|XP_023341954.1|beta-galactosidase-like isoform X3 [Eurytemora affinis]

Phasmatodea

XP_023341954

1.54E-30

81.57895

119.013 76 62

Th_d_00019277-RA



Blattodea

PNF23708

1.4E-154

71.42857

450.284 406 290

Th_d_00019278-RA


gi|998516749|ref|XP_015519174.1|PREDICTED: beta-galactosidase-1-like protein 2 [Neodiprion lecontei]gi|998516751|ref|XP_015519175.1|PREDICTED: beta-galactosidase-1-like protein 2 [Neodiprion lecontei]

Hymenoptera

XP_015519174, XP_015519175

8E-67

68.24034

224.172 233 159

150


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00006652-RA



Crustacean

EFX89607

4.9E-116

62.83619

358.607 409 257

Th_d_00006654-RA


gi|1233169119|ref|XP_022186636.1|beta-galactosidase [Nilaparvata lugens]

Hemiptera

XP_022186636

2.39E-21

81.35593

92.8189 59 48

Th_d_00006653-RA



Hemiptera

XP_022186636

2.06E-35

74.03846

141.354 104 77

Th_d_00038143-RA



Blattodea

PNF39271

3.78E-50

56.74419

181.8 215 122

Th_d_00102809-RA



Blattodea

PNF23705

9.88E-25

72.72727

102.834 77 56

Th_d_00032922-RA



Blattodea

PNF23708

2.6E-113

74.63235

339.732 272 203

151


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00037252-RA



Crustacea

EFX89607

1.1E-116

63.18408

362.459 402 254

Th_d_00052174-RA


gi|1000751440|ref|XP_015598574.1|PREDICTED: beta-galactosidase-1-like protein 2 isoform X2 [Cephus cinctus]gi|1000751442|ref|XP_015598576.1|PREDICTED: beta-galactosidase-1-like protein 2 isoform X2 [Cephus cinctus]gi|1000751444|ref|XP_015598577.1|PREDICTED: beta-galactosidase-1-like protein 2 isoform X2 [Cephus cinctus]gi|1000751446|ref|XP_015598578.1|PREDICTED: beta-galactosidase-1-like protein 2 isoform X2 [Cephus cinctus]gi|1000751448|ref|XP_015598579.1|PREDICTED: beta-galactosidase-1-like protein 2 isoform X2 [Cephus cinctus]gi|1000751450|ref|XP_015598580.1|PREDICTED: beta-galactosidase-1-like protein 2 isoform X2 [Cephus cinctus]

Hymenoptera

XP_015598574, XP_015598576, XP_015598577, XP_015598578, XP_015598579, XP_015598580

1.3E-110

65.36313

342.813 358 234

152


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00079338-RA



Hemiptera

XP_022186636

2.11E-45

76.78571

163.696 112 86

153

Table 3.9. Myrosinases in Thermobia domestica: Coding sequences in T. domestica genome encoding for mirosinases and their blast description.

Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00144418-RA

myrosinase 1-like 306

gi|768427825|ref|XP_011555023.1|PREDICTED: uncharacterized protein LOC105386209 [Plutella xylostella]

Lepidoptera

XP_011555023

1.77E-30

73.68421

119.013 95 70

Th_d_00030415-RA


gi|1339068038|ref|XP_023721112.1|myrosinase 1-like [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1339068040|ref|XP_023721113.1|myrosinase 1-like [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330885855|gb|PNF19653.1|Myrosinase 1 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330885856|gb|PNF19654.1|Myrosinase 1 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023721112, XP_023721113, PNF19653, PNF19654

8.9E-118

65.81197

358.992 351 231

Th_d_00055165-RA


gi|636630776|gb|AIA09348.1|beta-glucosidase [Periplaneta americana]

Blattodea

AIA09348

9.26E-29

79.22078

112.464 77 61

Th_d_00046945-RA


gi|910313450|ref|XP_013175517.1|PREDICTED: uncharacterized protein LOC106123648 [Papilio xuthus]

Lepidoptera

XP_013175517

6.81E-15

83.33333

76.6406 48 40

154


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00063063-RA


gi|1114635916|gb|APM84101.1|GH1 beta-glucosidase [Microcerotermes annandalei]

Blattodea

APM84101

2.94E-30

78.04878

122.094 82 64

Th_d_00012572-RA



Blattodea

XP_023721112, XP_023721113, PNF19653, PNF19654

6.6E-109

62.6943

340.887 386 242

Th_d_00135824-RA


gi|910324408|ref|XP_013165281.1|PREDICTED: myrosinase 1-like [Papilio xuthus]

Lepidoptera

XP_013165281

2.82E-26

64.15094

107.457 106 68

Th_d_00113027-RA

Myrosinase 1 372

gi|1061486758|gb|ODN03847.1|Myrosinase 1 [Orchesella cincta]

Collembola

ODN03847

3.72E-33

59.67742

127.487 124 74

Th_d_00117962-RA

Myrosinase 1 321

gi|746857492|ref|XP_011059478.1|PREDICTED: myrosinase 1 isoform X2 [Acromyrmex echinatior]

Hymenoptera

XP_011059478

1.61E-33

82.22222

126.716 90 74

155


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00105850-RA

Myrosinase 1 246

gi|506967929|gb|AGM32308.1|beta-glucosidase, partial [Coptotermes formosanus]

Blattodea

AGM32308

4.92E-33

84.14634

120.168 82 69

Th_d_00058602-RA


gi|269965728|dbj|BAI50023.1|beta-glucosidase [Nasutitermes takasagoensis]

Blattodea

BAI50023

2.49E-89

73.85321

277.33 218 161

Th_d_00056050-RA

Myrosinase 1 798


Blattodea

XP_023721112, XP_023721113, PNF19653, PNF19654

2.9E-104

77.69231

319.316 260 202

Th_d_00093969-RA


gi|1233170929|ref|XP_022187264.1|myrosinase 1-like isoform X2 [Nilaparvata lugens]

Hemiptera

XP_022187264

1.79E-54

75.69444 181.8 144 109

Th_d_00058955-RA

Myrosinase 1 579

gi|574959088|gb|AHG54239.1|beta-glucosidase 3 [Lygus lineolaris]

Hemiptera

AHG54239

1.88E-34

77.17391

132.494 92 71

156


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00100160-RA

Myrosinase 1 369

gi|1070157753|ref|XP_018359559.1|PREDICTED: myrosinase 1-like [Trachymyrmex cornetzi]gi|1009403499|gb|KYN23032.1|Myrosinase 1 [Trachymyrmex cornetzi]

Hymenoptera

XP_018359559, KYN23032

7.4E-34

82.6087

128.257 92 76

Th_d_00141241-RA



Lepidoptera

XP_013165281

1.11E-25

79.72973

107.071 74 59

Th_d_00089076-RA


gi|364023587|gb|AEW46868.1|seminal fluid protein CSSFP018, partial [Chilo suppressalis]

Lepidoptera

AEW46868

2.5E-40

74.5098

139.813 102 76

Th_d_00076743-RA


gi|1080062831|ref|XP_018573476.1|myrosinase 1-like [Anoplophora glabripennis]

Coleoptera

XP_018573476

3.39E-50

81.95489

172.94 133 109

Th_d_00111777-RA



Blattodea

AGM32308

2.21E-13

84.09091

67.781 44 37

Th_d_00074352-RA


gi|913323605|ref|XP_013193075.1|PREDICTED: myrosinase 1-like [Amyelois transitella]

Lepidoptera

XP_013193075

2.95E-12

77.77778

69.707 45 35

157


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00064915-RA


gi|1101349013|ref|XP_018900400.1|PREDICTED: myrosinase 1-like isoform X2 [Bemisia tabaci]

Hemiptera

XP_018900400

8.6E-34

79.41176

130.568 102 81

Th_d_00053277-RA

myrosinase 1 786

gi|748995286|gb|AJE75665.1|putative glycosyl hydrolase [Chrysomela lapponica]

Coleoptera

AJE75665

7.01E-56

64.48087

192.2 183

118

Th_d_00074186-RA


gi|930669849|gb|KPJ10712.1|hypothetical protein RR48_07718 [Papilio machaon]

Lepidoptera

KPJ10712

3.09E-24

72.28916

105.145 83 60

Th_d_00126328-RA



Lepidoptera

XP_011557441

8.38E-35

67.22689

136.346 119 80

Th_d_00052665-RA


gi|1101347123|ref|XP_018899386.1|PREDICTED: myrosinase 1 [Bemisia tabaci]

Hemiptera

XP_018899386

2.86E-69

69.66825

225.713 211

147

Th_d_00141011-RA



Lepidoptera

XP_013165281

8.52E-34

80.23256

127.872 86 69

158


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00043623-RA


gi|795032132|ref|XP_011863828.1|PREDICTED: myrosinase 1-like [Vollenhovia emeryi]gi|795032135|ref|XP_011863829.1|PREDICTED: myrosinase 1-like [Vollenhovia emeryi]

Hymenoptera

XP_011863828, XP_011863829

7.62E-16

49.12281

84.7297 114 56

Th_d_00014522-RA

Myrosinase 1 1410


Blattodea

XP_023721112, XP_023721113, PNF19653, PNF19654

1.2E-118

62.80788

364.385 406

255

Th_d_00082198-RA

Myrosinase 1 678


Blattodea

AIA09348

3.66E-08

62.35294

59.6918 85 53

Th_d_00084786-RA


gi|795043525|ref|XP_011867620.1|PREDICTED: myrosinase 1-like [Vollenhovia emeryi]

Hymenoptera

XP_011867620

2.65E-17

87.23404

83.1889 47 41

Th_d_00066036-RA

Myrosinase 1 744

gi|930652287|gb|KPI94627.1|Myrosinase 1 [Papilio xuthus]

Lepidoptera

KPI94627

8.92E-60

56.45161

202.216 248

140

159


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00062853-RA



Lepidoptera

XP_013165281

1.38E-10

78.04878

61.2326 41 32

Th_d_00041776-RA


gi|1080062338|ref|XP_018573207.1|myrosinase 1-like isoform X2 [Anoplophora glabripennis]

Coleoptera

XP_018573207

5.58E-85

64.28571

268.47 252

162

Th_d_00052134-RA



Blattodea

AGM32308

6.99E-74

72.9064

231.106 203

148

Th_d_00101375-RA



Blattodea

AGM32308

1.39E-14

86.36364

75.485 44 38

Th_d_00038374-RA



Coleoptera

XP_023310604

2.9E-21

83.87097

97.8265 62 52

Th_d_00038373-RA



Blattodea

AIA09348

9.32E-29

86.36364

113.235 88 76

160


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00031000-RA



Blattodea

XP_023721112, XP_023721113, PNF19653, PNF19654

8E-129

67.03601

386.726 361

242

Th_d_00033250-RA



Blattodea

XP_023721112, XP_023721113, PNF19653, PNF19654

1.1E-160

75.44757

469.929 391

295

Th_d_00032603-RA


gi|939630683|ref|XP_014278711.1|PREDICTED: myrosinase 1-like [Halyomorpha halys]

Hemiptera

XP_014278711

3.67E-13

78.26087

68.9366 46 36

Th_d_00032602-RA

Myrosinase 1 717


Blattodea

AGM32308

4.97E-62

75.81699

201.06 153

116

161


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00053701-RA

Myrosinase 1 762

gi|364023593|gb|AEW46871.1|seminal fluid protein CSSFP021 [Chilo suppressalis]

Lepidoptera

AEW46871

5.44E-29

84.21053

120.168 76 64

Th_d_00104679-RA

Myrosinase 1 303

gi|930661725|gb|KPJ03612.1|Myrosinase 1 [Papilio xuthus]

Lepidoptera

KPJ03612

2.28E-40

77.22772

147.132 101 78

Th_d_00103233-RA



Hemiptera

XP_022187264

5.14E-26

72.41379

105.531 87 63

Th_d_00032475-RA



Hemiptera

XP_022187264

3.18E-89

64.49275

277.33 276

178

Th_d_00015265-RA



Lepidoptera

XP_011557441

1.73E-40

65.64885

147.902 131 86

Th_d_00056242-RA


gi|568256136|gb|ETN64735.1|lactase-phlorizin hydrolase [Anopheles darlingi]

Diptera

ETN64735

2.23E-31

53.125

128.642 192

102

Th_d_00068261-RA



Hemiptera

XP_022187264

3.63E-44

67.37589

157.532 141 95

162


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00033820-RA


gi|1121153069|ref|XP_019563383.1|PREDICTED: lactase-phlorizin hydrolase-like [Aedes albopictus]

Diptera

XP_019563383

6.31E-26

69.36937

117.857 111 77

Th_d_00078948-RA



Lepidoptera

XP_011555023

7.56E-34

75.72816

129.028 103 78

Th_d_00085145-RA

Myrosinase 1 495

gi|1070157753|ref|XP_018359559.1|PREDICTED: myrosinase 1-like [Trachymyrmex cornetzi]gi|1009403499|gb|KYN23032.1|Myrosinase 1 [Trachymyrmex cornetzi]

Hymenoptera

XP_018359559, KYN23032

1.27E-40

71.64179

148.288 134 96

Th_d_00150104-RA



Lepidoptera

XP_011555023

1.23E-31

60.14493

124.02 138 83

Th_d_00094424-RA


gi|364023587|gb|AEW46868.1|seminal fluid protein CSSFP018, partial [Chilo suppressalis]

Lepidoptera

AEW46868

2.38E-39

74.5098

137.502 102 76

Th_d_00084437-RA



Blattodea

AIA09348

2.8E-17

56.89655

85.5001 116 66

163


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00088179-RA

myrosinase 1 483

gi|574959088|gb|AHG54239.1|beta-glucosidase 3 [Lygus lineolaris]

Hemiptera

AHG54239

9.24E-30

80.51948

118.627 77 62

Th_d_00095744-RA

Myrosinase 1 357

gi|930661725|gb|KPJ03612.1|Myrosinase 1 [Papilio xuthus]

Lepidoptera

KPJ03612

1.02E-40

76.47059

149.058 102 78

164

Table 3.10. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) in Thermobia domestica: Coding sequences in T. domestica genome encoding for LPMOs and their blast description.

Sequence name


Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00069199-RA

Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase 789

gi|1349059417|emb|SIW61373.1|Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase, partial [Thermobia domestica]

SIW61373

2.14E-56

77.69231

185.652 130 101

Th_d_00098297-RA



SIW61373

2E-86

74.07407

259.996 216 160

Th_d_00119312-RA



SIW61372

6E-109

84.34343

317.005 198 167

Th_d_00120034-RA



SIW61373

1.99E-30

73.86364

112.464 88 65

Th_d_00110473-RA



SIW61373

1.61E-78

78.82353

238.81 170 134

Th_d_00083543-RA



SIW61373

1.46E-96

78.60697

286.189 201 158

Th_d_00052762-RA



SIW61372

4.36E-80

63.56275

247.669 247 157

165


Sequence name



E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00007079-RA



SIW61372

3.1E-160 100

447.203 213 213

Th_d_00007078-RA



SIW61372

8.5E-109

84.34343

316.62 198 167

Th_d_00007075-RA



SIW61373

1.1E-77

78.82353

242.276 170 134

Th_d_00007076-RA



SIW61373

3.91E-74

78.39506

226.868 162 127

Th_d_00056739-RA



SIW61372

3.88E-51

72.51908

168.703 131 95

Th_d_00120998-RA


gi|926610136|ref|XP_013787168.1|uncharacterized protein LOC106471123 [Limulus polyphemus]

Arthropoda-chelicerata-atlantic horseshoe crab

XP_013787168

5.85E-69

73.41772

213.001 158 116

166


Sequence name



E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00058386-RA



SIW61373

5.5E-102

80.69307

303.523 202 163

Th_d_00114368-RA



SIW61373

4.45E-71

75.5814

221.861 172 130

Th_d_00075908-RA



SIW61372

8.07E-50

73.4375

164.466 128 94

Th_d_00058359-RA



SIW61372

4.37E-93

75.58685

276.944 213 161

Th_d_00056072-RA



SIW61373

1.04E-73

63.17829

229.565 258 163

Th_d_00064235-RA



SIW61373

4.19E-69

74.86911

218.779 191 143

Th_d_00056727-RA


gi|1009534315|ref|XP_015904140.1|uncharacterized protein LOC107436837 [Parasteatoda tepidariorum] Spider

XP_015904140

5.7E-88

71.56398

266.159 211 151

167


Sequence name



E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00083583-RA



SIW61373

9.69E-67

75.79618

213.001 157 119

Th_d_00003122-RA



SIW61372

1.3E-61

66.66667

199.134 195 130

Th_d_00023793-RA



SIW61373

1.9E-101

81.68317

298.901 202 165

Th_d_00023791-RA



SIW61373

3.41E-75

79.01235

229.565 162 128

Th_d_00023792-RA



SIW61372

8.8E-17

77.19298

77.411 57 44

Th_d_00058774-RA



SIW61372

3.5E-159 100

447.203 213 213

Th_d_00057442-RA



SIW61373

9.18E-91

78.23834

274.248 193 151

168


Sequence name



E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00118174-RA


gi|1080063909|ref|XP_018574059.1|uncharacterized protein LOC108913075 [Anoplophora glabripennis] Beetle

XP_018574059

5.39E-15 75

74.7146 52 39

Th_d_00109123-RA



SIW61373

2.1E-125

99.45946

358.607 185 184

Th_d_00014400-RA



XP_015904140

2.3E-84

73.11321

258.07 212 155

Th_d_00075450-RA



SIW61373

3.78E-96

78.60697

287.73 201 158

Th_d_00072326-RA



SIW61372

5.13E-97

77.83019

290.041 212 165

Th_d_00049111-RA



SIW61372

2.79E-93

75.9434

279.641 212 161

169


Sequence name



E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00104344-RA



SIW61372

2.41E-62

76.19048

196.438 147 112

Th_d_00061982-RA



SIW61373

2.33E-69

75.39267

219.55 191 144

Th_d_00102441-RA



SIW61372

2.41E-62

76.19048

196.438 147 112

Th_d_00140949-RA


gi|1067063705|ref|XP_018015775.1|PREDICTED: uncharacterized protein LOC108672588 [Hyalella azteca]

Crustacean

XP_018015775

2.47E-53

74.80315

184.882 127 95

Th_d_00084210-RA



XP_015904140

4.11E-88

72.03791

266.544 211 152

Th_d_00095724-RA



SIW61373

1.7E-149 100

419.468 214 214

170


Sequence name



E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00064622-RA



SIW61373

2.16E-93

76.16822

280.796 214 163

Th_d_00158168-RA


gi|1238888528|ref|XP_022256420.1|uncharacterized protein LOC106472108 [Limulus polyphemus]

Arthropoda-chelicerata-atlantic horseshoe crab

XP_022256420

3.97E-14

87.87879

68.9366 33 29

Th_d_00047815-RA


gi|1061482501|gb|ODM99783.1|hypothetical protein Ocin01_06883 [Orchesella cincta]

Springtail

ODM99783

3.04E-44 75

149.443 124 93

Th_d_00054826-RA


gi|1061482501|gb|ODM99783.1|hypothetical protein Ocin01_06883 [Orchesella cincta]

ODM99783

1.12E-42

74.79675

148.673 123 92

Th_d_00108306-RA



SIW61372

1.32E-72

72.72727

223.787 176 128

171


Sequence name



E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00075363-RA



SIW61372

2.31E-55

60.65574

182.956 183 111

Th_d_00058638-RA



SIW61372

1.7E-158 100

445.662 213 213

Th_d_00076106-RA



SIW61372

3.04E-97

77.83019

290.812 212 165

Th_d_00092785-RA



SIW61373

2E-15

74.19355

75.8702 62 46

Th_d_00068335-RA



SIW61373

5.2E-103

80.69307

303.908 202 163

Th_d_00112031-RA



SIW61373

1.98E-76

77.64706

233.802 170 132

Th_d_00032707-RA



SIW61372

2.15E-73

75.40984

229.95 183 138

172


Sequence name



E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00044687-RA


gi|1355978318|gb|PRD27424.1|hypothetical protein NCL1_35386 [Nephila clavipes] Spider

PRD27424

2.93E-50

73.68421

165.622 133 98

Th_d_00068347-RA



SIW61373

3.95E-91

78.23834

275.018 193 151

Th_d_00071731-RA



SIW61372

1.6E-159 100

447.203 213 213

Th_d_00095665-RA



SIW61372

5.17E-77

75.97765

235.728 179 136

Th_d_00085144-RA



SIW61373

1.56E-65

74.375

204.527 160 119

Th_d_00071020-RA



SIW61372

7.67E-49

71.9697

166.777 132 95

Th_d_00037467-RA



SIW61373

1.23E-67

75.75758

217.624 165 125

173


Sequence name



E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Th_d_00037466-RA



SIW61372

3.16E-75 75

230.335 180 135

174

Table 3.11. Endoglucanases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Coding sequences in C. longicaudata genome encoding for endoglucanases and their blast description.

Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00020160-RA

endoglucanase 13-like

513 gi|1330895262|gb|PNF24409.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G09674, partial [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

PNF24409

2.62E-22

86.88525

96.2857

61 53

Lep_00115213-RA


561 gi|1228018665|ref|XP_021941322.1|endoglucanase 7-like, partial [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021941322

3.32E-82

83.01887

247.284

159 132

Lep_00014665-RA

putative endo-beta-1,4-glucanase NkEG3

618 gi|197691949|dbj|BAG70026.1|endo-beta-1,4-glucanase, partial [Salganea esakii]

Blattodea

BAG70026

8.42E-17

80 83.1889

60 48

Lep_00071461-RA

Endoglucanase A

692 gi|1228018667|ref|XP_021941324.1|uncharacterized protein LOC110840536 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021941324

4.2E-107

84.40367

321.627

218 184

Lep_00045067-RA

putative endo-beta-1,4-glucanase OfEG3

726 gi|24940551|emb|CAD54729.1|beta-1,4-endoglucanase [Mastotermes darwiniensis]

Blattodea

CAD54729

1.47E-69

70.61856

225.713

194 137

Lep_00016310-RA


519 gi|1228018665|ref|XP_021941322.1|endoglucanase 7-like, partial [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021941322

2.5E-76

82.19178

231.876

146 120

175


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00016312-RA

Endoglucanase 1 837

gi|157313367|gb|ABV32557.1|cellulase [Teleogryllus emma]gi|167859905|gb|ACA04897.1|cellulase [Teleogryllus emma] Orthoptera

ABV32557, ACA04897

1.08E-42

69.7479

157.532 119 83

Lep_00105874-RA


gi|7546876|gb|AAF63724.1|AF220593_1beta-1,4-glucanase 1, partial [Mastotermes darwiniensis] Blattodea AAF63724

9.2E-66 77.5

207.608 160

124

Lep_00112904-RA


gi|985388348|ref|XP_015378728.1|PREDICTED: endoglucanase E-4-like [Diuraphis noxia] Hemiptera

XP_015378728

1.56E-22

86.53846

94.7449 52 45

Lep_00052326-RA



XP_021941324

3.1E-100

63.10976

310.457 328

207

176


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00013083-RA


gi|1339056265|ref|XP_023716596.1|uncharacterized protein LOC111869358 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1339056267|ref|XP_023716597.1|uncharacterized protein LOC111869358 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330895261|gb|PNF24408.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G09674 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023716596, XP_023716597, PNF24408

1.42E-40

78.47222

159.844 144

113

Lep_00013082-RA


gi|646711640|gb|KDR16731.1|Endoglucanase F [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

KDR16731

5.94E-83

73.21429

268.47 224

164

Lep_00125033-RA


gi|380452610|gb|AFD33365.1|endoglucanase [Macrotermes barneyi]

Blattodea

AFD33365

1.16E-20

83.33333

90.8929 60 50

Lep_00014982-RA

putative endo-beta-1,4-glucanase OfEG1 819

gi|44885838|dbj|BAD12008.1|putative endo-beta-1,4-glucanase OfEG1, partial [Odontotermes formosanus]

Blattodea

BAD12008

1.65E-78

70.48458

246.899 227

160

177


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00051684-RA


gi|8886827|gb|AAF80584.1|AF220596_1beta-1,4-endoglucanase 1 [Panesthia cribrata]

Blattodea AAF80584

2.32E-37

78.49462

135.961 93 73

Lep_00095655-RA


gi|7546876|gb|AAF63724.1|AF220593_1beta-1,4-glucanase 1, partial [Mastotermes darwiniensis]

Blattodea AAF63724

4.39E-83

75.12438

253.447 201

151

Lep_00104311-RA


gi|197691959|dbj|BAG70031.1|endo-beta-1,4-glucanase, partial [Panesthia angustipennis]

Blattodea

BAG70031

8.35E-57

73.54839

186.037 155

114

Lep_00142934-RA


gi|1022772340|gb|KZS16514.1|Endoglucanase [Daphnia magna]

Crustacea KZS16514

4.63E-19

67.56757

85.5001 74 50

Lep_00095117-RA


gi|44885846|dbj|BAD12012.1|putative endo-beta-1,4-glucanase SmEG1, partial [Sinocapritermes mushae]

Blattodea

BAD12012

3.51E-49

67.04545

168.318 176

118

Lep_00100398-RA

Endoglucanase F 504

gi|646711640|gb|KDR16731.1|Endoglucanase F [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

KDR16731

3.35E-25

87.32394

106.301 71 62

178


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00053282-RA



Crustacea KZS16514

9.09E-24

74.24242

99.7525 66 49

Lep_00029521-RA


gi|197691959|dbj|BAG70031.1|endo-beta-1,4-glucanase, partial [Panesthia angustipennis]

Blattodea

BAG70031

1.35E-53

64.79592

190.66 196

127

Lep_00107688-RA



Embioptera

AOV94253

1.5E-24

79.03226

103.219 62 49

Lep_00003639-RA



Hemiptera

XP_015378728

2E-23

79.03226

93.9745 62 49

Lep_00032008-RA


gi|1339092712|ref|XP_023707569.1|1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330914862|gb|PNF33674.1|1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023707569, PNF33674

1.19E-73

87.41259

244.588 143

125

179


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00032826-RA


gi|1339092712|ref|XP_023707569.1|1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330914862|gb|PNF33674.1|1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023707569, PNF33674 0

89.77636

541.576 313

281

Lep_00026154-RA


gi|44885830|dbj|BAD12004.1|putative endo-beta-1,4-glucanase HsEG4, partial [Hodotermopsis sjostedti]

Blattodea

BAD12004

2.41E-44

82.6087

155.221 115 95

Lep_00026155-RA


gi|521313323|gb|AGP76424.1|endo-beta-1,4-glucanase 1 [Pericapritermes sp. PpEG1]

Blattodea

AGP76424

6.06E-15

79.62963

75.485 54 43

Lep_00038056-RA


gi|8886829|gb|AAF80585.1|AF220597_1beta-1,4-endoglucanase 2 [Panesthia cribrata]

Blattodea AAF80585

1.69E-43

55.55556

157.532 207

115

Lep_00006772-RA



Blattodea

KDR10771

1.61E-53

86.84211

176.407 114 99

180


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00008343-RA


gi|1000740642|ref|XP_015592927.1|PREDICTED: endoglucanase E-4-like [Cephus cinctus]gi|1000740644|ref|XP_015592928.1|PREDICTED: endoglucanase E-4-like [Cephus cinctus]gi|1000740646|ref|XP_015592929.1|PREDICTED: endoglucanase E-4-like [Cephus cinctus]

Hymenoptera

XP_015592927, XP_015592928, XP_015592929

4.68E-30

74.74747

116.701 99 74

Lep_00008346-RA


gi|985425232|ref|XP_015378087.1|PREDICTED: endoglucanase 4-like [Diuraphis noxia]

Hemiptera

XP_015378087

2.46E-40

74.07407

144.05 135

100

Lep_00008347-RA



Hemiptera

XP_015378728

1.3E-21

70.83333

94.3597 72 51

Lep_00008344-RA


gi|992052372|gb|AMH40395.1|glycoside hydrolase family 9 [Timema cristinae]

Phasmatodea

AMH40395

6.7E-13 62.5

69.707 80 50

Lep_00044891-RA


gi|1228018667|ref|XP_021941324.1|uncharacterized protein LOC110840536 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021941324 0

79.36508

528.094 378

300

181


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00020161-RA



Blattodea

XP_021941324

3E-159

78.15126

463.381 357

279

Lep_00054377-RA



Phasmatodea

AMH40395

2.25E-66

56.07143

222.246 280

157

Lep_00014666-RA



Hemiptera

XP_015378728

6.6E-26

67.77778

102.449 90 61

Lep_00071754-RA



Phasmatodea

AMH40374

3.65E-80

75.58685

254.603 213

161

Lep_00016311-RA


gi|13095576|gb|AAK12339.1|cellulase [Coptotermes acinaciformis]

Blattodea

AAK12339

9.36E-57

71.07843

194.126 204

145

Lep_00100613-RA



Blattodea PNF24409

1.65E-37

78.49462

134.806 93 73

Lep_00034744-RA



Phasmatodea

AMH40374

4.5E-149

63.34661

442.58 502

318

182


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00014981-RA



Embioptera

AOV94250

1.37E-59

71.42857

209.534 168

120

Lep_00014983-RA


gi|1080053223|ref|XP_018568196.1|uncharacterized protein LOC108908596 isoform X3 [Anoplophora glabripennis]gi|1325348755|ref|XP_023310347.1|uncharacterized protein LOC108908596 isoform X4 [Anoplophora glabripennis]

Coleoptera

XP_018568196, XP_023310347

1.48E-23

59.29204

102.449 113 67

Lep_00071132-RA



Blattodea

XP_021941324

1E-105

83.48624

317.775 218

182

Lep_00051683-RA



Phasmatodea

AMH40395

4.36E-25

79.72973

102.064 74 59

Lep_00038648-RA


gi|992052101|gb|AMH40383.1|glycoside hydrolase family 9 [Ramulus artemis]

Phasmatodea

AMH40383

1.45E-23

76.47059

102.449 68 52

Lep_00060202-RA


gi|13095576|gb|AAK12339.1|cellulase [Coptotermes acinaciformis]

Blattodea

AAK12339

3.03E-92

76.19048

285.804 210

160

183


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00022398-RA



Phasmatodea

AMH40392

1.5E-177

74.01392

511.146 431

319

Lep_00036184-RA



Blattodea

XP_021941324 0

79.35035

570.852 431

342

Lep_00026826-RA



Blattodea

XP_021941324 0

78.19026

578.941 431

337

Lep_00061557-RA



Blattodea PNF24409

3.9E-35 75

135.961 100 75

Lep_00034832-RA


gi|7546876|gb|AAF63724.1|AF220593_1beta-1,4-glucanase 1, partial [Mastotermes darwiniensis]

Blattodea AAF63724

6.15E-47

71.65354

159.844 127 91

Lep_00078550-RA



Phasmatodea

AMH40374

4.17E-82

70.12987

258.455 231

162

184


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00081122-RA



Phasmatodea

AMH40374

9.56E-79

72.12389

249.21 226

163

Lep_00135466-RA



Phasmatodea

AMH40374

1.97E-25

80.95238

103.605 63 51

Lep_00127920-RA



Crustacea KZS07093

1.77E-22

75.67568

95.1301 74 56

Lep_00096399-RA



Blattodea PNF24409

4.5E-49

74.49664

172.94 149

111

Lep_00003635-RA



Blattodea

XP_021941324

8.2E-126

75.48387

373.244 310

234

Lep_00003637-RA



Crustacea KZS16514

7.52E-21

77.9661

91.6633 59 46

Lep_00003640-RA


gi|695941540|gb|AIT38270.1|endo-beta-1,4-glucanase, partial [Pseudohelice subquadrata]

Arthropoda-crab AIT38270

1.39E-08

82.85714

51.9878 35 29

185


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00026156-RA



Phasmatodea

AMH40360

6.24E-65 75

222.246 172

129

Lep_00038055-RA



Blattodea PNF24409

1.47E-88

75.90909

270.781 220

167

Lep_00094505-RA



Blattodea PNF24409

2.13E-51

72.90323

176.407 155

113

Lep_00006775-RA


gi|24940551|emb|CAD54729.1|beta-1,4-endoglucanase [Mastotermes darwiniensis]

Blattodea

CAD54729 0

72.24576

537.339 472

341

Lep_00006773-RA



Phasmatodea

AMH40360

1.54E-18

84.61538

62.7734 39 33

Lep_00006774-RA


gi|992051683|gb|AMH40363.1|glycoside hydrolase family 9 [Extatosoma tiaratum]

Phasmatodea

AMH40363

1.99E-20

82.69231

98.5969 52 43

Lep_00042852-RA


gi|24940553|emb|CAD54730.1|beta-1,4-endoglucanase [Mastotermes darwiniensis]

Blattodea

CAD54730

5.1E-109

76.57993

328.561 269

206

186


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00042851-RA



Crustacea

AOV94250

5.06E-12

66.66667

68.5514 57 38

187

Table 3.12. Glucosidases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Coding sequences in C. longicaudata genome encoding for glucosidases and their blast description.

Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order Hit ACC E-Value Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00095878-RA


gi|1339080613|ref|XP_023728054.1|glucosidase 2 subunit beta [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330927816|gb|PNF40060.1|Glucosidase 2 subunit beta [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023728054, PNF40060

2.28E-36

84.61538

139.428 78 66

Lep_00055462-RA

Glucosidase 2 subunit beta 708


Blattodea

XP_023726071

4.64E-26

51.63399

105.916 153 79

Lep_00055460-RA

glucosidase 2 subunit beta-like 213


Blattodea

XP_021939758

5.55E-08

80.64516

51.9878 31 25

Lep_00098875-RA

protein-glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine glucosidase 669

gi|512925622|ref|XP_004930884.1|protein-glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine glucosidase [Bombyx mori]

Lepidoptera

XP_004930884

3.41E-23

60.83333

103.605 120 73

188


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00052604-RA


gi|303324839|pdb|3AHZ|AChain A, Crystal Structure Of Beta-Glucosidase From Termite Neotermes Koshunensis In Complex With Trisgi|393715252|pdb|3VIF|AChain A, Crystal Structure Of Beta-glucosidase From Termite Neotermes Koshunensis In Complex With Gluconolactonegi|393715253|pdb|3VIG|AChain A, Crystal Structure Of Beta-glucosidase From Termite Neotermes Koshunensis In Complex With 1-deoxynojirimycingi|393715254|pdb|3VIH|AChain A, Crystal Structure Of Beta-glucosidase From Termite Neotermes Koshunensis In Complex With Glycerolgi|393715255|pdb|3VII|AChain A, Crystal Structure Of Beta-glucosidase From Termite Neotermes Koshunensis In Complex With Bis-tris

Blattodea


1.6E-122

75.52448

365.925 286 216

189


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00036380-RA



Blattodea

XP_023721112, XP_023721113, PNF19653, PNF19654

6.7E-106

62.95265

328.946 359 226

190


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00004872-RA



Blattodea


9E-147

71.88498

368.622 313 225

191


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00004873-RA


gi|1339073035|ref|XP_023723774.1|myrosinase 1-like [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330878957|gb|PNF16841.1|Myrosinase 1 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023723774, PNF16841

2.43E-51

78.81356

174.866 118 93

192


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00021305-RA



Blattodea


8.07E-94

73.30508

290.812 236 173

193


Sequence name


Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00016622-RA



Blattodea

XP_023728054, PNF40060

1.66E-24

66.35945

108.612 217 144

Lep_00016621-RA



Blattodea

XP_021938600

1.04E-17

80.95238

85.1149 63 51

Lep_00016623-RA



Blattodea

XP_023728054, PNF40060

1.1E-34

60.71429

135.191 140 85

194


Sequence name


Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00061060-RA


gi|1339073027|ref|XP_023723770.1|myrosinase 1-like isoform X1 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023723770

3.28E-82 67.5

262.692 240 162

Lep_00022254-RA


gi|393715257|pdb|3VIK|AChain A, Crystal Structure Of Beta-glucosidase From Termite Neotermes Koshunensis In Complex With Cellobiosegi|393715258|pdb|3VIL|AChain A, Crystal Structure Of Beta-glucosidase From Termite Neotermes Koshunensis In Complex With Salicin

Blattodea

3VIK_A, 3VIL_A

5.81E-37

83.90805

135.191 87 73

195


Sequence name



Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00004127-RA


gi|1339073029|ref|XP_023723771.1|myrosinase 1-like isoform X2 [Cryptotermes secundus] Blattodea

XP_023723771

1.61E-89

62.72401

280.411 279 175

196


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00004131-RA



Blattodea


2.7E-102

63.69427

315.079 314 200

197


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00045500-RA

bile acid beta-glucosidase 618

gi|568254064|gb|ETN63073.1|bile acid beta-glucosidase [Anopheles darlingi]

Diptera

ETN63073

1.75E-39

70.55215

149.828 163 115

Lep_00077160-RA



Blattodea


4.2E-76

66.39344

244.588 244 162

198


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00131373-RA



Blattodea

XP_021938600

3.42E-17

80.85106

78.9518 47 38

Lep_00073345-RA


gi|380452608|gb|AFD33364.1|beta-glucosidase [Macrotermes barneyi]

Blattodea

AFD33364

3.41E-87

71.49123

275.018 228 163

199


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00020846-RA

mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase isoform X2

2442

gi|1339080389|ref|XP_023727931.1|mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1339080391|ref|XP_023727934.1|mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1339080393|ref|XP_023727935.1|mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330927938|gb|PNF40173.1|Mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase GCS1 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330927939|gb|PNF40174.1|Mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase GCS1 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023727931, XP_023727934, XP_023727935, PNF40173, PNF40174 0

76.94175

1047.73 824 634

200


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00052051-RA



Blattodea


1.5E-122

75.52448

365.925 286 216

201


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00041252-RA

lysosomal alpha-glucosidase-like

1458

gi|769856746|ref|XP_011639981.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-glucosidase-like [Pogonomyrmex barbatus]gi|769856748|ref|XP_011639982.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-glucosidase-like [Pogonomyrmex barbatus]gi|769856750|ref|XP_011639983.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-glucosidase-like [Pogonomyrmex barbatus]gi|769856752|ref|XP_011639984.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-glucosidase-like [Pogonomyrmex barbatus]gi|769856754|ref|XP_011639985.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-glucosidase-like [Pogonomyrmex barbatus]

Hymenoptera

XP_011639981, XP_011639982, XP_011639983, XP_011639984, XP_011639985

6.37E-37

87.80488

151.754 82 72

Lep_00084810-RA

uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase KIAA1161-like

1857


Blattodea

AIA09350 0

71.76259

665.611 556 399

202


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00119607-RA


gi|1316140871|ref|XP_023215385.1|uncharacterized protein LOC111618155 isoform X1 [Centruroides sculpturatus]

Arthropoda

XP_023215385

1.31E-15

75.80645

77.7962 62 47

Lep_00159994-RA


1107

gi|1067066097|ref|XP_018017064.1|PREDICTED: uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase KIAA1161-like [Hyalella azteca]

Crustacea

XP_018017064

2.01E-86

55.61497

278.1 374 208

Lep_00100321-RA


2250

gi|1228004020|ref|XP_021933895.1|probable maltase-glucoamylase 2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1228004022|ref|XP_021933896.1|probable maltase-glucoamylase 2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021933895, XP_021933896

5.4E-96

50.1906

325.094 787 395

Lep_00060899-RA



Blattodea

AIA09350

6.85E-45

82.75862

161.384 116 96

203


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00060900-RA



Hemiptera

XP_018910486

3.4E-19

80.95238

88.5817 63 51

Lep_00061350-RA

Lysosomal alpha-glucosidase

1163


Crustacea

EFX87689

1.3E-101

71.33956

325.865 321 229

Lep_00077538-RA


2040


Blattodea

AIA09350 0

65.625

646.736 608 399

Lep_00039192-RA



Crustacea

XP_018011173

1.73E-83

65.23297

278.87 279 182

Lep_00044754-RA


gi|1022768804|gb|KZS13425.1|Lysosomal alpha-glucosidase [Daphnia magna]

Crustacea

KZS13425

1.16E-84

73.66071

276.944 224 165

204


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00044755-RA


gi|1067072134|ref|XP_018019496.1|PREDICTED: LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: probable maltase-glucoamylase 2, partial [Hyalella azteca]

Crustacea

XP_018019496

1.61E-11

49.62963

68.5514 135 67

Lep_00082518-RA


gi|242019253|ref|XP_002430076.1|Neutral alpha-glucosidase AB precursor, putative [Pediculus humanus corporis]gi|212515157|gb|EEB17338.1|Neutral alpha-glucosidase AB precursor, putative [Pediculus humanus corporis]

Phthiraptera

XP_002430076, EEB17338

1.31E-60

81.74603

203.371 126 103

Lep_00082519-RA



Crustacea

EFX84914

6.12E-24 67.5

100.138 80 54

Lep_00106668-RA

uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase KIAA1161

1305


Blattodea

AIA09350

2.4E-129

57.99574

392.119 469 272

Lep_00057687-RA


1101

gi|1233197498|ref|XP_022198397.1|lysosomal alpha-glucosidase-like, partial [Nilaparvata lugens]

Hemiptera

XP_022198397

2.66E-64

54.35435

226.483 333 181

205


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00131971-RA


gi|1238867836|ref|XP_022249217.1|lysosomal alpha-glucosidase-like [Limulus polyphemus]

Arthropoda

XP_022249217

3.33E-32 68

114.39 100 68

Lep_00133481-RA


gi|1080050544|ref|XP_018566730.1|lysosomal alpha-glucosidase-like [Anoplophora glabripennis]gi|1080050546|ref|XP_018566731.1|lysosomal alpha-glucosidase-like [Anoplophora glabripennis]

Coleoptera

XP_018566730, XP_018566731

1.2E-50 92

176.792 100 92

Lep_00057296-RA

Lysosomal alpha-glucosidase

1214


Crustacea

EFX87689

1.3E-102

69.52663

329.331 338 235

Lep_00106368-RA


gi|1227991792|ref|XP_021927675.1|neutral alpha-glucosidase AB isoform X3 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|646709565|gb|KDR15365.1|Neutral alpha-glucosidase AB [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021927675, KDR15365

3.47E-43

93.02326

156.762 86 80

Lep_00027362-RA


gi|952513507|gb|KRT80074.1|glycoside hydrolase, partial [Oryctes borbonicus]

Coleoptera

KRT80074

2.41E-38

83.33333

138.272 84 70

206


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00027361-RA


gi|1022773228|gb|KZS17340.1|Lysosomal alpha-glucosidase [Daphnia magna]

Crustacea

KZS17340

5.29E-39 92.5

152.14 80 74

Lep_00160920-RA



Blattodea

XP_021933735

2.82E-22

83.05085

93.9745 59 49

Lep_00085182-RA

uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase KIAA1161 isoform X1

2409

gi|242004884|ref|XP_002423306.1|conserved hypothetical protein [Pediculus humanus corporis]gi|212506315|gb|EEB10568.1|conserved hypothetical protein [Pediculus humanus corporis]

Phthiraptera

XP_002423306, EEB10568 0

72.99383

707.983 648 473

Lep_00076013-RA



Hemiptera

XP_018913028

2.48E-20

83.01887

88.1965 53 44

207


Sequence name


Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00076014-RA



Hemiptera

XP_018910486

3.47E-19

80.95238

88.5817 63 51

Lep_00089518-RA

uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase KIAA1161-like isoform X1 1839


Blattodea

PNF32421

3.8E-172 60

509.22 585 351

Lep_00071777-RA

Uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase KIAA1161 2259


Blattodea

XP_021933735

2.5E-150

67.98144

458.373 431 293

Lep_00161546-RA


gi|1067066097|ref|XP_018017064.1|PREDICTED: uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase KIAA1161-like [Hyalella azteca]

Crustacea

XP_018017064

3.56E-86

55.82656

277.715 369 206

Lep_00074517-RA



Blattodea

AIA09350

3.74E-14

81.25

70.0922 48 39

208


Sequence name


Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00042846-RA



Blattodea

XP_023710162, PNF42738

2.4E-54

70.45455

194.126 176 124

Lep_00097084-RA



Crustacea

EFX87689

1.87E-84

72.76786

274.633 224 163

Lep_00136184-RA



Blattodea

AIA09350

2E-163

71.60194

481.871 412 295

Lep_00079073-RA



Blattodea

XP_021933735

2.34E-21

78.78788

93.5893 66 52

Lep_00079074-RA



Blattodea

PNF32421

8.01E-18

77.27273

83.1889 66 51

209


Sequence name


Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00128081-RA


gi|1080050544|ref|XP_018566730.1|lysosomal alpha-glucosidase-like [Anoplophora glabripennis]gi|1080050546|ref|XP_018566731.1|lysosomal alpha-glucosidase-like [Anoplophora glabripennis]

Coleoptera

XP_018566730, XP_018566731

1.1E-45

91.39785

164.851 93 85

Lep_00119531-RA

uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase KIAA1161-like isoform X2 368

gi|1316140871|ref|XP_023215385.1|uncharacterized protein LOC111618155 isoform X1 [Centruroides sculpturatus]

Arthropoda

XP_023215385

1.27E-15

75.80645

77.7962 62 47

Lep_00126255-RA



Blattodea

XP_021933735

1.99E-22

83.33333

95.9005 60 50

Lep_00113055-RA

alpha-glucosidase isoform X2 393

gi|1227106192|gb|OXU28826.1|hypothetical protein TSAR_016821 [Trichomalopsis sarcophagae]

Hymenoptera

OXU28826

5.61E-25

67.1875

70.4774 64 43

Lep_00068885-RA

lysosomal alpha-glucosidase-like isoform X1 900


Crustacea

KZR99685

1.55E-53

52.68456

186.037 298 157

210


Sequence name


Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00076643-RA


gi|1330905640|gb|PNF29605.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G01635 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330905643|gb|PNF29608.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G01635 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330905644|gb|PNF29609.1|hypothetical protein B7P43_G01635 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

PNF29605, PNF29608, PNF29609

3.67E-92

66.89189

291.197 296 198

Lep_00135198-RA



Blattodea

KDR11965

1.14E-67

71.42857

221.09 189 135

Lep_00136521-RA



Blattodea

KDR11965

2.69E-75

70.95238

241.891 210 149

Lep_00094746-RA



Blattodea

AIA09350

1.7E-162

71.35922

479.174 412 294

211


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00102111-RA



Blattodea

KDR11965

7.91E-49

80.17241

170.629 116 93

Lep_00054791-RA



Blattodea

PNF29605, PNF29608, PNF29609

4.26E-44

89.77273

153.68 88 79

Lep_00054790-RA



Blattodea

PNF29605, PNF29608, PNF29609

6.66E-66

62.1875

219.935 320 199

212


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00117349-RA


gi|952513507|gb|KRT80074.1|glycoside hydrolase, partial [Oryctes borbonicus]

Coleoptera

KRT80074

1.23E-38

83.33333

139.813 84 70

Lep_00112445-RA


gi|1227991790|ref|XP_021927674.1|neutral alpha-glucosidase AB isoform X2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021927674

2.41E-35

83.52941

137.502 85 71

Lep_00011466-RA



Crustacea

KZS13426

7.46E-17

76.5625

80.4925 64 49

213

Table 3.13. β-1,3-glucanases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Coding sequences in C. longicaudata genome encoding for β-1,3-glucanases and their blast description.

Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00027153-RA


gi|1339068387|ref|XP_023721291.1|uncharacterized protein LOC111872033 isoform X1 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023721291 0

53.22396

1382.08 2621 1395

Lep_00050787-RA


gi|149777474|gb|ABR28480.1|beta-1,3(4)-glucanase LIC1, partial [Periplaneta americana]

Blattodea

ABR28480

7.09E-42

68.38235

157.147 136 93

Lep_00039162-RA


gi|506968285|gb|AGM32486.1|gram negative bacteria binding protein 2, partial [Coptotermes formosanus]

Blattodea

AGM32486

3.49E-30

67.22689

115.161 119 80

Lep_00010402-RA


gi|1339068387|ref|XP_023721291.1|uncharacterized protein LOC111872033 isoform X1 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023721291 0

62.48331

1239.17 1498 936

214


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00052055-RA


gi|1227967090|ref|XP_021914900.1|beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021914900

5.18E-25

74.71264

109.383 87 65

Lep_00039163-RA


gi|546684219|gb|ERL93924.1|hypothetical protein D910_11210 [Dendroctonus ponderosae]

Coleoptera

ERL93924

4E-11

53.84615

65.0846 91 49

Lep_00045091-RA


gi|546684203|gb|ERL93908.1|hypothetical protein D910_11194, partial [Dendroctonus ponderosae]

Coleoptera

ERL93908

3.77E-11

84.21053

65.4698 38 32

Lep_00036322-RA


gi|1022754729|gb|KZS02483.1|Beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein [Daphnia magna]

Crustacea

KZS02483

3.91E-15 45

80.1073 140 63

215


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00071308-RA



Crustacea

EFX69036

3.84E-74

69.63563

237.654 247 172

Lep_00120361-RA


gi|1022753497|gb|KZS02148.1|Beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein, partial [Daphnia magna]

Crustacea

KZS02148

6.93E-07

66.66667

51.6026 45 30

Lep_00045092-RA



Crustacea

EFX72300

4.45E-91

69.35484

279.256 248 172

Lep_00031099-RA



Crustacea

EFX69036

3.02E-52

55.88235

182.57 238 133

Lep_00029894-RA


gi|1121175018|ref|XP_019532058.1|PREDICTED: beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein [Aedes albopictus] Diptera

XP_019532058

2.14E-08

60.34483

56.6102 58 35

216


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00029895-RA


gi|820836955|ref|XP_003690362.2|PREDICTED: beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein 1 [Apis florea]

Hymenoptera

XP_003690362

5.8E-13

66.66667

72.4034 75 50

Lep_00029896-RA


gi|914569839|gb|KOB73371.1|Beta-1,3-glucanase, partial [Operophtera brumata]

Lepidoptera

KOB73371

4.41E-11

54.90196

67.781 102 56

Lep_00028853-RA


gi|208972541|gb|ACI32831.1|beta-1,3-glucanase [Colias eurytheme]

Lepidoptera

ACI32831

9.7E-30

61.90476

122.479 126 78

217

Table 3.14. Mannanases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Coding sequences in C. longicaudata genome encoding for mannanases and their blast description.

Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00137319-RA



Crustacea

KZS10754

3.07E-51

71.63121 173.326 141 101

Lep_00047049-RA



Crustacea

EFX71596

2.49E-24

68.47826 110.923 92 63

Lep_00042299-RA



Crustacea

KZS10752

3.33E-92

66.66667 285.419 288 192

Lep_00015029-RA



Crustacea

KZS10752

6.22E-77

59.60265 246.899 302 180

Lep_00012530-RA



Crustacea

KZS10752

9E-119

70.12579 353.599 318 223

Lep_00057963-RA



Crustacea

KZS10752

1.88E-44

60.98901 162.155 182 111

218


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00015051-RA

endo-beta-1,4-mannanase

1047


Crustacea EFX71596

7.01E-71

60.4811

231.491

291 176

Lep_00015050-RA



Crustacea EFX71596

7.81E-30

69.09091

117.857

110 76

Lep_00015049-RA

endo-beta-1,4-mannanase

1005


Crustacea EFX71596

4.75E-63

54.41696

210.69

283 154

Lep_00122231-RA


gi|1339072353|ref|XP_023723402.1|beta-mannosidase isoform X2 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1339072355|ref|XP_023723403.1|beta-mannosidase isoform X2 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330879524|gb|PNF17252.1|Beta-mannosidase [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023723402, XP_023723403, PNF17252

6.21E-13

61.29032

68.9366 93 57

219


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00067016-RA


gi|815919755|ref|XP_012244839.1|beta-mannosidase [Bombus impatiens]

Hymenoptera

XP_012244839

2.47E-47

61.16505

172.555

206 126

Lep_00065194-RA

beta-mannosidase precursor, putative 795


Hymenoptera

XP_015514937

2.23E-26

83.58209

114.39 67 56

Lep_00114547-RA



Collembola ODN02454

1.81E-34

74.28571

133.265

105 78

Lep_00101167-RA



Coleoptera

XP_022913917

4.68E-36

63.94558

139.043

147 94

Lep_00015028-RA


gi|1061469313|gb|ODM89178.1|Mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase, partial [Orchesella cincta]

Collembola ODM89178

7.01E-10

78.04878

63.5438 41 32

220


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00113998-RA

beta-mannosidase, putative 585


Coleoptera

XP_023311948

5.87E-14

64.70588

73.1738 102 66

Lep_00003857-RA



Blattodea

XP_021917998, XP_021917999, XP_021918000, KDR20416

1.6E-146

60.3352

451.055 537 324

221


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00003854-RA



Blattodea

XP_021917998, XP_021917999, XP_021918000, KDR20416

8.09E-68

70.33493

231.491 209 147

Lep_00003856-RA

Beta-mannosidase-like protein 372


Arachnida

XP_015929642

4.61E-27

83.82353

110.538 68 57

Lep_00076539-RA



Blattodea

XP_023723402, XP_023723403, PNF17252

4.1E-10

73.46939

65.4698 49 36

222


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00038836-RA



Hymenoptera

XP_015514937

5.68E-30

78.31325

121.709 83 65

Lep_00124705-RA



Coleoptera

XP_023311948

6.52E-13

74.60317

66.6254 63 47

Lep_00070663-RA



Collembola

ODN02454

3.15E-32

75.72816

127.872 103 78

Lep_00040649-RA



Blattodea

XP_023723402, XP_023723403, PNF17252

2.4E-110

75.09294

346.28 269 202

Lep_00040650-RA


gi|1035608711|ref|XP_016911936.1|PREDICTED: beta-mannosidase isoform X2 [Apis cerana]

Hymenoptera

XP_016911936

1.03E-40

72.86822

150.984 129 94

223


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00012531-RA


gi|1061469313|gb|ODM89178.1|Mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase, partial [Orchesella cincta]

Collembola

ODM89178

6.21E-28

75.94937

107.457 79 60

Lep_00005361-RA



Blattodea

XP_021917998, XP_021917999, XP_021918000, KDR20416

2.1E-164

74.07407

491.115 405 300

224


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00005360-RA



Blattodea

XP_021917998, XP_021917999, XP_021918000, KDR20416

1.76E-38

58.03571

150.214 224 130

Lep_00016184-RA


gi|675378716|gb|KFM71618.1|Beta-mannosidase, partial [Stegodyphus mimosarum]

Arachnida

KFM71618

4.76E-74 75

239.965 176 132

Lep_00016185-RA



Coleoptera

XP_022913917

5.38E-32

62.41135

127.102 141 88

Lep_00016183-RA


gi|926610764|ref|XP_013790438.1|beta-mannosidase-like [Limulus polyphemus]

Arthropoda

XP_013790438

8.68E-54

59.18367

196.438 245 145

225


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00053636-RA



Blattodea

XP_021917998, XP_021917999, XP_021918000, KDR20416

3.03E-86

75.77093

289.271 227 172

Lep_00102654-RA



Blattodea PNF26420

1.93E-15

76.19048

77.411 63 48

Lep_00022533-RA



Blattodea

XP_023715606, PNF42229

1.1E-117

63.84298

378.637 484 309

226


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00022532-RA



Blattodea

XP_023715597, PNF42230

6.28E-35

63.30935

136.346 139 88

Lep_00061445-RA

mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase IA isoform X2 1386


Blattodea

XP_021929980 0

93.10345

534.643 319 297

Lep_00001693-RA


gi|985414995|ref|XP_015372896.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase-like [Diuraphis noxia]

Hemiptera

XP_015372896

8.4E-79

65.78947

266.929 304 200

227


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00001694-RA



Hemiptera

XP_022200324

1.81E-44

63.84977

171.4 213 136

Lep_00001695-RA



Hemiptera

XP_008471080

2.07E-58

86.29032

204.142 124 107

Lep_00001697-RA

lysosomal alpha-mannosidase (mannosidase alpha class 2b member 1) 438

gi|668446735|gb|KFB36711.1|lysosomal alpha-mannosidase (mannosidase alpha class 2b member 1) [Anopheles sinensis]

Diptera KFB36711

3.39E-16

86.95652

80.4925 46 40

228


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00001692-RA


gi|817191866|ref|XP_012271344.1|lysosomal alpha-mannosidase isoform X1 [Orussus abietinus]

Hymenoptera

XP_012271344

1.93E-06

60.31746

51.2174 63 38

Lep_00001696-RA


gi|1229882973|ref|XP_022161630.1|lysosomal alpha-mannosidase-like [Myzus persicae]

Hemiptera

XP_022161630

3.83E-05 75

47.7506 40 30

Lep_00067663-RA


gi|1048052005|ref|XP_017460755.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase-like, partial [Rhagoletis zephyria] Diptera

XP_017460755

3.85E-35

72.17391

133.65 115 83

Lep_00067664-RA


gi|1133436203|ref|XP_019874318.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase-like [Aethina tumida]

Coleoptera

XP_019874318

1.81E-05

64.58333

48.1358 48 31

Lep_00001528-RA


gi|1080066641|ref|XP_018575534.1|lysosomal alpha-mannosidase isoform X2 [Anoplophora glabripennis]

Coleoptera

XP_018575534

6.07E-10

73.4375

60.8474 64 47

229


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00117516-RA

mannosyl-oligosaccharide alpha-1,2-mannosidase IA isoform X1 1014


Blattodea

XP_021929979

1.9E-123

76.94805

374.785 308 237

230


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00092000-RA



Blattodea


8.41E-30

58.41121

123.635 214 125

231


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00014932-RA



Blattodea

XP_023715606, PNF42229

3E-139

59.77564

441.039 624 373

Lep_00014933-RA


gi|759077107|ref|XP_011348312.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase isoform X1 [Ooceraea biroi]gi|607353605|gb|EZA48346.1|Lysosomal alpha-mannosidase [Ooceraea biroi]

Hymenoptera

XP_011348312, EZA48346

3.4E-20

66.93548

92.8189 124 83

Lep_00148664-RA



Blattodea

XP_021929979

1.21E-62

70.69767

213.001 215 152

232


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00050917-RA


gi|766932221|ref|XP_011498322.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase [Ceratosolen solmsi marchali]

Hymenoptera

XP_011498322

9.21E-32

88.73239

126.331 71 63

Lep_00050916-RA


gi|1059382461|ref|XP_017786052.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase isoform X1 [Nicrophorus vespilloides]

Coleoptera

XP_017786052

6.15E-19

74.32432

91.2781 74 55

Lep_00116113-RA



Blattodea

XP_023714691, XP_023714692, XP_023714693, XP_023714694

1.37E-14

73.68421

73.9442 57 42

Lep_00021753-RA



Hymenoptera

XP_015589368

3.01E-48

62.84585

179.104 253 159

233


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00021751-RA



Hemiptera

XP_015372896

1.11E-28

57.97101

116.701 138 80

Lep_00039375-RA



Blattodea

XP_023717292, PNF23714 0

91.20879

814.683 455 415

Lep_00030657-RA


gi|321449456|gb|EFX61897.1|hypothetical protein DAPPUDRAFT_337859, partial [Daphnia pulex]

Crustacea

EFX61897

8.22E-79

80.9816

254.603 163 132

Lep_00030656-RA


gi|751453449|ref|XP_011181145.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase isoform X1 [Zeugodacus cucurbitae] Diptera

XP_011181145

1.99E-17

92.30769

79.337 39 36

234


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00030658-RA


gi|1321314822|ref|XP_023299647.1|lysosomal alpha-mannosidase isoform X2 [Lucilia cuprina] Diptera

XP_023299647

4.77E-46

79.83193

168.318 119 95

Lep_00086737-RA

alpha-mannosidase 2-like isoform X1 720

gi|1325316915|ref|XP_023340186.1|alpha-mannosidase 2-like isoform X1 [Eurytemora affinis]

Phasmatodea

XP_023340186

1.4E-05

45.65217

52.373 138 63

Lep_00076097-RA



Blattodea

XP_023725333

1.85E-35

72.17391

140.969 115 83

Lep_00072724-RA



Blattodea

PNF26420

1.8E-13

75.40984

75.485 61 46

235


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00004798-RA


gi|170061340|ref|XP_001866193.1|lysosomal alpha-mannosidase [Culex quinquefasciatus]gi|167879594|gb|EDS42977.1|lysosomal alpha-mannosidase [Culex quinquefasciatus]

Diptera

XP_001866193, EDS42977

2.19E-19

60.36036

92.0485 111 67

Lep_00084806-RA



Blattodea

XP_021917507, XP_021917508, KDR20717

2.05E-31

63.63636

123.635 132 84

Lep_00029715-RA

Endoplasmic reticulum mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase 516


Blattodea

XP_023724784

3.36E-75

86.2069

240.35 145

125

236


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00029716-RA

endoplasmic reticulum mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase 966


Blattodea

XP_023724784

1.66E-88

88.82353

280.796 170

151

Lep_00040597-RA

mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase IA isoform X1 1698


Blattodea

XP_021929979

6.9E-142

64.87603

431.409 484

314

Lep_00074953-RA


gi|675365773|gb|KFM58675.1|Lysosomal alpha-mannosidase, partial [Stegodyphus mimosarum]

Arachnida

KFM58675

1.12E-61

79.54545

206.068 132

105

Lep_00008575-RA


gi|1061483689|gb|ODN00899.1|Lysosomal alpha-mannosidase [Orchesella cincta]

Collembola

ODN00899

2.2E-100

56.91244

332.798 434

247

Lep_00008576-RA



Crustacea

EFX74108

5.11E-78

61.5942

271.166 276

170

237


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00087043-RA


gi|332029389|gb|EGI69344.1|Lysosomal alpha-mannosidase [Acromyrmex echinatior]

Hymenoptera

EGI69344

1.02E-67

64.36782

229.18 261

168

Lep_00077283-RA


gi|1199407503|ref|XP_021199415.1|lysosomal alpha-mannosidase-like isoform X4 [Helicoverpa armigera]gi|1199407505|ref|XP_021199416.1|lysosomal alpha-mannosidase-like isoform X5 [Helicoverpa armigera]

Lepidoptera

XP_021199415, XP_021199416

1.9E-21

58.8785

93.9745 107 63

Lep_00012477-RA



Blattodea

XP_023715597, PNF42230

1.9E-124

66.66667

395.586 435

290

Lep_00012478-RA



Hemiptera

XP_024086113

1.85E-18

58.65385

85.5001 104 61

238


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00012479-RA



Hemiptera

XP_024086113

7.12E-07

75.40984

56.9954 61 46

Lep_00051181-RA



Blattodea

XP_021922781, KDR17988

5.05E-91

91.875

291.967 160

147

Lep_00062728-RA


gi|751228804|ref|XP_011167829.1|PREDICTED: ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 3, partial [Solenopsis invicta]

Hymenoptera

XP_011167829

1.73E-51

97.67442

164.466 86 84

239


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00062729-RA

ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 3 isoform X2 390

gi|1227972169|ref|XP_021917509.1|ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 3 isoform X2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227972171|ref|XP_021917511.1|ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 3 isoform X2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis] Blattodea

XP_021917509, XP_021917511

2.03E-23 100

100.523 43 43

Lep_00064816-RA



Hemiptera

APA33853

3.78E-12 75

70.4774 56 42

240


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00059016-RA



Blattodea

XP_023714691, XP_023714692, XP_023714693, XP_023714694

7.81E-17

73.77049

79.337 61 45

Lep_00060769-RA


gi|817191868|ref|XP_012271345.1|lysosomal alpha-mannosidase isoform X2 [Orussus abietinus]

Hymenoptera

XP_012271345

2.4E-69

69.02985

238.039 268

185

Lep_00039690-RA



Hemiptera

XP_024086113

5.36E-38

60.52632

147.517 190

115

241


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00039689-RA


gi|1059382461|ref|XP_017786052.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase isoform X1 [Nicrophorus vespilloides]

Coleoptera

XP_017786052

1.29E-47

81.67939

176.407 131

107

Lep_00033060-RA



Hemiptera

XP_008471080

9.03E-81

70.76271

253.447 236

167

Lep_00033059-RA


gi|929380069|ref|XP_014100402.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase-like, partial [Bactrocera oleae] Diptera

XP_014100402

1.74E-59

79.84496

189.119 129

103

242


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00077642-RA



Blattodea


1.22E-57

57.55102

203.756 245

141

Lep_00034060-RA


gi|1130264682|ref|XP_019770786.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase-like [Dendroctonus ponderosae]

Coleoptera

XP_019770786

1.7E-20

54.67626

93.2041 139 76

243


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00011893-RA



Blattodea

XP_023715597, PNF42230 0

64.50428

756.518 817

527

Lep_00124110-RA


gi|1009600602|ref|XP_015928615.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 isoform X1 [Parasteatoda tepidariorum]

Arachnida

XP_015928615

2.28E-45

80.18868

162.155 106 85

Lep_00046902-RA


gi|1048012429|ref|XP_017467120.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase isoform X1 [Rhagoletis zephyria]gi|1048012433|ref|XP_017467123.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase isoform X1 [Rhagoletis zephyria]

Diptera

XP_017467120, XP_017467123

9.16E-97

60.59783

319.316 368

223

Lep_00115701-RA


gi|1330882322|gb|PNF18187.1|ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 1, partial [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

PNF18187

6.99E-64

91.59664

204.527 119

109

244


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00098856-RA



Blattodea

XP_021922781, KDR17988

7.98E-37

81.81818

136.732 88 72

Lep_00127203-RA



Blattodea

XP_023715606, PNF42229

1.65E-12

62.66667

66.6254 75 47

Lep_00136882-RA



Hymenoptera

XP_015589368

3.38E-37

63.95349

141.739 172

110

Lep_00065533-RA



Diptera

XP_014100402

2.66E-67

78.66667

214.157 150

118

245


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00082857-RA


gi|1009600602|ref|XP_015928615.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 isoform X1 [Parasteatoda tepidariorum]

Arachnida

XP_015928615

5.75E-45

80.95238

160.999 105 85

Lep_00099228-RA



Hemiptera

XP_024086113

1.15E-48

64.35644

177.563 202

130

Lep_00101070-RA



Hemiptera

XP_015372896

3.49E-29

55.7047

117.857 149 83

Lep_00069567-RA


gi|1339078211|ref|XP_023726521.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1339078213|ref|XP_023726522.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1339078215|ref|XP_023726523.1|alpha-mannosidase 2 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023726521, XP_023726522, XP_023726523 0

79.20605

1444.1 1058

838

Lep_00062235-RA



Hemiptera

APA33853

2.72E-33

68.10345

129.413 116 79

246


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00005870-RA


gi|1048012429|ref|XP_017467120.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase isoform X1 [Rhagoletis zephyria]gi|1048012433|ref|XP_017467123.1|PREDICTED: lysosomal alpha-mannosidase isoform X1 [Rhagoletis zephyria]

Diptera

XP_017467120, XP_017467123

2E-110

78.92562

350.132 242

191

Lep_00005867-RA



Blattodea

XP_023715597, PNF42230

1.75E-78

63.71951

269.24 328

209

Lep_00005868-RA


gi|1247040342|gb|PCG75287.1|hypothetical protein B5V51_11959 [Heliothis virescens]

Lepidoptera

PCG75287

9.48E-10

73.07692

63.929 52 38

247


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00001127-RA



Blattodea

XP_023714691, XP_023714692, XP_023714693, XP_023714694 0

78.50953

791.186 577

453

248


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00001128-RA



Blattodea


5.46E-66

66.42599

230.72 277

184

Lep_00001129-RA



Blattodea

PNF26420

5.88E-82

72.60274

264.618 219

159

249


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00006052-RA



Blattodea

XP_023715597, PNF42230 0

63.4434

783.867 848

538

250

Table 3.15. Glucuronidases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Coding sequences in C. longicaudata genome encoding for glucuronidases and their blast description.

Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00101143-RA



Blattodea

PNF30346

1.24E-30

78.57143

116.316 84 66

Lep_00022238-RA



Arachnida

XP_002407819, EEC06720

1.97E-87

70.51282

267.314 234 165

Lep_00022239-RA


gi|1344820106|ref|XP_023953356.1|beta-glucuronidase-like, partial [Bicyclus anynana]

Lepidoptera

XP_023953356

3.75E-31

65.21739

122.865 115 75

Lep_00000156-RA


gi|939667583|ref|XP_014280874.1|PREDICTED: beta-glucuronidase-like isoform X1 [Halyomorpha halys]gi|939667586|ref|XP_014280876.1|PREDICTED: beta-glucuronidase-like isoform X1 [Halyomorpha halys]gi|939667589|ref|XP_014280877.1|PREDICTED: beta-glucuronidase-like isoform X1 [Halyomorpha halys]

Hemiptera

XP_014280874, XP_014280876, XP_014280877

7.49E-68

77.05882

229.18 170 131

251


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00000158-RA


gi|641675506|ref|XP_008187067.1|PREDICTED: beta-glucuronidase isoform X2 [Acyrthosiphon pisum]

Hemiptera

XP_008187067

3.27E-95

75.96567

300.827 233 177

Lep_00065346-RA


gi|1233178675|ref|XP_022190762.1|beta-glucuronidase-like [Nilaparvata lugens]

Hemiptera

XP_022190762

8.47E-23

87.30159

97.0561 63 55

Lep_00065345-RA



Arthropoda

XP_023221887

7.47E-13

67.21311

69.707 61 41

Lep_00075999-RA



Crustacea

KZS16987

8.94E-61

77.53623

192.586 138 107

Lep_00053738-RA



Blattodea

PNF22051

3.6E-69

75.49669

217.624 151 114

Lep_00055855-RA



Blattodea

PNF22051

2.73E-69

75.49669

217.238 151 114

252


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00118563-RA



Crustacea

XP_023221887

6.22E-44

76.22951

159.073 122 93

Lep_00118333-RA



Crustacea

XP_023221887

4.16E-43

76.22951

157.147 122 93

Lep_00047146-RA


gi|1339060577|ref|XP_023718876.1|beta-glucuronidase-like isoform X2 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023718876

2.8E-163

70.29478

480.33 441 310

Lep_00039713-RA


gi|1228013990|ref|XP_021938962.1|beta-glucuronidase [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1228013992|ref|XP_021938963.1|beta-glucuronidase [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1228013994|ref|XP_021938964.1|beta-glucuronidase [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021938962, XP_021938963, XP_021938964

3.24E-11

79.06977

65.855 43 34

Lep_00039714-RA

beta-glucuronidase (GusB), putative 258


Arachnida

XP_002407819, EEC06720

7.11E-24

79.03226

95.9005 62 49

253


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00039715-RA


gi|646696603|gb|KDR08779.1|Beta-glucuronidase [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

KDR08779

8.4E-19

75.38462

90.1225 65 49

Lep_00022144-RA

beta-glucuronidase-like

2202

gi|1339060575|ref|XP_023718875.1|beta-glucuronidase-like isoform X1 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330889851|gb|PNF22049.1|Beta-glucuronidase [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023718875, PNF22049 0

65.75758

657.136 660 434

Lep_00046431-RA

beta-glucuronidase-like isoform X3

1161


Blattodea

XP_023718877, PNF22050

1E-124

73.65269

377.096 334 246

Lep_00028614-RA



Blattodea

XP_023718877, PNF22050

4.1E-71

69.77778

233.032 225 157

254


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00028613-RA



Arthropoda

XP_023213588

3.42E-47

85.84906

162.925 106 91

Lep_00130536-RA


gi|1233178675|ref|XP_022190762.1|beta-glucuronidase-like [Nilaparvata lugens]

Hemiptera

XP_022190762

3.27E-23

87.30159

96.6709 63 55

Lep_00021005-RA



Blattodea

XP_023718877, PNF22050

1.89E-48

67.58242

171.4 182 123

Lep_00021003-RA



Arthropoda

XP_023213588

6.62E-79 75

243.817 192 144

Lep_00021004-RA


gi|968019329|ref|XP_015011863.1|uncharacterized protein Dere_GG20922, isoform C [Drosophila erecta]gi|945202794|gb|KQS62122.1|uncharacterized protein Dere_GG20922, isoform C [Drosophila erecta]

Diptera

XP_015011863, KQS62122

2.97E-13

72.88136

71.2478 59 43

255


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00022123-RA


gi|1227991600|ref|XP_021927576.1|beta-glucuronidase-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227991602|ref|XP_021927578.1|beta-glucuronidase-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227991604|ref|XP_021927579.1|beta-glucuronidase-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227991606|ref|XP_021927580.1|beta-glucuronidase-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227991608|ref|XP_021927581.1|beta-glucuronidase-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227991610|ref|XP_021927582.1|beta-glucuronidase-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227991612|ref|XP_021927583.1|beta-glucuronidase-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227991614|ref|XP_021927584.1|beta-glucuronidase-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|646709721|gb|KDR15442.1|Beta-glucuronidase [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021927576, XP_021927578, XP_021927579, XP_021927580, XP_021927581, XP_021927582, XP_021927583, XP_021927584, KDR15442

2.8E-100

64.50617

314.309 324 209

Lep_00022122-RA


gi|1228362729|ref|XP_021967946.1|beta-glucuronidase-like isoform X1 [Folsomia candida]

Collembola

XP_021967946

1.1E-122

76.97842

376.711 278 214

256


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00022813-RA



Blattodea

PNF22051

9.44E-64

69.8324

204.912 179 125

Lep_00022814-RA


gi|641675506|ref|XP_008187067.1|PREDICTED: beta-glucuronidase isoform X2 [Acyrthosiphon pisum]

Hemiptera

XP_008187067

4.85E-48

72.60274

172.17 146 106

Lep_00024190-RA



Arthropoda

XP_023221887

1.14E-94

71.98582

297.36 282 203

Lep_00024189-RA


gi|1321309229|ref|XP_023296676.1|beta-glucuronidase isoform X2 [Lucilia cuprina]

Diptera

XP_023296676

7.51E-66

76.50602

219.935 166 127

257

Table 3.16. Maltases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Coding sequences in C. longicaudata genome encoding for maltases and their blast description.

Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00057845-RA

Maltase 1 1110


Collembola

ODM98289

4.28E-20

79.16667

98.2117 72 57

Lep_00110659-RA

Maltase 1 651


Blattodea

XP_023718348, PNF22635

2.88E-87

75.46296

273.863 216 163

Lep_00091006-RA

maltase 2-like 522


Blattodea

XP_023718348, PNF22635

6.51E-43

76.03306

155.992 121 92

Lep_00096711-RA

Maltase 1 648


Blattodea

XP_023718249, PNF22667, PNF22669

1.48E-56

78.83212

192.586 137 108

258


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00077259-RA

maltase 2-like 834


Blattodea

XP_023718348, PNF22635

5.56E-70

70.93596

231.876 203 144

Lep_00035421-RA



Crustacea

XP_018011173

2.66E-59

61.37072

220.32 321 197

Lep_00034930-RA

Maltase 1 1410

gi|1330891183|gb|PNF22668.1|Maltase 1 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

PNF22668

1.1E-122

60.63348

375.941 442 268

Lep_00113997-RA

Maltase 1 615

gi|1228019306|ref|XP_021941640.1|maltase 2-like isoform X1 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021941640

5.24E-25

64.28571

107.842 98 63

Lep_00062357-RA

Maltase 1 759


Blattodea

XP_023718348, PNF22635

4.13E-89

75.79909

280.411 219 166

259


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00033214-RA


gi|1067100065|ref|XP_018012117.1|PREDICTED: sucrase-isomaltase, intestinal-like [Hyalella azteca]

Crustacea

XP_018012117

1.45E-12

42.01681

71.633 119 50

Lep_00033215-RA


gi|675371953|gb|KFM64855.1|Maltase-glucoamylase, intestinal, partial [Stegodyphus mimosarum]

Arachnida

KFM64855

6.34E-60

71.5847

202.216 183 131

Lep_00140443-RA

Maltase 1 193

gi|1339059395|ref|XP_023718247.1|probable maltase isoform X1 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023718247

1.17E-16

73.4375

77.7962 64 47

Lep_00112138-RA

maltase 2-like 378

gi|1101349818|ref|XP_018900831.1|PREDICTED: maltase A1-like isoform X3 [Bemisia tabaci]

Hemiptera

XP_018900831

1.58E-20

87.03704

92.0485 54 47

260


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00069757-RA



Crustacea

KZS13426

9.17E-36

60.36585

143.665 164 99

Lep_00056135-RA


gi|1153833895|ref|XP_020293571.1|maltase 1-like isoform X2 [Pseudomyrmex gracilis]

Hymenoptera

XP_020293571

0.000312

71.42857

47.7506 42 30

Lep_00056136-RA



Blattodea

XP_023718249, PNF22667, PNF22669

7.88E-44

71.09375

155.221 128 91

261


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00082089-RA


gi|1238867836|ref|XP_022249217.1|lysosomal alpha-glucosidase-like [Limulus polyphemus]

Arthropoda

XP_022249217

4.65E-35

70.70707

126.331 99 70

Lep_00063763-RA


gi|1067072134|ref|XP_018019496.1|PREDICTED: LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: probable maltase-glucoamylase 2, partial [Hyalella azteca]

Crustacea

XP_018019496

1.12E-12

58.57143

68.5514 70 41

Lep_00063764-RA


gi|1048057520|ref|XP_017462059.1|PREDICTED: maltase-glucoamylase, intestinal-like, partial [Rhagoletis zephyria]

Diptera

XP_017462059

6.34E-49

66.44737

166.007 152 101

Lep_00056080-RA maltase 1 279

gi|1036973924|ref|XP_016963459.1|PREDICTED: maltase 1 [Drosophila biarmipes]

Diptera

XP_016963459

2.52E-12

59.67742

67.0106 62 37

Lep_00056081-RA Maltase 1 699


Collembola

ODM98289

2.82E-22

78.37838

100.908 74 58

Lep_00086862-RA


gi|675371953|gb|KFM64855.1|Maltase-glucoamylase, intestinal, partial [Stegodyphus mimosarum]

Arachnida

KFM64855

2.49E-72

64.68254

232.646 252 163

262


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00124732-RA

maltase 2-like 234

gi|1185574477|ref|XP_003395914.2|maltase 1 [Bombus terrestris]

Hymenoptera

XP_003395914

6.11E-17

77.35849

79.337 53 41



Blattodea

XP_021921963

2.51E-42

66.83938

154.836 193 129

Lep_00043003-RA

maltase 2 isoform X1 918

gi|1317983107|ref|XP_012271316.2|uncharacterized protein LOC105694836 [Orussus abietinus]

Hymenoptera

XP_012271316

3.48E-45

79.2

170.244 125 99

Lep_00043002-RA

maltase 2-like 567

gi|1101338755|ref|XP_018917587.1|PREDICTED: maltase 2-like [Bemisia tabaci]gi|1101338757|ref|XP_018917588.1|PREDICTED: maltase 2-like [Bemisia tabaci]gi|1101338759|ref|XP_018917589.1|PREDICTED: maltase 2-like [Bemisia tabaci]

Hemiptera

XP_018917587, XP_018917588, XP_018917589

1.08E-17

75.75758

86.2705 66 50

263


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00006058-RA

maltase 2-like 2673


Blattodea

XP_023718249, PNF22667, PNF22669

2.51E-96

70.84871

317.39 271 192

Lep_00068867-RA



Crustacea

XP_018011173

3.4E-105

67.32026

339.347 306 206

Lep_00011465-RA



Crustacea

XP_018011173 0

67.08408

596.66 559 375

Lep_00045479-RA

maltase-glucoamylase, intestinal 1600


Crustacea

EFX87691

1.6E-133

57.28346

410.223 508 291


gi|646696837|gb|KDR08865.1|Maltase 1 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

KDR08865

3.54E-23

81.96721

100.523 61 50

264


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00036231-RA



Crustacea

XP_018011173

1.5E-130

63.63636

416.772 451 287



Blattodea

XP_021938828

2.71E-21

84.74576

97.8265 59 50

265

Table 3.17. Amylases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Coding sequences in C. longicaudata genome encoding for amylases and their blast description.

Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00082293-RA

alpha amylase 573


Blattodea

XP_023718249, PNF22667, PNF22669

8.61E-67

70.58824

218.009 187 132

Lep_00018357-RA



Hymenoptera

XP_015605017

8.16E-39

80.19802

143.665 101 81

Lep_00018359-RA



Blattodea

AGV15452

2.75E-28

93.84615

123.25 65 61

Lep_00081749-RA



Blattodea

AAY23288

2.05E-11

76.74419

68.1662 43 33

266


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00035375-RA


gi|998506683|ref|XP_015513623.1|PREDICTED: alpha-amylase 2-like [Neodiprion lecontei]

Hymenoptera

XP_015513623

2.84E-44

76.47059

155.992 102 78

Lep_00035373-RA

alpha-amylase 4N-like 561

gi|68266131|gb|AAY88833.1|alpha-amylase, partial [Coelopa frigida]

Diptera

AAY88833

1.39E-14

86.36364

76.6406 44 38

Lep_00082269-RA

Alpha-amylase 1 567


Blattodea

AGV15452

1.13E-71

79.87013

230.335 154 123

Lep_00131724-RA



Hymenoptera

XP_015605017

1.38E-18

81.48148

85.5001 54 44

Lep_00075793-RA



Blattodea

AAY23288

8.52E-10

75.60976

63.929 41 31

Lep_00062602-RA


gi|1061479081|gb|ODM96628.1|Pancreatic alpha-amylase [Orchesella cincta]

Collembola

ODM96628

3.48E-26

69.30693

111.309 101 70

267


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00091367-RA


gi|602182726|gb|AHN91843.1|alpha-amylase [Marsupenaeus japonicus]gi|602182728|gb|AHN91844.1|alpha-amylase [Marsupenaeus japonicus]

Crustacea

AHN91843, AHN91844

2.09E-21 86

92.4337 50 43

Lep_00082183-RA

alpha-amylase 1-like isoform X1 702

gi|1067066079|ref|XP_018017054.1|PREDICTED: alpha-amylase 1-like isoform X1 [Hyalella azteca]

Crustacea

XP_018017054

1.77E-35

82.47423

137.502 97 80

Lep_00111509-RA



Blattodea

AGV15452

3.72E-47

81.65138

167.162 109 89

Lep_00083303-RA

Alpha-amylase 1 687

gi|85002763|gb|ABC68516.1|alpha-amylase [Blattella germanica]

Blattodea

ABC68516

2.3E-25

77.77778

109.383 81 63

Lep_00099194-RA


gi|998506681|ref|XP_015513622.1|PREDICTED: alpha-amylase A-like [Neodiprion lecontei]

Hymenoptera

XP_015513622

6.71E-42

81.52174

147.902 92 75

Lep_00114471-RA


gi|602182726|gb|AHN91843.1|alpha-amylase [Marsupenaeus japonicus]gi|602182728|gb|AHN91844.1|alpha-amylase [Marsupenaeus japonicus]

Crustacea

AHN91843, AHN91844

2.16E-20 86

91.2781 50 43

268


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00103549-RA



Hymenoptera

XP_015605210

7.69E-14 78

72.4034 50 39

Lep_00113794-RA


gi|68266167|gb|AAY88846.1|alpha-amylase, partial [Musca domestica]

Diptera

AAY88846

3.88E-45

76.10619

149.828 113 86

Lep_00093647-RA



Blattodea

XP_023707620, PNF33597

1.83E-28

78.87324

118.627 71 56

Lep_00133347-RA


gi|168830277|gb|ACA34383.1|alpha-amylase, partial [Lepisma saccharina]

Zygentoma

ACA34383

9.86E-26

88.46154

96.2857 52 46

Lep_00131390-RA


gi|168830254|gb|ACA34371.1|alpha-amylase, partial [Periplaneta americana]

Blattodea

ACA34371

1.87E-47

73.91304

154.451 115 85

Lep_00031081-RA


gi|1227981869|ref|XP_021922548.1|alpha-amylase 2-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021922548

1.42E-84

71.36564

276.559 227 162

Lep_00112687-RA


gi|139478961|gb|ABO77639.1|alpha-amylase, partial [Musca domestica]

Diptera

ABO77639

1.73E-64

78.16901

202.601 142 111

269

Table 3.18. Galactosidases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Coding sequences in C. longicaudata genome encoding for galactosidases and their blast description.

Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00086810-RA

alpha-galactosidase A-like 609

gi|1227958457|ref|XP_021926901.1|alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|1227958459|ref|XP_021926910.1|alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase-like [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|646723001|gb|KDR23773.1|Alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021926901, XP_021926910, KDR23773

3.54E-48 80

167.933 110 88

Lep_00127369-RA


gi|1228405415|ref|XP_021961831.1|beta-galactosidase-1-like protein 2 [Folsomia candida]

Collembola

XP_021961831

1.22E-23

73.9726

92.8189 73 54

Lep_00026440-RA


gi|1339081983|ref|XP_023702009.1|LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: beta-galactosidase-like [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023702009 0

70.03106

685.256 644 451

270


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00059101-RA



Hymenoptera

XP_015598574, XP_015598576, XP_015598577, XP_015598578, XP_015598579, XP_015598580

2.76E-66

67.69912

230.335 226 153

271


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00123361-RA

beta-galactosidase-1-like protein 2 isoform X2 240


Blattodea

PNF23708

1.52E-27

86.88525

108.612 61 53

Lep_00011817-RA


gi|1227962476|ref|XP_021942674.1|beta-galactosidase isoform X2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021942674

1.2E-146

65.08621

445.662 464 302

Lep_00011816-RA



Blattodea

XP_021942675

3.56E-46

84.61538

167.548 104 88

Lep_00166804-RA



Hymenoptera

XP_015598573

5.02E-27

86.88525

107.457 61 53

272


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00006759-RA


gi|1215258369|gb|OXA44696.1|Beta-galactosidase-1-like protein 2 [Folsomia candida]

Collembola

OXA44696

1.77E-39 55

144.05 200 110

273


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00006757-RA



Hymenoptera

XP_015598574, XP_015598576, XP_015598577, XP_015598578, XP_015598579, XP_015598580

1.19E-63

72.12389

229.18 226 163

274


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00028717-RA



Blattodea

PNF39271

3.01E-98

56.89655

306.605 348 198

Lep_00028716-RA


gi|1022758129|gb|KZS04700.1|Beta-galactosidase [Daphnia magna]

Crustacea

KZS04700

3.54E-36

61.07784

140.969 167 102

Lep_00117981-RA

beta-galactosidase-like 1149

gi|675376294|gb|KFM69196.1|Beta-galactosidase, partial [Stegodyphus mimosarum]

Arachnida

KFM69196

3.48E-24

62.39316

106.686 117 73

Lep_00067905-RA


gi|970886870|ref|XP_015108515.1|PREDICTED: beta-galactosidase [Diachasma alloeum]

Hymenoptera

XP_015108515

3.98E-18

82.35294

88.9669 51 42

Lep_00126791-RA



Blattodea

PNF23708

1.25E-62

83.46457

203.371 127 106

Lep_00026029-RA



Blattodea

PNF39271

2.03E-66

73.57513

222.246 193 142

275


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00026030-RA


gi|1227962474|ref|XP_021942673.1|beta-galactosidase isoform X1 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]gi|646721601|gb|KDR22879.1|Beta-galactosidase [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021942673, KDR22879

3.23E-29

61.19403

122.094 134 82

Lep_00008899-RA


gi|1339057562|ref|XP_023717284.1|beta-galactosidase-1-like protein 2 isoform X2 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023717284 0

56.35649

579.711 763 430

276


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00036877-RA



Hymenoptera

XP_015598574, XP_015598576, XP_015598577, XP_015598578, XP_015598579, XP_015598580

8.9E-62

56.65529

213.386 293 166

277


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00036876-RA



Hymenoptera

XP_015598573

5.28E-31

72.32143

122.094 112 81

Lep_00002666-RA


gi|1339081983|ref|XP_023702009.1|LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: beta-galactosidase-like [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023702009

6.8E-173

68.33013

511.531 521 356

Lep_00002668-RA



Blattodea

XP_021942675

1.05E-47

84.61538

167.933 104 88

Lep_00002498-RA



Hymenoptera

XP_015598573 0

68.42105

659.833 684 468

Lep_00002499-RA


gi|998516729|ref|XP_015519163.1|PREDICTED: beta-galactosidase-1-like protein 2 [Neodiprion lecontei]

Hymenoptera

XP_015519163

2.9E-131

57.50916

407.527 546 314

278


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00002500-RA



Blattodea

PNF23708

5.46E-60

84.12698

201.83 126 106

Lep_00118693-RA


gi|675376294|gb|KFM69196.1|Beta-galactosidase, partial [Stegodyphus mimosarum]

Arachnida

KFM69196

3.34E-25

71.91011

104.76 89 64

279

Table 3.19. Xylanases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Coding sequences in C. longicaudata genome encoding for xylanases and their blast description.

Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00045817-RA

Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase A 231

gi|1229883103|ref|XP_022161694.1|uncharacterized protein LOC111027604 [Myzus persicae]

Hemiptera

XP_022161694

1.74E-10

70.3125

60.8474 64 45

Lep_00097333-RA


gi|391327465|ref|XP_003738220.1|PREDICTED: uncharacterized protein LOC100898192 [Galendromus occidentalis]

Arachnida

XP_003738220

1.62E-11

58.18182

69.707 110 64

Lep_00130240-RA


gi|391327465|ref|XP_003738220.1|PREDICTED: uncharacterized protein LOC100898192 [Galendromus occidentalis]

Arachnida

XP_003738220

5.2E-13

52.14286

72.4034 140 73

280

Table 3.20. Myrosinases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Coding sequences in C. longicaudata genome encoding for myrosinases and their blast description.

Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00117435-RA


gi|998489397|gb|AMK48629.1|glycoside hydrolase family 1, partial [Rhynchophorus ferrugineus]

Coleoptera

AMK48629

7.01E-33

70.78652

116.701 89 63

Lep_00004871-RA


gi|1042851809|gb|ANQ90707.1|beta-glucosidase 2, partial [Manduca quinquemaculata]

Lepidoptera

ANQ90707

3.12E-29 75

108.612 84 63

Lep_00004870-RA



Coleoptera

XP_018573475

1.26E-54

78.19549

185.652 133 104

Lep_00034695-RA



Blattodea

AGM32308

7.17E-14

82.97872

72.0182 47 39

Lep_00034694-RA



Blattodea

AGM32287

4.1E-31

83.90805

121.709 87 73

Lep_00134073-RA


gi|1069789897|ref|XP_018320188.1|PREDICTED: myrosinase 1-like [Agrilus planipennis]

Coleoptera

XP_018320188

2.62E-31

88.57143

119.398 70 62

Lep_00019550-RA



Hemiptera

XP_022187264

6.91E-42

68.08511

160.999 141 96

281


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00019549-RA

myrosinase 1-like isoform X1 279

gi|1229709445|ref|XP_022116625.1|myrosinase 1-like [Pieris rapae]

Lepidoptera

XP_022116625

1.04E-09

81.08108

59.6918 37 30

Lep_00021306-RA



Blattodea

AGM32308

9.13E-60

80.45113

193.356 133 107

Lep_00021307-RA


gi|1228411798|ref|XP_021965263.1|myrosinase 1-like [Folsomia candida]gi|1215254226|gb|OXA40567.1|Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase [Folsomia candida]

Collembola

XP_021965263, OXA40567

7.19E-08

70.17544

54.299 57 40

Lep_00042970-RA

myrosinase 1 1422

gi|1325357344|ref|XP_023312869.1|myrosinase 1 [Anoplophora glabripennis]

Coleoptera

XP_023312869

1.5E-115

73.22034

354.369 295 216

Lep_00048639-RA


gi|636793015|dbj|BAO85048.1|beta-glucosidase, partial [Salganea esakii]

Blattodea

BAO85048

2.17E-25

69.14894

103.99 94 65

Lep_00048640-RA



Hemiptera

XP_014278711

1.34E-16 76

79.7221 50 38

282


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00124670-RA


gi|1069790020|ref|XP_018320243.1|PREDICTED: myrosinase 1-like isoform X2 [Agrilus planipennis]gi|1069790022|ref|XP_018320244.1|PREDICTED: myrosinase 1-like isoform X3 [Agrilus planipennis]

Coleoptera

XP_018320243, XP_018320244

3.14E-15

66.66667

73.9442 90 60

Lep_00039278-RA



Blattodea

XP_023723774, PNF16841

1E-118

59.77011

366.696 435 260

Lep_00152982-RA

myrosinase 1 387


Coleoptera

XP_018565412

0.00094

62.7907

43.8986 43 27

Lep_00114845-RA



Coleoptera

XP_018573476

2.13E-51

68.3871

177.178 155 106

Lep_00041124-RA



Blattodea

AGM32308

2.28E-75

85.25641

242.276 156 133

Lep_00122267-RA


gi|1133421334|ref|XP_019866289.1|PREDICTED: myrosinase 1-like [Aethina tumida]

Coleoptera

XP_019866289

1.82E-34

86.41975

127.872 81 70

283


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00065284-RA



Blattodea

AGM32287

3.18E-62

58.82353

202.216 204 120

Lep_00068929-RA


gi|998493172|ref|XP_015513162.1|PREDICTED: myrosinase 1-like [Neodiprion lecontei]

Hymenoptera

XP_015513162

1.6E-11

63.38028

69.707 71 45

Lep_00120227-RA

myrosinase 1 204

gi|1008445131|ref|XP_975665.2|PREDICTED: myrosinase 1 isoform X2 [Tribolium castaneum]

Coleoptera

XP_975665

3.3E-07

83.67347

51.2174 49 41

Lep_00028153-RA

Myrosinase 1 1590


Blattodea

XP_023721112, XP_023721113, PNF19653, PNF19654

2.9E-119

64.05405

368.237 370 237

Lep_00133665-RA


gi|1069792344|ref|XP_018321256.1|PREDICTED: uncharacterized protein LOC108734274 [Agrilus planipennis]

Coleoptera

XP_018321256

3.91E-17

56.19048

81.2629 105 59

284


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00022255-RA

Myrosinase 1 735


Hemiptera

XP_022187264

7.19E-88

73.7069

271.552 232 171

Lep_00022256-RA



Lepidoptera

ANQ90707

7.93E-29

81.15942

107.457 69 56

Lep_00062260-RA

Myrosinase 1 324


Blattodea

AGM32308

1.8E-37

82.41758

132.88 91 75

Lep_00062259-RA

myrosinase 1 225

gi|1325352588|ref|XP_023311344.1|lactase-phlorizin hydrolase-like [Anoplophora glabripennis]

Coleoptera

XP_023311344

6.3E-23 80

96.2857 65 52

Lep_00004129-RA

myrosinase 1 435


Lepidoptera

ANQ90707

4.49E-48

83.03571

156.762 112 93

Lep_00004128-RA


gi|1061476505|gb|ODM94351.1|Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase [Orchesella cincta]

Collembola

ODM94351

1.22E-26

80.82192

113.62 73 59

Lep_00004130-RA



Blattodea

AGM32308

1.3E-16

82.97872

80.1073 47 39

285


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00106154-RA

Myrosinase 1 324


Blattodea

AGM32308

1.69E-37

83.51648

132.88 91 76

Lep_00022729-RA


gi|1279707180|ref|XP_022915768.1|myrosinase 1-like [Onthophagus taurus]

Coleoptera

XP_022915768

9.87E-93

72.01646

291.967 243 175

Lep_00022730-RA



Coleoptera

XP_018571131

4.89E-21

73.01587

94.7449 63 46

Lep_00047597-RA


gi|636793009|dbj|BAO85045.1|beta-glucosidase, partial [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

BAO85045

4.43E-51

73.28767

171.785 146 107

Lep_00047598-RA



Coleoptera

XP_018335102

4.66E-30

77.06422

121.709 109 84

286


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00015101-RA

Myrosinase 1 1457


Blattodea

XP_023721112, XP_023721113, PNF19653, PNF19654

1.2E-148

65.05263

441.81 475 309

Lep_00106870-RA

myrosinase 1 303

gi|1101347123|ref|XP_018899386.1|PREDICTED: myrosinase 1 [Bemisia tabaci]

Hemiptera

XP_018899386

1.73E-15

77.19298

76.2554 57 44

Lep_00111910-RA


gi|748995286|gb|AJE75665.1|putative glycosyl hydrolase [Chrysomela lapponica]

Coleoptera

AJE75665

6.21E-53

72.02797

180.644 143 103

Lep_00105473-RA


gi|218749835|ref|NP_001136332.1|glycoside hydrolase-like protein [Nasonia vitripennis]

Hymenoptera

NP_001136332

4.12E-14

76.59574

72.7886 47 36

Lep_00096192-RA

Myrosinase 1 165

gi|1339057501|ref|XP_023717250.1|myrosinase 1-like isoform X2 [Cryptotermes secundus]gi|1330893380|gb|PNF23656.1|Myrosinase 1 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023717250, PNF23656

1.37E-16

86.66667

77.0258 45 39

287


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00020465-RA



Hemiptera

XP_022187264

1.09E-59

79.02098

196.052 143 113

Lep_00020464-RA



Blattodea

AGM32308

1.56E-49

76.81159

171.014 138 106

Lep_00020463-RA



Collembola

XP_021952145, OXA55643

1.64E-10

84.84848

62.7734 33 28

Lep_00041138-RA

Myrosinase 1 882


Blattodea

XP_023721112, XP_023721113, PNF19653, PNF19654

2.61E-51

66.09195

182.956 174 115

288


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00041137-RA



Coleoptera

XP_018573207

1.27E-20

72.72727

92.4337 66 48

Lep_00134507-RA


gi|998489397|gb|AMK48629.1|glycoside hydrolase family 1, partial [Rhynchophorus ferrugineus]

Coleoptera

AMK48629 1E-33

71.42857

118.627 91 65

Lep_00027729-RA



Coleoptera

XP_018573475

1.97E-57

78.91156

195.667 147 116

Lep_00027731-RA



Collembola

XP_021952145, OXA55643

3.37E-10 87.5

60.8474 32 28

Lep_00027730-RA

Myrosinase 1 303


Blattodea

AGM32308

6.27E-15

84.44444

73.559 45 38

Lep_00060394-RA

myrosinase 1 463

gi|1080062823|ref|XP_018573472.1|myrosinase 1, partial [Anoplophora glabripennis]

Coleoptera

XP_018573472

2.42E-29

73.40426

116.701 94 69

289


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00060393-RA

Myrosinase 1 423


Blattodea

AGM32308

1.51E-56

86.95652

182.956 115 100

Lep_00136832-RA



Coleoptera

XP_018320188

1.01E-16 84

78.9518 50 42

Lep_00101061-RA



Blattodea

AGM32308

2.29E-29

78.66667

112.849 75 59

Lep_00074338-RA

myrosinase 1 330


Coleoptera

XP_975665

1.15E-28

81.91489

113.62 94 77

Lep_00074339-RA



Coleoptera

XP_018573475

8.33E-22

76.1194

93.9745 67 51

Lep_00073232-RA

Myrosinase 1 621


Blattodea

AOY34571

1.77E-85

79.29293

266.929 198 157

Lep_00143227-RA

Myrosinase 1 168

gi|1233173996|ref|XP_022188302.1|myrosinase 1-like [Nilaparvata lugens]

Hemiptera

XP_022188302

1.33E-13

91.30435

68.9366 46 42

290


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00078589-RA



Coleoptera

XP_018573476

2.55E-54

78.19549

187.193 133 104

Lep_00042919-RA

myrosinase 1

1194


Coleoptera

XP_023312869

1.1E-116

72.60726

354.369 303 220

Lep_00045854-RA


gi|1228404666|ref|XP_021961442.1|myrosinase 1-like [Folsomia candida]

Collembola

XP_021961442

1.2E-15

41.13924

77.0258 158 65

Lep_00060792-RA


gi|668445331|gb|KFB35692.1|AGAP006424-PA-like protein [Anopheles sinensis]

Diptera

KFB35692

1.86E-15 84

77.7962 50 42

Lep_00020108-RA

myrosinase 1 526

gi|1247040849|gb|PCG75727.1|hypothetical protein B5V51_11090 [Heliothis virescens]

Lepidoptera

PCG75727

3.61E-12

49.0566

69.707 159 78

Lep_00020109-RA

myrosinase 1-like

1104


Hemiptera

XP_014278711

5.59E-13

65.07937

76.6406 63 41

Lep_00113513-RA



Blattodea

XP_023723774, PNF16841

2.89E-39

80.64516

144.436 93 75

291


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00058059-RA



Coleoptera

XP_975665

8.9E-29

81.91489

113.62 94 77

Lep_00058058-RA



Blattodea

AGM32308

1.35E-33

73.78641

125.561 103 76

Lep_00042495-RA



Blattodea

AGM32308

5.89E-73

74.30168

228.794 179 133

Lep_00042496-RA



Coleoptera

XP_018573476

4.63E-22

82.53968

97.4413 63 52

Lep_00054176-RA

myrosinase 1-like

1080


Hemiptera

XP_022187264

2.54E-51

76.87075

181.415 147 113

Lep_00093809-RA


gi|636793015|dbj|BAO85048.1|beta-glucosidase, partial [Salganea esakii]

Blattodea

BAO85048

1.26E-21

74.32432

93.9745 74 55

Lep_00092612-RA

myrosinase 1 717

gi|668445331|gb|KFB35692.1|AGAP006424-PA-like protein [Anopheles sinensis]

Diptera

KFB35692

4.36E-14 84

77.0258 50 42

292


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00042140-RA


gi|1227954946|ref|XP_021937620.1|myrosinase 1-like isoform X1 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021937620

1.65E-19

85.41667

86.6557 48 41

Lep_00042138-RA

myrosinase 1 351


Coleoptera

XP_018573476

1.68E-21

81.96721

93.9745 61 50

Lep_00113948-RA



Blattodea

AGM32308

9.31E-31 70.4

116.701 125 88

Lep_00082283-RA

Myrosinase 1 612


Blattodea

AGM32287

4.89E-30

87.2093

117.857 86 75

Lep_00150133-RA


gi|1114635916|gb|APM84101.1|GH1 beta-glucosidase [Microcerotermes annandalei]

Blattodea

APM84101

8.15E-30

76.25

115.931 80 61

Lep_00106211-RA

myrosinase 1 438


Lepidoptera

ANQ90707

4.14E-46

75.80645

151.754 124 94

Lep_00089193-RA

Myrosinase 1 780


Blattodea

AGM32287

1.83E-18

74.28571

88.5817 70 52

293


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00033948-RA

Myrosinase 1

1259


Blattodea

XP_023721112, XP_023721113, PNF19653, PNF19654

8.2E-136

67.45283

406.371 424 286

Lep_00024904-RA

Myrosinase 1

1413


Hemiptera

XP_022187263

4.3E-147

70.40816

434.106 392 276

Lep_00024905-RA


gi|1215275228|gb|OXA61537.1|Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase [Folsomia candida]

Collembola

OXA61537

3.85E-12

77.55102

65.855 49 38

Lep_00013204-RA

myrosinase 1-like

1312

gi|1279707180|ref|XP_022915768.1|myrosinase 1-like [Onthophagus taurus]

Coleoptera

XP_022915768

1.55E-97

72.42798

306.99 243 176

Lep_00013205-RA



Coleoptera

XP_018573207

1.84E-20 75

91.2781 64 48

Lep_00097528-RA



Blattodea

AOY34571

3.36E-47

76.47059

169.474 119 91

294


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00009457-RA



Coleoptera

XP_023310604

6.7E-27

74.19355

114.775 93 69

Lep_00009460-RA

Myrosinase 1 912

gi|1330893407|gb|PNF23683.1|Myrosinase 1 [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

PNF23683

4.35E-29

58.20896

122.479 134 78

Lep_00072701-RA



Blattodea

AGM32308

7.56E-32 82

125.561 100 82

Lep_00011410-RA



Blattodea

AGM32308

1.49E-37

70.53571

133.265 112 79

Lep_00011407-RA



Blattodea

AOY34571

8.8E-22

59.18367

98.5969 98 58

Lep_00011408-RA


gi|1061483168|gb|ODN00405.1|Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase [Orchesella cincta]

Collembola

ODN00405

2.78E-09

93.33333

58.9214 30 28

295


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00011409-RA


gi|746857492|ref|XP_011059478.1|PREDICTED: myrosinase 1 isoform X2 [Acromyrmex echinatior]

Hymenoptera

XP_011059478

1.08E-41

81.52174

150.214 92 75

Lep_00011406-RA



Blattodea

XP_023723774, PNF16841

1.33E-08

68.18182

58.9214 44 30

Lep_00113088-RA


gi|1227984163|ref|XP_021923731.1|lactase-phlorizin hydrolase-like isoform X2 [Zootermopsis nevadensis]

Blattodea

XP_021923731

8.45E-67

81.63265

215.698 147 120

Lep_00102915-RA

myrosinase 1 318

gi|1339057505|ref|XP_023717252.1|myrosinase 1-like [Cryptotermes secundus]

Blattodea

XP_023717252

2.18E-06

92.30769

50.8322 26 24

Lep_00039189-RA

myrosinase 1 579

gi|1080052826|ref|XP_018567975.1|lactase-like protein [Anoplophora glabripennis]

Coleoptera

XP_018567975

1.85E-35

62.73292

135.576 161 101

296

Table 3.21. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Coding sequences in C. longicaudata genome encoding for LPMOs and their blast description.

Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00097915-RA



SIW61372

1.58E-87

75.72816

265.388 206 156

Lep_00074511-RA



SIW61373

3.8E-133

92.05607

381.719 214 197

Lep_00127363-RA



SIW61372

2.27E-12

66.66667

67.3958 57 38

Lep_00119247-RA



SIW61372

1.08E-72

90.83333

221.476 120 109

Lep_00130110-RA



SIW61373

2.9E-18

66.23377

80.4925 77 51

Lep_00039537-RA



SIW61372

1.06E-85

70.8134

260.766 209 148

297


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00039538-RA



SIW61372

2.9E-67

69.61326

213.772 181 126

Lep_00068354-RA



SIW61373

6.59E-51

68.87417

176.792 151 104

Lep_00151078-RA


gi|939644305|ref|XP_014272300.1|PREDICTED: uncharacterized protein LOC106678350 [Halyomorpha halys]

Hemiptera

XP_014272300

2.78E-15

74.5098

73.1738 51 38

Lep_00097826-RA


gi|1009534315|ref|XP_015904140.1|uncharacterized protein LOC107436837 [Parasteatoda tepidariorum]

Arachnida

XP_015904140

2.39E-83

66.96429

253.832 224 150

Lep_00077680-RA



SIW61372

1.14E-96

75.81395

289.271 215 163

298


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00081804-RA



SIW61373

3.46E-62

67.33668

201.445 199 134

Lep_00097788-RA



SIW61373

2.08E-35

78.35052

127.872 97 76

Lep_00099093-RA



SIW61373

4.34E-77 71

236.884 200 142

Lep_00118577-RA



SIW61373

1.64E-82

77.84431

249.595 167 130

Lep_00029396-RA



SIW61373

1.51E-81

80.74534

248.44 161 130

Lep_00029395-RA



SIW61372

3.77E-11

91.17647

61.6178 34 31

299


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00029394-RA



SIW61373

7.28E-54

77.3913

177.178 115 89

Lep_00061662-RA



SIW61373

2.06E-81

80.74534

248.054 161 130

Lep_00061663-RA



SIW61372

5.54E-16

90.47619

75.485 42 38

Lep_00043371-RA



SIW61373

4.55E-80

73.09645

246.899 197 144

Lep_00043372-RA



SIW61373

1.07E-66

73.05389

209.149 167 122

Lep_00122017-RA



SIW61373

1.2E-75

75.5814

231.491 172 130

300


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00093845-RA



SIW61372

2.71E-98

79.24528

292.738 212 168

Lep_00067226-RA



SIW61373

2.38E-62

67.33668

202.601 199 134

Lep_00097614-RA



SIW61373

1.25E-35

78.35052

127.872 97 76

Lep_00098408-RA



SIW61373

6.3E-101

93.67089

297.36 158 148

Lep_00099318-RA



SIW61372

8.61E-97

76.27907

286.574 215 164

301


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00038947-RA


gi|1316145279|ref|XP_023217685.1|uncharacterized protein LOC111620072 [Centruroides sculpturatus]gi|1316145289|ref|XP_023217690.1|uncharacterized protein LOC111620076 [Centruroides sculpturatus]


XP_023217685, XP_023217690

2.1E-78

70.95238

242.662 210 149

Lep_00038948-RA



SIW61373

2.36E-74

62.24066

231.106 241 150

Lep_00106678-RA



SIW61373

7.73E-54

77.3913

175.252 115 89

Lep_00066650-RA


gi|1067063705|ref|XP_018015775.1|PREDICTED: uncharacterized protein LOC108672588 [Hyalella azteca]

Crustacean

XP_018015775

9.93E-55

72.46377

190.66 138 100

Lep_00018140-RA



SIW61372

7.5E-91

70.75472

273.478 212 150

302


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length


E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00136402-RA



SIW61373

3.45E-54

77.3913

174.481 115 89

Lep_00109934-RA



Arachnida

XP_015904140

1.08E-68

70.55556

219.55 180 127

Lep_00121885-RA



SIW61373

1.61E-51

74.4186

170.244 129 96

Lep_00072322-RA



SIW61372

1.7E-100

78.30189

300.056 212 166

Lep_00119656-RA



SIW61373

6.69E-94

81.08108

278.485 185 150

Lep_00071838-RA



Arachnida

XP_015904140

1.14E-65

73.56322

209.92 174 128

303


Sequence name


Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00083016-RA



SIW61373

5.03E-62

60.39604

197.593 202 122

Lep_00037556-RA



SIW61372

3.11E-49

68.66667

169.859 150 103

Lep_00037557-RA



SIW61373

1.98E-06

78.78788

52.373 33 26

Lep_00083283-RA



SIW61372

8.76E-70

74.4186

220.32 172 128

Lep_00030922-RA


gi|1351638095|pdb|5MSZ|AChain A, Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase AA15 from Thermobia domestica in the Cu(I) State

5MSZ_A

5.65E-10

80.4878

60.4622 41 33

304


Sequence name

Sequence desc.

Sequence length

Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00030924-RA



SIW61373

8.91E-39

79.41176

134.035 102 81

Lep_00028253-RA



SIW61372

2.2E-100

78.77358

300.056 212 167

Lep_00028252-RA



SIW61372

3.75E-75

73.51351

231.106 185 136

Lep_00028251-RA



SIW61373

1.32E-11

93.54839

62.7734 31 29

Lep_00103234-RA



SIW61373

2.33E-69

66.83673

218.009 196 131

305


Sequence name


Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00066154-RA



SIW61373

3.7E-11

87.87879

61.6178 33 29

Lep_00045171-RA


gi|759036658|ref|XP_011345707.1|PREDICTED: uncharacterized protein LOC105284120 [Ooceraea biroi]gi|607367294|gb|EZA61441.1|hypothetical protein X777_07774 [Ooceraea biroi]

Hymenoptera

XP_011345707, EZA61441

3.24E-48

71.97452

165.236 157 113

Lep_00045172-RA


gi|759036658|ref|XP_011345707.1|PREDICTED: uncharacterized protein LOC105284120 [Ooceraea biroi]gi|607367294|gb|EZA61441.1|hypothetical protein X777_07774 [Ooceraea biroi]

Hymenoptera

XP_011345707, EZA61441

4.63E-35

66.08696

125.561 115 76

Lep_00099441-RA



Arachnida

XP_015904140

1.1E-66

73.56322

211.46 174 128

306


Sequence name


Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00084324-RA



SIW61372

1.61E-73

77.84091

230.335 176 137

Lep_00059868-RA



SIW61372

1.75E-76

72.97297

234.572 185 135

Lep_00059867-RA



SIW61373

1.49E-10

93.33333

60.8474 30 28

Lep_00156681-RA


gi|939644305|ref|XP_014272300.1|PREDICTED: uncharacterized protein LOC106678350 [Halyomorpha halys]

Hemiptera

XP_014272300

7.34E-16

73.58491

74.7146 53 39

Lep_00072794-RA



SIW61373

2.21E-54

78.26087

174.866 115 90

307


Sequence name


Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00118447-RA



SIW61372

1.53E-73

91.59664

223.402 119 109

Lep_00078707-RA



SIW61372

3.4E-99

88.04348

291.582 184 162

Lep_00078708-RA



SIW61372

4.25E-81

88.05031

245.743 159 140

Lep_00137844-RA



SIW61372

1.15E-49

75.75758

164.081 132 100

Lep_00060573-RA

Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase

1038


SIW61372

4.49E-74

73.51351

233.802 185 136

308


Sequence name


Hit desc. Order

Hit ACC

E-Value

Similarity

Bit-Score

Alignment length

Positives

Lep_00006587-RA



SIW61372

1.05E-91

72.85714

276.559 210 153

Lep_00006590-RA



SIW61373

4.21E-55

56.52174

184.111 207 117

Lep_00006588-RA

Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase

1363

gi|1238881740|ref|XP_022253834.1|uncharacterized protein LOC106469570 isoform X1 [Limulus polyphemus]gi|1238881742|ref|XP_022253835.1|uncharacterized protein LOC106469570 isoform X1 [Limulus polyphemus]

Arthropoda

XP_022253834, XP_022253835

6.63E-60

55.55556

204.912 288 160

Lep_00006589-RA



Arachnida

XP_015904140

1.22E-15

65.82278

75.485 79 52

309

Table 3.22. Number of predicted endogenously produced endoglucanases, β-glucosidases and β-glucuronidases in genomes of insects (highlighted indicates our work). Data on Cryptocercus punctulatus and Reticulitermes flavipes were collected from identical protein groups database of NCBI.

Insect species Endoglucanase β-glucosidase β-glucuronidase

Blattodea

Blatella germanica 2 0 4

Cryptocercus punctulatus 0 1 0

Reticulitermes flavipes 5 1 0

Zootermopsis nevadensis 5 2 4

Zygentoma

Thermobia domestica 85 19 39

Ctenolepisma longicaudata 69 22 30

Coleoptera

Tribolium castaneum 1 0 0

Dendroctonus ponderosae 10 5 3

Lepidoptera

Bombyx mori 0 4 1

Manduca sexta 1 9 10

Plutella xylostella 2 14 1

Diptera

Drosophila melanogaster 1 3 7

Bactrocera cucurbitae 0 0 8

310


Insect species Endoglucanase β-glucosidase β-glucuronidase

Hemiptera

Acyrthosiphon pisum 4 20 4

Nilaparvta lugens 7 13 1

Hymenoptera

Apis dorsata 1 0 3

Megachile rotundata 3 2 4

Anoplura

Pediculus humanus 1 1 1

311

Figure 3.1. Annotation of Thermobia domestica coding sequences: Number and relative percentage of T. domestica coding sequences with blast hits, with no blast hits, annotated and mapped.

312

Figure 3.2. Top-hit species distribution for Thermobia domestica: Number of blast hits matching with highest identity to different species.

313

Figure 3.3. Enzyme Code distribution in Thermobia domestica: Number of coding sequences of T. domestica encoding for enzymes belonging to different enzyme commission classes (EC).

314

Figure 3.4. Enzyme Code distribution of hydrolases in Thermobia domestica: Number of coding sequences of T. domestica encoding for enzymes belonging to different enzyme commission (EC) subclasses of hydrolases.

315

Figure 3.5. Glycoside hydrolases (GH) and lytic polysaccharide monoxygenases (LPMOs) in Thermobia domestica: Distribution of enzymes encoding for different glycoside hydrolases and LPMOs in T. domestica.

316

Figure 3.6. Annotation of Ctenolepisma longicaudata coding sequences: Number and percentage of C. longicaudata coding sequences with blast hits, with no blast hits, annotated and mapped.

317

Figure 3.7. Top-hit species distribution for Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Number of blast hits with highest identity to different species.

318

Figure 3.8. Enzyme Code distribution in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Number of coding sequences of C. longicaudata encoding for enzymes belonging to different enzyme commission classes (EC).

319

Figure 3.9. Enzyme Code distribution of hydrolases in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Number of coding sequences of C. longicaudata encoding for enzymes belonging to different enzyme commission (EC) subclasses of hydrolases.

320

Figure 3.10. Glycoside hydrolases (GH) and lytic polysaccharide monoxygenases (LPMOs) in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: Distribution of enzymes encoding belong to different glycoside hydrolases and LPMOs in C. longicaudata.

321

Chapter 4

Differential expression of cellulose degrading enzyme genes in Thermobia domestica

and Ctenolepisma longicaudata in response to diets of different cellulosic content

322

Pothula, R.; Johnson, B.R.; Klingeman, W.E.; Huff, M.; Staton, M.E. and J.L. Jurat-Fuentes.

(2018).


and analysis, (3) writing the manuscript and making figures. Brian R. Johnson, Matthew

Huff and Margaret Staton helped with 2 and Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes assisted with (1, 2 and

3).

Abstract

Members of Zygentoma have been characterized as having the highest relative

cellulolytic activity compared to traditional model insects used for biofuel research such as

termites, cockroaches and beetles (Chapter 2). However, not much-information is available

on cellulolytic genes in these non-model organisms. In the present work, our goal was to

study the differential expression of cellulase genes in the foregut and other body tissues

when Thermobia domestica and Ctenolepisma longicaudata were fed on four diets with

varying degree of cellulosic content. Using an RNASeq approach, differential gene

expression analysis of both species revealed that cellulase gene expression is primarily

driven by type of tissue rather than diet. However, within each tissue of T. domestica and C.

longicaudata, a higher number of plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) and lytic

polysaccharide monoxygenases were significantly up-regulated in the paper diet

treatment, which is highly cellulosic, compared to all other tested diets. The annotation of

differentially expressed PCWDE genes revealed highest identity to insect homologs, which

suggests the potential conservation of PCWDEs through evolution and the ancient origin of

cellulases in insects. Overall, our research contributes to increasing the amount of

323

information available on functional PCWDE genes and lytic polysaccharide monoxygenases

(LPMOs) from a primitive hexapod group with potential for industrial biofuel applications.

Introduction

Cellulases are a group of enzymes that completely digest plant cellulose into

glucose, which in the biofuel industry can be fermented by yeast to generate bioethanol.

Enzymatic activities within cellulases include endoglucanase, which cleaves the cellulose

chain internally at random, exoglucanase that cleaves the cellulose chain at the ends

releasing cellobiose, and β-glucosidase that degrades cellobiose into glucose units

(Watanabe and Tokuda, 2010). These plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) have

been traditionally described from microorganisms, yet in the last decade or so insects have

also been considered a prospecting resource for endogenously produced PCWDEs,

including cellulases, hemicellulases and pectinases (Calderón-Cortés et al., 2012; Watanabe

and Tokuda, 2010). Endoglucanases and β-glucosidases are commonly found in insects, yet

to date insect exoglucanases have not been reported (Martin, 1983; Scrivener and Slaytor,

1994). This may be due to the function of exoglucanases in insects being compensated by

the presence of a higher number of endoglucanases with dual endo/exo activity (Scrivener

and Slaytor, 1994), and/or physical processing by mandibles and proventriculus and/or a

long digestive tube that allows for increased length of digestion in the gut (Calderón-Cortés

et al., 2012; Watanabe and Tokuda, 2010). Hemicellulases and pectinases digest

hemicellulose and pectin polysaccharides, respectively, which are interlocked with

cellulose fibers in the plant cell wall (Gilbert, 2010). Insects belonging to 16 taxonomic

orders were reported to have endogenous production of one or more of PCWDEs

324

(Calderón-Cortés et al., 2012). However, molecular evidence confirming the presence of

PCWDE genes including endoglucanases belonging to glycoside hydrolase family (GH) 9

and 45 , β-glucosidases of GH 5, hemicellulases such as xyloglucanases of GH 5 and GH 11,

β-1,3-glucanases of GH 16 and pectinases of GH 28, has only been obtained from insects

belonging to only 8 taxonomic orders (Calderón-Cortés et al., 2012).

Whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a next generation

sequencing technique allowing for quantitative determination of total transcripts present

as a proxy for the level of expression of the corresponding gene in a cell, tissue or whole

organism (Wang et al., 2009). Unlike microarrays and traditional sequencing technologies,

RNA-Seq can be conveniently used to find functional genes, such as cellulases, in non-model

organisms (Shelomi et al., 2014; Vera et al., 2008). Additionally, RNA-Seq studies can

identify differentially expressed genes when comparing between different tissues and/or

under distinct conditions.

Members of Zygentoma have been characterized as having the highest relative

cellulolytic activity against carboxymethylcellulose compared to traditional model insects

used for biofuel research such as termites, cockroaches and beetles (Chapter 2). However,

there is a lack of information on the molecular characterization of cellulolytic activity in

these non-model organisms. Previous work detected endoglucanase, β-glucosidase,

xylanase, pectinase, amylase, maltase, sucrase and lactase activities in foregut fluids from

Thermobia domestica and Ctenolepisma longicaudatathrough biochemical tests (Zinkler and

Götze, 1987; Chapter 2). In addition to cellulase and xylanase activities, investigation of the

digestive proteome of T. domestica revealed the production of lytic polysaccharide

325

monoxygenases (LPMOs), which are enzymes that form nicks in cellulose fibers thereby

making them more accessible to cellulases (Sabbadin et al., 2018).

In the present work, our goal was to find cellulase genes that are responsible for the

high relative cellulolytic activity in T. domestica and C. longicaudata compared to other

insects. In addition, we used RNAseq to study their differential expression in foregut and

rest of the body samples when T. domestica and C. longicaudata were fed on four diets with

varying degree of cellulosic content. Differential gene expression analysis of both species

revealed that cellulase gene expression is primarily driven by type of tissue rather than

diet. However, within each tissue of T. domestica and C. longicaudata, higher number of

PCWDEs were significantly up-regulated in insects fed on the paper diet treatment, which

is highly cellulosic compared to all other tested diets. Additionally, more LPMOs were up-

regulated in the foregut tissue of paper-fed T. domestica than other diets, yet LPMO up-

regulation was not as prominent in C. longicaudata, which may help explain higher

cellulolytic activity in T. domestica compared to C. longicaudata. The annotation of

differentially expressed PCWDE genes revealed highest identity to insect homologs, which

suggests the potential conservation of PCWDEs through evolution. Overall, our research

contributes to increasing the amount of information available on functional PCWDE genes

and LPMOs from a primitive hexapod group with potential for industrial biofuel

applications.

326

Materials and Methods

Insect rearing


were used in this study. Several batches of nymphs and adults of C. longicaudata were

hand-collected by sweeping into collection containers or collected into lid-less plastic

dishes (Pioneer Plastics Inc., Dixon, KY) baited with whole-grain oat flakes (Quick 1-minute

Oats, Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, IL) in buildings. These insects were then reared in the

laboratory on rolled oats, paper and Pedigree adult complete nutrition dry dog food (Mars,

Inc., Mount Olive, NJ) at room temperature. An established T. domestica colony which was

originally derived from the culture being maintained at the Department of Entomology at

Ohio State University (Columbus, OH) was kindly provided by Patrick Stanley and Eric Snell

(Snell Scientific, LLC, Meansville, GA). This T. domestica colony had been maintained in the

Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology at the University of Tennessee for > 8

years on printing paper as a carbohydrate resource and NatureWise chick starter grower

feed (Nutrena, Minneapolis, MN) as protein source in a dark incubator set at 340C.

Diet treatments

Six insects per treatment were starved for five days in individual Petri dishes. On the

sixth day, six randomly selected insects were provided with one of four diet treatments and

allowed to feed for five days. Treatments included 0.2% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)

dissolved in 1% agar, standard 92 multipurpose printing paper (Georgia-Pacific, Atlanta,

GA, USA), pulverized switchgrass (generously provided by Dr. Nicole Labbe, Center for

Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee), and a protein-balanced diet (NatureWise

327

chick starter grower feed) as a control. A block of 1% agar was provided as a water source

to all insects. Diet and agar blocks were changed every other day. Each treatment was

replicated thrice.

Dissections, RNA extraction and sequencing

Three replicates of six fed insects per each treatment were anesthesized by

incubation at 40C for 10 min. The foregut was quickly dissected from the rest of the body by

pulling from the head with forceps and then cutting the head from the foregut with a

disposable scalpel. Individual foreguts and rest of the body (carcass including head) were

collected into separate microcentrifuge tubes, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -

800C. Total RNA was extracted from a pool of six foreguts or rest of the body samples using

Direct-zol RNA MiniPrep Plus (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA, USA) and RNeasy Maxi kits

(Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), respectively. The use of different kits depending on tissue was

due to differences in tissue weights. Purity of total RNA was checked using NanoDrop and

then submitted to the Genomic Sequencing and Analysis Facility at The University of Texas

at Austin (Texas) for library preparation and sequencing. Total RNA quality was analyzed

using a Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA), and then total RNA was

enriched for poly-A mRNA and the resulting RNA was paired-end sequenced (three

hundred base pairs) on a Hi-Seq 4000 (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA).

Differential gene expression analysis

A draft genome of T. domestica was previously sequenced and assembled (Brand et

al., 2018). Similarly, a draft genome of C. longicaudata was assembled following the same

bioinformatic pipeline as that used for T. domestica (B. Johnson, unpublished). Coding

328

sequences from the draft genome of each insect were provided as fasta files by B. Johnson

(University of California at Davis) and indexed using Salmon v0.8.2 (Patro et al., 2017). The

abundance of RNA-seq reads in each insect was quantified using Salmon due to similar

accuracy but increased speed when compared to similar quantification programs. The

resulting read raw counts per transcript in each replicate were used as input to detect the

differentially expressed genes between treatments using DESeq2 (Love et al., 2014). The

DESeq2 program is an R package which uses negative binomial generalized linear models

to test for differentially expressed genes (DEG) between treatments. Among the detected

DEGs, significance was established at an adjusted P-value (Padj) < 0.05. Principal component

analysis plots and heatmaps were developed to visualize the differential expression of

cellulase genes and LPMO’s across treatments and tissues using “plotPCA” and “pheatmap”

options in RStudio version 1.1.423 (RStudio, Inc. Boston, MA).

Annotation

To find the differentially expressed cellulase genes in T. domestica and C.

longicaudata, all the DEGs (Padj < 0.05) between pair-wise treatment comparisons were

annotated using a custom-made database in Blast2GO (https://www.blast2go.com/). This

custom database included all protein sets from NCBI (accessed on January 4, 2018) with

known cellulase activity in insects, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. All the resulting DEG

PCWDEs and LPMOs were manually blasted in the NCBI website against the non-redundant

(nr) protein database to get the most specific match (accessed on September 6, 2018).

329

Results

de novo transcriptome assemblies of T. domestica and C. longicaudata

Sequencing of RNA extracted from either pooled foregut or the remaining body

tissues (rest of the body sample) of T. domestica and C. longicaudata resulted in

580,047,044 and 523,554,706 raw reads respectively. The de novo assembly of all reads of

T. domestica and C. longicaudata by Trinity (Grabherr et al., 2011) yielded 1,368,850 and

666,881 contigs, respectively. Trinity de novo assembly of T. domestica and C. longicaudata

also resulted in 1,121,220 and 542,714 genes, respectively.

Differential cellulase gene expression analysis in T. domestica

Comparisons of foregut tissue from T. domestica fed on CMC or switchgrass to

protein diet did not detect up-regulation of any cellulase genes, yet PCWDEs were found to

be up-regulated in the protein diet (Table 4.1). However, one endoglucanase (GH 9) and

one β-galactosidase-1,3were significantly up-regulated in T. domestica foregut tissue fed on

paper compared to protein diet (Table 4.1). In addition, five endoglucanases, one β-

galactosidase, one β-glucuronidase and one glucosidase were significantly up-regulated in

T. domestica foregut tissue fed on paper compared to switchgrass, while one endoglucanase

was up-regulated in paper compared to CMC (Table 4.1).

In contrast to cellulase gene expression, differential gene expression analyses

revealed significant up-regulation of LPMOs in foregut tissue of T. domestica fed on paper

compared to other diets (Table 4.2). Notably, paper feeding T. domestica resulted in up-

regulated 21, 17 and 3 transcripts encoding for LPMOs in the foregut tissue compared to T.

domestica fed protein, switchgrass and CMC diets, respectively (Table 4.2). Similarly, seven

330

transcripts encoding for LPMOs were up-regulated in the foregut tissue of T. domestica fed

on CMC compared to protein and switchgrass diets (Table 4.2). However, LPMOs were not

differentially expressed in the foregut tissue of T. domestica fed on switchgrass compared

to protein diet (Table 4.2).

Unlike observations in the foregut tissue, cellulase gene expression in the rest of the

body sample was increased as cellulosic content increased in the diet. The most striking

difference was detected when feeding T. domestica on paper compared to protein diet,

which resulted in up-regulation of 15 endoglucanase genes (Table 4.3). The rest of the body

sample of T. domestica fed on paper diet had 14 endoglucanases that were up-regulated

compared to T. domestica fed switchgrass, and 9 endoglucanases, one β-glucosidase, and

one mannanase significantly up-regulated compared to a CMC diet. However, CMC and

switchgrass diets resulted in significant up-regulation of only two endoglucanases

compared to protein diet (Table 4.3).

In contrast to foregut tissue, the differential gene expression analyses of the rest of

the body sample of T. domestica fed on different diets revealed that very few LPMOs were

differentially expressed (Table 4.4). Feeding T. domestica on paper and switchgrass diets

did not result in differential expression of LPMOs compared to protein diet. Nevertheless,

CMC diet resulted in up-regulation of one and three LPMOs compared to protein and paper

diets, respectively (Table 4.4). Additionally, feeding on a paper diet resulted in up-

regulation of five transcripts encoding for LPMOs compared to switchgrass diet in rest of

the body sample of T. domestica (Table 4.4). Among all significantly differentially expressed

genes in different pair-wise comparisons, seven endoglucanases and seven LPMOs were

331

commonly expressed in both foregut and rest of the body samples. Overall, differential

gene expression analysis detected 35 significantly up-regulated cellulase genes in T.

domestica fed on different diets (Table 4.9). In the same analyses, 26 and 9 transcripts

encoding for LPMOs were significantly differentially expressed in different pair-wise

comparisons among treatments in foregut and rest of the body samples, respectively (Table

4.2 and 4.4).

Annotation of differentially expressed PCWDE genes in T. domestica

Among the 35 genes differentially expressed, endoglucanases (26 coding sequences)

were the most abundant cellulases, 22 of which matched endoglucanases of insect origin.

Among the other four endoglucanases, two were most similar to molluscan cellulases, one

matched to a copepod (Eurytemora affinis) cellulase and another was most identical to an

enzyme from a cnidarian (Orbicella faveolata) (Table 4.9). In addition to endoglucanases,

cellulases differentially expressed included four β-galactosidases matching to different

organisms such as sawfly (Cephus cinctus), water flea (Daphnia pulex), fish (Austrofundulus

limnaeus) and opossum (Monodelphis domestica); two β-glucuronidases matching to

termites (Zootermopsis nevadensis and Neotermes koshunensis); two mannanases, one

matching to a springtail (Orchesella cincta) and another matching to freshwater crayfish

(Cherax quadricarinatus); and one transcript of a β-glucosidase in GH 31 matching to the

cockroach, Periplaneta americana (Table 4.9).

Differential cellulase gene expression analysis in C. longicaudata

Similar to results from T. domestica, differential gene expression analysis in C.

longicaudata foregut tissue fed on CMC diet did not result in detection of differential

332

expression of any cellulase genes compared to the insects fed on protein diet (Table 4.5).

However, in contrast to T. domestica, feeding C. longicaudata on switchgrass resulted in up-

regulation of one endoglucanase (GH 9), one β-galactosidase, and two β-glucuronidases in

the foregut tissue compared to protein diet (Table 4.5). Additionally, 13 endoglucanases

were significantly up-regulated in the foregut tissue of C. longicaudata fed on paper diet

compared to protein diet. Similarly, 12 genes encoding for endoglucases were up-regulated

in C. longicaudata foregut tissue fed on paper compared to CMC diet and one mannosidase

encoding gene was up-regulated in CMC diet fed C. longicaudata compared to protein diet

(Table 4.5). Furthermore, feeding C. longicaudata on paper resulted in up-regulation of five

endoglucanase encoding genes and one β-1,3-glucanase compared to the switchgrass

treatment (Table 4.5).

Similar to cellulases, differential gene expression analysis of LPMO genes revealed

that foregut tissue of C. longicaudata fed on CMC did not have any differentially expressed

LPMO genes compared to that fed on protein diet. However, 11 and three LPMO encoding

genes were significantly up-regulated in the foregut tissue of C. longicaudata fed on paper

and switchgrass, respectively, when compared to protein diet (Table 4.6). Feeding of C.

longicaudata on CMC and switchgrass resulted in up-regulation of only one LPMO gene in

the foregut tissue compared to feeding on paper and CMC, respectively (Table 4.6).

Unlike in foregut tissue, differential gene expression analysis on the rest of the body

sample of C. longicaudata revealed that feeding C. longicaudata on CMC resulted in

differential cellulase gene expression compared to protein diet. One glucosidase was up-

regulated in the rest of the body sample of C. longicaudata fed on CMC compared to protein

333

diet, while two endoglucanase encoding genes, two β-galactosidases and nine glucosidases

were up-regulated in the reciprocal comparison (Table 4.7). Similarly, seven genes

encoding for endoglucanases and one glucosidase were up-regulated on paper diet

compared to protein. When comparing protein to paper diet, two endoglucanases, two

glucosidases, and one galactosidase were up-regulated (Table 4.7). Likewise, four

endoglucanase encoding genes, three β-glucosidases, one β-1,3-glucanase, and one gene

encoding for an enzyme in GH 65 were up-regulated in C. longicaudata fed on switchgrass

compared to protein. In the reciprocal comparison, we detected four glucosidases, two

endoglucanases, and one β-galactosidase as up-regulated (Table 4.7). Feeding C.

longicaudata on switchgrass up-regulated the expression of 15 glucosidases, nine

endoglucanases, five β-glucuronidases, one β-1,3-glucanase, one β-galactosidase, one β-1,6-

glucanase, and one GH 65 enzyme in the rest of the body sample when compared to feeding

on CMC. In contrast, CMC up-regulated the expression of only three endoglucanases

compared to switchgrass. However, in contrast to other pair-wise diet comparisons, C.

longicaudata fed a paper diet up-regulated all cellulase encoding genes, 16 endoglucanases,

two β-glucosidases, and one β-1,6-glucanase compared to feeding on CMC (Table 4.7).

Additionally, 16 endoglucanases were up-regulated in rest of the body sample of paper fed

C. longicaudata compared to feeding on switchgrass. In the reciprocal comparison, only one

mannosidase, one glucosidase and one β-galactosidase were up-regulated in switchgrass

fed C. longicaudata rest of the body sample compared to paper diet (Table 4.7).

LPMOs were not significantly differentially expressed in C. longicaudata rest of the

body sample fed on CMC and paper compared to protein diet. However, six LPMO encoding

334

genes were significantly up-regulated in paper diet compared to CMC (Table 4.8). Similarly,

the expression of 18, six and five LPMOs were significantly up-regulated in C. longicaudata

rest of the body sample in insects fed on switchgrass compared to CMC, protein and paper

diets, respectively (Table 4.8). Overall, 16 genes encoding cellulases and six LPMO encoding

genes were commonly expressed in both foregut and rest of the body samples of C.

longicaudata.

Annotation of differentially expressed PCWDE genes in C. longicaudata

Annotation of all significantly differentially expressed cellulase genes across all

fedding treatments in C. longicaudata yielded 70 genes encoding for cellulases. Similar to T.

domestica, the majority (31 sequences) of the differentially expressed cellulase genes in C.

longicaudata encoded for β-1,4-endoglucanases, 30 of which matched to proteins of insect

origin and one was most similar to a sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis) (Table 4.10).

After endoglucanases, the most common differentially expressed cellulases were β-

glucosidases (18 genes), 13 of which matched to insect enzymes, while 3 were most similar

to molluscans, one was most similar to a fish (Acanthochromis polyacanthus), and another

was most similar to the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) (Table 4.10). In

addition to β-1,4-endoglucanases, two sequences encoding for β-1,6-glucanases, which

were most similar to molluscan genes, and two β-1,3-glucanases, one similar to a

coleopteran (Dendroctonus ponderosae) and one most similar to a crustacean (Daphnia

pulex) gene, were found. Additionally, one mannanase most similar to a crustacean

(Daphnia magna) genes; six α-glucosidases which matched to other insect homologs; six β-

glucuronidases matching to insect or other arthropod genes; and five β-galactosidases

335

matching to insects were found (Table 4.10). Of the 84 LPMO encoding sequences

annotated in the C. longicaudata genome, only 15 and 25 LPMO encoding sequences were

significantly differentially expressed in foregut and rest of the body samples across

different pair-wise treatment comparisons.

Discussion

In our previous work (Chapter 2), we found Zygentoma displayed highest relative

cellulase activity compared to other model insects for biofuel research such as termites,

cockroaches and beetles. In addition, digestive fluids from both T. domestica and C.

longicaudata were found to have endoglucanase, xylanase, β-glucosidase and pectinase

activities, which are responsible for efficient digestion of cellulose into glucose.

Additionally, higher CMCase activity was found in foregut compared to other regions of the

digestive system in both species. In the present work, we investigated the endogenous

PCWDEs and their differential expression in T. domestica and C. longicaudata foregut and

rest of the body samples in response to diets with varying cellulose content through RNA-

Seq.

Differential expression of cellulase genes in foregut and rest of the body samples of T.

domestica and C. longicaudata fed on protein, paper, CMC and switchgrass diets was

primarily driven by tissue type rather than diet (Fig. 4.1 and 4.2). Thus, in most cases

cellulase gene expression was localized to a particular tissue (foregut versus rest of the

body), independently of the diet. However, almost all of the up-regulated genes in foregut

tissue were encoding for endoglucanases, while the majority of the up-regulated genes in

the rest of the body sample encoded for β-glucosidases. This observation indicates the

336

compartmentalization of cellulose digestion in both T. domestica and C. longicaudata, as

proposed for other insects (Fischer et al., 2013) (Fig. 4.1 and 4.2 & Table 4.9 and 4.10).

According to this model, the long cellulose chain is broken down into smaller pieces by

endoglucanases up-regulated in the foregut tissue, which is followed by further digestion of

intermediate products into glucose by β-glucosidases, which were up-regulated in the rest

of the body samples that include midgut and hindgut tissues.

Similar to cellulases, differential LPMO gene expression in T. domestica and C.

longicaudata was also mostly driven by the type of tissue rather than diet, although

differences in expression were detected also when comparing between some diets (Fig. 4.3

and 4.5). Nevertheless, almost all significantly differentially expressed LPMOs were up-

regulated in foregut tissue of T. domestica and C. longicaudata compared to the rest of the

body samples (Figs. 4.4 and 4.6). The up-regulation of LPMOs in foregut tissue is in

agreement with the function of LPMOs in attacking long cellulose polymers to form nicks in

cellulose polymers and make them more accessible to cellulases (Villares et al., 2017).

Although cellulase gene expression was primarily driven by tissue type, within each

tissue the cellulase gene expression was regulated by type of diet. Differential expression of

cellulase genes among different pair-wise treatment combinations within the foregut tissue

revealed that cellulase encoding genes were up-regulated in T. domestica fed paper

compared to diets with protein, switchgrass and CMC (Table 4.1). This result indicates a

correlation between cellulase gene up-regulation and highly cellulosic paper diet.

Compared to foregut tissue, the differential expression of cellulases in the rest of the body

was more firmly correlated with type of diet. For example, more PCWDEs were up-

337

regulated in the rest of the body sample of T. domestica fed on paper compared to other

diets (Table 4.3), which indicates the more recalcitrant nature of cellulose present in the

paper compared to other diets.

Similarly, more LPMOs were up-regulated in foregut tissue of T. domestica fed on

paper compared to all other diets (Table 4.2). This result also indicates the need for

production of more enzymes to digest recalcitrant paper diet. Additionally, LPMOs were

also up-regulated T. domestica fed CMC compared to protein and switchgrass diets, and no

LPMOs were differentially expressed between T. domestica fed protein and switchgrass

(Table 4.2). These observations may be explained by the protein and switchgrass diets

being a mixture of carbohydrate and protein, whereas the CMC diet is composed of only

carbohydrate whereby insects may need to consume and digest more CMC to meet their

energy demands. Similar up-regulation of LPMOs was reported in gut of T. domestica fed on

avicel versus less cellulosic diets (Sabbadin et al., 2018). Compared to foregut tissue, very

few LPMOs were significantly up-regulated in different pair-wise treatment comparisons of

the rest of the body sample (Table 4.4), which affirms the need for LPMO production within

foregut tissue versus other regions of the digestive system.

Unlike in T. domestica, cellulase gene expression in C. longicaudata foregut tissue

was correlated with type of diet. Among all pair-wise treatment combinations, more

PCWDEs were up-regulated in the foregut tissue of C. longicaudata fed on paper compared

to other diets (Table 4.5), which indicates the up-regulation of cellulase genes in response

to the most recalcitrant form of cellulose among the tested diets. Similarly, switchgrass diet

also resulted in up-regulated expression of a few cellulases compared to protein diet (Table

338

4.5), which again may be related to the more recalcitrant nature of switchgrass versus a

protein diet. In contrast to T. domestica and foregut tissue of C. longicaudata, the cellulase

gene expression in the rest of the body of C. longicaudata was regulated by both diets

within a pair-wise treatment comparison (Table 4.7). This observation may indicate that

cellulase gene expression in the rest of the body sample, which includes midgut and

hindgut, is controlled by the type of diet. Conversely, very few LPMOs were up-regulated in

foregut tissue of C. longicaudata (Tables 4.2 and 4.6), which could potentially help explain

lower relative cellulolytic activity of C. longicaudata compared to T. domestica (Chapter 2).

Overall, the annotation of significantly differentially expressed cellulase genes

identified 35 and 70 coding sequences encoding for cellulases in T. domestica and C.

longicaudata, respectively, across tissues and treatments (Table 4.9 and 4.10). Both T.

domestica and C. longicaudata were found expressing numerous endoglucanases and β-

glucosidases, which are considered as the main cellulase complex in insects for breakdown

of complex cellulose into glucose (Calderón-Cortés et al., 2012). Additionally, T. domestica

and C. longicaudata express 35 and 40 LPMOs, respectively, which probably are involved in

the higher cellulolytic activity in this group compared to other insects (Chapter 2).

However, C. longicaudata was found to express a higher number and also a more diverse

pool of PCWDEs and LPMOs compared to T. domestica. In contrast, T. domestica was found

to display higher endoglucanase, xylanase and pectinase activities than C. longicaudata

(Chapter 2). The higher activity in T. domestica with fewer enzyme genes expressed may be

explained by the correlation of type of diet and the expression of LPMOs in foregut tissue,

which was more prominent in T. domestica.

339

Most of the annotated PCWDEs in these Zygentoma species matched with highest

identity to proteins from termites and cockroaches, which may be indicative of close

evolutionary relationships between these groups. Moreover, some of the PCWDEs in T.

domestica and C. longicaudata were most identical to the most primitive hexapod groups,

such as Collembola (Orchesella cincta), or to highly evolved insect groups such as

hymenopterans, which may suggest the conservation of PCWDEs in insects through

evolution rather than frequent horizontal transfer from microorganisms (Calderón-Cortés

et al., 2012). However, a considerable number of PCWDEs matched to organisms from

other phyla, emphasizing the need for in-depth molecular characterization of PCWDEs in

all insect groups to shed insight on the evolution of cellulases in insects. Overall, our

research provides additional information on functional PCWDEs and LPMOs in T. domestica

and C. longicaudata as two representative members of a primitive hexapod group with high

relative cellulase activity.

340

List of references











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346

Appendix 4

347

Table 4.1. Effect of diet on plant cell wall degrading enzyme (PCWDE) gene expression in

foregut tissue of Thermobia domestica. Differentially expressed PCWDE genes in different

pair-wise treatment comparisons of foregut tissue of T. domestica fed on carboxymethyl

cellulose (CMC), paper, protein and switchgrass diets (Padj < 0.05).

Diets tested Enzyme Up-regulated diet Padj value

CMC vs Protein

Coding sequence

Th_d_00035294-RA hydrolase family 9 Protein 0.0003

Th_d_00006652-RA β-galactosidase Protein 0.0003


Th_d_00006653-RA β galactosidase Protein 0.01

Paper vs Protein

Coding sequence

Th_d_00001122-RA β-galactosidase-1 3 Paper 0.02

Th_d_00093510-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.03

Th_d_00048538-RA

uncharacterized family

31 glucosidase

KIAA1161-like

Paper 0.005

Switchgrass vs

Protein

Coding sequence

Th_d_00000352-RA hydrolase family 9 Protein <0.001



Th_d_00000351-RA endo- β-1,4-glucanase Protein 0.001

Th_d_00036630-RA Man5-K Protein 0.02



CMC vs Paper

Coding sequence

Th_d_00031500-RA Endoglucanase Paper 0.03

Switchgrass vs

Paper

Coding sequence

Th_d_00001122-RA β-galactosidase-1 3 Paper 0.05




348




Th_d_00018098-RA β-glucuronidase-like Paper 0.04

Th_d_00048538-RA

uncharacterized family

31 glucosidase

KIAA1161-like

Paper 0.02


349

Table 4.2. Effect of diet on lytic polysaccharide monoxygenase (LPMO) gene expression in

foregut tissue of Thermobia domestica. Differentially expressed of LPMO genes in different

pair-wise treatment comparisons of foregut tissue of T. domestica fed on carboxymethyl

cellulose (CMC), paper, protein and switchgrass diets (Padj < 0.05).

Diets tested Up-regulated diet Padj value CMC vs Protein Coding sequence Th_d_00014400-RA CMC < 0.001 Th_d_00056727-RA CMC 0.03 Th_d_00064622-RA CMC 0.02 Th_d_00068335-RA CMC 0.02 Th_d_00109123-RA CMC 0.002 Th_d_00110473-RA CMC 0.04 Th_d_00120034-RA CMC 0.03 Paper vs Protein Coding sequence Th_d_00014400-RA Paper 0.005 Th_d_00023793-RA Paper < 0.001 Th_d_00032707-RA Paper 0.02 Th_d_00056072-RA Paper 0.01 Th_d_00056739-RA Paper 0.03 Th_d_00056740-RA Paper 0.003 Th_d_00058359-RA Paper 0.04 Th_d_00064622-RA Paper < 0.001 Th_d_00068335-RA Paper < 0.001 Th_d_00068347-RA Paper 0.03 Th_d_00071020-RA Paper 0.002 Th_d_00083583-RA Paper < 0.001 Th_d_00084210-RA Paper 0.005 Th_d_00092785-RA Paper 0.04 Th_d_00095724-RA Paper 0.03 Th_d_00108306-RA Paper 0.005 Th_d_00109123-RA Paper 0.01 Th_d_00110473-RA Paper 0.01 Th_d_00119312-RA Paper 0.02 Th_d_00120034-RA Paper 0.04 Th_d_00120998-RA Paper <0.001 Paper vs CMC Coding sequence Th_d_00007075-RA Paper 0.04

350

Table 4.2. Continued. Diets tested Up-regulated diet Padj value Th_d_00084210-RA Paper 0.04 Th_d_00120998-RA Paper 0.03 Switchgrass vs CMC Coding sequence Th_d_00014400-RA CMC < 0.001 Th_d_00064622-RA CMC 0.001 Th_d_00098297-RA CMC 0.04 Th_d_00104344-RA CMC 0.005 Th_d_00109123-RA CMC 0.003 Th_d_00110473-RA CMC 0.03 Th_d_00120034-RA CMC 0.03 Paper vs Switchgrass Coding sequence Th_d_00014400-RA Paper 0.04 Th_d_00037466-RA Paper <0.001 Th_d_00056739-RA Paper <0.001 Th_d_00056740-RA Paper 0.01 Th_d_00064622-RA Paper 0.002 Th_d_00071020-RA Paper <0.001 Th_d_00083583-RA Paper 0.04 Th_d_00092785-RA Paper 0.002 Th_d_00095665-RA Paper 0.003 Th_d_00095724-RA Paper 0.02 Th_d_00098297-RA Paper 0.03 Th_d_00108306-RA Paper <0.001 Th_d_00109123-RA Paper 0.004 Th_d_00110473-RA Paper 0.04 Th_d_00119312-RA Paper 0.03 Th_d_00120034-RA Paper 0.006 Th_d_00120998-RA Paper 0.01

351

Table 4.3. Effect of diet on plant cell wall degrading enzyme (PCWDE) gene expression in rest of the body sample of Thermobia domestica. Differentially expressed PCWDE genes in different pair-wise treatment comparisons of rest of the body sample of T. domestica fed on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), paper, protein and switchgrass diets (Padj < 0.05).

Diets tested Enzyme Up-regulated diet Padj value CMC vs Protein Coding sequence Th_d_00005705-RA hydrolase family 9

CMC 0.02

Th_d_00104189-RA hydrolase family 9

CMC 0.02

Paper vs Protein Coding sequence Th_d_00071154-RA hydrolase family 9

Paper < 0.001


Paper 0.003

Th_d_00041503-RA Endoglucanase

Paper 0.006


Paper 0.002


Paper 0.04

Th_d_00045439-RA β-1,4-glucanase

Paper 0.008


Paper 0.003


Paper 0.04

Th_d_00007226-RA β-1,4-endoglucanase 1

Paper 0.02


Paper 0.02


Paper < 0.001


Paper < 0.001


Paper < 0.001


Paper < 0.001

352

Table 4.3. Continued

Diets tested Enzyme Up-regulated diet Padj value Th_d_00034779-RA hydrolase family 9

Paper < 0.001

Switchgrass vs Protein

Coding sequence Th_d_00104189-RA hydrolase family 9

Switchgrass 0.02


Switchgrass 0.001

Paper vs CMC Coding sequence Th_d_00035294-RA hydrolase family 9

Paper 0.04


Paper 0.002


Paper 0.01

Th_d_00018632-RA β-glucosidase

Paper 0.04


Paper < 0.001


Paper < 0.001


Paper 0.004

Th_d_00045439-RA β-1,4-glucanase

Paper < 0.001

Th_d_00101434-RA Mannanase

Paper 0.01


CMC 0.003


Paper 0.007

Switchgrass vs CMC


Switchgrass 0.02

353


Diets tested Enzyme Up-regulated diet Padj value Th_d_00035324-RA Endoglucanase

Switchgrass < 0.001

Paper vs Switchgrass


Paper < 0.001


Paper < 0.001


Paper 0.04


Paper < 0.001


Paper < 0.001


Paper < 0.001


Paper 0.04


Paper 0.01


Paper < 0.001


Paper 0.004


Paper 0.01


Paper < 0.001


Paper 0.002


Paper < 0.001

354

Table 4.4. Effect of diet on lytic polysaccharide monoxygenase (LPMO) gene expression in rest of the body sample of Thermobia domestica. Differentially expressed LPMO genes in different pair-wise treatment comparisons of rest of the body sample of T. domestica fed on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), paper, protein and switchgrass diets (Padj < 0.05).

Diets tested Up-regulated diet Padj value CMC vs Protein Coding sequence Th_d_00037467-RA CMC 0.03 Paper vs CMC Coding sequence Th_d_00056739-RA CMC < 0.001 Th_d_00068347-RA Paper 0.04 Th_d_00083583-RA CMC 0.04 Th_d_00120998-RA CMC 0.02 Paper vs switchgrass Coding sequence Th_d_00056739-RA Switchgrass < 0.001 Th_d_00056740-RA Paper 0.001 Th_d_00058638-RA Paper 0.02 Th_d_00068347-RA Paper 0.005 Th_d_00083583-RA Switchgrass 0.02 Th_d_00092785-RA Switchgrass 0.03 Th_d_00112968-RA Switchgrass 0.004 Th_d_00120998-RA Switchgrass 0.001

355

Table 4.5. Effect of diet on plant cell wall degrading enzyme (PCWDE) gene expression in foregut tissue of Ctenolepisma longicaudata. Differentially expressed PCWDE genes in different pair-wise treatment comparisons of foregut tissue of C. longicaudata fed on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), paper, protein and switchgrass diets (Padj < 0.05).

Diets tested Enzyme Up-regulated diet Padj value Paper vs Protein Coding sequence Lep_00006775-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00022398-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.02 Lep_00034744-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.04 Lep_00036184-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.002 Lep_00044891-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.001 Lep_00051683-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.005 Lep_00051684-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.002 Lep_00052326-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.003 Lep_00060202-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.001 Lep_00071132-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00071754-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.005 Lep_00115213-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.008 Lep_00135466-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Switchgrass vs Protein

Coding sequence Lep_00006757-RA β-galactosidase-1 3 Switchgrass 0.04 Lep_00028614-RA β-glucuronidase Switchgrass 0.02 Lep_00055855-RA β-glucuronidase Switchgrass 0.001 Lep_00096399-RA hydrolase family 9 Protein 0.02 Paper vs CMC Coding sequence Lep_00006775-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00012530-RA Mannanase CMC 0.04 Lep_00022398-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.002

Lep_00034832-RA endo- β-1,4-glucanase

Paper 0.02

Lep_00036184-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00044891-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00060202-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00071132-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.001 Lep_00071461-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00078550-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001

356




Paper 0.04

Lep_00115213-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00135466-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Switchgrass vs Paper Coding sequence


Paper 0.005

Lep_00036184-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.005

Lep_00039163-RA β-1,3-glucan-binding -like

Paper < 0.001

Lep_00071461-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00078550-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00135466-RA hydrolase family 9 paper < 0.001

357

Table 4.6. Effect of diet on lytic polysaccharide monoxygenase (LPMO) gene expression in foregut tissue of Ctenolepisma longicaudata. Differentially expressed lytic polysaccharide monoxygenases (LPMOs) genes in different pair-wise treatment comparisons of foregut tissue of C. longicaudata fed on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), paper, protein and switchgrass diets (Padj < 0.05).

Diets tested Up-regulated diet Padj value Paper vs Protein Coding sequence Lep_00018140-RA Paper 0.04 Lep_00029394-RA Paper 0.03 Lep_00037556-RA Paper < 0.001 Lep_00039537-RA Paper 0.006 Lep_00083016-RA Paper 0.02 Lep_00084324-RA Paper 0.02 Lep_00097915-RA Paper 0.03 Lep_00103234-RA Paper 0.02 Lep_00106678-RA Paper < 0.001 Lep_00118447-RA Paper 0.005 Lep_00136402-RA Paper 0.04 Switchgrass vs Protein Coding sequence Lep_00083016-RA Switchgrass 0.005 Lep_00097788-RA Switchgrass 0.04 Lep_00119656-RA Switchgrass 0.04 Paper vs CMC Coding sequence Lep_00110038-RA CMC 0.04 Switchgrass vs CMC Coding sequence Lep_00121885-RA Switchgrass 0.02

358

Table 4.7. Effect of diet on plant cell wall degrading enzyme (PCWDE) gene expression in rest of the body sample of Ctenolepisma longicaudata. Differentially expressed PCWDE genes in different pair-wise treatment comparisons of rest of the body sample of C. longicaudata fed on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), paper, protein and switchgrass diets (Padj < 0.05).

Diets tested Enzyme Up-regulated diet Padj value CMC vs Protein Coding sequence Lep_00004873-RA Glucosidase CMC 0.04 Lep_00011407-RA Glucosidase Protein 0.04 Lep_00015101-RA Glucosidase CMC 0.02 Lep_00020108-RA Glucosidase CMC 0.006 Lep_00026156-RA hydrolase family 9 CMC 0.03 Lep_00036877-RA β-galactosidase-1 2 CMC 0.03 Lep_00038648-RA hydrolase family 9 CMC 0.04 Lep_00052604-RA Glucosidase CMC 0.002 Lep_00059101-RA β-galactosidase-1 2 CMC 0.006

Lep_00079073-RA


CMC 0.001

Lep_00094746-RA


CMC < 0.001

Lep_00097528-RA Glucosidase CMC 0.02 Lep_00098705-RA Glucosidase CMC 0.001

Lep_00102111-RA


CMC < 0.001

Paper vs Protein Coding sequence Lep_00004872-RA Glucosidase Protein 0.002 Lep_00006775-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00026154-RA Endoglucanase Protein 0.04 Lep_00026156-RA hydrolase family 9 Protein < 0.001 Lep_00036184-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00042852-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00059101-RA β-galactosidase-1 2 Protein 0.04 Lep_00060202-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.005 Lep_00071461-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00078550-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001

359



Lep_00102111-RA


Protein 0.04

Lep_00113088-RA Glucosidase Paper 0.008 Lep_00135466-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Switchgrass vs Protein

Coding sequence Lep_00004872-RA Glucosidase Protein 0.04 Lep_00014981-RA hydrolase family 9 Protein 0.004 Lep_00014982-RA β-1,4-glucanase 5 Protein 0.003 Lep_00014983-RA hydrolase family 9 Protein 0.03 Lep_00021305-RA Glucosidase Switchgrass 0.04


Switchgrass 0.04

Lep_00036877-RA β-galactosidase-1 2 Protein 0.03 Lep_00042852-RA hydrolase family 9 Switchgrass < 0.001 Lep_00050000-RA hydrolase family 65 Switchgrass 0.003 Lep_00065284-RA Glucosidase Switchgrass 0.003

Lep_00077538-RA


Protein 0.04

Lep_00079073-RA


Protein 0.03

Lep_00095117-RA endo- β-1,4-glucanase Switchgrass 0.005 Lep_00096399-RA hydrolase family 9 Protein <0.001

Lep_00102111-RA


Protein < 0.001

Lep_00113088-RA Glucosidase Protein < 0.001 Paper vs CMC Coding sequence Lep_00006775-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00015101-RA Glucosidase Paper < 0.001 Lep_00022398-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.001 Lep_00024218-RA β-1,6-glucanase Paper 0.04 Lep_00036184-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001

360


Diets tested Enzyme Up-regulated diet Padj value Lep_00038648-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00042851-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.04 Lep_00044891-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00051683-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.004 Lep_00051684-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00052326-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00060202-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00071132-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00071461-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00071754-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00078550-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00082758-RA Glucosidase Paper 0.004 Lep_00115213-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00135466-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Switchgrass vs CMC Coding sequence Lep_00004873-RA Glucosidase Switchgrass 0.04 Lep_00015101-RA Glucosidase Switchgrass < 0.001 Lep_00016310-RA hydrolase family 9 CMC < 0.001 Lep_00016311-RA endo- β-1,4-glucanase CMC < 0.001 Lep_00016312-RA hydrolase family 9 CMC < 0.001 Lep_00019550-RA Glucosidase Switchgrass 0.03 Lep_00020108-RA Glucosidase Switchgrass 0.04 Lep_00021305-RA Glucosidase Switchgrass 0.04 Lep_00022398-RA hydrolase family 9 Switchgrass 0.002 Lep_00024904-RA Glucosidase Switchgrass 0.001 Lep_00026029-RA β-galactosidase Switchgrass 0.03 Lep_00028613-RA β-glucuronidase-like Switchgrass 0.004 Lep_00028614-RA β-glucuronidase Switchgrass < 0.001


Switchgrass 0.04

Lep_00036380-RA Glucosidase Switchgrass 0.03 Lep_00038648-RA hydrolase family 9 Switchgrass < 0.001 Lep_00042851-RA hydrolase family 9 Switchgrass 0.03 Lep_00042852-RA hydrolase family 9 Switchgrass 0.002 Lep_00046431-RA β-glucuronidase Switchgrass 0.04 Lep_00048639-RA Glucosidase Switchgrass 0.03 Lep_00050000-RA hydrolase family 65 Switchgrass 0.004

361


Diets tested Enzyme Up-regulated diet Padj value Lep_00051683-RA hydrolase family 9 Switchgrass 0.001 Lep_00051684-RA hydrolase family 9 Switchgrass < 0.001 Lep_00052326-RA hydrolase family 9 Switchgrass 0.001 Lep_00052604-RA Glucosidase Switchgrass < 0.001 Lep_00053738-RA β-glucuronidase Switchgrass 0.004 Lep_00060393-RA Glucosidase Switchgrass 0.01 Lep_00065284-RA Glucosidase Switchgrass 0.003 Lep_00065345-RA β-glucuronidase Switchgrass 0.005 Lep_00071461-RA hydrolase family 9 Switchgrass 0.01

Lep_00074516-RA


Switchgrass 0.001

Lep_00082758-RA Glucosidase Switchgrass 0.04 Lep_00087818-RA β-1,6-glucanase Switchgrass 0.001

Lep_00094746-RA


Switchgrass 0.03

Lep_00095117-RA endo- β-1,4-glucanase Switchgrass 0.007 Lep_00097528-RA Glucosidase 0.04 Paper vs Switchgrass Coding sequence Lep_00006775-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00008899-RA β-galactosidase-1 3 Switchgrass 0.03 Lep_00014981-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.007 Lep_00014982-RA β-1,4-glucanase 5 Paper 0.002 Lep_00014983-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.03 Lep_00015051-RA Mannanase Switchgrass 0.007 Lep_00016310-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.003 Lep_00016311-RA endo- β-1,4-glucanase Paper 0.001 Lep_00016312-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00036184-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00044891-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.003 Lep_00060202-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00071132-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.01 Lep_00071461-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001

Lep_00074516-RA


Switchgrass 0.04

362


Diets tested Enzyme Up-regulated diet Padj value Lep_00078550-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00096399-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper < 0.001 Lep_00115213-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.002 Lep_00135466-RA hydrolase family 9 Paper 0.008

363

Table 4.8. Effect of diet on lytic polysaccharide monoxygenase (LPMO) gene expression in rest of the body sample of Ctenolepisma longicaudata. Differentially expressed LPMO genes in different pair-wise treatment comparisons of rest of the body sample of C. longicaudata fed on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), paper, protein and switchgrass diets (Padj < 0.05).

Diets tested Up-regulated diet Padj value Switchgrass vs Protein Coding sequence Lep_00006589-RA Switchgrass 0.004 Lep_00037556-RA Switchgrass < 0.001 Lep_00071838-RA Switchgrass < 0.001 Lep_00078707-RA Switchgrass 0.01 Lep_00099093-RA Switchgrass 0.006 Lep_00127363-RA Switchgrass 0.02 Paper vs CMC Coding sequence Lep_00018140-RA Paper < 0.001 Lep_00030922-RA Paper < 0.001 Lep_00030924-RA Paper < 0.001 Lep_00037556-RA Paper 0.04 Lep_00072794-RA Paper 0.02 Lep_00083283-RA Paper 0.02 Switchgrass vs CMC Coding sequence Lep_00006587-RA Switchgrass 0.04 Lep_00006588-RA Switchgrass 0.04 Lep_00006589-RA Switchgrass 0.02 Lep_00006590-RA Switchgrass 0.03 Lep_00018140-RA Switchgrass 0.005 Lep_00029394-RA Switchgrass 0.04 Lep_00037556-RA Switchgrass 0.01 Lep_00039537-RA Switchgrass < 0.001 Lep_00043371-RA Switchgrass 0.03 Lep_00060573-RA Switchgrass 0.03 Lep_00072794-RA Switchgrass < 0.001 Lep_00083283-RA Switchgrass < 0.001 Lep_00093845-RA Switchgrass 0.04 Lep_00099441-RA Switchgrass 0.03 Lep_00103234-RA Switchgrass 0.001 Lep_00109934-RA Switchgrass 0.002 Lep_00119656-RA Switchgrass 0.01

364


Diets tested Up-regulated diet Padj value Lep_00127363-RA Switchgrass 0.02 Paper vs Switchgrass Coding sequence Lep_00006587-RA Switchgrass 0.001 Lep_00006588-RA Switchgrass 0.03 Lep_00006589-RA Switchgrass 0.02 Lep_00039538-RA Switchgrass 0.02 Lep_00127363-RA Switchgrass 0.04

365

Table 4.9. Differentially expressed plant cell wall degrading enzyme (PCWDE) gene in Thermobia domestica and their top-blast hit. Significantly differentially expressed PCWDE genes (Padj < 0.05) were blasted against the NCBInr database, and the matching protein and the tissue in T. domestica are listed.

Sequence_Id

Identified protein

Organism Query cover

E value

% identity

Accession Sample

Th_d_00000348

Cellulase Coptotermes acinaciformis

90% 6e- 180

59% AAK12339.1 Rest of the body

Th_d_00000351

Hypothetical proteinB7P43 G18040 (β-1,4-glucanase)

Cryptotermes secundus

55% 4e-61

44% PNF36367.1 Foregut

Th_d_00000352


74% 2e-45

65% AAK12339.1 Foregut

Th_d_00000353

β-1,4-endoglucanase


77% 1e-93

52% XP_023704929.1

Rest of the body

Th_d_00000354

Endoglucanase E-4-like

Diuraphis noxia

24% 2e-19

57% XP_015378728.1

Rest of the body

Th_d_00001122

β-galactosidase

Cephus cinctus

98% 0 54% XP_015598547.1

Foregut

Th_d_00005705


Mastotermes darwiniensis

80% 0 66% CAD54729.1 Both

Th_d_00006652

β-galactosidase

Daphnia pulex

96% 2e-114

46% EFX89607.1 Foregut

Th_d_00006653

β-galactosidase

Austrofundulus limnaeus

79% 6e-48

42% XP_013863168.1

Foregut

Th_d_00006654

β-galactosidase

Monodelphis domestica

58% 2e-20

70% XP_007505096.1

Foregut

366


Sequence_Id

Identified protein


E value

% identity

Accession Sample

Th_d_00007226


Panesthia cribrata

69% 5e-172

55% AAF80584.1 Rest of the body

Th_d_00015659


Zootermopsis nevadensis

63% 3e-90

69% XP_021941324.1

Rest of the body

Th_d_00018098

β-glucuronidase


96% 8e-146

62% KDR08779.1 Foregut

Th_d_00018632

β-glucosidase

Neotermes koshunensis

98% 1e-178

61% 3AHZ_A Rest of the body

Th_d_00018984



42% 3e-91

66% PNF24409.1 Rest of the body

Th_d_00028499



75% 0 65% CAD54729.1 Both

Th_d_00029874


Blattella germanica

71% 3e-76

48% PSN31180.1 Rest of the body

Th_d_00031500



96% 5e-125

49% XP_023704929.1

Both

Th_d_00034779



88% 0 67% CAD54729.1 Both

Th_d_00035294



87% 8e-179

59% XP_021941324.1

Both

Th_d_00035324


Coptotermes acinaciformis

99% 4e-163

58% AAK12339.1 Rest of the body

Th_d_00036630

Endo- β-1,4-mannanase

Orchesella cincta

63% 1e-75

44% ODM91993.1 Foregut

367


Sequence_Id

Identified protein


E value

% identity

Accession Sample

Th_d_00038486

Glycoside hydrolase family 9

Aretaon asperrimus

83% 2e-171

65% AMH40360.1 Rest of the body

Th_d_00041503


Nasutitermes takasagoensis

92% 2e-141

56% 1KS8_A Rest of the body

Th_d_00045439


Anoplophora glabripennis

38% 1e-21

53% XP_018568194.1

Rest of the body

Th_d_00046715



92% 2e-142

63% XP_021941324.1

Both

Th_d_00048538

Glucosidase family 31

Periplaneta americana

70% 3e-174

53% AIA09350.1 Foregut

Th_d_00061520



96% 6e-41

58% KDR06579.1 Foregut

Th_d_00071154

Cellulase Haliotis kamtschatkana

19% 1e-21

77% ACS15347.1 Both

Th_d_00093510

Cellulase Cryptotermes secundus

100%

5e-38

62% PNF24409.1 Foregut

Th_d_00101434


Cherax quadricarinatus

65% 7e-26

56% AIN40245.1 Rest of the body

Th_d_00104189

Endoglucanase E-4-like

Blattella germanica

56% 2e-47

74% PSN33998.1 Rest of the body

Th_d_00107645


Eurytemora affinis

91% 4e-38

60% XP_023329807.1

Rest of the body

Th_d_00111221

Endoglucanase 4-like

Orbicella faveolata

57% 1e-36

60% XP_020614867.1

Rest of the body

368


Sequence_Id

Identified protein


E value

% identity

Accession Sample

Th_d_00118343


Pomacea canaliculata

76% 4e-23

69% PVD35381.1 Rest of the body

369

Table 4.10. Differentially expressed plant cell wall degrading enzyme (PCWDE) genes in Ctenolepisma longicaudata and their top-blast hit. Significantly differentially expressed PCWDEs (Padj < 0.05) were blasted against NCBInr database, and the matching protein and tissue in C. longicaudata are listed.

Sequence_Id

Identified protein


E value

% identity

Accession Sample

Lep_00044891-RA

Uncharacterized protein LOC110840536 (endo-β-1,4-glucanase)


94 0.0 66 XP_021941324.1

Both

Lep_00098705-RA

β-glucosidase

Acanthaster planci

25 5e-07

55 XP_022090546.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00077538-RA

α-glucosidase family 31

Periplaneta americana

89 0.0 53 AIA09350.1 Rest of the body

Lep_00087818-RA

Hypothetical protein LOTGIDRAFT 101222 (endo-β-1,6-glucanase)

Lottia gigantea

70 3e-122

49 XP_009054280.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00036380-RA

Myrosinase 1-like (β-glucosidase)


88 2e-104

50 XP_023721112.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00115213-RA



84 1e-80

72 XP_021941322.1

Both

Lep_00004872-RA

β-glucosidase

Coptotermes formosanus

76 2e-145

56 AOY34571.1 Rest of the body

370


Sequence_Id

Identified protein


E value

% identity

Accession Sample

Lep_00004873-RA



94 8e-50 68 XP_023723774.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00065345-RA

β-glucuronidase-like

Centruroides sculpturatus

49 2e-11 51 XP_023221887.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00071461-RA



94 1e-105

72 XP_021941324.1

Both

Lep_00019550-RA

Hypothetical protein B5V51_11090 (β-glucosidase)

Heliothis virescens

74 8e-50 34 PCG75727.1 Rest of the body

Lep_00021305-RA

Chain A, Crystal Structure of β-Glucosidase From Termite Neotermes Koshunensis in complex with Tris


83 3e-92 59 3AHZ_A Rest of the body

Lep_00048639-RA

β-glucosidase Salganea esakii

59 7e-24 55 BAO85048.1 Rest of the body

371


Sequence_Id

Identified protein


E value

% identity

Accession

Sample

Lep_00053738-RA

Hypothetical protein B7P43_G09739 (β-glucuronidase)


88 1e-67 62 PNF22051.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00059101-RA

β -galactosidase-1-like protein 2

Cephus cinctus

74 9e-65 51 XP_015598574.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00071754-RA

Endoglucanase E-4

Blattella germanica

77 6e-79 60 PSN33998.1

Both

Lep_00055855-RA

Hypothetical protein B7P43_G09739 (β-glucuronidase)


96 9e-68 62 PNF22051.1

Foregut

Lep_00016310-RA



84 8e-75 71 XP_021941322.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00016311-RA


71 3e-55 58 AAK12339.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00016312-RA

Endoglucanase E-4

Blattella germanica

38 8e-44 65 PSN33998.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00074516-RA

Hypothetical protein B7P43_G04891 (Uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase)


89 1e-147

47 PNF32421.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00065284-RA

β-glucosidase Coptotermes formosanus

83 1e-60 50 AGM32287.1

Rest of the body

372


Sequence_Id

Identified protein


E value

% identity

Accession

Sample

Lep_00052326-RA



83 1e-98 50 XP_021941324.1

Both

Lep_00006757-RA

β -galactosidase-1-like protein 2

Cephus cinctus

32 4e-62 52 XP_015598574.1

Foregut

Lep_00034744-RA


Peruphasma schultei

86 1e-147

50 AMH40374.1

Foregut

Lep_00015101-RA



96 4e-147

50 XP_023721112.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00014981-RA

Cellulase Antipaluria urichi

31 4e-58 57 AOV94250.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00014982-RA

Putative endo-β-1,4-glucanase of EG1

Odontotermes formosanus

82 5e-77 56 BAD12008.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00014983-RA

Predicted protein (endo-β-1,4-glucanase)

Nematostella vectensis

31 7e-23 78 XP_001640311.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00071132-RA



95 3e-104

72 XP_021941324.1

Both

Lep_00051683-RA


Timema cristinae

90 1e-23 64 AMH40395.1

Both

373


Sequence_Id

Identified protein


E value

% identity

Accession

Sample

Lep_00051684-RA

β-1,4-endoglucanase 1

Panesthia cribrate

94 8e-36 63 AAF80584.1

Both

Lep_00079073-RA

Hypothetical protein C0J52_14633 (Uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase)

Blatella germanica

60 2e-20 65 PSN31308.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00104311-RA

Hypothetical protein C0J52_21511 (endo-β-1,4-glucanase

Blatella germanica

99 2e-55 57 PSN31180.1

Foregut

Lep_00046431-RA

β-glucuronidase-like isoform X3


86 3e-123

57 XP_023718877.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00028614-RA

β-glucuronidase-like isoform X3


91 1e-69 52 XP_023718877.1

Both

Lep_00028613-RA

β-glucuronidase-like

Halyomorpha halys

42 6e-46 72 XP_024217164.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00095117-RA

Putative endo- β-1,4-glucanase SmEG1

Sinocapritermes mushae

99 1e-47 53 BAD12012.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00060393-RA

β-glucosidase Coptotermes formosanus

81 5e-55 70 AGM32308.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00039163-RA

Hypothetical protein D910_11210 (β-1,3-glucanase)

Dendroctonus ponderosae

68 1e-09 44 ERL93924.1

Foregut

374


Sequence_Id

Identified protein


E value

% identity

Accession

Sample

Lep_00082758-RA

Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase-like (β-glucosidase)

Acanthochromis polyacanthus

90 6e-09 30 XP_022078461.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00038648-RA


Ramulus artemis

35 5e-22 65 AMH40383.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00034316-RA

Hypothetical protein DAPPUDRAFT_203138 (β-1,3-glucanase)

Daphnia pulex

49 3e-36 42 EFX69036.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00060202-RA

Endoglucanase E-4

Blattella germanica

73 2e-91 62 PSN33998.1

Both

Lep_00022398-RA


Timema cristinae

88 5e-176

61 AMH40392.1

Both

Lep_00026029-RA

Hypothetical protein B7P43_G16708 (β-galactosidase)


66 7e-65 58 PNF39271.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00036184-RA

Uncharacterized protein LOC110840536 (endo- β-1,4-glucanase)


84 0.0 66 XP_021941324.1

Both

Lep_00012530-RA


Daphnia magna

90 3e-117

54 KZS10752.1

Foregut

375


Sequence_Id

Identified protein


E value

% identity

Accession

Sample

Lep_00050000-RA

Protein-glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine glucosidase-like isoform X2

Spodoptera litura

90 3e-74 52 XP_022821190.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00008899-RA

β-galactosidase-1-like protein 2 isoform X2


95 0.0 43 XP_023717284.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00094746-RA

α-glucosidase family 31

Periplaneta Americana

83 5e-161

56 AIA09350.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00102111-RA

Hypothetical protein L798_13618 (uncharacterized family 31 glucosidase)


67 3e-47 66 KDR11965.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00020108-RA

Hypothetical protein LOTGIDRAFT_207250 (β-glucosidase)

Lottia gigantea

20 3e-11 83 XP_009064666.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00034832-RA

β -1,4-endoglucanase 1


70 2e-45 64 AAF63724.1

Foregut

Lep_00024218-RA

Hypothetical protein LOTGIDRAFT_101222 (β-1,6-glucanase)

Lottia gigantea

72 1e-19 43 XP_009054280.1

Rest of the body

376


Sequence_Id

Identified protein


E value

% identity

Accession

Sample

Lep_00036877-RA

β-galactosidase-1-like protein 2

Cephus cinctus

88 3e-60 41 XP_015598574.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00029521-RA

Endo- β-1,4-glucanase

Panesthia angustipennis

56 4e-52 51 BAG70031.1

Foregut

Lep_00078550-RA


Peruphasma schultei

92 1e-80 59 AMH40374.1

Both

Lep_00135466-RA


Peruphasma schultei

66 6e-24 73 AMH40374.1

Both

Lep_00052604-RA

Chain A, Crystal Structure Of β-glucosidase From Termite Neotermes Koshunensis in Complex with tris


89 5e-121

59 3AHZ_A Rest of the body

Lep_00096399-RA

Hypothetical protein B7P43_G09674 (Endo- β-1,4-glucanase)


38 1e-47 62 XP_021924915.1

Both

Lep_00024904-RA

Myrosinase 1-like isoform X1 (β-glucosidase)

Nilaparvata lugens

82 1e-145

56 XP_022187263.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00026156-RA

Endoglucanase E-4

Blattella germanica

35 2e-70 62 PSN33998.1

Rest of the body

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Sequence_Id

Identified protein Organism Query cover

E value % identity

Accession

Sample

Lep_00026154-RA

Putative endo-β-1,4-glucanase HsEG4

Hodotermopsis sjostedti

75 8e-43 70 BAD12004.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00097528-RA



46 8e-47 64 XP_025110416.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00006775-RA

Uncharacterized protein LOC110840536 (Endo- β-1,4-glucanase)


93 0.0 60 XP_021941324.1

Both

Lep_00011407-RA



47 4e-21 47 XP_025110416.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00113088-RA

Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase-like isoform X2 (β-glucosidase)


97 3e-65 66 XP_021923731.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00042852-RA



96 2e-107 61 CAD54730.1

Rest of the body

Lep_00042851-RA

Cellulase Antipaluria urichi

38 2e-10 49 AOV94250.1

Rest of the body

378

Figure 4.1. Heatmap of expression of of all differentially expressed PCWDE genes in Thermobia domestica: heatmap showing the significantly differentially expressed PCWDE genes in T. domestica foregut (FGUT) and rest of the body samples (REST) fed on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), paper (PAP), protein (PRO) and switchgrass (SG) diets (Padj < 0.05).

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Figure 4.2. Heatmap of expression of all differentially expressed PCWDE genes in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: heatmap showing the significantly differentially expressed PCWDEs in C. longicaudata foregut (FGUT) and rest of the body samples (REST) fed on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), paper (PAP), protein (PRO) and switchgrass (SG) diets (Padj < 0.05).

380

Figure 4.3. Overall effect of tissue (PC1) and condition (diet, PC2) on gene expression of lytic polysaccharide monoxygenases (LPMOs) in Thermobia domestica: PCA plot showing the strong effect of tissue compared to diet on the gene expression of significantly differentially expressed LPMOs in foregut (FGUT) and rest of the body (REST) tissues of T. domestica fed on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), paper (PAP), protein (PRO) and switchgrass (SG) diets (Padj < 0.05).

381

Figure 4.4. Differential expression of all lytic polysaccharide momoxygenases (LPMOs) in Thermobia domestica: heatmap showing the significantly differentially expressed LPMOs in T. domestica foregut (FGUT) and rest of the body samples (REST) fed on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), paper (PAP), protein (PRO) and switchgrass (SG) diets (Padj < 0.05).

382

Figure 4.5. Overall effect of tissue (PC1) and condition (diet, PC2) on gene expression of lytic polysaccharide monoxygenases (LPMOs) in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: PCA plot showing the strong effect of tissue compared to diet on the gene expression of significantly differentially expressed LPMOs in foregut (FGUT) and rest of the body (REST) tissues of C. longicaudata fed on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), paper (PAP), protein (PRO) and switchgrass (SG) diets (Padj < 0.05).

383

Figure 4.6. Differential expression of all lytic polysaccharide momoxygenases (LPMOs) in Ctenolepisma longicaudata: heatmap showing the significantly differentially expressed LPMOs in C. longicaudata foregut (FGUT) and rest of the body samples (REST) fed on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), paper (PAP), protein (PRO) and switchgrass (SG) diets (Padj < 0.05).

384

Chapter 5

General conclusions

385

Conclusions

Our research focused on Thermobia domestica and Ctenolepisma longicaudata and

unraveled many interesting observations about these two species. Initial

morphohistological characterization supported no relevant morphological and histological

adaptations to house symbionts in the digestive system of firebrat (T. domestica) and the

gray silverfish (C. longicaudata), which may suggest the endogenous production of

cellulases in these insects. Previous studies supported the endogenous digestion of

cellulose in the firebrat (Treves and Martin, 1994; Zinkler and Götze, 1987). Additionally,

no morphohistological differences were found in the digestive tube of both the tested

species.

Significant differences were observed in cellulase activities between species.

Quantitative and qualitative cellulase assays identified the foregut as the region with the

highest cellulolytic activity compared to other digestive regions in both the species. This

observation is also supported by previous reports documenting higher endoglucanase and

β-glucosidase activities in the foregut compared to other gut tissues in T. domestica

(Zinkler and Gotze, 1987). Additionally, T. domestica was found displaying higher

endoglucanase, xylanase activities compared to C. longicaudata and pectinase activity was

only observed in T. domestica. However, pectinase genes were not detected in the

corresponding T. domestica genome. A possible explanation for this discrepancy could be

that pectinase activity in T. domestica may be provided by microorganisms living in its

digestive system, which were not included in the genome sequencing. Metatranscriptomics

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on the microbiome of T. domestica will help in determing the contribution of microbial

enzymes to pectinase digestion in T. domestica. Alternatively, it is possible that pectinase

genes may be included among the sequences not returing relevant BLAST matches in our

Blast2Go analysis. Searches using conserved pectinase catalytic domains may allow

identification of pectinase-like sequences in Zygentoma genomes. On the other hand, the

lack of pectinase activity in C. longicauadata may suggest that this polysaccharide is not

relevant to its nutrition.

T. domestica also displayed significantly higher xylanase activity than C.

longicaudata. However, genes encoding for xylanases were not detected in T. domestica

genome and only three xylanase encoding genes were found in the genome of C.

longicauadata. Many insects including T. domestica were previously found to display

xylanase activity (Sabbadin et al., 2018; Shi et al., 2011; Terra and Ferreira, 1994), yet

xylanases are rarely described as endogenously produced in insects (Calderón-Cortés et al.,

2012) and in most instances expected to come from symbiotic microbiota (Ali et al., 2017;

Brennan et al., 2004) or through horizontal gene transfer from symbionts (Pauchet and

Heckel, 2013). Sequencing the metatranscriptome of T. domestica and C. longicaudata gut

microbiota would help in understanding the source of xylanase activity in these insects. It

is also possible that hemicellulose could be digested in insects by other enzymes, such as

mannanases, α-glucuronidases, endoglucanases and β-1,3-glucanases(Calderón-Cortés et

al., 2012), which were present in the genomes of both species.

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Zygentoma displayed relatively high cellulolytic activity compared to other insects

(Pothula et al, submitted), which may be explained by the detected genes encoding for

diverse glycosyl hydrolases in their genomes. Consequently, annotation of coding

sequences from the genomes of T. domestica and C. longicaudata reported numerous genes

encoding for endoglucanases, glucosidases, β-1,3-glucanases, maltases, amylases,

mannosidases and glucuronidases. Compared to C. longicaudata, T. domestica had more

sequences encoding for endoglucanases, which may explain the higher endoglucanase

activity reported in T. domestica than C. longicaudata. Additionally, both species yielded

nearly an equal number of β-glucosidase genes, which was reflected in similar enzyme

activity levels. Apart from glycosyl hydrolases, lytic polysaccharide monoxygenases

(LPMOs), which were shown to enhance the activity of glycoside hydrolases synergistically

(Sabbadin et al., 2018) were abundantly reported in the genomes of both species. The

presence of high number of genes encoding LPMOs may also be responsible for higher

enzyme activities in Zygentoma compaed to other tested insects.

Differential gene expression analysis was conducted to see the influence of diet on

the gene expression of glycoside hydrolases and LPMOs in both foregut and rest of the body

samples of both T. domestica and C. longicaudata. PCWDE gene expression was primarily

driven by type of tissue rather than diet, yet within each tissue higher number of PCWDEs

were significantly up-regulated in paper-fed insects, which is more cellulosic compared to

all other tested diets. In addition, more LPMOs were up-regulated in the foregut tissue of

paper-fed T. domestica than other diets, yet LPMO up-regulation was not as prominent in C.

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longicaudata. The paper diet used majorly consists of recalcitrant cellulose and traces of

hemicellulose and lignin, while switchgrass diet was composed of a variety of components

such as recalcitrant cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin along with easily digestible starch,

vitamins and minerals (Ververis et al., 2004). The availability of only recalcitrant cellulose

in paper may be responsible for up-regulation of majority of PCWDEs to digest more

cellulose in meeting energy requirements by insects.

The annotation of differentially expressed PCWDE and LPMO encoding genes

revealed highest identity to insect homologs, which suggests the potential conservation of

PCWDEs through evolution.

Overall, our work reports that members of Zygentoma display cellulase, xylanase

and pectinase activities. Digestive fluids of T. domestica appeared significantly more active

than in C. longicaudata, although in both insects the highest levels of digestion were

detected in the foregut. Additionally, both species were found as containing repertoires of

numerous and diverse PCWDE and LPMO genes. However, cellulase gene expression and

LPMOs was strongly driven by tissue in T. domestica and C. longicaudata. We contribute to

increasing the amount of information available on functional PCWDE genes and LPMOs

from a primitive hexapod group, which will help in characterizing more efficient cellulases.

In contrast to existing commercial cellulases, insect cellulases were reported to retain their

highest activity at alkaline pH (Willis et al., 2011). This unique trait makes it possible to

combine these enzymes with ionic liquids used for lignin digestion in biorefineries (Zhao et

al., 2009, 2008). In the future, cloning and expression of these PCWDE and LPMO genes in

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heterologous systems such as yeast and testing their activity under different temperature

and pH regimes may help in identifying efficient cellulases with potential for industrial

biofuel applications.

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Vita

Ratnasri Mallipeddi is originally from India and graduated with a B.Sc. degree in

Agricultural sciences form the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad,

India. She later obtained her M.Sc. degree in Entomology from the University of Agricultural

Sciences, Dharwad, India. Upon graduation, she worked as a Research Associate at the

Maharastra Hybrid Coorpation (MAHYCO) in India. Later, she was accepted into the

Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology PhD program at the University of Tennessee

at Knoxville under the guidance of Dr. Juan Luis Juarat-Fuentes.

Biochemical and transcriptomic characterization of ...

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