Biochem Nutrition

NUTRITION: AN INTRODUCTIONGeromil J. Lara, RMT, MSMT

FOOD• Provide energy and new molecules

to replace those that the body usesNUTRIENTS• Component of food and drink that

provide growth, replacement, and energy– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Vitamins– Minerals– Water

CALORIES• Measurement of amount of energy

derived from food

1000 Cal = 1 kCal

Recommended Nutritional Requirements Per Day

Carbohydrates 45 – 65%Proteins 10 – 35%Lipids 20 – 35%

CALORIES• Measurement of amount of energy

derived from food1000 Cal = 1 kCal

Recommended Nutritional Requirements Per DayCarbohydrates 45 – 65%Proteins 10 – 35%Lipids 20 – 35%

CHO 4 cal/gramCHON 4 cal/gramLipids 9 cal/gram

CALORIES

Example: using 2000 calories diet

CHO = 2,000 x 0.5 = 1,000 calories

= 1,000 calories / 4 = 250 grams

CHON = 2,000 x 0.2 = 400 calories

= 400 calories / 4 = 100 grams

CALORIES

Example: using 2000 calories diet

Fats = 2,000 x 0.3 = 600 calories

= 600 calories / 4 = 150 grams

CHO 250 gramsCHON 100 gramsLipids 150 grams

============500 grams/day

VITAMIN

• is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism

• Derived from “Vitamine”

• 4 Fat-Soluble Vitamins

• 9 Water-Soluble Vitamins

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN AOther Name: RetinolFunction:

– Vision– To heal eye and skin injuries

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Nightblindness/Blindness– Keratinization of epithelium and cornea

Best Food Source:– Liver, butter, egg yolk, carrots, spinach,

sweet potatoes

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN DOther Name: CalciferolFunction:

– Promotes calcium and phosphate absorption and mobilization

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Rickets (children): pliable bones– Osteomalacia (adults): fragile bones

Best Food Source:– Salmon, sardines, cod liver oil, cheese,

eggs, milk

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN EOther Name: TocopherolFunction:

– Antioxidant Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

– In cases of malabsorption such as cystic fibrosis: anemia

– In premature infants: anemiaBest Food Source:

– Vegetable oils, nuts, potato chips, spinach

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN KOther Name: PhylloquinoneFunction:

– Blood clotting Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

– Uncontrolled bleeding (mostly in newborns)

Best Food Source:– Spinach, potatoes, cauliflower, beef

liver

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN B1

Other Name: Thiamine Function:

– Coenzyme in oxidative carboxylation and in the pentose phosphate shunt

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Beriberi– In alcoholics: heart failure– Pulmonary congestion

Best Food Source:– Beans, soybeans, cereals, ham, liver

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN B2

Other Name: Riboflavin Function:

– Coenzyme of oxidative processesDeficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

– invasion of cornea by capillaries– Cheilosis– Dermatitis

Best Food Source:– Kidney, liver, yeast, almonds,

mushrooms, beans

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN B3: NICOTINIC ACIDOther Name: NiacinFunction:

– Coenzyme of oxidative processesDeficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

– Pellagra

Best Food Source:– Prunes, peaches, avocados, fish, meat,

mushrooms, peanuts, bread, rice, beans, berries

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN B6

Other Name: PyridoxineFunction:

– Coenzyme in transamination– Heme synthesis

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Convulsions– Chronic anemia– Peripheral neuropathy

Best Food Source:– Meat, fish, nuts, oats, wheat

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN B9

Other Name: Folic Acid; Pteroylglutamic Acid

Function:– Coenzyme in methylation and in DNA

synthesisDeficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

– AnemiaBest Food Source:

– Liver, kidneys, eggs, spinach, orange juice

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN B12

Other Name: CyanocobalaminFunction:

– Part of methyl-removing enzyme in folate metabolism

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Pathcy demyelination– Degradation of nerves, spinal cord, and

brainBest Food Source:

– Oysters, salmon, liver, kidney

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN B5

Other Name: Pantothenic AcidFunction:

– Part of CoA– Fat and carbohydrate metabolism

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Gastrointestinal disturbances– Depression

Best Food Source:– Peanuts, soybeans, liver, kidney, brain,

heart

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN B7

Other Name: Biotin Function:

– Synthesis of fatty acidsDeficiency Symptoms and Diseases:

– Dermatitis, nausea, depression Best Food Source:

– Yeast, liver, kidney, nuts, egg yolk

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN COther Name: Ascorbic Acid Function:

– Antioxidant– Hydroxylation of collagen– Wound healing– Bond formation

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Scurvy

Best Food Source:– Citrus fruits, berries, cabbage,

tomatoes

MINERALS

• Potassium• Sodium• Calcium• Chloride• Phosphorus• Magnesium• Iron• Zinc

• Copper• Manganese • Chromium• Molybdenum• Cobalt• Selenium• Iodine• Fluorine

MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /

DISEASES

PotassiumProvides membrane potential

Muscle Weakness

Sodium Osmotic pressure Electrolyte imbalances

CalciumBone formation; Hormonal function; Blood coagulation;Muscle contraction

Muscle cramps; osteoporosis, fragile bones, coagulopathy

MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /

DISEASES

Chloride Osmotic pressure Electrolyte imbalances

Phosphorus Balancing calcium in the diet

Structural weakness in bones

Magnesium Cofactor in enzymes

Hypocalcemia

MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /

DISEASES

IronOxidative phosphorylation; hemoglobin synthesis

Anemia

Zinc Cofactor in enzymes; insulin

Retarded growth; enlarged liver

Copper Oxidative enzymes cofactor

Loss of hair pigmentation; anemia

MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /

DISEASES

Manganese Bone formation Retarded growth of hair and nails

Chromium Glucose metabolism

Glucose not available to cells

Molybdenum Protein synthesis Retarded growth

MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /

DISEASES

Cobalt Component of Vitamin B12

Pernicious anemia

Selenium Fat Metabolism Muscular disorders

Iodine Thyroid gland function

Goiter and thyroiditis

MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /

DISEASES

Fluorine Enamel Formation Tooth decay

THANK YOU VERY MUCH