Bioch37pp07 Intro 08

8/6/2019 Bioch37pp07 Intro 08

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CHAPTER 37CHAPTER 37

Introduction to BodyIntroduction to BodyStructure:Structure:OVERVIEW, SKELETAL, MUSCULAR ANDOVERVIEW, SKELETAL, MUSCULAR AND

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMSINTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMS


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Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy Anatomy = structure of an organism and= structure of an organism andits partsits partsPhysiologyPhysiology = the study of what structures= the study of what structuresdo and how they do itdo and how they do it - - functionfunctionLevels of body structure:Levels of body structure:-- CellCell-- TissueTissue-- OrganOrgan-- Organ systemOrgan system


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Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization

Cells in the body are organizedCells in the body are organizedintointo four kindsfour kinds of tissue:of tissue:-- EpithelialEpithelial -- line ,cover line ,cover

protect (from dehydration, physicalprotect (from dehydration, physical

damage)damage)constantly being replaced as cells dieconstantly being replaced as cells dieex. found in skin, linings and coveringsex. found in skin, linings and coveringsof internal organsof internal organs

-- ConnectiveConnective binds, supports,binds, supports,protectsprotects

few cells, widely spacedfew cells, widely spacedembedded in nonlivingembedded in nonliving matrixmatrixex. found in bone, fat, blood.ex. found in bone, fat, blood.


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There are 12 organ systems:There are 12 organ systems:


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B ody CavitiesB ody Cavities

Many organs of the body are housed inMany organs of the body are housed incompartments calledcompartments called b ody cavitiesb ody cavities ..

CavitiesCavities-- protect delicate organs from injuriesprotect delicate organs from injuries-- permit organs to expand and contract whilepermit organs to expand and contract while

remaining securely supportedremaining securely supported..


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F our Main Cavities:F our Main Cavities:-- CranialCranial encases theencases the

brainbrain-- SpinalSpinal surrounds thesurrounds the

spinal cordspinal cord

-- ThoracicThoracic upper in mainupper in maintrunktrunk houses heart,houses heart,esophagus, organs of esophagus, organs of respiratory systemrespiratory system

-- Abdominal Abdominal lower in mainlower in maintrunktrunk contains organs of contains organs of digestive, excretory,digestive, excretory,reproductive systemsreproductive systems


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Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

The SkeletonThe Skeleton-- TheThe axialaxial skeletonskeleton (80(80bones) is made up of bones) is made up of the skull, spine and ribthe skull, spine and rib

cage.cage.-- TheThe appendicular appendicular

skeletonskeleton (126 bones)(126 bones)consists of the bonesconsists of the bonesof the arms and legsof the arms and legsand of the pectoraland of the pectoraland pelvic girdles.and pelvic girdles.

Cranium

Pelvis


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B one StructureB one Structure

BonesBones ::-- Provide a rigidProvide a rigid

framework againstframework againstwhich muscles canwhich muscles canpullpull

-- Give shape andGive shape andstructure to bodystructure to body

-- Support and protectSupport and protectinternal organsinternal organs

-- About 18% of body About 18% of bodyweightweight


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B oneB oneStructureStructure

B ones areB ones aremade up of 4made up of 4major major

sectionssections--Yellow marrowYellow marrow --stores fatstores fat--The outer The outer

membranemembranesurrounding bonessurrounding bonesis called theis called theperiosteumperiosteum which iswhich isfilled with bloodfilled with bloodvesselsvessels

--Compact boneCompact bone consists of concentricconsists of concentricrings deposited around arings deposited around a HaversianHaversian

canalcanal ..-- SpongySpongy bonebone is porous and isis porous and ispartially filled withpartially filled with red bone marrowred bone marrowwhere blood cells arewhere blood cells are produced. Spongyproduced. Spongybonebone - - lightweight supportlightweight support

(Periosteum)


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B ones...B ones...OsteoblastsOsteoblasts are youngare youngbone cells that producebone cells that producecollagen fibers on whichcollagen fibers on whichcalcium phosphate iscalcium phosphate isdepositeddeposited

Osteoblasts are locatedOsteoblasts are locatedaroundaround Haversian CanalsHaversian Canalswhich are hollow tubeswhich are hollow tubesrunning the length of therunning the length of thebone containing bloodbone containing blood

vesselsvesselsOsteocytesOsteocytes are theare themature osteoblasts thatmature osteoblasts thatare now trapped withinare now trapped withinthe bone.the bone.

Haversian Canal


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B onesB ones

During growthDuring growthbones elongatebones elongate

in areas knownin areas knownas theas theepiphysealepiphysealplateplate ..

The process in whichThe process in whichcartilage slowly hardens intocartilage slowly hardens intobone as a result of thebone as a result of thedeposition of minerals isdeposition of minerals iscalledcalled ossificationossification .. B one Cross-section


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OsteoporosisOsteoporosis

Loss of bone density that causes bonesLoss of bone density that causes bonesto become brittle and break easily.to become brittle and break easily.Can be caused by lack of calcium.Can be caused by lack of calcium.


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J ointsJ ointsJ ointsJ oints occur occur where boneswhere bonesmeet; three types:meet; three types:

1.1. Immovable jointsImmovable joints --

permit little or nopermit little or nomovement ex.movement ex.skullskull

2.2. Slightly movableSlightly movable

joints joints -- permitpermitlimited movementlimited movementex. betweenex. betweenvertebraevertebrae


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J oints (another look)J oints (another look)


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J ointsJ ointsLigamentsLigaments hold thehold thebones of a jointbones of a jointtogether.together.Synovial fluidSynovial fluid helpshelpslubricate the joint.lubricate the joint.

Arthritis Arthritis is a painfulis a painfuldegeneration of degeneration of movable joints causedmovable joints causedby age (by age ( osteoarthritisosteoarthritis ))or autoor auto- -immuneimmunedisease(disease( rheumatoidrheumatoidarthritisarthritis ).).


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Types of musclesTypes of muscles

SmoothSmooth - - involuntary; found in gut,involuntary; found in gut,circulatory, respiratory systemscirculatory, respiratory systemsSkeletalSkeletal - - voluntary; found attached to bonesvoluntary; found attached to bones

CardiacCardiac - - involuntary; found only in heartinvoluntary; found only in heart

Skeletal/striated Smooth Cardiac


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Muscular StructureMuscular Structure

Skeletal musclesSkeletal musclesconsist of bundlesconsist of bundlesof individualof individual fibersfibers(cells) that contain(cells) that containbundles of smaller bundles of smaller fibers calledfibers called

myofibrils.myofibrils.


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Muscular Muscular

ContractionContractionMuscles contractMuscles contractwhenwhen myosinmyosin andandactinactin filamentsfilamentsarranged inarranged inrepeating unitsrepeating unitscalledcalled sarcomeressarcomeresslide together andslide together andshorten theshorten thesarcomeres along asarcomeres along amyofibril.myofibril.This is called theThis is called thesliding filamentsliding filament

theorytheory ..


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Muscular ContractionMuscular Contraction

The contraction of The contraction of individual muscleindividual muscle fibers isfibers isanan all or none responseall or none response . Different. Differentresponses are the result of how often aresponses are the result of how often amuscle fiber is stimulated and how manymuscle fiber is stimulated and how manyfibers are involved.fibers are involved.E xercise can increase the efficiency of E xercise can increase the efficiency of muscles by increasing the bodys ability tomuscles by increasing the bodys ability tosupply oxygen to its muscle cells. It cansupply oxygen to its muscle cells. It canalso increase the size and strength of also increase the size and strength of muscles.muscles.


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Muscular Movement of B oneMuscular Movement of B oneB ecause muscles canB ecause muscles canonly pull not push,only pull not push,skeletal musclesskeletal muscles workworktogether in antagonistictogether in antagonisticpairs to producepairs to producemovement in twomovement in twodirectionsdirections - - extensor extensor &&flexor.flexor.The point where aThe point where a

muscle attaches to amuscle attaches to astationary bone is thestationary bone is theoriginorigin ; the point attached; the point attachedto the moving bone isto the moving bone isthethe insertioninsertion ..


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Miscellaneous Muscle InfoMiscellaneous Muscle Info

TendonsTendons attach muscle to bone.attach muscle to bone.Muscle fatigueMuscle fatigue is the inability of the muscle tois the inability of the muscle tocontract; it is caused by depletion of ATP.contract; it is caused by depletion of ATP.-- Oxygen debtOxygen debt caused by strenuous exercise can result incaused by strenuous exercise can result in

muscle fatigue.muscle fatigue. A A sspprainrain is a torn or overly stretched muscle,is a torn or overly stretched muscle,ligament or tendon.ligament or tendon.

A A muscle smuscle st trainrain is caused by overusing a muscle.is caused by overusing a muscle. Anabolic steroids Anabolic steroids resemble male sex hormonesresemble male sex hormonesand can increase the size and strength of muscles.and can increase the size and strength of muscles.


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Your Suit of Armor

A suit of armor protected a knight from injuries inbattle. Imagine what it would be like to wear a suit of armor. F or one thing, it would feel very heavy. Andyoud probably make a great deal of noise every time

you moved. In some ways, your skin is like a suit of armor. It isnt as strong, but it has many advantagesover metal armor.

Work with a partner to make a list of functions of the

skin. It may help you to think about a suit of armor and compare the skins functions with those of armor.


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Integumentary SystemIntegumentary SystemHuman skin, the largest organ of the body,Human skin, the largest organ of the body,consists of three layers:consists of three layers:-- epidermisepidermis -- 1010 --30 cells thick; outer layer 30 cells thick; outer layer

contains melanin (pigment); causes tanningcontains melanin (pigment); causes tanningproduces hair and nails (keratin)produces hair and nails (keratin)

-- dermisdermis -- 2525--40x thicker than epidermis40x thicker than epidermiscontains nerves, blood vessels, etc.contains nerves, blood vessels, etc.

exocrineexocrine glandsglands- - release secretions through ducts (ex.release secretions through ducts (ex.sweat and oil glands)sweat and oil glands)

-- subcutaneous layer subcutaneous layer -- layer of fatlayer of fat- -rich cellsrich cellsacts as shock absorber acts as shock absorber provides insulationprovides insulationstores energy and fatstores energy and fat- -soluble vitaminssoluble vitaminsvaries in thicknessvaries in thickness - - none on eyelids; thick on feetnone on eyelids; thick on feet


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The SkinThe Skin

The skin and its specialized structures:The skin and its specialized structures:HelpHelp protectprotect the body from diseasethe body from disease-- unbroken skin is your best line of defenseunbroken skin is your best line of defense

against infection.against infection.

Help maintain the bodysHelp maintain the bodys temperaturetemperature(sweat and redness)(sweat and redness) homeostasishomeostasis-- goose bumpsgoose bumps caused by contraction of caused by contraction of

dermis muscledermis muscleSynthesizeSynthesize vitaminvitamin DD (with small(with smallamounts of UV radiation).amounts of UV radiation).ContainContain sensory receptorssensory receptors (touch,(touch,

pressure, etc.)pressure, etc.)


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The SkinThe SkinMelaninMelanin pigmented proteinpigmented protein-- Produced in bottom layer of epidermisProduced in bottom layer of epidermis-- Protects against UV radiation (tan)Protects against UV radiation (tan)

Too much UV radiation can lead toToo much UV radiation can lead to-- Premature aging of the skinPremature aging of the skin-- CarcinomasCarcinomas andand melanomasmelanomas are skinare skin

cancers, which result from mutations in skincancers, which result from mutations in skincells.cells.

Carcinomas are common and have a high cureCarcinomas are common and have a high curerate.rate.Melanomas are fastMelanomas are fast- -growing and spread easily togrowing and spread easily toother parts of body.other parts of body.

Acne Acne is a common skin condition thatis a common skin condition thatresults from clogged oil ducts.results from clogged oil ducts.


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Hair and NailsHair and Nails

Hair Hair -- Mainly on head in humansMainly on head in humans-- Insulates and helps protect againstInsulates and helps protect against

UV raysUV raysE yebrows and lashesE yebrows and lashes keep particleskeep particlesout of the eyeout of the eye

-- Composed of keratinComposed of keratin

-- F ormed in follicles deep in dermisF ormed in follicles deep in dermislayer where the keratin is depositedlayer where the keratin is depositedmaking hair growmaking hair grow

-- Hollow shaft filled with pigmentHollow shaft filled with pigment

Hair Shaft - l.s.


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Hair and NailsHair and Nails

NailsNails-- Protects the ends of fingers & toesProtects the ends of fingers & toes-- Composed primarily of keratinComposed primarily of keratin-- Grow ( about 1 mm /wk) becauseGrow ( about 1 mm /wk) because

they are pushed outward by livingthey are pushed outward by livingcells in the nail bedcells in the nail bed


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Thick Skin


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Thin skin with melanin

Bioch37pp07 Intro 08

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