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Bio-renewable materials
Jan E.G. van DamSeminar UTM 03 10 2011
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Food and Biobased Research at WUR
Marketing and
Sensory studies
Functional Ingredients
Structure and
Technology
Mild Conservation
and Food Safety
Design anddevelopment of
foodstuffs based
on consumer
preferences
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Biobased Products
Development of:
industrial processing
industrial products
Based on:
renewable plant and animal
resources
Green chemistry
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Dutch situation
Densely populated
Restricted land area for bulk production
Specialized high productivity farming
Highly industrialized
Logistic organisation Long trading tradition
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Bio-economy
.the solution for
sustainable developments
...?...
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Dutch challenges: Milenium development goals
Reduce oil dependency
Imports of biomass
Collecting and on site pre-processing systems
Biorefineries analogue to petrochemical refining
Exports of value added green chemicals
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Dutch Government and Industries & Bioeconomy
Advise for CO2 neutral production
Alternative biomass farming
Energy crops /
Marine crops / algae / seaweeds
Suitable sources for imports for fuel and chemistry
and biobased products
Carbon emission trade Development aid and CDM
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Bio-economy & Sustainable developments
CO2
neutral production
Transition process
Renewable resources forenergy and
industries Exploitation of biomass from agro-industrial
residues
Value addition in materials, and greenchemicals
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Growing demand for biomass resources
Agricultural cropssugar ethanol
fats and oils biodiesel
Forestry crops
wood fuel
charcoal
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What are the biomass resources
where are those available
at what costs
??
Transition to bio-economy
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Underutilised biomass resources
Agricultural crops Agricultural
residues
Food industry wastes
Forestry crops Forestry residuesBlack liquor
Waste paper
Animal waste ManureMunicipal solid waste Sewage
Marine crops
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Various Crops and Regions
CottonCotton
Corn
Sugarcane Soya
Sugar beet
Palm oilCoconutCoconut
Cassava
Algae
Soft WoodSoft Wood Soft Wood
Cotton
Hard Wood
Hard Wood
Wheat
Soya
Rice
Wheat
EucalyptEucalypt
Cacao
Soya
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Palm oil EFB, POME, fibre, shell, trunk, leaves
Rubber wood / latex residues
Rice straw / hull
Sugar cane bagasse, molasse
Cocoa shell, residue
Coconut husk, shell, water
Banana raqui, stems
Pineapple tops Etc.
Agroresidues of food and non-food crops
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Biobased materials
Biomass for energy returns quickly CO2 in theatmosphere
Carbon sequestration can be achieved in durable goods:Bioplastics (PLA, PHA/PHB and other),
Cellulose and Starch plastics (CDA, cellophane),
CharComposites
Building materials (wood and fibre boards)
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Whats Happening to Climate and Why
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1,000 Years of Carbon Emissions,Atmospheric Concentrations,and Temperature Change
CO2 concentrations
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Human-induced Sources of Heat-trapping Gases
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How Climate Change Will Affect Us
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Current Population Density
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Climate Change Effects on Human Health
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An Urgent Need for Climate Policy
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Energy Efficiency Programs
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Low Carbon Energy Supply
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Forests and Agriculture
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Building Industries large contribution to CO2
Concrete
Steel
Aluminum
Glass
Synthetic polymers (PVC, PUR, PIR, PP)
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Sustainable building developments
Energy saving (insulation)
Renewable energy (solar / wind)
Recycling of materials
recently
green building
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Green architecture
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Cradle to Cradle C2C
W. McDonough M. Braungart
Remaking the way we make things
Eco-efficient / effective design of products
Reuse of waste to produce new products
Waste becomes food.. Ever lasting cycles
Ford / NIKE / many industries are following (?)
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Bio-based economy andC2C
Green Architecture and building
Automotive industries sustainable trade and industry
Nutrient Upcyling, Triple-Top-Line,
Eco-effectiveness, Industrial design,
Technical and biological resources for..everlasting consumption.. (?)
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Green architecture
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Ecological building
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Adobe
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Ecolonia
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Wood frame building
(c) Meertens Inst
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Agrodme
demonstration
project
Wageningen
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Materials and building method selection ranking
sustainable produced wood or agro raw material
processed wood or agro-products reuse of building materials
mineral resources (cement / lime / bricks / stone)
metals
petrochemical synthetic polymers
Agrodme experimental building project
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Biodegradable building materials
(c) Meertens Inst
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Agrodme
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Agrodme
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Prefab elements, high demands on insulation
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Agrodme
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Inventory Renewable building materials
Catalogue of products, methods and suppliers
Wood products
Wood fibre panels and boards
Non-wood products
Adhesives, coatings and building chemicals
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Application of renewable resources
wood - (wood frame construction) softwood / protected by coatings
hardwood / eco-lable
wood based reassembled (glued) products: fibre boards: HDF / MDF / particle boards
multiply veneer panels, OSB
cellulose insulation other non-wood products
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Multiply constructions
A li ti f d b ildi d t
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Application of non-wood building products
Bamboo and bamboo composites Fibre crops (flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, etc)
non-woven insulation
shives particle boards Wheat, rice straw bales / compressed panels (MDF)
Reed / canes /palm fronts for thatched roofs
Coir fibre mats and compressed (binderless) board
Cork (and other bark residues)
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Straw bale building
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Fire hazard
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Protect against attack of moulds and insects
A li ti f d b ildi d t
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Application of non-wood building products
sheep wool insulation
shell lime mortar
whole-shell underfloor moisture barrier
silica ash as substitute for cement
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Roof insulation with sheep wool
(c) Dosha
A li ti f d b ildi d t
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Application of non-wood building products
coatings and adhesives
latex based coatings
plant oil coatings / alkyl resins
starch based adhesives
protein coatings and adhesives
lignin / furan adhesives (bio-oil)
natural dyes
A li ti f d b ildi d t
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Application of non-wood building products
biopolymers rubber
thermoplastic starch, cellulose acetate
polyesters (PLA/PHA) thermosets (lignin / furan / pyrolysis oil)
composites
fibre reinforcement / filler biopolymer matrix
A li ti f d b ildi d t
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Application of non-wood building products
paper pulp products corrugated boards
honey comb light weight laminates
cylinder / tube pressed massive board (recycled pulp)ing
wall paper cover
cellulose spray coating
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Paper tube constructions
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Bamboo structures Simon Velez
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Bamboo traditional constructions
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Bamboo plywood construction
Renewable building materials
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Renewable building materials
foundation
ground floor
outer walls inside walls
massive wall - supporting
wall
cavity wall - partition wall
floors / ceiling
roofing material
pitched or flat
Renewable building materials
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Renewable building materials
ground floor whole shells / expanded clay as damp absorbent
(in crawl space)
wooden beams sandwich panels
prefab concrete extruded slabs (bio-crete)
Renewable building materials
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Renewable building materials
outer walls wood or wood composites covering
shingles / rabat profiles / boards
massive wall straw bales / loam
recycled bricks
cavity wall
fibre insulation (cellulose / flax / wool)
Renewable building materials
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Renewable building materials
inner walls supporting walls
wood frame construction with insulation and finishing
concrete (biocrete) slabs partition walls
particle boards
laminate (fibre) boards
paper boards
Renewable building materials
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Renewable building materials
floors / ceiling wooden beams
multiply
coir / cork insulation
sandwich panels / fibre board
prefab concrete extruded slabs (bio-crete)
finishing
marmoleum
parquet / bamboo / cork
Renewable building materials
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Renewable building materials
roofing material pitched roof
thatched and fibre board panneling
shingles photovoltaic cells
flat roof green roofing / substrate
bitumen substitute
cork insulation
Biomass from agro industrial residues
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Biomass from agro-industrial residues
World production capacity coconut husk15-20
million tons /
year
Overview continuous pilot line
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Huskstorage Mill TransportDryer
Hot pressMat formerTrimmer
Overview continuous pilot line
Building and construction materials
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Building and construction materials
B ildi t d l t
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Building system development
New Design and Architecture
Supply chain
Product diversification
Sustainable building
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Sustainable building
Renewable materials High performance
Competing for quality
for comfort
for safety
L t h i d i (URBOX)
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Low cost housing design (URBOX)
Dirk Smets (c)
M d l d i (URBIX)
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Modular design (URBIX)
Dirk Smets (c)
Oil Palm (Malaysia, Indonesia)
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Oil Palm (Malaysia, Indonesia)
ca 46 millions tons palm oil per year (2010)
25% of the Worlds vegetable oil production
Extensive global expansion (from 2 to 7
million ha in last 20 years)80% of the World production on account of
Malaysia and Indonesia
Palm oil and palm kernel oil are the only
products (9% of the produced biomass),the rest is waste
Biomass from agro-industrial residues
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Biomass from agro industrial residues
palm oil residues
ca 40 million tons biomass720 PJ of (primary) energy
low utilisation rate
Utilisation of Palm oil residues
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Utilisation of Palm oil residues
Lignocellulosic fibres at estate
fronts (10.5 tons /ha/yr)
trunks (70 tons / ha / 25 yr)
Residues at palm oil mill
empty fruit bunch (1 ton / ton palm oil)
mesocarp fibre (0.6 ton / ton)
shells (0.4 ton / ton)
effluent (0.4-1.0 ton/ton)
partly used as boiler fuel
Options for sustainable residue utilisation
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Options for sustainable residue utilisation
Bio-diesel (residual oil / pressing cakes)
Bio-gas, H2 / ABE and ethanol fermentation
Bio-polymers (PLA, PHA)
Bio-oil pyrolysis
CharcoalFibres for paper, building boards and composites
Dissolving cellulose
Binderless board (intrinsic lignin)
green chemicals (furfural adhesives)
Utilisation efficiency
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Utilisation efficiency
The palm oil industry is one of those rare industries where verylittle attempt is made to save energy Husain et al (2003)
Malaysian methane emission from open of effluent ponds amount
to 225.000 tons = 5,17 million tons of CO2.
Piling up of waste biomass = CH4 production,eutrophication of
surface water, illegal burning (CO2), soil mining of plantation
EFB from Malaysia ( 30 wt% dm)
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EFB from Malaysia ( 30 wt% dm)
Empty Fruit Bunches
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Empty Fruit Bunches
Left after removal of fruits Regularly collected and discharged
at palm oil mills
Returned to plantation sites as compost Used to be burnt at the mills; practically banned
EFB cellulose
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EFB cellulose
Low grade
Fuel / ethanol
Particle boards
Composites
Medium grade (pulp) Paper and board
High grade (dissolving cellulose)
Viscose / Rayon Cellulose derivatives (CDA, HEC, CMC)
Conclusions
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Conclusions
Application of renewable building materials is
technically feasible
labor intensive and more expensive
only small scale production
More demonstration projects required for architects,
building industries and commissioners
Ecological building has broad public interest
Conclusions
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Conclusions
Research needs for development of renewable building
materials innovative building systems design
supply chain
indoor climate control
functional life time control (protection against moisture,fireand degradation)
Building systems fitting in current building practice
education product promotion and publicity
Conclusions
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By-products utilisation for added value is beneficialto the sustainability of palm oil production
Essential for certifying the sustainability of the palm
oil biomass energy and products.
Multi-stakeholder involvement needed.
Include outsider (food vs non-food) industries
involved in energy and fibre products
Conclusion
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Conclusion
There is no need for waste
when its bio-based