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Biobased economy: current developments and future trends Carmen G. Boeriu 26 April 2015, Timisoara
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Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... [email protected] .

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Page 1: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Biobased economy: current developments

and future trends

Carmen G. Boeriu

26 April 2015, Timisoara

Page 2: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Introduction

The world economy resource cycle:

Ancient time 2100 2000 1900

Biobased Biobased

Hydrocarbon

Chemurgy (W. J. Hale) 1934: hemp body & soybean car (Ford) WW2: corn, guayule, dandelion for rubber

Page 3: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Benefits of the Biobased economy

Non-renewable feedstock Process Product(s)

Waste

Conventional Fossil energy

Landfill or incineration

Renewable bioresource Bioprocess Bioproduct(s)

By-product(s)

Biobased Biomass

Recycle into bioresource

Page 4: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

BioEconomy

Production – Trees

– Grasses

– Agricultural

Crops

– Agricultural

Residues

– Animal Wastes

– Municipal Solid

Waste

- Aquatic biomass

- Food byproducts

End-Uses Products – Plastics

– Functional Monomers

– Solvents

– Chemical Intermediates

– Phenolics

– Adhesives

– Hydraulic Fluids

– Fatty acids

– Carbon black

– Paints

– Dyes, Pigments, and Ink

– Detergents

– Paper

– Horticultural products

– Fiber boards

– Solvents

– Adhesives

– Plastic filler

– Abrasives

Fuel

Power

Processing - Acid/enzymatic

hydrolysis

- Fermentation

- Bioconversion

- Chemical Conversion

- Gasification

- Combustion

- Co-firing

Plant

Science – Genomics

– Enzymes

– Metabolism

– Composition

Page 5: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Year

2020FP1FP1

FP2FP2

Technology

Front today

Novel molecules

Bioprocesses

Modified Chemistry

Current chemistry

& technology

Waste & by-products

Existing crop plants

Dedicated crops

Modified plants

FP-1: the current and short-term developments in valorisation of existing crop parts and plant-based building blocks with existing or modified chemical and bio-processes

FP-2: longer-term perspective, requires a “quantum leap” for production of novel molecules by the integration of modified plants with new technologies

Integrated technology

Boeriu et al. 2005. Biomass valorisation for sustainable development. IWA Publishing

Page 6: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Sustainability criteria

Social sustainability

● Respecting human, land right and land use right

Economic sustainability

● Local development of the region

● Equitable profit sharing (owner, employees & local community)

Environmental sustainability

● Conservation of biodiversity

● Land preservation

● Water and soil preservation

Page 7: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Biomass – a sustainable resource

Critical points

Battle for acres

deforestation

Food vs. fuels & chemicals

Availability of this “unlimited” renewable resources

Page 8: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Occurrence and composition of biomass

Lignocellulosic biomass:

• 150 billion tonnes annually#

• Wood, chips, residues • Agricultural crops & residues • Grasses • Aquatic biomass • Vegetable oil plants (fatty acids) • Tannins (wood bark), lignans (seeds)

Proteins

Cellulose

Lignin

Hemicellulose

Terpenes #Balat and Ayar 2005 8

Page 9: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Chemicals from biomass

Biomass – a mixture of functionalised and non-

functionalised compounds that can be produced with

low enthalpy (H) losses

CxHzOy(OCHz)v

Oil / gas

lignin

protein

BiorefineryPetrochemical route

Biomass

CxHy

chemicals

nafta

CxHzOyN (S)v

CxHzNCxHzN

CxHzOy

carbohydrates

CxHzO

H

oils / fats

CxHyOz

CxHy

Boeriu et al. 2005. Biomass valorisation for sustainable development. IWA Publishing

Page 10: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Drivers for biobased chemicals & materials

Increased value of chemicals relative to fuels

Societal need to reduced dependency on feed stock supply

Potential for GHG savings

Economical potential for rural regions

Potential for more sustainable products

Declining reserves of easily accessible fossil feed stocks

Inexpensive natural gas and crude oil

(fracking and horizontal drilling technologies)

?

Page 11: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Chemicals and materials driven biorefineries

Increased profitability of 2nd generation biofuels production

Integrated with traditional starch, vegetable oil, sugar and paper producers

Diversification of agrifood industries non-food products

Increased supply of biomass (Mil. tons) for chemicals and materials due to The decline of paper and pulp industry

11

Page 12: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Biomass based chemicals

Biobased chemicals can have

● Same structure as fossil oil based chemicals

● Have a unique structure

Mandatory for development price effective biobased chemicals:

● Development of efficient set of toolboxes for conversion

technology

● Backwards integration with regard to feedstock

supply/refinery

● Forward integration with regard to

polymer/material/product development.

Biomass based chemicals preferably should result from waste streams or crops avoiding food vs. non–food use competition

Page 13: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Chemicals and materials driven biorefineries

Renewable chemicals

Global market $ 3.6 billion (2013)

Estimated $ 12 billion (2020)

Biobased aromatics

www.chemweek.com; august 2013

Page 14: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Biobased chemicals: developments

Lab scale Glycolic acid Butadiene Glucaric acid Adipic acid HMDA p-Xylene

Pilot, demonstration Acetic acid Acrylic acid 3-OH-acrylic acid 2,5-FDCA Aromatics

Commercial Ethylene Ethylene glycol Propylene* Propylene glycol 1,3-propandiol Epichlorohydrin Lactic acid Acetone Isobutene Succinic acid 1,4-Butandiol Isoprene 2,5-FDCA* Sebacic acid Dodecanoic acid

www.chemweek.com; august 2013

SMEs Multinationals

Page 15: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Trends: Circular economy

industrial economy producing no waste and pollution

material flows:

● biological nutrients

● technical nutrients

Needs:

● Business process innovation

● Business model innovation

● Enabling technologies

Some examples: • Cyrculating on the fly

• Plastic recycling

• Deconstruction Disassembling & rebuilding China: leading National development strategy 12th Five year plan 2011-1

The circular economy, Nature, March 2016

Page 16: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Trends: Circular economy

The circular economy, Nature, March 2016

Page 17: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Wageningen UR Food & Biobased Research

Contract research organisation, part of Wageningen UR

About 100 scientists committed to biobased chemicals,

materials, and biorefinery technology

Developing chemical and biotechnological conversion routes to

biobased drop-in solutions and functional replacement

polymers

Network throughout the value chain

17

Page 18: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Wageningen UR Food & Biobased Research

Biofuels & bio-energy

Bio-based materials

Bio-based chemicals

Bio-based Products

Biomass

Provide added value for our customers

by creating sustainable and functional solutions

Biorefinery &

Sustainable value chains

Bioconversion

Sustainable Chemistry

Industrial Biotechnology

Process engineering -> efficient and sustainable processes

New markets and new products

Page 19: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Biobased Chemicals Programme (WUR-FBR)

Focus areas:

● Carbohydrate based chemicals:

● Furan platform

● Isohexide platform

● Sugar biotech platform

● Lignin based chemicals

● Oil based chemicals

● Protein derived chemicals

Page 20: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Alternative renewable feedstocks (WUR-FBR)

Alternative vegetable sources:

● Algae, Algicoat project (oils, FA)

● Dandelion, EU-Pearls (latex)

● Seaweeds (biorefinery)

Laminaria

digitata

Ulva sp.

(green)

Alaria

esculenta Palmaria

palmata

Page 21: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Alternative renewable feedstocks (WUR-FBR)

The AlgaeParc (Wageningen):

Page 22: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Alternative renewable feedstocks (WUR-FBR)

Chitin – 2nd most available resource

The Chit4Value project

Page 23: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Olefins Biofuels

Polycarbonates

Alternative feedstocks: CO2 capture (WUR-FBR)

Immobilized Enzymes

CO2

CH3OH

Gasoline

substitute DME &

biodiesel

Raw material for

chemicals & materials

Immobilized Enzymes

CO2

CH3OH

Gasoline

substitute DME &

biodiesel

Raw material for

chemicals & materials

(Bio)catalysts HCOOH

The BioCoMet project

Page 24: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

The Furan Platform (WUR-FBR)

Challenge: green, selective, high performance, low cost routes

Page 25: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Polyamides: present and future (WUR-FBR)

Commercial polyamides (petro-

based)

Nylons Aramids

Polyaldaramides

(Glylons)

Polyglutamic acid

Furanic polyamides

-Caprolactam

Valerolactam

1,4-butandiamine

Adipic acid

Terephtalic acid

Sebacic acid

Bio-based polyamides

Drop-in New

polyamides

Health, cosmetics

Food

Page 26: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Biobased ε-caprolactam (WUR-FBR)

OH

NH2 NH2

O

Potato-based Lysine

HC COOH

NH2

H2N(CH2)4lysine oxidase

lysine

C COOH

O

H2N(CH2)4

2-keto-6-aminocaproic acidisolated from plants

i. reductionii. dehydrationiii. hydrogenation H2

C COOHH2N(CH2)4

N

O

H

caprolactam6-aminocaproic acid

In plant Enzymatic/chemical steps

N

e.g. NOCl/horHNO3/-H2O

e.g. hydroxylamine

sulphate/-H2O

Beckmann rearrangement oleum

or ammonia

NOH

O

O

H

NH2(CH2)4CH2COOH

CNH2(CH2)4

NH2(CH2)4CH

L-lysine oxidase

COOH

O

NH2

COOH

Existing process Proposed biosynthetic route

a)

b)oraminotransferase

1. reduction (chemical or enzymatic)2. dehydration

3. hydrogenation

Fossil resources Biomass/sugars

A novel bio-synthetic cascade to synthesise -caprolactam utilising intermediates (lysine) synthesised in planta

Project ECHO-Lysine

Page 27: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Efficient route to 5-aminovaleric acid (WUR-FBR)

Immobilization of L-lysine oxidase

Pukin et al, 2010, J. Mol. Cat. B. Enzymatic

Oxidation of L-lysine in 120 mM Lys/Lys.HCl, pH 7.4, 37 C, 3 U LysOx (immob), 50 ml

95% yield 5-aminovaleric acid

reuse of the biocatalyst for several cycles

Page 28: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Polyaldaramides: some examples

Page 29: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Polyaldaramides: green biopolymers (WUR-FBR)

C6, C5 sugars Uronic acids

Amino acids

Aldaric acids/esters

,-alkyldiamines

Polyaldaramides

T, Cat (E) T, Cat (E)

T, Cat (E) T, Cat (E)

T, Cat (E)

Project BioProduction

Page 30: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Markets:

Food

Cosmetics

Polymers

Pharma

Polyesters

Substrates for:

Macrolactones

Estolides

Oil based chemicals (WUR-FBR)

Applications: Flavours Emulsifiers

Hydrolysis

Strategic project ValOil

Page 31: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Lignin conversion (WUR-FBR)

Binders/resins

Ocobinders

Ocobinders

Polymerisation Depolymerisation

Composites Coatings Surfactants

Monomeric chemicals Chemical/ Enzymatic upgrading

(Bio-)catalysis

Fractionation Oligomeric fragments

Confidential 31 31

Page 32: Biobased economy: current developments and future … · Biobased economy: current developments and future trends ... Chemistry Industrial Biotechnology ... Carmen.boeriu@wur.nl .

Biobased performance materials (WUR-FBR)

Expanded PLA – 3D foamed structures

● Good cell structure

● Density <30 g/l

Renewable polyamides & Non-isocyanate polyurethanes

Intended application area:

(Car refinish) Coatings

Potential spin off application:

Insulation materials,

construction materials