Bio210 Lecture 1 - Spring 2013

8/22/2019 Bio210 Lecture 1 - Spring 2013

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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Introduction, History, and Nomenclature

Chapter 1


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Q&A

Advertisements tell youthat bacteria and viruses

are all over your home

and that you need to buy

antibacterial cleaningproducts. Should you?


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Learning Objectives

Microbes in Our Lives

1-1 List several ways in which microbes affect our

lives.


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Microorganisms are organisms that are too small tobe seen with the unaided eye

Germ refers to a rapidly growing cell


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A few are pathogenic (disease-causing)

Decompose organic waste

Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis

Produce industrial chemicals such as ethanoland acetone

Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese,

and bread

Produce products used in manufacturing(e.g., cellulase) and treatment (e.g., insulin)


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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Applications of Microbiology, p. 3

Designer Jeans: Made by Microbes?

Stone-washing: Trichoderma

Cotton: Gluconacetobacter

Debleaching: Mushroom peroxidase

Indigo: E. coli

Plastic: Bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate


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Knowledge of microorganisms

Allows humans to

Prevent food spoilage

Prevent disease occurrence

Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination

in medicine and in microbiology laboratories



Check Your Understanding Describe some of the destructive and beneficial

actions of microbes. 1-1

Check Your Understanding



Learning Objectives

Naming and Classifying

Microorganisms

1-2 Recognize the system of scientific nomenclature

that uses two names: a genus and a specific

epithet.

1-3 Differentiate the major characteristics of each

group of microorganisms.

1-4 List the three domains.



Naming and Classifying

Microorganisms

Nomenclature

Naming of Organisms

Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne)

Latinized



Scientific Names

Each organism has two names:1)Genus

1st, Capitalized

2)Specific Epithet

2nd, Lower case

Both names are underlined (separately) or italicized

May be descriptive or honor a scientist.



Escherichia coli

Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich

Describes the bacteriums habitatthe large

intestine, or colon



Staphylococcus aureus

Describes the clustered (staphylo-) spherical (cocci)cells

Describes the gold-colored (aureus) colonies



Scientific Names

After the first use, scientific names may beabbreviated with the first letter of the genus and the

specific epithet:

Escherichia coliand Staphylococcus aureus are found in

the human body. E. coliis found in the large intestine, andS. aureus is on skin.





Distinguish a genus from a specific epithet. 1-2



Types of Microorganisms

Bacteria

Archaea

Fungi

Protozoa

Algae

Viruses

Multicellular animal parasites



The Relative Size of Microorganisms


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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 1.1a

Bacteria


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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 4.5b

Archaea


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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 1.1b

Fungi


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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 1.1c

Protozoa


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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 1.1d

Algae


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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 1.1e

Viruses


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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 12.29

Multicellular Animal Parasites


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Classification 3 Domains

1978: Carl Woese

Classified by rRNA analysis

1) Bacteria

2) Archae

3) Eukarya

Includes:

Protists (slime molds, algae, protozoa)

Fungi

Plants

Animals


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Insert figure 1.15

Woese-Fox System


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Which groups of microbes are prokaryotes? Whichare eukaryotes? 1-3

What are the three domains? 1-4


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A Brief History of Microbiology

1-5 Explain the importance of observationsmade by Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek.

1-6 Compare spontaneous generation and

biogenesis.

1-7 Identify the contributions to microbiologymade by Needham, Spallanzani, Virchow, and

Pasteur.


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Ancestors of bacteria were the first life on Earth

The first microbes were observed in 1673


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The First Observations

1665: Robert Hooke reported that living things werecomposed of little boxes cells

1858: Rudolf Virchow said cells arise from

preexisting cells

Cell theory: All living things are composed of cellsand come from preexisting cells


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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 1.2a

The First Observations

1673-1723: Antonvan Leeuwenhoek

described live

microorganisms


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Leeuwenhoeks Work


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The Debate over Spontaneous

Generation

Spontaneous generation: The hypothesis thatliving organisms arise from nonliving matter; a vital

force forms life

Biogenesis: The hypothesis that the living

organisms arise from preexisting life


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Conditions Results

Sealed Jar w/decaying meat No maggots

Open Jar w/decaying meat maggots

Antagonists: Fresh air required.

2nd Experiment: Netting w/same results.

Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

Evidence Pro and Con

1668: Francesco RediMaggots dont arise from

decaying meat


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Conditions Results

Boiled broth, Covered it Broth spoiled

Microbes grew

From where did the microbes come? Unclean environment

Air, flasks

Spontaneous generation or biogenesis? Spontaneous

generation


1745: John Needham put boiled nutrient broth intocovered flasks


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Conditions Results

Covered broth, Boiled No growth

Spontaneous generation or biogenesis? BiogenesisAntagonists: Boiling destroyed vital force.


1765: Lazzaro Spallanzani Needham should havecovered before boiling (microbes from air)


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1861: Louis Pasteur

Microbes in air, can contaminate

Air does not create microbes

Disproved spontaneous generation

Credited with aseptic technique


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The Theory of Biogenesis

Pasteurs S-shaped flask kept microbes out but letair in


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Conditions Results

Nutrient broth placed in

S-shaped flask, heated, not

sealed

No microbes grew

Spontaneous generation or biogenesis? biogenesis


Results of Pasteurs S-shaped Flask Expt.


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What is the cell theory? 1-5

What evidence supported spontaneous generation?

1-6

How was spontaneous generation disproved? 1-7


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1-8 Explain how Pasteurs work influencedLister and Koch.

1-9 Identify the importance of Kochs

postulates.

1-10 Identify the importance of Jenners work.

1-11 Identify the contributions to microbiology

made by Ehrlich and Fleming.

G f


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The Golden Age of Microbiology

18571914

Rapid advances / Pasteur, R. Koch

Micro. established as science

F i d P i i


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Fermentation and Pasteurization

Pasteur

Why did beer/wine sour?

Yeast converts sugar to alcohol without air.

With air, alcohol is converted to acetic acid by

bacteria.

F t ti d P t i ti


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Fermentation and Pasteurization

Pasteur demonstrated thatthese spoilage bacteria could

be killed by heat that was not

hot enough to evaporate the

alcohol in wine Pasteurization is the

application of a gentle heat

for a short time

Gentle heat kills most bacteria

63C for 30 mins.

Th G Th f Di


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The Germ Theory of Disease

1840s: Ignaz Semmelweis

Childbirth fever from

septicemia( bacteria in blood)?

Advocated handwashing

between patients

Incidence dropped from 35%

1%

http://www.marshfield.coos-bay.k12.or.us/Ms_Swain/Semmelweis_stamp.jpg

Th G Th f Di


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1860s: Joseph Lister

Surgeon / Applied germ theory to medical practices

Cleaned instruments between surgeries

Knew phenol (carbolic acid) killed bacteria

Used carbolic acid as chemical control

Th G Th f Di


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1876: Robert Koch

Proved bacteria cause

disease

Germ theory of disease

Bacillus anthracis from dead

cow of anthrax

Th G Th f Di


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Kochs Postulates Isolate the microbe ( bacteria virus ect)

and grow it in pure culture

Re-introduce organism into a newhealthy susceptible host

Symptoms of disease develop in the new

host Re-isolate the same organism

V i ti


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Vaccination

1796: Edward Jenner

1st vaccine

No smallpox in milkmaids/cowpox

Exposed individual to material from cowpoxlesion

Then exposed to smallpox, no infection

V i ti


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Vaccination

1880: Pasteur

Discovered why vaccinations work

Cholera bacterium lost ability to cause

disease after long growth in lab Still able to induce immunity

A F t t A id t A tibi ti


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A Fortunate AccidentAntibiotics

1928: Alexander

Fleming discovered

the first antibiotic

Fleming observed

that Penicilliumfungus made an

antibiotic, penicillin,

that killed S. aureus

1940s: Penicillin was

tested clinically and

mass produced

Bio210 Lecture 1 - Spring 2013

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