BIOLOGY FORM 4 YEARLY PLANNER THEME : INTRODUCING BIOLOGY LEARNING AREA : 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY WEEK LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITIES LEARNING OUTCOMES NOTES 1.1 Understanding the study of Biology 1.2 Applying scientific investigation Carry out small group discussion on the following and present the findings: a) What is t he st udy of Biolo gy!) "he importa nce of Biology with respect to the study of living things# environment# interaction !etween living things and the environment. Construct a concept map !ased on information gathered on the different fields of study and careers related to Biology . $mall group discussion on the importance of the following : a) Ac% uir ing scie nti fic s&ill s# !) $cientific method# c) 'rac tisin g scien tifi c attit udes a nd no !le values. (!serve a situation and identify all the varia!les. $uggest a %uestion that is suita!le for a scientific investigation. iscuss to : a) *orm a hy po thes is !) 'lan the metho d of investi gation including selection of apparatus and wor& procedures. Carry out an e+periment : A student is a!le to : $tate what the study of Biology is# ,+plain the importance of Biology# -ist the different fields of study in Biology -ist the careers related to Biology# $tate various ways of studying Biology A student is a!le to : dentify varia!les in a given situation# dentify the relationship !etween two varia!les to form a hypothesis# 1
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a) to collect and ta!ulate data# !) present data in a suita!le formc) interpret the data and draw the
conclusion#d) write a complete report
Carry out an e+periment on the ma&ing of !read using yeast in the a!sence and presence of sugar. /ecord the time ta&en for the dough to dou!le its si0e. *or futherinvestigations# salt is used. uringinvestigations# highlight the need to practicescientific attitudes and no!le values such ashonesty and accuracy in recording andverifying the data.
esign and carry out asimple e+periment totest the hypothesis#
'repare and study slides to compare theepidermal cells of onion or cells of Hydrilla leafwith human chee& cells.(!serve# draw and la!el diagrams of an animalcell and plant cell as seen through a lightmicroscope.$tudy electron micrographs of animal cells and
plant cells to identify cellular components of cell:
transport and active transport in livingorganismsa. gaseous e+change in the alveoli and
!lood capillaries simple diffusion) !. a!sorption of digested food in the villus
facilitated diffusion)c. a!sorption of water !y root hairs of a
plant osmosis)d. ion inta&e !y root hairs of a plant
active transport)
; . Construct a concept map !y using agraphic organi0er to show the movement ofsu!stances across the plasma mem!rane.
1<.Use a graphic organi0er to compare andcontrast passive transport and active transport
in living organism usinge+amples.
d. ,+plain the process of active transport inliving organisms usinge+amples.
e. Compare andcontrast passive transportand active transport
.2 Understanding themovement of su!stancesacross the plasmamem!rane in everyday life
1. Carry out activities to study theeffect of hypotonic and hypertonic solutionson plant and animal cells:
a. plasmolysis and deplasmolysis in plantcells.
!. =aemolysis and crenation in red !loodcells.
2. iscuss :a. hypotonic# hypertonic and isotonic
solution !. plasmolysis # deplasmolysis#
haemolysis and crenationc. flaccidity and turgidity of plant cells.
. Carry out an investigationusing various concentration of salt or sugarsolution to determine the concentration ofe+ternal solution which is isotonic to the cellsap of plant tissues.
A student is a!le to:
a. e+plain whathypotonic# hypertonicand isotonic solutionsare
6. iscuss and ma&e an inferenceon the concentration of cell sap in planttissues which is e%uivalent to theconcentration of isotonic solution.
7. iscuss and correlate themovement of su!stances across the plasmamem!rane with the difference inconcentration of the e+ternal solution andthat of the cell sap.
8. iscuss:a. wilting of plants caused !y the
e+cessive use of chemical fertilisers !. preservation of food using salt or sugar
cell sap.
e. ma&e an inference onthe concentration of cellsap in plant tissues.
f. /elate the movementof su!stances across plasmamem!rane withconcentration gradient.
g. ,+plain the phenomenon of wilting in plants using e+amples.
h. ,+plain the preservation of food usinge+amples
determined from the plotted graph
Discussion shoud be based onthe concepts of osmosis and
plasmolysis
. Appreciating the movementof su!stances across the
plasma mem!rane
1. Compose poem to appreciatethe movement of su!stances across the
plasma mem!rane.
A student is a!le to:
a. e+plain the necessity ofmovement of su!stances acrossthe plasma mem!rane which isoccur in a continuous andcontrolled manner for survivalof a cell.
esign activities to test for the presence of starch# reducing sugar# non5reducing sugar#
protein and lipid in food samples.
Conduct an e+periment to determine the vitaminC content in various fruit Duices
@atch the vitamins # minerals and roughagewith their sources# functions and effects of deficiency
iscuss the sources and functions of water inthe !ody
*ormulate and Dustify an appropriate diet menufor pregnant mother #infants# children#teenagers# athletes# people with specificdiseases# the aged and vegetarians
• etermine the nutrientcontent in food samples
• e+plain the functions andsources of vitamins# minerals# roughage in a diet tomaintain health
• e+plain the functions of water in the !ody
• Dustify the selection of anappropriate !alanced dietfor a target group
8.Understanding malnutrition
3roup discussion and presentation on thefollowing:
a) meaning of malnutrition !) effects of deficiency in proteins# vitamins#
minerals on healthc) effects of e+cessive inta&e of car!ohydrates#
lipids# vitamins and mineralsd) effects of diet with low saturated fats on
cardiovascular diseasee) ways to reduce the ris& of high !lood
pressure# dia!etes mellitus and osteoporosis
A student is a!le to:
• e+plain what malnutrition is• e+plain the effects of
malnutrition• descri!e ways to reduce
certain heath pro!lems dueto one?s diet
8.6Analy0ing food digestion
iscuss the following :a) glucose# amino acids and lipids are re%uired
to carry out meta!olic processescomple+ed su!stances need to !e digested
A student is a!le to :• state the su!stances that are
re%uired to carry outmeta!olic processes
• list the comple+ su!stancesthat need to !e digested
iscuss:a) relationship !etween eating ha!its and health
pro!lems such as gastritis# o!esity# anore+ianervosa# !ulimia
!) evaluate the nutrient contents !ased on foodla!els or advertisements
c) evaluate the eating ha!its of classmate
A student is a!le to:
• relate eating ha!its withhealth pro!lems
• evaluate critically whether a particular eating ha!it is goodor !ad
,ating ha!its involve thefre%uency and time of eatingand the type of food consumed
1. /eali0ing theimportance of healthy digestivesystem
Conduct an of a defective the digestive system.
Conduct a discussion on ways to ta&e care of thedigestive system# such as good eating ha!its#avoid Dun& food# try to cut down on sweet andfatty foods.
A student is a!le to:
• 'redict the effects ofdefective digestive systemon health#
• "a&e care of the digestivesystem for one?s well5
!eing.
8.; Understanding theimportance of macronutrientsand micronutrients in plants
Carry out small group discussion on thefollowing and present the findings:
a) the elements re%uired !y plants# !) classify the elements re%uired !y plants !asedon the amount needed:
i) macronutrients consisting of car!on#hydrogen# o+ygen# nitrogen# phosphorus#
potassium# calcium# magnesium# and sulphur#ii) micronutrients consisting of !oron#
moly!denum# 0inc# manganese# copper andferum.
'lan and conduct and e+periment on plants tostudy the effects of macronutrient deficiency i.e.nitrogen# phosphorus# potassium# calcium#magnesium# and sulphur.
A student is a!le to:
• -ist elements re%uired !y plants#
• Classify elements re%uired !y plants !ased on theamount needed#
•
• esign an e+periment to
study the effects ofmacronutrient deficiencyin plants#
• /elate the effects ofmacronutrient deficiencywith the function ofmacronutrients#
processes of colonisationand succession in anecosystem
mangrove swamp or a pond to:
a) identify the niche# ha!itat# communityand population#
!) investigate the process of coloni0ation#c) investigate the process of succession#d) identify pioneer species# successor
species# dominant species and clima+
community#e) identify the adaptive characteristics of
pioneer species and su!se%uent speciesin the ha!itat for the processes ofcoloni0ation and succession.
$tudents present their findings or ma&e a folio.$tudy the processes of coloni0ation andsuccession through video# computer softwareand printed material.
iscuss and correlate the a!iotic components
during the processes of coloni0ation andsuccession in an ecosystem.
• state what anecosystem is#
• identify the niche#ha!itat# communityand population ofecosystem#
• e+plain the process ofcoloni0ation#
• e+plain the process ofsuccession#
• identify the pioneerspecies in anecosystem#
• identify the successorsin an ecosystem #
• identify the dominantspecies in anecosystem#
•
identify the adaptivecharacteristics of pioneer species#
• identify the adaptivecharacteristics ofsuccessors#
• e+plain the changes inha!itat caused !y
pioneer species#• e+plain the changes in
ha!itat caused !ysuccessors at every
level of successionuntil clima+community is reached#
• relate the a!ioticcomponents with the
!iotic components inan ecosystem duringthe processes of
iscuss the appropriate sampling techni%ues tostudy the pollution si0e of an organism.
Conduct a field study or use an appropriateanology to:
a) estimate the population si0e of animalssuch as garden snail and wood lice#
!) investigate the distri!ution of plantsusing the %uadrat sampling techni%ue#
Based on the a!ove study discuss the distri!utionof an organism in a ha!itat.
iscuss and correlate the change in pollutiondistri!ution of an organism with the changes ineach of the a!iotic factors.
'lan and conduct an e+periment to study therelationship of population distri!ution of anorganism with changes in any one of the a!ioticfactors such as p=# temperature# lightintensityand humidity.$uggested organisms:
%leurococcus # &emna
A student is a!le to:
• identify theappropriate samplingtechni%ue to study the
population si0e of anorganism#
• estimate the populationsi0e of an organism ina ha!itat#
• determine thedistri!ution oforganisms in a ha!itat
!ased on the density#fre%uency and
percentage coverage of the species#
• correlate the change ina populationdistri!ution of anorganism with thechanges in each of thea!iotic factors#
• design an e+perimentto investigate the effectof a change in any oneof the a!iotic factors othe population growthrate of an organism.
.6 Understand the concept of iscuss the following: A student is a!le to:
3ather information and discuss the role of usefulmicroorganisms in the following:a) decomposition
!) nitrogen cycle#c) alimentary canal of termite#d) digestive system in human.
3ather information and discuss the effects of
harmful microorganisms:
a) causing diseases# !) spoilage of food and su!stances.
3ather information and present the findings onthe following:
a) pathogens# vectors# symptoms andmethods in tansmission of diseases suchas malaria# dengue fever# cholera#ringworm# food poisoning# A $#hepatitis and $A/$#
!) methods to control pathogens includingthe use of anti!iotics# vaccines#antiseptics and disinfectants.
3ather information and present the uses ofmicroorganisms in !iotechnology# such as:
a) production of anti!iotics and vaccines !) cleaning of oil spills#c) waste treatment#d) food processinge) production of !ioplastic#f) production of energy from !iomass
microorganisms#• e+plain the effects of a
change in each a!ioticcomponent on theactivity ofmicroorganisms#
• e+plain the role ofusefulmicroorganisms#
• e+plain the effect ofharmful micro5organisms
• e+plain the meaning of pathogen#
• identify the pathogen#vector and symptomsof one particulardisease#
• e+plain how thedisease spreads#
• descri!e the methodsfor controlling
pathogen#• e+plain the use of
microorganisms in !iotechnology# usinge+amples.
1.8 Appreciating !iodiversity Conduct a forum to discuss the importance of preservation and conservation of !iodiversity#
Conduct an activity to preserve and conservevarious living things around us.
4. ,utrofication4. Water # air # thermal # and noise
pollution4 . 3lo!al warming
4 . (0one depletion4 . Climatic change
I. ,+ tinction of living thingsI. eforestation
d) "ypes of pollution and sources of pollution
e) ,ffects of pollution on the following:. =uman health diseases affecting the
respiratory system#s&in pro!lems #conDunctivitis#cancer and cholera.
. Animal and plant ha!itats. Buildings
4. Agriculture4. Climate
Conduct an activity to analyse data on air pollutioninde+ of some cities within and outside thecountry#and ma&e and inference on the sources of
pollution.
Conduct an activity to analyse data on water pollution # such as (+ygen emand B( ) value andcontent to heavy metals in some rivers#and ma&e aninference on the sources of pollution.
Conduct activities to formulate a strategy to reducethe level of air and water pollution in a particularlocation !y :
a) Analy0ing information on the population #such as the si0e of population # socio J
effects of unplanneddevelopment andmismanagement of theecosystem
escri!e types of pollution and sourcesof pollution
,+plain the effects of pollution on livingthings and theenvironment
Compare and contrast pollutants in the airfrom differentenvironments
nterpret data on thelevel of water
pollution in somerivers@a&e an inference onthe sources of water
pollution in somerivers'redict the level of airand water pollution ina particular locationwithin the ne+t tenyears$uggest strategies to
solve pro!lems relatedto air and water
pollution in a particular locationwithin the ne+t tenyears
A student is a!le to:
• =aving an interest andcuriosity towards theenvironment
;.2 Understanding thegreenhouse effect and thinningof the o0one layer
economic activities # and level of air andwater pollution
!) Conducting an activity to predict the level of air and water pollution at a particularlocation within the ne+t ten years
c) 'reparing an action plan consisting of astrategy to reduce the level of air and water
pollution at that particular location within
the ne+t ten years.
Carry out small group discussion on the followingand present the findings :
a) 3reenhouse effect # including its cause andeffect
!) Concentration of car!on dio+ide in theathmosphere and correlate it with glo!alwarming
c) (0one depletion # including its cause andeffect
d) mpact of o0one depletion and glo!al
warming on the ecosystem
,+plain whatgreenhouse effect is
Correlate theconcentration ofcar!on dio+ide in the
athmosphere withglo!al warming,+plain the thinningof the o0one layer ,+plain the impact ofthinning of the o0onelayer and glo!alwarming on theecosystem.
"$"$ :• Analysing• ,valuating
o!les values :• Balance of nature• Being than&ful to 3od
"eaching aids :• C /om• Charts• $crap5!oo&
;. /ealising the importanceof proper management ofdevelopment activities and theecosystem
Conduct a de!ate on the need for development toimprove the %uality of life and to meet there%uirements of an increasing population.
iscuss the effects of an increase in population on theecosystem.
Carry out small group discussion on the followingand present the findings:
a) mplementation of laws !) Use of technologyc) ,ducation on the management of resources #
including the reduce # reuse and recycle ofresources
d) 'reservation and conservation of soil #water # flora and faun of forests andmangrove swamps
e) 'ractice of !iological controlf) Use of renewa!le energy
A student is a!le to:ustify the need for
development
,+plain the effects ofincrease in populationon the ecosystem,+plain measure ta&enin the management ofdevelopment activitiesand the ecosystem to
ensure a !alance ofnature is maintainedCare for theecosystem'articipate in activitiesrelated to themanagement of theecosystem
"$"$ :• @a&ing decisions• etecting !ias
o!les values :• Being fle+i!le and
open5minded• "hin&ing rasionally• Being coorperative
"eaching aids :• "e+t !oo& • nternet• transperancies