Bio Review Body SystemsCell Types and Systems of
RegulationLevels of Organization-Cellular level-Tissue level-Organ
Level-Organ Sys. Level-Organism LevelVocab-Tissue: integrated group
of similar cells that perform a common function-Organ: two or more
types of tissues that together perform a task-Organ Sys: multiple
organs that work together to perform vital function-Organism: a
number of organ systems, specialized and functioning together as an
integrated, coordinated unitTissue Types-Epithelial: coverings of
surfaces and linings of internal organs and cavities-Connective:
sparse pop. of cells scattered throughout an extracellular
matrix-Muscle: long cells containing molecules of contractile
proteins-Nervous: tissues that sense stimuli and rapidly transmit
info
Types of Epithelial
Types of Connective Tissue
Types of Nervous TissueTypes of Muscle Tissue
Body Systems-There are 12 body systems, broken down to 4 main
categories: regulation, nutrient absorption, and support/movement
and defense from illness or injurySystems of Regulation-Nervous
System: Coordinates bodys activities, detects stimuli, integrates
info, direct responses-Nerve cells function pretty much same
throughout animal kingdom-Diversity in nervous sys.>Nerve net:
interconnected neurons, effective in radial symmetry>Bilateral
Symmetrycephalization with nerve cords>Ventral nerve cord with
ganglia, more complex>Centralized nervous sys. in vertebrates:
brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs-Endocrine sys-
chemical signals to regulate body activities-mostly in
vertebrates-Hormone: regulatory chem. that travels in the blood
from the production site to target cells (have receptors for spec.
hormone)-Some hormones affect the nervous sys. as well-There is a
lot of interaction b/t the nervous and endocrine sys.-Many sys. are
controlled by pairs of hormones with opposite effects to maintain
homeostasis***-Negative Feedback: a change in one thing triggers a
response that counteracts the initial change (insulin and
glucagon)-major control mechanism for endocrine and several other
sys.-Excretory System: osmoregulation- control of uptake and loss
of water and solutes-Water control in aquatic focuses on getting
rid of excess water; in terrestrial animals, focuses on preventing
excess water loss-Solute control is related to Na+ ions and N
compounds-Both types depend on control of excretion and filtration
of solutes-Diversity of excretory sys: diffusion, nephridia, gills,
kidneys-most aquatic animals have ammonia as waste product,
mammals, most amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes produce urea,
and birds and many other reptiles, insects, land snails produce
uric acid-kidney filtration and reabsorption: uses nephrons
Nutrient absorption and reproductionSystems of Nutrient
Absorption-Digestive sys: ingestion and digestion of food,
absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes-Digestion occurs
in specialized compartments-GVC in lower animalsAlimentary canal:
digestive tract w/ 2 openings-Specialized compartments in some
animals: pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, stomach-Digestion
includes both chemical and mechanical methods -Mechanical breaks up
food into smaller parts- inc. surface area for chemical action
-Chemical breaks up molecules by hydrolysis using enzymes and
acids-Food moves through sys. by muscular contractions: peristalsis
-Length of alimentary canal varies w/ diet -Herbivores have longer
canals than carnivores-Absorption: occurs in intestine, thin walls,
blood vessels nearby-Liver: processes nutrients from digestion
-removes excess glucose, stores a glycogen -synthesizes essential
proteins -Modifies toxins into less harmful substances -Produces
bile to assist in fat digestion -villi increases surface
area-Respiratory Sys: allows for gas exchange (O2 and CO2)-occurs
most efficiently through thin, moist membranes-Oxygen necessary for
cellular respiration; carbon dioxide is waste from
respiration-Diversity of gas exchange mechanisms: moist skin,
tracheal tubes, gills, lungs-Vertebrate organs intimately
associated w/ blood vessels for transport-Circulatory System:
transports nutrients from digestive and respiratory sys. to cells
throughout body-Diversity of circulatory systems: open (blood in
sinuses not vessels, comes into direct contact w/ body cells), and
closed (blood in vessels, gas and nutrient exchange take place
through vessel walls)-Reproductive Sys.: creation of new ind. from
existing one-Asexual Reproduction: genetically identical offspring
form single parent: enables animals to produce many offspring
quickly, but produces genetically uniform populations-Sexual
Reproduction: fusion of two haploid gametes from diff. parents-
produces unique combos of genes, and increases genetic variability
within populationsHuman Reproduction-regulated by hormone cycles
(endocrine)-Dev. (maturation) of organs-Production of gametes
(spermatogenesis and oogenesis)-Preparation of organs for
fertilization and gestationSystems of support, movement, and
protection-skeletal sys: provides body support and protects
organs-Types of skeletal sys.>Hydrostatic skeleton:
invertebrates, fluid held under pressure in a closed body
compartment>Exoskeleton: hard external skeleton for protection
and muscle attachment>Endoskeleton: hard skeleton within soft
tissues-Vertebrate Skeleton>composed of axial and appendicular
skeletons>Axial: skull, vertebrate, and rib
cage>Appendicular: bones of appendages and those attaching them
to axial-All vertebral skeletons are variations on a basic
themeBone Structure-composed of compact and spongy bone>bone
cells (osteocytes) in a mineral matrix>Red marrowblood
cells>Yellow marrow stored fat-bone solidifies or ossifies from
softer, more flexible cartilageLigaments and Joints-Ligaments:
tough connective tissue holding bones together in joints-different
types of joints allow different types of movementMuscular System:
sys. consisting of muscle tissue that can contract when
stimulated-Tendons: connective tissue that attaches muscles to
bones-3 types of muscle tissue>Cardiac: striated muscle tissue
of branched cells found in heart>Smooth: involuntary muscle
tissue>Skeletal: striated muscle tissue attached to skeleton for
movementHow muscles contract-muscle tissue: composed of thick
filaments of myosin and thin filaments of actin-muscles contract
when thin filaments slide along thick filaments>Requires energy
(ATP)>Myosin heads attach to actin filaments, forming cross
bridges>As ATPADP, head snaps back, causing
movementIntegumentary System: composed of skin, hair and nails-
protects from drying out, mechanical injury, and infection>Also
helps thermoregulation (maintaining body temp.)-Immune sys: system
of defense against pathogens