Bioremediation: a novel approach to food waste management P.K. Thassitou and I.S. Arvanitoyannis* Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production, School of Technological Sciences, University of Thessaly, Nea Ionia Magnesias, Fytoko Street, 38446 Volos, Greece (tel.:+30-421-93104; fax: +30-421-93144; e-mail: [email protected]) Bioremediation is a general concept that includes all those processes and actions that take place in order to biotrans- form an environment, already altered by contaminants, to its original status. Although the processes that can be used in order to achieve the desirable results vary, they still have the same pri nci ples ; the use of microorganisms or their enzymes, that are either indigenous and are stimulated by the addition of nutrients or optimization of conditions, or are seeded into the soil. There are several advantages of the implementation of such methods but mainly they have to do with the lack of interference with the ecology of the ecos yst em. Thi s art icl e presents gener al bioremediation principles and techniques along with representative exam- ples of their use both in the laboratory and industry and the ways that they work and give results in the five main areas of the food indust ry wher e bioremediation is appl icable. Alt hough the appl ication of bioremediation to the food industr y is not new, development s in microbi ology and genetic engi neer ing have given a val uabl e instrument to scient ist s to deal wit h cont aminant s in the envi ronment. Pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, cleaning chemicals and chemicals used in the food chain are among the new con- taminants which have entered the biogeochemical cycles. Bioremediating methods transform the contami nants into substances that can be absorbed and used by the auto- trophic organisms with no toxic effect on them. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All right s reserved. A few decades ago, man’s greatest challenge resided in speeding up the industrialization process. Today man attempts to find ways to deal with the growing indus- trialization and the associated problems. Because of this rapid development, problems arose due to landfills and forests and water resources. Land degradation has been identi fied as a crucial and increasing environmental problem both in Europe and the rest of the world. A third of Europe’s 300 million hectares of drylands suffer from desertification and the ensuing reduction in biolo- gi cal and economic producti vi ty (UNEP, 1992). Although the extent of polluted area affected has not been accuratel y det ermined, many contaminants are considered responsible for this pollution. Pesticides and fertil izers are maj or sources of pol lut ion fol lowed by industrial processes , waste and wastewater sludge dis- posal, and accidental release (EEA, 1995). Acidification is frequentl y a transboundary problem because aci d deposi tion is higher than cri tical in roughl y 60% ofEurope, with central parts of Europe receiving 20 times more acidity than the ecosystem’s critical loads (Stan- ners & Bourdeau, 1995). Forests cover 27% of the region west of the Urals and 35% of the FSU (former Soviet Union)—a total of 900 mi ll ion ha which makes up to al most 15% of the wor ld’ s forest biomass (FAO, 1995). Since the early 1960s, Europe’s total forest area has increased by more than 10%, mainly in the south and west (Stanners & Bourdeau, 1995). While there is an overall increase in growing stock and forest productivity in the region (FAO), large-scale deforestation is currently under way in the boreal forests of the Russian Federation. In Eur ope, on the other hand, forest degradati on con- sti tut es a mor e serious problem than def orestation. Although crown defoliation and discoloration indicate a general worsening in forest conditions in many parts ofEurope, no reliable correlation has been established yet between tree growth and defoliation. The forests most severely affected by the defoliation are located in central, 0924-2244/01/$ - see front matter Copyri ght # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All right s reserved. PII: S0924-2244(01)00081-4 Trends in Food Science & Technology 12 (2001) 185–196 * Corresponding author. Review
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
a Annual internal renewable water resources usually include river flows from other countries.b Sectoral percentages date from the year of the annual withdrawal data.
c Data are from the early 1990s (Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, 1994; UNEP, 1996)
compost required the addition of inorganic nitrogen to
optimize the C:N ratio. When wastes are of a high
moisture content, the use of bulking agents alone is not
adequate, as large quantities are required thus raising
the composting cost and jeopardizing the economic
feasibility of the method. Pretreatment is also necessarybecause the sludge derived from processing of waste-
water contains pathogens. Therefore proper manage-
ment is a prerequisite to ensure that potentially high
levels of pathogens are eliminated (Cournoyer, 1996).
Poultry wastes are equally problematic to meat wastes
because the main source of wastewaters is the slaugh-
tering process. Starkey (1992) reviewed the considera-
tions for selection of a treatment system for poultry
processing wastewater, including land availability, pre-
vious site history, publicly owned treatment work dis-
charge, conventional waste treatment systems, and land
application systems. The performance of anaerobictreatment systems, including lagoons, contact processes,
sludge beds, filters, packed beds, and hybrid reactors
were out lined (Ross & Valentine, 1992).
Pretreatment is also regarded as necessary for poultry
waste to reduce the moisture and increase the porosity
with the addition of bulking agents, which also increase
the aeration and carbon level in wastewater. Proper
treatment is needed to eliminate the pathogens. A
bench-scale study by Ogunseitan (1996) indicated that
the combination of ozone and ultraviolet light would
reduce the population density of Salmonella typhimur-
ium in a poultry-processing wastewater from $3.4Â108
down to 1.2Â103 per ml after 20 min exposure.
ConclusionsThe extensive land degradation has led to intensive
experimentation, aiming at identifying the most promis-
ing techniques for attaining the lowest possible pollution
level. The results obtained showed that bioremediation
in its many forms and composting, in particular, con-
stitute ‘good technique’ for solving the environmental
pollution due to food industry waste. Investigation of
several sectors of the food industry (fruit and vegetable,
olive oil, fermentation, dairy, meat and poultry), con-
firmed the usefulness and potential of biotreating foodwaste. In general, bioremediation methods convert con-
taminants such as pesticides, herbicides and cleaning
chemicals into non-toxic substances.
References
Aelion, C. M., Swindoll, C. M., & Pfaender, F. K. (1987). Adaptationto and bioremediation of xenobiotic compounds by microbialcommunities from a pristine aquifer. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 53, 2212–2217.
Baker, K.H. (1994). Bioremediation of surface and subsurface soils.In K. H. Baker & D. S. Herson, eds., Bioremediation. McGraw-Hill
Baker, K.H., & Herson, D.S. (1994). Introduction and overview of
bioremediation. In K. H. Baker & D.S. Herson, eds., Bioremedia-tion. (pp. 1–7). McGraw-Hill, NY.
Balba, M. T., Ying, A. C., & McNeice, T. G. (1991). Bioremediation ofcontaminated land: Bench scale to field applications,. In R.E. Hinchee, & R. F. Olfenbuttel (Eds.), In situ bioreclamation:applications and investigations for hydrocarbon and contaminated
site remediation (pp. 464–476). Stoneham, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, UK.
Bell, C. (1992) Anaerobic/aerobic treatment in the food and bev-erage industry. In: Proc. 1992 Food Ind. Environ. Conf. (p. 293).GA Tech. Res. Inst., Atlanta.
Benito, G. G., Miranda, M. P., & de los Santos, D. R. (1997). Deco-lourization of Wastewater from an Alcoholic Fermentation Pro-cess with Trametes Vercicolor. Biosourc. Technol., 61, 1–33.
Black, W. V., Ahlert, R. C., Kosson, D. S., & Brugger, J. E. (1991).Slurry based biotreatment of contaminated sorbed onto soilconstituents,. In R. E. Hinchee, & R. F. Olfenbuttel (Eds.), In situbioreclamation: applications and investigations for hydrocarbonand contaminated site remediation (pp. 408–422). Stoneham, MA:Butterworth-Heinemann, UK.
Bollag, J. M., & Bollag, W. B. (1995) Soil contamination and feasi-
bility of biological remediation, In H. D. Skipper & R. F. Turco,eds., Bioremediation. Science and Applications (pp. 1–12).
Boudouropoulos, I. D., & Arvanitoyannis, I. S. (2000). Potential andperspective for application of environmental management sys-tem (EMS) and ISO 14000 to food industries. Food ResearchInternational , 16, 177–237.
Branford, M. L., & Kishnamoorthy, R. (1991). Consider bioremedia-tion for waste site cleanup. Chemical Engineering Progress, 87 ,80–85.
Brauer, H. (1988). Development and efficiency of a new generationof bioreactors. Part 2, description of new bioreactors.BioprocessEngineering, 3, 11–21.
Brown, K. A., Dey, J. C., & McFarland, W. E. (1991). Integrated siteremediation combining groundwater treatment soil vaporextraction, and bioremediation,. In R. E. Hinchee, & R.
F. Olfenbuttel (Eds.), In situ bioreclamation: applications and investigations for hydrocarbon and contaminated site remediation(pp. 444–449). Stoneham, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, UK.
Castaldi, F. J., & Ford, D. L. (1992). Slurry bioremediation of petro-chemical waste sludges. Water Science Technology, 25, 207–212.
Cooper, R. N., & Russell, J. M. (1992). The New Zealand meat pro-cessing industry, present effluent treatment practices and futuredirections. In: Proc. 1992 Food Ind. Environ. Conf., (p. 95) GATech. Res. Inst., Atlanta.
Cournoyer, M. S. (1996). Sanitation and stabilization of slaughter-house sludges through composting. In Proceedings of theCanadian Meat Research Institute Technology Symposium (pp.1–7). Ontario, Canada: Canadian Meat Research Institute, Tor-onto.
Danforth, T.S. (1992). Computerized control of sequencing batch
reactor treatment for dairy processing wastewater. In: Proc. 1992Food Ind. Environ. Conf. (p. 305). GA Tech. Res. Inst., Atlanta.
Dibble, J. T., & Bartha, R. (1979). Effect of environmental parameterson the biodegradation of oil sludge. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 37 , 729–739.
EC/UN-ECE. (1994). Forest condition in Europe: results of the 1993Survey. International Co-operative Program on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests. Convention onLong-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. Brussels and Geneva:European Commission (EC) and United Nation Economy Com-mission for Europe (UN-ECE).
EEA. (1995). In D. Stanners & P. Bourdeau, eds., Europe’s environ-ment: the Dorbris assessment. Luxembourg: European Environ-ment Agency (EEA). Office for Official Publications of theEuropean Communities.
Ellis, B., & Gorder, K. (1997). Intrinsic bioremediation: an economic
option for cleaning up contaminated land.Chemistry & Industry,95–98.
FAO. (1995). Forest resources assessment 1990. Global synthesis.Rome: FAO Forestry Paper 124.
Fiestas Ros de Ursinos, J. A. (1992) Ministerio de Obras Publicas ytransportes Confederacion hidrografica dle Guadalquivir. Plan de
puesta en marcha de plantas experimentales de depuracion yeliminacion de alpechines en la cuencas de los rios Guadalquiviry Guadalete—Evaluacion de la experiencia. Sevilla, July.
Flouri, F., Sotirchos, D., Ioannidou, S., & Balis, C. (1996). Decolour-ization of olive oil mill liquid wastes by chemical and biologicalmeans. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 189–192.
Fumi, M. D., et al ., (1995). Optimization of long term activatedsludge treatment of winery waste water. Bioresource Technol-ogy, 52, 45.
Fyock, O. L., Sordrum S. B., Fogel, S., & Findlay, M. (1991). Pilotscale composting of petroleum production sludges. InTreatmentand disposal of petroleum sludges. Tulsa, OK: University of Tulsa,Center for Environmental Research and Technology.
Giorgio, L., Andeazza, C., & Rotunno, G. (1981). Esperienze sul fun-zionamento di un impianto di depurazione per acque di scarico
civili e di leifici. Ingegneria Sanitaria, 5, 296–303.Grobe, K. (1994). Composter links up with food processor.BioCycle,
bioremediation.aspHarmsen, J. (1991). Possibilities and limitations of landfarming for
cleaning contaminated soils,. In R. E. Hinchee, & R. F. Olfenbuttel(Eds.), On-site bioreclamation: processes for xenobiotic and hydrocarbon treatment (pp. 255–272). Stoneham, MA: Butter-worth-Heinemann, UK.
Hazen, T. C., Looney, B. B., Enzein, M., Dougherty, J. M., Wear, J.,Fliernans, C. B., & Eddy, C.A. (1996). In-situ bioremediation viahorizontal wells. In R. F. Hickey & Smith, G. eds., Biotechnologyin industrial waste treatment and bioremediation (pp. 79–86).CRC, Lewis Publishers, USA.
International Dairy Federation. (1993). Environmental influence ofchemicals used in the dairy industry which can enter dairywastewater. Bulletin of the IDF. No. 288.
King, B. R., Long, G. M., & Sheldon, J. K. (1992). Practical environ-mental bioremediation. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, USA.
Levin, M. A. & Gealt, M. A. (1993). Overview of biotreatment prac-tices and promises. In: M. A. Levin & M.A. Gealt, eds., Biotreatmentof industrial and hazardous waste(pp. 1–18.). McGraw-Hill, USA.
Litchfield, C. D. (1993) In situ bioremediation: bases and practices.In M. A. Levin & M. A. Gealt, eds., Biotechnology of industrial and hazardous waste (pp. 167–195). McGraw-Hill, USA.
Litchfield, J. H., & Clark, L. C. (1973). Bacterial activity in ground waters containing petroleum products. Washington, DC: Amer-ican Petroleum Institute Publication No. 4211. American Petro-leum Institute.
Loehr, R., Asce, M., & Overcash, M. R. (1985). Land treatment ofwastes: concepts and general design. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 111, 141–159.
Maltz, F. (1988). Der Hauptausschuss Detergentien. Tenside Surfact.Deter., 25, 72–77.
Mayer, E. S. (1991). Waste treatment experiments at the GabrielSedlmayr Spaten. Franziskaner- Braeu K.-G.a.A. Brauwetl. (Ger.),131, 2346.
McCarty, P. L. (1988). Bioengineering issues to in situ remediation ofcontaminated soils and groundwater,. In G. S. Omenn (Ed.),Basiclife sciences, 45: environmental biotechnology: reducing risksfrom environmental chemicals through biotechnology (pp. 143– 162). New York: Plenum Press.
McMillen, S. J., Kerr, J. M., Gray, N. R., & Findlay, M. (1992). Com-posting of a production pit sludge. In: IGT Symposium on Gas,Oil and Environmental Biotechnology (pp. 21–23) September.
Miller, F. C. (1993) Composting as a process based on the controlof ecologically selective factors. In F. B. Metting, ed., Soil micro-bial ecology. (pp. 515–544) Marcel Dekker, USA.
Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of theRussian Federation. (1994). Report on the State of the Environ-ment of the Russian Federation in 1993. Moscow. (1995) National
Report on the state of the environment in the Russian Federationin 1994. Moscow
Nakata, B. (1994). Recycling by-products on California vineyards.BioCycle, 34, 61.
Nelson, C. H., Hicks, R. J. and Andrews, S. D. (1996). In-situ bior-emediation: an integrated system approach. In R. F. Hickey & G.Smith, eds., Biotechnology in industrial waste treatment and bioremediation (pp. 243–268). CRC, Lewis Publishers, USA.
NRC (1993). In situ bioremediation: when does it work? (pp. 2–11).Washington, DC: National Research Council Report. NationalAcademic Press.
O’Leary, P., Walsh, P., & Razvi, A. (1989–1990). Solid waste com-posting. Aerated static pile for composting municipal solidwastes. Waste Age.
Odzuk, W. (1982). Umweltbelastungen. Ulmer, Stuttgard: UTB.
Ogunseitan, O. A. (1996). Combined ozone-UV control of Salmo-nella typhimurium in poultry wastewater. Paper presented at69th Annu. Water Environ. Fed. Tech. Exposition Conf., Dallas, TX.
Ogunseitan, O. A., Tedford, E. T., Pacia, D., Sirotkin, K. M., & Sayler,G. S. (1987). Distribution of Plasmids in Groundwater Bacteria.
Journal of Industrial Microbiology, 1, 311–317.Portier, R. J. (1989) Examination of site data and discussion of
microbial physiology with regard to site remediation. In Pro-ceedings of the 10th National Conference: Superfund ’89.Washington, DC: Haz. Mat. Control. Res. Inst.
Riggle, D. (1989). Revival time for composting food industry wastes.BioCycle, 29, 35–37.
Romney, A. J. D. (Ed.). (1990). CIP: cleaning in place (2nd ed.). Hun-tington, UK: The Society of Dairy Technology.
Ross, C. C., & Valentine, G. E. (1992). Anaerobic treatment ofpoultry processing wastewaters. In: Proc. 1992 Natl. PoultryWaste Manage. Symp. (p. 199) Auburn, AL.
Rozzi, A., & Malpei, F. (1996). Treatment and disposal of olive milleffluents. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 135– 144.
Rusten, B. et al. (1992). Treatment of Dairy Wastewater in aNovel Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor. Water Science Technol-ogy (G.B.), 26, 703.
Rynk, R. (1992). Composting methods. In On-farm compostinghandbook, (pp. 24–42). Ithaca: Northeast Regional EngineeringService, Cooperative Extension.
Saez, L., Perez, J., & Martinez, J. (1992). Low molecular weight phe-nolics attenuation during simulated treatment of wastewatersfrom olive oil mill in evaporation ponds. Water Research, 26,1261–1266.
Salkinoja-Salonen, M., Middeldorp, P., Briglia, M., Valo, R., Hagg-blom, M., & McBain, A. (1989). Cleanup of old industrial sites,. InD. Kamely, A. Chakrabarty, & G. S. Omenn (Eds.), Advances inbiotechnology series, 4: biotechnology and biodegradation(pp. 347–368). The Woodlands, TX: Portfolio Publishing.
Schaub, S. M., & Leonard, J. J. (1996). Composting: an alternativewaste management option for food processing industries.Trends in Food Science & Technology, 7 , 263–268.
Scho ¨ berl, P., & Huber, L. (1988). O ¨ kologisch relevante Dten vonnichttensidischen Inhaltsstoffen in Wasch- und Reini-gungsmitteln. Tenside Surfact. Deter., 25, 99–107.
Simus, J. L., Sims, R. C., & Mathews, J. E. (1990). Approach to bior-emediation of contaminated soil. Haz. Waste Haz. Mat., 7 , 117–149.
Starkey, J. E. (1992) Considerations for the design of poultry was-tewater systems. In: Proc. 1992 Natl. Poultry Waste Manage.Symp. (p. 224), Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL.
Stegmann, R., Lotter, S., & Heerenklage, J. (1991). Biologicaltreatment of oil-contaminated soils in bioreactors,. In R.E. Hinchee, & Olfenbuttel (Eds.), In situ bioreclamation:applications and investigations for hydrocarbon and con-taminated site remediation (pp. 188–208). Stoneham, MA:Butterworth-Heinemann, UK.
Stroo, H.F. (1989). Bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminatedsoil solids using liquid/ solids contract reactors. In Proceedings of the 10th National Conference: Superfund ’89 (pp. 331–337).Washington, DC: HMRCI.
Sung, S., & Dague, R. R. (1995). Laboratory studies on the anaerobicsequencing batch reactor. Water Environment Research, 67 , 294.
Suzuki, H., Yoneyama, Y., & Tanaka, T. (1997). Acidification duringanaerobic treatment of brewery wastewaters. Water ScienceTechnology (G.B.), 35, 265.
Tsiouris, S.E. Personal communication.UNEP. (1992). World atlas of desertification. London: UNEP/Edward
Arnold.UNEP. (1996). Report of the region consultations held for UNEP’s first
global environment outlook. Nairobi: UNEP.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (1990). Slurry bio-degradation. EPA/540/2-90/016.
Verville, R., & Seekins, B. (1993). New use for blueberry residuals.BioCycle, 33, 71.
Wildbrertt, G. (1988). Bewertung von Reinigungs- und Desinfek-tionsmitteln im Abwasser. Dtsch. Milchwirtschaft, 39, 616–620.
Wildbrett, G. (1990). Reinigen in der Milchwirtschatt. Dtsch. Milch-wirtschatt, 41, 229–238.
Williams, R. T., Ziegenfuss, P. S., & Sisk, W. E. (1992). Composting ofexplosives and propellant contaminated soils under thermo-philic and mesophilic conditions.Journal of Industrial Micro-biology, 9, 137–144.
Willow, J. C. (1992). British Columbia’s approach to fish waste utili-zation. In Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Com-
posting Council of Canada. (pp. 475–483) Ottawa, Ontario,Canada: Environment Canada.
Wilson, J. T., & Jawson, M. D. (1995). Science needs for imple-mentation of bioremediation. In H. D. Skipper & R. F. Turco, eds.Bioremediation. Science and Applications (pp. 293–303). SSSASpecial Publication No. 43.