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Biodiesel: or Your fries
give me gas
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Who are we? Jill Parlee
Handel Callender
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Objectives of this
workshop
What is biodiesel
The components of biodiesel productionWhat equipment is required
Fitting it all togetherOperating the business
How it is done in Barbados
Discover the feasibility of a business in Dominica
Some of the social, economic and environmental benefits
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What is Biodiesel?
Biodiesel is fuel fromvegetable oil
The diesel engine wasinvented in 1895, and ranon peanut oil for 10 years
Biodiesel can be made
from either new oil orused (waste cooking oil)
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Sources of feedstockRestaurants
Hotels
SnackettesSchool cafeterias
Cruiseships
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You can also grow your
own fuel.Dominica has a range ofoil crops, coconut beingthe most popular
Coconut yields 2,260 kgoil/hectare
Jatropha yields 1,590 kgoil/hectare
Castor bean yields 1188kg oil/hectare
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Raw materials needed Vegetable oil (feedstock)
Methanol
Potassium Hydroxide or Sodium Hydroxide
Safety precautions:
Methanol is a highly toxic and flammable alcohol. Gloves,masks, long sleeved work clothes and a well ventilatedarea should be all accessible when working with it
Sodium Hydroxide is highly alkaline and will produce
severe burns when in contact with skin
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The chemistry of biodiesel Vegetable oil + Methanol + Potassium Hydroxide =
Methylester (biodiesel)
TRIGLYCERIDE MOLECULE (VEGE OIL)
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Whats the equipment you need?
(piecing it together)Requirement Description
Feedstock storage To hold all vegetable oil collected or produced
Biodiesel reactor For mixing oil and chemicals
Byproduct storage To hold glycerin byproduct
Water storage Rain or river water
Biodiesel wash system Cleaning the crude biodiesel before placing in
vehicles
Waste water treatment and storage Cleaning up the water used to wash biodiesel
Biodiesel storage
Distribution Pumps or fuel containers to deliver fuel to
vehicle tank
A small room for a lab Fuel quality testing and chemical prep
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Stage 1: Feedstock storage and pretreatment
You may need:55 gallon metal drums
1000 litre containers
Water tanks
Large metal storage tanks
Some basic requirements for feedstock
storage:Ideally it should have a cone shaped
bottom
It should be able to take some heat
(up to70 Celsius)
It should have fittings to easily connect
plumbing
It should be easily and safely filled
Additional components for feedstock storage:
A pump and plumbing fittings are needed to
transfer prepared oil to reactor
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Stage 2: The Reactor
You may need:
55 gallon metal drum
HDPE prefabricated plastic container
Stainless steel vessel
Some basic requirements for biodieselreactor
It should be sealed or have a cover toprevent fume leaks
Ideally it should have a cone shapedbottom
It must have a pump or a high tomedium speed mixer of some kind
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The Reactor cont.
It should be able to take heat.The reaction temp is optimal ataround 55 Celsius
It should have fittings to easilyconnect plumbing
It should be easily and safelyfilled
Some welding may be required
Plumbing will be needed to
transfer crude biodiesel to thewash stage
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The biodiesel reactionOil and methanol aremixed in the presence ofa catalyst NaOH or KOH.
100 Gallons of oil
produces 80 gallons ofbiodiesel and 25 gallonsof glycerin.
Glycerin can be disposedof as biodegradable
waste, used as soap, orrefined into pureglycerin.
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The biodiesel reaction
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Stage 3: Washing and drying the Biodiesel
Washing biodiesel involves the
removal of chemical impurities and
soaps created in the production
process, that would cause harm to a
vehicle engine. Washing involves
mixing water with the crudebiodiesel
Drying biodiesel requires the
removal of water, via heat or
settling, from the biodiesel after ithas been washed.
There is new technology now, that
does allow for cleaning biodiesel
without the use of water.
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Stage 3: Washing and drying the biodiesel cont.
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Stage 3: Washing and drying the biodiesel cont.
You will need:
Thorough mixing ofbiodiesel and water viapumps or mixers
Application of heat fordrying, to remove moisturefrom biodiesel afterwashing
Good drainage
Plumbing to transfer fromwashing to storage
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Treating the wash
waterThe water after washing, may contain traces ofmethanol, NaOH or KOH and some soaps.
Solar distillation seems to be an effective way toclean up water before disposal
Alternatively, investing in zero water technology maybe possible with funding.
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Stage 4: Biodiesel storage and distributionYou will need:
Tanks
Pump fed or gravity fednozzles
Metering devices
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Economics of biodieselInputs
Supply
Demand
Niche MarketExpenses
Revenues
Pricing structure
Business structure
Funding
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Raw material inputsSecuring raw materials
Vege oil collectionFree?
Shared?
Strategicpartnerships with
suppliers? Friends?Communities?
Chemical importationcosts
Shared?
Bulk?
Alternatives?
Concessions andincentives from Gov.
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Your marketRegular users
Power Generation
Public transport
Fishing industry
Private houses
High end users (yachts, etc.)
Supply to state controlled distributor
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Your expenses Electricity
Used mainly to heat oil and biodiesel, and power pumps
Conventional? Alternatives?
Water
Mainly for cleaning up biodiesel
Cleaning your water is a huge plus, even if it was originally free. Human labour
Collecting oil
Processing biodiesel
Sales and marketing
Admin.
Fuel
Energy is also used in the vehicle to collect oil and drop off biodiesel
Where can you save?
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Your revenues
Developing the byproduct, glycerin
Unique opportunities exist in Dominica todevelop assisting technologies
Coconut drying technology
Water harvesters
Coconut oil businesses specifically for biodiesel
How you generate income can influence yourpricing structure, how you promote the fuel andyour business philosophy.
B i t t
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Business structureCentralised
Decentralised
Pros Cons Pros Cons
Relatively easily
managed
High capital investment
Significant job creation
More training
Rapid accountability Expensive training Community cohesiveness Red tape due to
regulatory bodies
A consolidated
operation
Expensive overheads
Low capital investment
costs
Lack of control over
production supplies
(strike potential)
A singular vision and
goal
High maintenance costs
Better funding potential
from non traditional,
community supportive
entities (undp)
Potential conflict in goal
and visions
Quality control
More efficient access toused cooking oil
Challenges in monitoring
High fire, natural disaster
risk due to consolidated
nature
Increased likelihood of
Dominican users
receiving required
volumes
High risk due to storage of
chemicals
A central controlling
interest in lessened
Inflexibility when faced
with upheavals
Broad education
potential
Higher marketing / public
education costs
Less likelihood of
complete shutdown of
supply if one plant is
down
Significantly reduced
overheads
Significantly lower
maintenance costs
Greater business-to-
business support
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Why support biodiesel?Biodiesel is produced primarily with local materials, significantlyreducing foreign exchange expenditure
Reduced vulnerability to external fluctuations in fuel prices.
Improves Barbados image as an eco destination.
Provides a solution to current waste disposal problems and reducescosts incurred through disposal.
Health/environmental benefits due to use of the fuel.
Significant savings in health care costs
Job creation.
Establishes linkages to agriculture that might help solidify newavenues for the sector
Can take Barbados steps ahead to true sustainable development
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Benefits of biodieselHealth/Environment
Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) by 100%
Reduction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions by 100%
Reduction of soot emissions by 40-60%
Reduction of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 10-50%
Reduction of hydrocarbon (HC) emissions by 10-50%
Reduction of all polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and specificallythe reduction of the following carcinogenic PAHs:Reduction of phenanthren by 97%Reduction of benzofloroanthen by 56%Reduction of benzapyren by 71%Reduction of aldehydes and aromatic compounds by 13%
Reduction or increase in nitrous oxide (NOx) emissions by 5-10%depending on the age and type of engine.
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Benefits of biodiesel.
Biodiesel runs in any conventional, unmodified diesel engine. In otherwords, you just pour it into the fuel tank.
Biodiesel can be stored anywhere that petroleum diesel fuel isstored.
Biodiesel can be used alone or mixed in any amount with petroleumdiesel fuel.
Biodiesel is more lubricating than diesel fuel. Its higher lubricityenhances the lifetime of the engine.
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Benefits of biodiesel
Biodiesel is safe to handle because it is biodegradable andnon-toxic. According to the National Biodiesel Board,neat biodiesel is as biodegradable as sugar and less toxicthan salt.
Biodiesel is safe to transport. Biodiesel has a high flashpoint, or ignition temperature, of about 300 deg. Fcompared to petroleum diesel fuel, which has a flash pointof 125 deg. F.
Engines running on biodiesel run normally and havesimilar fuel mileage to engines running on diesel fuel.Auto ignition, fuel consumption, power output, and
engine torque are relatively unaffected by biodiesel.When burned in an engine, the exhaust fumes have thepleasant aroma of popcorn or French fries.
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Starting up in DominicaConsider starting as agroup. Discuss fundingoptions, businessstructure etc.
Seek affordable group
training
Consider collecting rawmaterial. It might be wiserto begin collecting early.
Get the materials youhave to purchase, in bulk
Discuss how much youwant to produce and startfor yourselves first.
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Obstacles
Efficient collection
Finding a source of methanol
Finding the right people to work with
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References
http://www.journeytoforever.org
http://www.biofuels.coop/
h k f
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Thank you for your time
and attention!
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