Bio 3411 Principles of the Nervous System Review for Final Exam Development, Structure, Systems & Disorders (25/100 pts) T. Woolsey December 7, 2009Review.

Bio 3411 Principles of the Nervous System

Review for Final Exam

Development, Structure, Systems & Disorders

(25/100 pts)

T. Woolsey

December 7, 2009 Review - Development, Structure, Systems & Disorders


Topics Covered

• Overview of Nervous System

• Development – including embryology, genetics

and environment

• Principal systems for sensation, movement and

processing in between

• Some aspects of CNS disease and modification


• Facts - genes, size, energy

• Features - brain, spinal cord, periphery

• Cells - neurons, glia, synapses

• Health and Disease – impacts, prevalence, impacts

II. The Nervous System and Its Cells


•Ovulation/Fertilization - dorsal-ventral axis: maternal determinants & cortical rotation

•Egg to Blastula – synchronous/asynchronous cell division

•Germ Bands - ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm: animal/vegetal axis.

•Gastulation - blastopore

•Spemann organizer - anterior-posterior axis

August 31, 2009 5Lecture III. Nervous System Embryology

III. Nervous System Embryology

• Neural Fate and Induction – signaling between mesoderm and neuroectoderm

• BMP - 4 – is a Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-b) signaling molecule family member

• BMP- 4 from Neuroectoderm - inhibits neuralization/promotes epidermal fate in neighbors

• Mesoderm - Chordin, Noggin, Follistatin block BMP-4

• BMP- 4 - mediates later development and adult plasticity

• Mechanism – conserved (Bone Morphogenetic Protein)

September 2, 2009 6Lecture IV. Mechanisms of Neural Development

IV. Mechanisms of Neural Development

• Necrosis – environmental cell death; e.g. stroke

• Apoptosis - physiologically programmed cell death; prevails in NS development

• Trophic Factors - molecules that promote growth and survival

• NGF – inhibits apoptosis (and other neruotrophins)

• Interactions - trophic factors connected to apotposis

• Generalization – roles in other processes (cancer) and other animals (nematodes)

September 9. 2009 Lecture V. Cell Birth and Death 7

V. Cell Birth and Death

• Grouping neurons and processes

• Partner selection

• Some genetic foundations/correlates

• Systematic organization of connections

• Roles of contact and diffusion

September 14, 2009 Lecture VI. Making Connections 8

VI. Making Connections

September 16, 2009 Lecture VII. CNS Patterning 9

• The Initiation of the Central Nervous System

• CNS Growth and Pattern Development

• Invertebrate Brains

• Several Mechanisms for Directing the Show (scripts conserved)

• How did vertebrate and invertebrate patterns arise?

VII. CNS Patterning

September 21, 2009 Lecture VIII. The Spinal Cord, Relexes and Brain Pathways

10

• Spinal Cord - Segmental organization

• Peripheral Nerves - Compound action potential

• Spinal Nerves - Dermatomes, motor neuron pools (nuclei) and motor units

• Spinal reflexes - stretch (knee jerk); withdrawal/ crossed extensor

• Introduction to Pathways - 1 sensory (DC-ML); 1 motor (CST)

VIII. Spinal Cord, Reflexes and Pathways

September 23, 2009 Lecture IX. Brain Pathways: Sensation

11

IX. Sensation

• Sensory Transduction

• Receptive Fields

• Adaptation

• Feature Detection

• Maps

• Sensory Integration

September 28, 2009 Lecture X. Brain Pathways: Movement

12

• Corticospinal Tract: Activation & Somatotopy

• Activity of Motor Cortex Neurons Directs Movement:

Force & Direction

• Four Other Motor Pathways to Spinal Cord

• Role(s) of Descending Pathways in Movement

Control

• Effects of Corticospinal Tract Lesions

• Why is left right, and right left?

X. Movement

September 30, 2009 Lecture XI. Higher Functions 13

XI. Integrating Functions

• Methods for study of human brain function/structure

• Auditory pathways

• Language

• Hemispheric specialization

• Special Talents and Genius

XII. Experience and Critical Periods. (aka, Plastics)

• Neuromorphological plasticity – sensitive periods

• Functional plasticity – critical periods

• Adult plasticity – half-life

• Mechanism(s) – different, common, evolution


XIII. Brain Diseases I

• Motor Systems a Reprise

• Pyramidal vs Extrapyramidal (Basal ganglia)

• Parkinsonism a Movement Disorder

• Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies


October 9, 2009 Lecture XIV. Brain Diseases - II 16

XIV. Brain Diseases II

• Widespread Systems

• Mood Disorders

– Depression

– Manic/Depressive Illness

• Schizophrenia

• Drugs

• Human Genetics

• MRDD (mental retardation and developmental

disabilities)

• Humans

• Mice

• What’s with the Brain?

October 12, 2009 17Lecture XV. Genetics and Human Brains

XV. Genetics and Human Brains: Clues from Abnormalities

Sample

a. The bright area to which the arrow is pointing (on

the left side of the brain) in this MRI is:

1) the frontal lobe

2) cerebrospinal fluid

3) a stroke

b. Functions of cortex not in this bright area are:

1) hearing

2) vision

3) touch

c. Symptoms that got this person to the ER include:

1) difficulty walking

2) difficulty eating

3) difficulty smiling

d. I (you) think this is most interesting because:

1) relevance to disability

2) localization of brain functions

3) is like a painting

Total of 20. Circle the best answer under each heading. (0.25 pt/ea)



The Meaning and Purpose (1cm3)

• Eat

• Sleep

• Procreate

• Defend


September 23, 2009 Lecture IX. Brain Pathways: Sensation

21

Buena Suerte

Bon Chance

Good Luck

(And …get a good night’s sleep)

Bio 3411 Principles of the Nervous System Review for Final Exam Development, Structure, Systems & Disorders (25/100 pts) T. Woolsey December 7, 2009Review.

Documents

death lecture

later development

systems disorderstopics

systems disordersdecember

cns patterning lecture

cell birth

nervous system embryologyiii

environment principal