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Biology 1001, Section 2
General Biology
For Non-Biology Majors ONLY
Professor Terry M. Bricker Room: A606 LSBA
Telephone: 8-1555
-m!il: "#"ric$ls%.e&%
'ffice (o%rs: T%)* +:+0-,:+0 PM
!n& "y !ppoin#men#
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Textboo
Bioloy: Life on !r#h /#h &i#ion
"y A%&esirk A%&iserk !n& Byers
This "ook is ! %sef%l reference
All #es#!"le m!#eri!ls hoeer ill "e presen#e& in my lec#%res
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T!ree "xa#s $ Non-%&#&lati'e
Final
2 3r!&in: A 4 /0-100 B 4 80-8/ 4 0-/
7 4 60-6/ 9 60
2Tes#s ill "e c%re& if necess!ry
2 All e!ms ill "e shor# !nser fill in #he
"l!nks pro"lems e#c. i#h 1 ss!y ;%es#ion
2 The ss!y ;%es#ion ill "e chosen from !lis# of <%es#ions proi&e& "efore e!ch e!m.
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Mae-() *olicy
2 M!ke-%p !min!#ions ill ONLY "e
!lloe& i#h ! !li& %niersi#y ec%se.
2 =f yo% !re oin #o miss !n e!min!#ion yo%
M(ST no#ify me "y -m!il "efore ,:+0 PM
on #he &!y of #he sche&%le& e!m.
2 The m!ke-%p e!min!#ion M(ST "e
comple#e& i#hin 1 eek of #he oriin!llysche&%le& e!min!#ion. = ill se# #he #ime
!n& en%e of #he m!ke-%p e!min!#ion.
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Mae-() *olicy
2 >n&er e#reme circ%ms#!nces some
flei"ili#y in #hese r%les m!y "e !lloe& !#
#he &iscre#ion of #he ins#r%c#or.
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T!is is a +iic< %lass
BOL 1001 . B % + F / +$F$/
!ll ?00, 1, ? ? 1+ 5 1, +?
Spr ?005 1/ ?/ ?5 1+ 5 1, +?
!ll ?005 ?0 ? ?, / 5 1, ?8
Spr?006 ?8 +0 ?0 8 5 / ??!ll ?006 ?1 +5 ?, 6 5 10 ?0
Spr?00 1 +? ? / 6 / ?,
!ll ?00 ?0 +6 ?5 8 5 ?0
Spr ?008 1, +? ?/ 11 , 8 ?+
!ll ?008 1 +6 ? 10 , 6 ?0
Spr ?00/ 1+ ++ ? 1? 6 / ?!ll ?00/ 1/ +8 ?6 / + 6 18
Spr ?010 16 +1 ?+ 1? 6 1+ +1
1001 a'erage 1 2 2 10 3 10 23
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6 lec#%res
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%4.*T"5 16
.n ntro7&ction to Lie On "art!
Yo& are !ere8
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+eining Lie
2 7ic#ion!ry &efini#ion of life is: @ #he <%!li#y #h!# &is#in%ishes ! i#!l !n&
f%nc#ionin "ein from ! &e!& "o&y
Co%n r!nkens#ein Mel Brooks 1/,
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+eining Lie
2 7ic#ion!ry &efini#ion of life is:
@ #he <%!li#y #h!# &is#in%ishes ! i#!l !n&
f%nc#ionin "ein from ! &e!& "o&y
2 Liin #hins !ppe!r #o "e more #h!n #he s%m
of #heir p!r#s life is &iffic%l# #o &efine &%e #o
o%r l!ck of f%ll %n&ers#!n&in of i#s complei#y
2 er#!in ch!r!c#eris#ics &efine h!# is
#echnic!lly !lie
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%!aracteristics 7eining LF"
1. S#r%c#%re is comple
?. Ac<%ire m!#eri!ls D enery from #he
enironmen#+. M!in#!in in#ern!l con&i#ions Ehomeos#!sisF
,. 3ro#h
5. Respon& #o s#im%li
6. Repro&%ce
. !p!ci#y #o eole
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Li'ing T!ings .re Bot! %o#)lex an7
Organi9e7
2 S!l#: 'r!niGe& "%# simple Enon-liinF
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Li'ing T!ings .re Bot! %o#)lex an7
Organi9e7
2 'ce!ns: omple "%# %nor!niGe& Enon-
liinF
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Li'ing T!ings .re Bot! Organi9e7
an7 %o#)lex
2 *!#er fle!: omple !n& or!niGe& EliinF
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2 !ch leel of complei#y or s#r%c#%re is"!se& on #he one "elo i#
2 Leels of "ioloic!l or!niG!#ion in or&er
of le!s# #o mos# comple ill%s#r!#e& in i.1-1
Li'ing T!ings .re Bot! Organi9e7
an7 %o#)lex
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Least complex
Most complexBiosphere
cosys#em
omm%ni#y
M%l#icell%l!r
'r!nism
'r!n
Sys#em
'r!n
Tiss%e
ell
'r!nelle
Molec%le
S%"!#omic
P!r#icle
A#om
Th!# p!r# of !r#h inh!"i#e&
"y liin or!nismsH incl%&es "o#h
#he liin !n& nonliin componen#s
A s#r%c#%re %s%!lly
compose& of seer!l #iss%e
#ypes #h!# form ! f%nc#ion!l %ni#
A comm%ni#y #oe#her i#h i#s
nonliin s%rro%n&ins
To or more pop%l!#ions of &ifferen#
species liin !n& in#er!c#in in #he
s!me !re!
An in&ii&%!l liin #hin compose&
of m!ny cells
To or more or!ns orkin
#oe#her in #he eec%#ion of
! specific "o&ily f%nc#ion
A ro%p of simil!r cells #h!# perform
! specific f%nc#ion
The sm!lles# %ni# of life
A s#r%c#%re i#hin ! cell #h!# performs
! specific f%nc#ion
A com"in!#ion of !#oms
The sm!lles# p!r#icle of !n elemen#
#h!# re#!ins #he proper#ies of
#h!# elemen#
P!r#icles #h!# m!ke %p !n !#om
c!r"on ni#roen oyenhy&roen
pro#on ne%#ron elec#ron
7IAl%cose!#er
mi#ochon&rion n%cle%schloropl!s#
nere cell
nero%s #iss%e
#he "r!in
#he nero%s sys#em
!r#hJs s%rf!ce
sn!ke !n#elope h!k "%shes r!ss rocks s#re!m
sn!ke !n#elope h!k "%shes r!ss
her& of pronhorn !n#elope
pronhorn !n#elope
Pop%l!#ionMem"ers of one species inh!"i#in
#he s!me !re!
SpeciesKery simil!r po#en#i!lly in#er"ree&in
or!nisms
L":"LS
OFB-O
LO
G-%.L
O5G
.N-;.T-O
N
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OH H
CH2OH
SubatomicSubatomicElectronElectronNeutronNeutronProtonProton
NitrogenNitrogenCarbonCarbonHydrogenHydrogen OxygenOxygen
DNADNAGlucoseGlucoseWaterWater
NucleusNucleusChloroplastChloroplastitochondrionitochondrion
Ner!e CellNer!e Cell
AtomicAtomic
olecularolecular
OrganelleOrganelle
CellularCellular
Least complex
Most complex
L":"LS
OFB-O
LO
G-%.L
O5G
.N-;.T-O
N
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#issue#issue Ner!ousNer!ous
#issue#issue
$rain$rain
Ner!ousNer!ousSystemSystem
PronghornPronghornAntelopeAntelope
OrganOrgan
Organ SystemOrgan System
OrganismOrganism
Least complex
Most complex
L":"LS
OFB-O
LO
G-%.L
O5G
.N-;.T-O
N
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PopulationPopulationHerd o% PronghornsHerd o% Pronghorns
Ha&'Ha&'
WaterWater
EarthEarth(s(ssur%acesur%ace
CommunityCommunity
EcosystemEcosystem
$iosphere$iosphere
PronghornsPronghorns
Ha&'Ha&' GrassGrassPronghornsPronghorns
Sna'eSna'e$ushes$ushes
SoilSoilAirAir
Sna'eSna'e
Least complex
Most complex
L":"LS
OFB-O
LO
G-%.L
O5G
.N-;.T-O
N
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T!e %"LL6 S#allest &nit o LF"
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Li'ing T!ings 5es)on7 to Sti#&li
2 'r!nisms sense !n& respon& #o in#ern!l
!n& e#ern!l enironmen#!l s#im%li
@ Sensory or!ns &e#ec# !n& respon& #o
e#ern!l s#im%li
2 Lih#
2 So%n&
2 hemic!ls @ Pl!n#s !n& "!c#eri! respon& #o s#im%li !s ell
2 Lih#
2 A##r!c#ion #o!r&s n%#rien#s
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Li'ing T!ings Maintain nternal
%on7itions
2 Homeostasis: m!in#en!nce of rel!#iely cons#!n#
in#ern!l con&i#ions e!mples:
@ "o&y #emper!#%re Eonly some or!nisms con#rol #hisF
@ s!l# concen#r!#ion in "loo& @ Amo%n# of in#ern!l !#er
2 A%#om!#ic mech!nisms m!in#!in homeos#!sis
@ Se!#in in ho# e!#her or &%rin eercise
@ Me#!"oliGin more foo&
@ B!skin in #he s%n #o r!ise "o&y #emp.
2 'r!nisms ro !n& ch!ne hile m!in#!inin
homeos#!sis
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Li'ing T!ings .c<&ire an7 (se
Materials an7 "nergy
2 M!#eri!ls D nery !re re<%ire& #o m!in#!in
or!niG!#ion ro !n& repro&%ce
2 =mpor#!n# m!#eri!ls En&trientsF !c<%ire& from !ir
!#er soil or o#her liin #hins2 Metabolis# is #he s%m #o#!l of !ll #he chemic!l
re!c#ions nee&e& #o s%s#!in life
2 'r!nisms o"#!in enery in #o !ys
@ A%#o#rophs Em!ke on foo&F
@ (e#ero#rophs Ee!# o#hersF
2 All enery #h!# s%s#!ins life comes &irec#ly
or in&irec#ly from #he s%n
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Li'ing T!ings .c<&ire an7 (se
Materials an7 "nergy
i. 1-10
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Li'ing T!ings Gro=
2 ery or!nism "ecomes l!rer oer #ime
@ 'r!nisms ro "y pro&%cin more cells #o
incre!se #heir m!ss
@ B!c#eri! ro "y enl!rin #heir cells !n&
&ii&e #o m!ke more in&ii&%!ls
2 3ro#h inoles #he conersion of
!c<%ire& m!#eri!ls #o molec%les of #he
or!nisms "o&y
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Li'ing T!ings 5e)ro7&ce T!e#sel'es
2 'r!nisms ie rise #o offsprin of #he
s!me #ype Ere)ro7&ctionF
2 The p!ren#s ene#ic m!#eri!l
+eoxyribon&cleic aci7 >+N.?, is p!sse&
on #o #he offsprin cre!#in continuity of
life
2 Diversity of life occ%rs "ec!%se offsprin
m!y "e slih#ly &ifferen# ene#ic!lly from
#heir p!ren#s
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+N. is t!e Molec&le o 4ere7ity
2 7eoyri"on%cleic !ci& E7IAF con#!ins
semen#s c!lle& genes hich &irec# #he
pro&%c#ion of )roteins
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+N. is t!e Molec&le o 4ere7ity
2 An or!nisms 7IA is #he molec%l!r
ins#r%c#ion m!n%!l for oper!#in i#s "o&y
2 A copy of #he p!ren#s 7IA is m!&e !n&p!sse& #o i#s offsprin in ! hihly !cc%r!#e
copyin process
2 'cc!sion!l errors in copyin E#&tationFpro&%ce !ri!#ion
2 M%#!#ion !n& #herefore !ri!#ion is
essen#i!l for liin #hins #o eole
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Li'ing T!ings .s a /!ole 4a'e t!e
%a)acity to "'ol'e
2 The ene#ic composi#ion of ! hole species
ch!nes oer m!ny ener!#ions
2 M%#!#ions !n& !ri!"le offsprin !llo ! species
#o e'ol'e2 ol%#ion s#!#es #h!# mo&ern or!nisms
&escen&e& i#h mo&ific!#ion from pre-eis#in life-
forms
2 Nat&ral selection is ! process here or!nisms
i#h cer#!in !&!p#!#ions s%rie !n& repro&%ce
more s%ccessf%lly #h!n o#hers
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%ategori9ing Lie
2 'r!nisms c!n "e ro%pe& in#o +
7om!ins
@ Bacteria Esinle simple cellsF @ .rc!aea Esinle simple cellsH e#remesF
@ "&arya Eone or more hihly comple
cellsF
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%ategori9ing Lie
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%ategori9ing Lie
T!e 7o#ain Bacteria
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cell !ll
pl!sm!
mem"r!ne
ene#ic m!#eri!l
E7IAF
A color-enh!nce& elec#ron micror!ph of ! &ii&in"!c#eri%m. B!c#eri! !re %nicell%l!r !n& prok!ryo#icHmos# !re s%rro%n&e& "y ! #hick cell !ll. Some "!c#eri!pho#osyn#hesiGe "%# mos# !"sor" foo& from #heir
s%rro%n&ins.
1 microme#er
T!e 7o#ain Bacteria
T!e 7o#ain Bacteria
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T!e 7o#ain Bacteria
T!e 7o#ain .rc!aea
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A color-enh!nce& elec#ron micror!ph of !n !rch!e!n. Thecell !ll !ppe!rs re& !n& 7IA is sc!##ere& insi&e. M!ny!rch!e!ns c!n s%rie extre#e con7itions. This An#!rc#ic
species lies !# #emper!#%res !s lo !s @?.5.
T!e 7o#ain .rc!aea
-These or!nisms c!nno#
"e &is#in%ishe& from #he
B!c#eri! is%!lly.
-Biochemic!lly #hey !re
ery &ifferen#
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%ategori9ing Lie
2 7om!in %k!ry! con#!ins fo%r
Nin&oms
-The Pro#is#s- %ni
- Pl!n#!e
- Anim!li!
. )rotist >7o#ain "&arya?
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This lih# micror!ph of ! Paramecium ill%s#r!#es #hecomplei#y of #hese l!re norm!lly sinle e%k!ryo#iccells. Some pro#is#s pho#osyn#hesiGe "%# o#hers ines#or !"sor" #heir foo&. M!ny incl%&in Paramecium !re
mo"ile moin i#h cili! or fl!ell!.
10 microme#ers
or!l rooe
Emo%#hF
con#r!c#ile
!c%ole
foo&
!c%oles
. )rotist >7o#ain "&arya?
. )rotist >7o#ain "&arya?
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. )rotist >7o#ain "&arya?
Ano#her pro#is# @ !n !moe"!
T!e ing7o# F&ngi >7o#ain "&arya?
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g g > y ?
An eo#ic m%shroom fo%n& in Per%. Mos# f%ni !rem%l#icell%l!r. %ni ener!lly !"sor" #heir foo& hich is%s%!lly #he &e!& "o&ies or !s#es of pl!n#s !n& !nim!ls. Thefoo& is &ies#e& "y enGymes secre#e& o%#si&e #he f%n!l
"o&y. Mos# f%ni c!nno# moe.
T!e ing7o# F&ngi >7o#ain "&arya?
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g g > y ?
T!e ing7o# *lantae >7o#ain "&arya?
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This "%##erfly ee& represen#s #he floerin pl!n#s #he&omin!n# mem"ers of #he kin&om Pl!n#!e. loerinpl!n#s oe m%ch of #heir s%ccess #o m%#%!lly "enefici!lrel!#ionships i#h !nim!ls s%ch !s #hese pe!rl crescen#"%##erflies in hich #he floer proi&es foo& !n& #heinsec# c!rries pollen from floer #o floer fer#iliGin#hem. Pl!n#s !re m%l#icell%l!r nonmo#ile e%k!ryo#es #h!#
!c<%ire n%#rien#s "y pho#osyn#hesis.
T!e ing7o# .ni#alia >7o#ain "&arya?
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g > y ?
A r!sse res#s on ! sof# cor!l. Anim!ls !re m%l#icell%l!rH!nim!l "o&ies consis# of ! i&e !ssor#men# of #iss%es !n&or!ns compose& of speci!liGe& cell #ypes. Mos# !nim!ls c!nmoe !n& respon& r!pi&ly #o s#im%li. The cor!l is ! mem"erof #he l!res# ro%p of !nim!ls: #he iner#e"r!#es hich l!ck! "!ck"one. This ro%p !lso incl%&es insec#s !n& moll%sks.
The r!sse is ! er#e"r!#eH like h%m!ns i# h!s ! "!ck"one.
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%ategori9ing Lie
2 There !re + ch!r!c#eris#ics !re
p!r#ic%l!rly %sef%l #o c!#eoriGe life
1. ell #ype
?. The n%m"er of cells in e!ch or!nism
+. (o i# !c<%ires enery
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*roaryotic an7 "&aryotic %ells
Ty)es in t!e +o#ains
2 ell #ypes n!me& !f#er O)- of ! n%cle%s @ The n&cle&s is ! mem"r!ne-enclose& s!c
Eor!nelleF con#!inin #he cells ene#ic m!#eri!l
2 To cell #ypes seen !mon !ll liin #hins @ *roaryotic E"efore n%cle%s in 3reekF
2 Lacking ! n%cle%s or o#her or!nelles
2 This cell #ype fo%n& in 7om!ins B!c#eri! !n& Arch!e!
@ "&aryotic E#r%e n%cle%s in 3reekF
2 on#!in n%cle%s !n& ! !rie#y of o#her or!nelles
2 This cell #ype fo%n& only !mon mem"ers of 7om!in
%k!ry!
( i ll l it 7 M lti ll l it i B t i
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(nicell&larity an7 M<icell&larity in Bacteria,
.rc!aea, an7 t!e @ing7o#s o "&arya
2 (nicell&lar Esinle-celle&F or!nisms fo%n& in:
@ B!c#eri!
@ Arch!e!
@ The pro#is#s in %k!ry!
2 M<icell&lar Em!ny-celle&F or!nisms fo%n& in
%k!ry!
@ Nin&om %ni @ Nin&om Pl!n#!e
@ Nin&om Anim!li!
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/ays Organis#s .c<&ire "nergy
2 .&totro)!s Eself-fee&ersF
@ Pho#osyn#he#ic or!nisms #h!# c!p#%re
s%nlih# !n& s#ore i# in s%!r !n& f!#s
@ =ncl%&es pl!n#s some "!c#eri! !n& somepro#is#s
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/ays Organis#s .c<&ire "nergy
2 4eterotro)!s Ee!# o#hersF
@ 'r!nisms #h!# !c<%ire enery #hro%h
ines#in molec%les in #he "o&ies of o#her
or!nisms @ =ncl%&es m!ny !rch!e!ns "!c#eri! pro#is#s
f%ni !n& !nim!ls
@ SiGe of foo& e!#en !ries
Scientiic *rinci)les (n7erlie .ll
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Scientiic *rinci)les (n7erlie .ll
Scientiic n<&iry
2 Bioloy is ! scien#ific &iscipline
2 All scien#ific in<%iry is "!se& on ! sm!ll se#
of !ss%mp#ions or principles @ I!#%r!l c!%s!li#y Ec!%se !n& effec#F
@ >niformi#y in sp!ce !n& #ime
@ ommon percep#ion
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*rinci)le 6 Nat&ral %a&sality
2 (is#oric!l !ppro!ches #o s#%&yin life
1. Belief #h!# some een#s h!ppen #hro%h
s%pern!#%r!l forces Ei.e. 3reek o&sF
?. Belief #h!# !ll een#s c!n "e #r!ce& #o n!#%r!lc!%ses
2 i&ence !#here& from n!#%re h!s no# "een
&eli"er!#ely &is#or#e& #o fool %s
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*rinci)le 6 Nat&ral La=s .))ly "'ery=!ere
2 I!#%r!l l!s !re %niform in sp!ce !n& #ime
2 This principle is key #o #he %n&ers#!n&in of
"ioloic!l een#s Ee.. eol%#ionF #h!#
occ%rre& "efore h%m!ns recor&e& #hem
2 re!#ionism is con#r!ry #o #he principle of
%niformi#y-in-#ime !n& n!#%r!l c!%s!li#y
@ re!#ionis#s hol& #h!# &ifferen# species ere
cre!#e& one !# ! #ime "y #he &irec# in#eren#ion
of ! s%pern!#%r!l "ein con#r!ry #o een#s e
see h!ppenin #o&!y
* i i l S i . Si il
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*rinci)le 6 Science .ss&#es Si#ilar
*erce)tions .#ong .ll 4&#ans
2 All h%m!n "eins perceie n!#%r!l een#sin f%n&!men#!lly #he s!me !y
2 ommon percep#ion !llos %s #o !ccep#
o"ser!#ions of o#her h%m!ns !s reli!"le2 ommon percep#ion is %s%!lly no# fo%n&
in !ppreci!#ion of !r# poe#ry !n& m%sic
nor "e#een c%l#%res or reliio%s "eliefs @ K!l%e sys#ems !re s%"ec#ie
@ Science re<%ires o"ec#iely !#here& &!#!
T!e Scientiic Met!o7 s t!e Basis or
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T!e Scientiic Met!o7 s t!e Basis or
Scientiic n<&iry
1.Obser'ation of ! specific phenomenon
?.The o"ser!#ion in #%rn le!&s #o ! <&estion
3.The question leads to formulation of a
hypothesis, that is oered as a possibleanswer to the question
4. The hypothesis leads to a prediction,typically expressed in “if…then…” lanuae
!. The prediction is tested by carefully controlledmanipulations called experiments
". The experiments produce results that either
support or refute the hypothesis, allowin the
de#elopment of a conclusion
T!e Scientiic Met!o7 s t!e Basis or
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T!e Scientiic Met!o7 s t!e Basis or
Scientiic n<&iry
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#)ortant "x)eri#ental %onsi7erations
in t!e Scientiic Met!o7
2 Scien#ific eperimen#!#ion #es#s #he
!sser#ion #h!# ! single variable c!%ses !
p!r#ic%l!r o"ser!#ion
2 The eperimen# m%s# r%le o%# #he
infl%ence of o#her possi"le !ri!"les
2 on#rols !re incorpor!#e& in#o eperimen#s2 on#rols keep %n#es#e& !ri!"les cons#!n#
Francesco 5e7iAs ex)eri#ent
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)
6 s#eps
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Li#itations o t!e Scientiic Met!o7
2 !n neer "e s%re all %n#es#e& !ri!"les !re
con#rolle&
2 oncl%sions "!se& on #he eperimen#!l &!#!
m%s# rem!in #en#!#ie
2 Res%l#s of eperimen#!#ion m%s# "e
comm%nic!#e& #horo%hly !n& !cc%r!#ely #o o#her
scien#is#s for repe#i#ion
2 Repe#i#ion "y o#her scien#is#s !&& erific!#ion #h!#
fin&ins c!n "e %se& !s #he "!sis for f%r#her
s#%&ies
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Science is a 4&#an "n7ea'or
2 (%m!n person!li#y #r!i#s !re p!r# of re!l
science
2 Scien#is#s like o#her people m!y "e &rien"y pri&e !m"i#ion or fe!r
2 Scien#is#s some#imes m!ke mis#!kes
2 Acci&en#s l%cky %esses in#ellec#%!l
poers !n& con#roersies i#h o#hers
con#ri"%#e s#ronly #o scien#ific !&!nces
Fle#ingAs +isco'ery o *enicillin 4ig!lig!ts Real
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Fle#ing s +isco'ery o *enicillin 4ig!lig!ts Real
Science in t!e 120s
Scientiic T!eories 4a'e Been
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Scientiic T!eories 4a'e Been
T!oro&g!ly Teste7
2 A scien#ific theory &iffers in &efini#ion from #h!# of
eery&!y %s!e
@ M!ny people %se #he or& theory #o me!n hypothesis
!n& e&%c!#e& %ess
2 A scien#ific #heory is ! ener!l epl!n!#ion for
impor#!n# n!#%r!l phenomen!
@ =# is e#ensiely !n& repro&%ci"ly #es#e&
@ =# is more like ! principle or n!#%r!l l! Ee.. #he !#omicr!i#!#ion!l !n& cell #heoriesF
@ =f compellin ei&ence !rises ! #heory m!y "e mo&ifie&
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Ty)es o 5easoning (se7 in Science
2 n7&cti'e reasoning @ A ener!liG!#ion is cre!#e& from m!ny o"ser!#ions
@ or e!mple #he cell #heory E#h!# !ll liin #hins
!re m!&e of one or more cellsF !rises from m!nyo"ser!#ions #h!# !ll in&ic!#e ! cell%l!r "!sis for life
2 +e7&cti'e reasoning
@ The process of ener!#in hypo#heses "!se& on !ell-s%ppor#e& ener!liG!#ion Es%ch !s ! #heoryF
@ or e!mple "!se& on #he cell #heory !ny nely
&iscoere& or!nism o%l& "e epec#e& #o "e
compose& of cells
T! N t l * ( 7 li
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T!ree Nat&ral *rocesses (n7erlie
"'ol&tion
2 h!rles 7!rin !n& Alfre& *!ll!ce form%l!#e&
#he "!sis of o%r mo&ern %n&ers#!n&in of
eol%#ion
2 ol%#ion !rises !s ! conse<%ence of #hreen!#%r!l processes
1C Genetic 'ariation !mon mem"ers of ! pop%l!#ion
2C n!eritance of #hose !ri!#ions "y offsprin of p!ren#s
c!rryin #he !ri!#ionC Nat&ral selection of in&ii&%!ls hose s%ri!l !n&
enh!nce& repro&%c#ion !re &%e #o #he f!or!"le
!ri!#ions #hey c!rry
M&c! o t!e :ariability .#ong
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M&c! o t!e :ariability .#ong
Organis#s is n!erite7
2 3ene#ic !ri!#ion !rises from semen#s of
7IA EenesF
2 h!nes in enes Em%#!#ionF !l#er #he
inform!#ion!l con#en#
2 M%#!#ions !rise from ! n%m"er of so%rces
@ >K r!&i!#ion or copyin mis#!kes in 7IA
M&c! o t!e :ariability .#ong
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M&c! o t!e :ariability .#ong
Organis#s is n!erite7
2 ffec#s of m%#!#ion @ Io effec# Eh!rmlessF
@ A &ecre!se in or!nisms !"ili#y #o f%nc#ion
@ 7e!#h of #he or!nism @ An incre!se in !n or!nisms !"ili#y #o s%rie
!n& repro&%ce Er!reF
2 M%#!#ions occ%rrin oer millions of ye!rs!n& p!sse& #hro%h m!ny ener!#ionsc!%se mem"ers of ! species #o "e slih#ly&ifferen#
Nat&ral Selection *reser'es Genes t!at
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Nat&ral Selection *reser'es Genes t!at
"n!ance S&r'i'al an7 5e)ro7&ction
2 'r!nisms #h!# "es# mee# enironmen#!l
ch!llenes le!e #he mos# offsprin
2 I!#%r!l selec#ion preseres enes #h!#
help or!nisms flo%rish
2 Adaptations !re s#r%c#%res physioloic!l
process or "eh!iors #h!# !i& in s%ri!l
!n& repro&%c#ion
2 A&!p#!#ions #h!# !re oo& for one
enironmen# m!y "e poor in !no#her
Bio7i'ersity .rises ro# +ierent
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Bio7i'ersity .rises ro# +ierent
"n'iron#ental %!allenges
2 Species #h!# c!nno# !&!p# #o
enironmen#!l ch!ne o e#inc# Ei.e.
&inos!%rsF
Bio7i'ersity .rises ro# +ierent
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Bio7i'ersity .rises ro# +ierent
"n'iron#ental %!allenges
2 The m!ny &ifferen# h!"i#!#s
Eenironmen#sF in !n !re! co%ple& i#h
eol%#ion!ry !&!p#ie processes pro&%ce
species !rie#y or biodiversity 2 (%m!ns !re responsi"le for !cceler!#in
#he r!#e of enironmen#!l ch!ne E!n&
#herefore #he r!#e of e#inc#ion of speciesF