7/25/2019 Binalbagan Hydroelectric Powerplant.pdf http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/binalbagan-hydroelectric-powerplantpdf 1/41 Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila Intramuros, Manila College of Engineering and Technology Electrical Engineering Department Binalbagan Hydroelectric Power Plant Submitted by: Alberto, Randy R. Bago, Christopher B. Cabato, Bruce Jason Pelagio, Raymond Glenn Submitted to: Engr. Roel B. Calano March 07 2015
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Introduction 4Background of the Study 5Significance of the Study 6Statement of the Problem 7
Chapter IIReview of Related Literatures 9
Chapter IIIMethodology
Powerplant Design 17Powerplant Operation 19
Chapter IVData and Results
Components of the Project 21Theoretical Power Generation 23Generator Rating 24Transformer Rating 25Electrical Substation 25Layout of Substation 27Characteristics of Substation 27Circuit Breakers 28Power Transformer 29Environmental Aspects 30Powerplant Economics 32Return of Investment 35Visayas Grid Approximate Model
The country is already one of the world’s leaders in renewable energy, with a
third of its primary energy source coming from renewable. The commission on climate
change aims to shift the country’s current fuel system to 100 % renewable energy
capacity in a decade.
Hydro plants are classified based on their capacities as follows: micro-hydro 1-
100 kW, mini-hydro 101 kW to 10 MW and large hydro more than 10 MW. The total
untapped hydropower resource potential of the country is estimated at 13,097 MW, of
which 85 % are considered large and small hydros (11,223 MW), 14% (1,847 MW) are
classified as mini-hydros while less than 1 % (27 MW) are considered as micro-hydros.
Significanceof the Study
Hydropower is fuelled by water, so it’s a clean fuel source. Hydropower doesn’t
pollute the air like power plants that burn fossil fuel, such as coal or natural gas. It uses
water sources as prime movers which do not emit harmful substances that can damage
our environment.
Hydropower is a domestic source of energy, produced in United States. This type
of power plant relies on water cycle driven by the sun, thus it’s a renewable power
source. Water being used in the process of generating electricity is maintained for the
purpose of recycling water for continuous operation of the hydropower plant.
Hydropower is generally available as needed; engineers can control the flow of
water through the turbines to produce electricity on demand. They can limit theoperation of the power plant to the demand required by the grid. Engineers have the
control over the operation proportional to the flexibility of the demand. These plants
provide benefits in addition to clean electricity.
Impoundment hydropower creates reservoirs that offer a variety of recreational
opportunities, notably fishing, swimming, and boating. Most hydropower installations
are required to provide some public access to the reservoir to allow the public to take
advantage of these opportunities. Usually they provide additional tourist attractionswithin the reservoir just like eco-parks and other wildlife sanctuaries.
Reservoir at most is used mainly as water storage for power generation and
water supply within the nearby community. In this case, they maximize the capability of
the dams which in return gives more benefits to mankind. Other benefits may include
flooding control.
Statement of the Problem
Although hydroelectric power plant has its advantages over all other power
plants, it also has its following disadvantages. Hydropower can impact water quality and
flow. Hydropower plants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a problem
that is harmful to riverbank habitats and is addressed using various techniques which
oxygenate the water.
Maintaining minimum flows of water downstream of a hydropower installation is
also critical for survival of riverbank habitats. Usually, insufficient water is flowing down
the river affecting the livelihood near the river banks. It can greatly affect the people
living downstream where the hydropower plant is located.
Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream past
impoundment dams to spawning fish passage grounds or if they cannot migrate
downstream to the ocean. Compensation techniques can be used to aid this problems
like upstream fish passage using fish ladders or elevators. On the other hand,
downstream fish passage can be aided by diverting fish from turbine intakes using
screens or racks or even underwater lights and sounds, and by maintaining a minimum
The U.S. Geological Survey explains that the source of hydropower is mechanical
energy. Today, most hydropower comes from a dam that is constructed to create a
reservoir of water, and water turbines are built within the dam below the water’s
surface. The turbines are driven by the force of the water flowing through them, which,
from the subsequent spinning of electromagnets. The rotation of the electromagnets
generates a current in stationary wire coils, which runs through transformer (U.S.
Geological Survey, 2006)
The water that fuels the power of hydroelectric plants is subject to the natural
process of the water cycle. Put simply by the U.S. Department of Energy. “The sun
draws moisture up from the oceans and rivers, and the moisture then condenses into
clouds in the atmosphere. The moisture falls as rain or snow, replenishing the oceans
and rivers. Gravity drives the water, moving it from high ground to low ground”
(Department of Energy, 2008).
The ability of the hydroelectric plant to generate power is determined by the
mechanical energy of the water, the flow of the river, and the efficiency of the dam,
which can be simplified by the following equation: Power = (Height of Dam) x (River
Flow) x (Efficiency). River flow vary and dam heights vary widely, but dam efficiencies
tend to range from 60% to 90%, depending on how well hydroelectric facilities are
maintained.
A plant’s hydroelectric energy from dam can be calculated by multiplying itsoutput in units power, by units of time: Power x Time = energy. To figure out how
many consumers’ energy needs can be served, one may simple divide the energy
output from the plant by the average energy consumption of the hydroelectric plant’s
customer: (Plant Energy Output) / (Energy consumption per Consumer)(Wisconsin
Valley Improvement Company, 2006)
Any kind of renewable, ecological friendly produced electricity is an essential
contribution to the protection of our environment and nature for forthcoming
generations and it will stabilize or lower electricity prices (Hydrotec Renewables, Mueller
Hannes, 2014).
The major benefit of the hydro power is the average annual contribution of
hundreds of megawatt-hours of clean electricity to the Philippine grid, reduction of
brownouts, avoiding thousands of tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions and a significantreduction of the import and dependence of crude oil and the operation of environment
polluting carbon and diesel plants (Mueller, 2014).
Worldwide, hydropower plants produce about 24 percent of the world's electricity
and supply more than 1 billion people with power. The world's hydropower plants
output a combined total of 675,000 megawatts, the energy equivalent of 3.6 billion
barrels of oil. There are more than 2,000 hydropower plants operating in the United
States, making hydropower the country's largest renewable energy source (National
Renewable Energy Laboratory).
The great variety in the size of hydropower plants gives the technology the
ability to meet both large centralized urban energy needs as well as decentralized rural
needs. Though the primary role of hydropower in the global energy supply today is in
providing electricity generation as part of centralized energy networks, hydropower
plants also operate in isolation and supply independent systems, often in rural andremote areas of the world. Hydro energy can also be used to meet mechanical energy
needs, or to provide space heating and cooling. More recently hydroelectricity has also
been investigated for use in the electrolysis process for hydrogen fuel production,
provided there is abundance of hydropower in a region and a local goal to use
the Mediterranean, a 15 to 30% increase in northern and Eastern Europe, and a stable
hydropower pattern for western and central Europe (Lehner et al., 2005).
In New Zealand increased westerly wind speed is very likely to enhance wind
generation and spill over precipitation into major South Island watersheds, and to
increase winter rain in the Waikato catchment. Warming is virtually certain to increase
melting snow, the ratio of rainfall to snowfall, and to increase river flows in winter and
early spring. This is very likely to increase hydroelectric generation during the winter
peak demand period, and to reduce demand for storage.
In Latin America, hydropower is the main electrical energy source for mostcountries, and the region vulnerable to large-scale and persistent rainfall anomalies due
to El Nino and La Nina, as observed in Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Uruguay
and Venezuela. A combination of increased energy demand and droughts caused a
virtual breakdown of hydroelectricity in most of Brazil in 2001 and contributed to a
reduction in gross domestic product (GDP). Glacier retreat is also affecting hydropower
generation, as observed in the cities of La Paz and Lima.
In North America, hydropower production is known to be sensitive to total
runoff, to its timing, and to reservoir levels. During the 1990s, for example, Great Lakes
levels fell as a result of a lengthy drought, and in 1999, hydropower production was
down significantly both at Niagara and Sault St. Marie. For a 2 to 3 ‘C warming in the
Columbia River Basin and BC Hydro service areas, the hydroelectric supply under worst-
case water conditions for winter peak demand is likely to increase (high confidence).
Similarly, Colorado River hydropower yields are likely to decrease significantly, as Great
Lakes hydropower. Northern Quebec hydropower production would be likely to be
affected by lower water levels. Consequences of changes in the seasonal distribution of
flows and in timing of ice formation are uncertain.
In a recent study (Hamadudu and Killingtveilt, 2010), the regional and global
changes in hydropower generation for the existing hydropower system were computed,
based on a global assessment of changes in river flow by 2050 (Milly et al., 2005, 2008)
for the SRES A1B scenario using 12 different climate models. The computation wasdone at the country or political region (USA, Canada, Brazil, India, Australia) level and
summed up to regional and global values.
In general, the results are consistent with the (mostly qualitative) results given in
previous studies (IPCC, 2007b; Bates et al., 2008). For Europe, the computed reduction
(-0.2%) has the same sign, but is less than the -6% found by Lehner et al. (2005) give
changes by 2070, so a direct comparison is difficult.
It can be concluded that the overall impacts of climate change on the existing
global hydropower generation may be expected to be small, or even slightly positive.
However, results also indicated substantial variations in changes in energy production
across regions and even within countries (Hamadudu and Killingveit, 2010).
Insofar as a future expansion of the hydropower system will occur incrementally
in the same general areas/watersheds as the existing system, these results indicate that
climate change impacts globally and averaged across regions may also be small andslightly positive.
Still, uncertainly about future impacts as well as increasing difficulty of future
systems operations may pose a challenge that must be addressed in the planning and
development of future HPP (Hamadudu et al., 2010)
Hydropower infrastructure development is closely linked to national, regional and
global development policies. Beyond its role in contributing to a secure energy supplysecurity and reducing a country’s dependence on fossil fuels, hydropower offers
opportunities for poverty alleviation and sustainable development. Hydropower also can
contribute to regional cooperation, as good practice in managing water resources
requires a river basin approach regardless of national borders. In addition, multipurpose
In addition to providing energy and capacity to meet electrical demand,
hydropower generation often has several characteristics that enable it to provide other
services to reliably operate power systems. Because hydropower plants utilize gravity
instead of combustion to generate electricity, hydropower plants are often lesssusceptible to the sudden loss of generation than is thermal generation. Hydropower
plants also offer operating flexibility in that they can start generating electricity with
very short notice and low start-up costs, provide rapid changes in generation, and have
a wide range of generation levels over which power can be generated efficiently (i.e.
high part-load efficiency)(Haldane and Blackstone, 1955; Altinbilek et al., 2007).
The ability to rapidly change output in response to system needs without
suffering large decreases in efficiency makes hydropower plants well suited to providing
the balancing services called regulation and load-following. RoR HPPa operated in
cascades in unison with storage hydropower in upstream reaches may similarly
contribute to the overall regulating and balancing ability of a fleet of HPPs. With the
right equipment and operating procedures, hydropower can also provide the ability to
restore a power station to operation without relying on the electric power transmission
network (i.e. black start capability)(Knight, 2001).
The International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) recently decided to focus
on better planning of existing and new (planned) hydropower dams. It is believed that
the annual worldwide investment in dams will be about $30 billion during the next
decade, and the cost can be reduced by 10 to 20% by more cost-effective solutions.
ICOLD also wants to promote multipurpose dams and better planning tools for
multipurpose water projects (Berga, 2008).
Once built and put in operation, hydropower plants usually require very little
maintenance and operation costs can be kept low, since hydropower plants do not
have recurring fuel costs Operating and maintenance costs are usually given as a
percentage of investment cost per kW. The EREC/Greenpeace study (Teske et al,.
2010) and Krewitt et al,. (2009).
For hydropower, and in particular large hydropower, the largest cost
components are civil structures with very long lifetimes, like dams, tunnels, canals,
powerhouses etc. Electrical and mechanical equipment, with much shorter lifetimes,
usually contribute less to the cost. It is therefore common to use a longer lifetime for
hydropower than for other electricity generation sources (Krewitt et al. 2009)
Hydropower stations can be installed along with multiple purposes such as
irrigation, flood control, navigation, provision of road, drinking water supply, fish supply
and recreation. Many of the purposes cannot be served alone as they have consumptive
use of water and may have different priority of use. There are different methods of
allocating the cost to individual purposes, each of which has advantages and
drawbacks. The basic rules for allocation are that the allocated cost to any purpose will
carry its separable cost. Separable cost for any purposes is obtained by subtracting the
cost of a multipurpose project without that purpose from the total cost of the project
with the purpose included (Dzurik, 2003).
Historically, reservoirs were mostly funded and owned by the public sector,thus project profitability was not the highest consideration or priority in the decision.
Today, the liberalization of the electricity market has set new economic standards for
the funding and management of dam-based projects. The investment decision is based
on an evaluation of viability and profitability over the full life cycle of the project. The
merging economic elements (energy and water selling prices) with social benefits (flood
protection, supplying water to farmers in case of lack of water) and the value of the
environment (to preserve a minimum environmental flow) are becoming tools forconsideration of cost sharing for multipurpose reservoirs (Skoulikaris, 2008)
These have the advantage of being space saving due to the fact that isolators
can be accommodated in the same area of clearance that has to be allowed between
the retractable circuit breaker and the live fixed contacts. Another advantage is that
there is the ease and safety of maintenance. Additionally such a mounting is economical
since at least two insulators per phase are still needed to support the fixed circuit
breaker plug contacts.
Suspended Circuit Breakers
At higher voltages tension insulators are cheaper than post or pedestal
insulators. With this type of mounting the live tank circuit breaker is suspended bytension insulators from overhead structures, and held in a stable position by similar
insulators tensioned to the ground. There is the claimed advantage of reduced costs
and simplified foundations, and the structures used to suspend the circuit breakers may
be used for other purposes.
Power Transformers
EHV power transformers are usually oil immersed with all three phases in onetank. Auto transformers can offer advantage of smaller physical size and reducedlosses.The different classes of power transformers are:
Power transformers are usually the largest single item in a substation. For economyof service roads, transformers are located on one side of a substation, and theconnection to switchgear is by bare conductors. Because of the large quantity of oil, itis essential to take precaution against the spread of fire.
Hence, the transformer is usually located around a sump used to collect the excessoil. Transformers that are located and a cell should be enclosed in a blast proof room.
The cost of constructing and operating different types of power plants is of
considerable interest to investors and to individuals in many disciplines including
engineers, planners, economist, and system managers.
Powerplant cost can be broadly classified into two categories: investment costs
and operation costs. Equivalently, economist employs the terms fixed costs and variable
costs. The fixed costs of powerplant are those expenditures which would need to be
incurred whether or not the powerplant was ever used to generate electricity. Fixed
costs include both the initial investment required to construct a powerplant and thefixed operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. Fixed O&M costs include all expenditures
necessary to maintain the powerplant for use and to keep it ready for operation. Labor
is an example of a fixed O&M cost.
The variable or operation costs of a powerplant are those costs which change
in relation to the generation level of the powerplant. Fuel costs are obviously a variable
cost since more fuel is required at higher output levels. Operation or variable O&M costs
also vary with output level and include expenditures for such things as cooling system